翻译讲义：
I.翻译训练
1 选择词义---根据上下文判断词性，确定词义；注意句与句之间的关系及词汇的搭配来确
定词义。
---He works very hard.
---Don’t be too hard on the child.
---It was a hard hit.
---These are hard words, but they are brutally true.
---She was looking at us very hard.
--- With so much at stake, the chairman had a great many questions.
2增词技巧―――根据意义（或修辞）和句法的需要，在原文的基础上增加一些必要的单词，词组，分句或完整句，如量词，助词，概括词或名词复数的词，不同时态的词，语态的词，解释性文字等。
---That evening they dressed themselves and went to the cinema.
---At last my dream came true.
---Decisiveness and perseverance are keys for people to succeed in business.
---It was darkening and the street tension was on the rise.
---Most of the problems have been settled satisfactorily.
---He started the car, which hummed smoothly.
---This plan with all its disadvantages is considered to be one of the best.
3省略词汇―――英语中的先行词，系动词，代词，介词，连词，冠词，名词复数形式可省略。
---It is difficult to make him realize the truth.
---It seems clear that the human body is equipped to overlook the need for sleep so as to meet the emergencies without doing any harm to it.
---It is not wrong to enjoy your work and your leisure when you can afford to support yourself.
---The worker, who had carefully read through the instruction before running the new machine, couldn’t produce satisfactory products.
---I wish to write an article that will attract public attention to the moral education.
---That was how they were defeated by us.
---The meeting generally lasted from ten days to fortnight, of even three weeks.
---He was smooth and agreeable to meet.
---Thermoplastic plastics become soft if they are heated.
---I am not a poet. I couldn’t write a single line to depict her beauty.
４转换词类――转换原文中的词性，如动―――名，副――形／动等。
---The main reason is the growing complexity and widening scope of present-day research.
---Suddenly, I felt a gentle touch on my shoulder and turned around.
---When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor.
---There is an increase in demand for all kinds of consumer goods in every part of our country.
---You can’t think how angry your mot her was at the news then.
---The ease with which he lifted up the huge stone quite surprised us.
---The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match the growth in population.
---She promptly shepherded them out of the crowded office and into the privacy of the library.
---Yet all of history has taught us that ht denial of these ultimate results in a paralyzing mass selfishness.
--- We realized the growing need and necessity to industrialize certain sectors of the economy.
５正反互译―――英正面意义――汉反面译义，或相反。使表达更通顺。
--- But that is very extraordinary. It seems against nature.
---They were all excited, so now I had to put on the calm act to prevent my worry from speaking.
---Generally, she accepted the family life in all its crowded inadequacy.
---They were suspicious and resentful of their parents.
---The next species of intelligent life on the earth will be a creature like ourselves but with a - very large head and weak muscles.
---One ought to be able to carry out one’s own things by oneself.
---Our people are fearless and dependable people.
---The officers distributed papers requiring citizens to conserve water.
---Supposing that it rained, we would postpone the football match.
---Since this experiment failed, we are back to square one.
６句子顺译法－当英文句子结构顺序，逻辑关系安排符合汉语习惯时，译文可按原文顺序译出。
---If the other components in the system do not deliver equally high performance, the benefits of the linear motor will be lost.
---People become desperate for work, which will help them to keep alive their families.
---We should genuinely commend these kids for their accomplishments, but some of them may be setting their aspiration so high that it could be a built-in road to failure.
７逆译法－调整语序进行翻译。英语多松散句（中心在句首），汉语则多圆周句（中心在句尾）。翻译时，英语中很长的松散句，常常不按原文顺序而是倒着翻译，把中心放在最后。英语后置定语――汉语前置定语，英语后置状语―――汉语前置。
---We were only able to make a rough estimate of how much money would be required.
---Team confidence is built on a policy of openness and awareness of all the problems that all affect the final product.
---In many cultures people who were thought to have the ability to interpret dreams were likely to be highly respected.
８合译法---把比较简单的限定性定语从句译成句中的一个成分，放在被修饰的词之前或将主句压缩成汉语词组作主语，英语复合句译成汉语简单句。而英语非限定性定语从句可译成前置定语。
---A fuel is a material which will burn at a reasonable temperature and produce heat.
９分译法――英语长句中主句与从句，与修饰词的关系不是十分密切时，译文可按汉语习惯多用短句，或长句中的从句／短语化为句子，有时可增加词语使语义连贯。
---The businessman, who had long been interested in fame, was flattered.
---There are some people who won’t leave home in the morning without an umbrella.
１０综合法――译长句时，综合上述方法，恰当处理句子，使译文通顺。
---There is just the same kind of difference between the mental operation of a man of science and those of an ordinary person as there is between the operations and the methods of a baker or a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales, and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graduated weights.
---Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities directed against one another, is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social entities independently striving for something which is in inadequately supply.
---The late 1960’s offered case after agonizing case of brash young go-go entrepreneurs who put together glittering conglomerates they had no idea how to manage.
---The happiest men and women, as we can all testify from our own experience, are those who are indifferent to money because they have some positive purpose which shuts it out.
---We are entering a period in which the need for a more competitive, more productive work force is finding expression in the humanistic values of trust, freedom and respect for the individual.
---As an alternative, Ellison had been pushing hard---not that he could do it any other way----for
a new generation of inexpensive and easy to use network computers, the so-called NCs.
II翻译常见错误
１时态误译
Many of life’s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.
误：许多可以通过问家人，问朋友，问同事的生活问题是大家庭无力解决的。
正：许多以前可以通过问家人，问朋友，问同事的生活问题是现在大家庭无力解决的。２语态误译
The partisans were beaten, refused anything to read.
误：那些游击队员受到拷打，拒绝读任何书刊。
正：那些游击队员受到拷打，不准阅读任何书刊。
３习语的误译
He‘d not be back till late，and his father and he could sit up and talk。
误：他很晚才会回来，父子俩可以坐着说说话。
正：他很晚才会回来，父子俩可以晚些睡，多说会儿话。
4代词的误译
For an indefinite period from here on, mankind is going to advance cautiously, and
consider itself lucky that it can advance at all.
误：从现在起很长一段时间内，人类将十分谨慎地发展，而且把能够发展看成幸运之事。
正：从现在起很长一段时间内，人类将十分谨慎地发展，而且如果能够有所发展的话，乃幸运之事。
5 语气的误译
A soldier would have acted differently.
误：一个士兵可能已采取不同的行动。
正：如果他是一个军人的话，他的行动就会不一样了。
III 英语从句的译法
1名词从句----汉语名词词组（顺译）。
Whatever he saw and heard in the factory surprised him greatly.
他在工厂的所见所闻使他大为吃惊。
2 定语从句---前置法，后置法，融合法等，即把定语从句译成汉语中作定语的词组，独立分
句或融合成主句的一部分。
It happened in one of those picturesque taverns that cater to tourists and where English is spoken.
故事发生在一个风景如画的乡村小客店里，那里供应旅游者膳食，而且服务员会讲英语。
There is a man downstairs who wants to see you. 楼下有人要见你。
3 状语从句---将从句译成汉语的介词或副词词组；或译成各种分句。
He slipped out before the lecture started. 讲座还没有开始，他就溜了出去。
IV 其他译法
1分句译法---原文中的一个单词，词组或简单句译成汉语的一个或几个句子。
They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all. 他们根本没有回答，这是不足为奇的。
The boy spoke to his father with understandable pride.
这个小男孩和他父亲说话时很自豪，这是可以理解的。
2 重复译法---将一些关键性的词语加以除非翻译，以明确词义，强调重点，使句子生动。
They began to study and analyse the situation of the enemy. 他们开始研究敌情，分析敌情。
Water can be decomposed by energy, a current of electricity.
水可由能量来分解，所谓能量，也就是电流。
9月20日作业 第二讲课后作业 Translate the following English phrases or sentences into Chinese. 一、一词多义、词的搭配 1. Take off The new dictionary has really taken off.(这本新字典很受欢迎。) Take off your wet shirt.（把你的湿衬衫脱下来。） The doctor took off his wounded left leg.（医生给他受伤的左腿做了截肢手术。） They had to take off the show because of poor audience.（观众太少令他们不得不取消演出）You can take only one day off.（你只能休一天假。） The officer leading the inquiry has been taken off.（主持这项调查的官员已经被撤职。） 2. But his attack was always repulsed by a kick or a blow from a stick.（但是他的攻击总是被一针拳打脚踢击退） 二、词序 1.定语的位置 1)We must help them in every way possible (every possible way). （我们用尽一切可能的方法去帮助他们） 2)This is the only reference book available here. （这是这里唯一的一本可用的参考书） 3)They are working to increase production at the highest speed possible （他们正努力地以可能的最快速度提高产量）. 4)This is the best solution imaginable. （这是能想到的最佳办法） 2. 状语的位置 1）A jeep, full, sped fast, drenching me in spray. （一辆全速疾驰的吉普车溅了我一身的水） 2）North American viewers watched the start of the royal procession without missing a single
山东师范大学外国语学院 英汉翻译English-Chinese Translation 贾磊 2011
1.Editing/修改 English Chinese ..the best collection of his drawings being in the Uffizi in Florence 他最好的草图都被收集在佛罗伦萨的乌菲兹美术馆 …during the funeral service,St Stephen and St Augustine were said to have miraculously intervened to place the body in its tomb with their own hands.据说圣史蒂芬和圣奥古斯丁神秘地介入了殡葬仪式并亲手将尸体放入墓地 He(Prince of Angri)had offered Caravaggio6,000scudi(a large sum)to fresco a loggia,an offer that was refused, doubtless because he disliked the medium,which he is not definitely know to have employed.亲王支付给卡拉瓦乔六千银币（一大笔钱）请他为自己的凉廊绘制壁画却遭到了拒绝，显然画家不喜欢这种绘画，因为这样不能明确地表明他是受雇而创作。 This marriage of convenience is clearly doomed.显然，这场贪图财利的婚姻，将不可避免地走向灾难的结局。 Wright of Derby was one of the earliest artists to restore men and women(pictorially at least)to what society then believed was their proper spheres:men think and reason, women feel.德比的莱特是把男人和女人重新恢复到当时社会所认为的适当社会地位的早期艺术家之一（至少在绘画上如此），即：男人善于思考推理，女人善于感性体验。 Unfetted by the conventions that such grandiloquent portaits required,Reynolds created his freshest and most daring portait of a society beauty.雷诺兹没有被这种浮华肖像画的惯例所束缚,他创造了一个上流社会美女的最令人耳目一新，也是最大胆创新的肖像画。 Sitting backwards in a chair,Mrs Abington has her thumb in her mouth as she stares distractedly,yet with bright, captivating eyes,out into space.阿宾顿夫人靠在椅背上，拇指放于嘴中，瞪着眼睛若所所思，但她明亮美丽的眼睛却望向苍穹。 在20世纪初期 拿破仑的妈妈在骄傲地观礼。 He confronts a people whose language he does not know, on whose kindness he must rely,and with whom–his poetic gifts now all but useless to him–he must attempt to communicate.他碰上的这个民族，他不懂他们的语言，他又必须依赖他们的善良生存，而且他必须试着去跟他们沟通——现在诗人的天赋对他来说已是百无一用。 The painting must have been admired by Edgar Degas, because the older artist started in earnest on his own quest to represent the“modern”,but female,body in the act of bathing in1884-85,just as Caillebotte signed and dated his most important late painting.这幅画肯定受到了埃德加?德加的赞美，因为这位艺术前辈早在1884-85年就开始用他自己的方式虔诚地表现“现代的”，而不是女性的，浴中人体艺术，正如同卡耶波特在他晚期最重要的作品中所签署并注明的一样。 当它还在画架上时便被著名的俄国收藏家史楚金(Sergei Shchukin)预定收藏。 Schwitters was particularly influenced by Kandinsky’s ideas about the synthesis of different art forms and his ideal of creating a universal Gesamtkunstwerk（‘total work of art’）.康定斯基对不同艺术表现形式之间应相互融合的思想以及他希望创造一个世界性的完全的纯艺术作品的理想深深地影响着施维特斯。 Essentially self-taught,in autumn1954the young American Jasper Johns destroyed all the works in his New York studio as a prelude to reinventing his art from first principles.1954年秋天，贾斯帕?约翰斯——一位基本上是自学成才的年轻的美国小伙子——销毁了他纽约工作室里所有的作品，这一举动，拉开了约翰斯挑战抽象主义画风的序幕。
煜祥寒假班初一英语 第一讲name： 一单词、词组回顾 A写出下列词的反义词或对应词 1 first_______ 2 day_______ 3 lost_______ 4 interesting_______ 5 son_______ 6 uncle_______ 7 this_______ 8 breakfast_______ 9 these_______ 10 weekend_______ 11 question_______ 12 his_____ B英汉互译 13 做运动 ____________ 14 get to_______ 15为??而感谢 _______ 16在电视里看?? ____________ 17听起来很有趣 __________ 18在地板上 ____________ 19在某事上帮助某人 ________ 20 a photo of his family_______ 二基本句型及交际用语 A翻译下列句子 1 那些是我的朋友们。 _________________________________ 2 男孩们和女孩们在树底下。_________________________________ 3 吉姆每天在电视上观看篮球赛。_________________________________ 4我有 3 个足球， 4 个棒球和 2 个排球。 _________________________________ 5让我们吃萨拉吧！ _________________________________ B情景交际 6 当你找不到你的书时，你应说：___________ A This is my book. B What ’s this? C Where’s my book? D where my book is? 7 当你向父母介绍朋友李蕾时，你应说：_________________ A He is Li Lei. B This is Li Lei. C It is Li Lei. D This ’s Li Lei. 三基本语法 A写出下列名词的复数形式 book--key--family--dictionary--watch— is--am--that--this--friend--class--photo—tomato--strawberry--child--sheep-- B用所给单词的适当形式填空 1.Tom and I _____(be)brothers. 2.What ______(be) these?
第一单元词语的翻译（1） 增词法 汉英两种语言在词法和句法结构方面存在着极大的差别。例如，英语中有词形变化，汉语中没有；英语中大量用连词、介词、关系代词等，而汉语中各成分往往通过内在的关系贯串在一起，不一定或很少使用连词和介词，也没有关系代词。所以，翻译时常常有必要在译文的词量上作适当的增加，使译文既能忠实地传达原文的内容和风格，又能符合译入语的表达习惯，但是增词必须是根据具体情况增加非增加不可的词语。 汉译英中的增词 一、根据句法结构需要增词 1．增补主语 汉语里无主语的句子相当多，汉译英时常常要根据上下文的意思选择适当的代词或名词补做主语。增加什么样的主语则取决于上下文。 例1：不坚持就会失败。 One will fail unless —one perseveres． 例2：怕要下雨了。 I am afraid it is going to rain. 例3：又要马儿跑得快，又要马儿不吃草，简直可笑! You want the horse to run fast and yet you don’t 1et it graze．Isn’t it ridiculous! 2．增补非人称的或强调句中的it 英语中it除了指天气、时间等外，还常用来表示强调、代替不定式等。汉语中有许多表达方法，英译时需增补it。 例4：一天天冷起来了。 It is getting colder day by day． 例5：是我们采取有效措施的时候了。 It’s time we took effective measures. 例6：尝试而失败还是比不尝试好。 It’s better to try and fail than never try at a1l． 从以上例句可以看出汉英语言表达思想顺序的不同。如果一个句子里既有叙事部分，又有表态部分，在汉语里往往是叙事在前，表态在后。叙事部分比较长，表语部分一般都很短(如句中的“不容易”、“容易”、“好”)。在英语中则往往相反，表态在前，叙事在后。所以译文中要增补it作先行主语，以便把较短的表态部分放在前面。 下面两个例句中it起强调作用。 例7：我们费了很大力气才解决了那些问题。 It was with great effort that we solved those problems． 例8：我们这样做都是为了你好。 It was for your benefit that we did all that． 3. 增补作宾语的代词或先行宾语it 在汉语中，只要从上下文能正确理解，宾语常常可以省略，但在英语中凡及物动词都得有宾语，因此在英译时经常要增补宾语。 例9：我们认为理论与实践相结合是十分重要的。 We think it most important that theory should be combined with practice．
第二讲英汉句式结构对比与翻译 如果说词是最小的可以独立运用的意义单位，那么句子是语言的基本运用单位。一般情况下，进行语篇翻译时，无论是英译汉还是汉译英，基本上都是以句子为翻译单位的。尤其是英译汉时，即使是一个很长的句子，一般也要将整个句子通盘考虑，搞清整个句子的逻辑关系才能将句子翻译成既能忠实传达原文信息、风格、逻辑关系又能保持通顺的中文。 如果是汉译英，有时句子较长，可以根据意群进行切分，然后将切分开的句子逐句译为英文。将英汉两种语言的句式结构进行对比，了解两种语言在句式结构上的异同之处，对翻译来说是非常重要的一环。 英文句式结构 英文句式结构基本上都可以归纳为主谓结构，即S+V（主语+谓语动词）的结构，即使是祈使句，也不过是省略了主语的句子。英文的句子结构在S+V的结构上可以扩展，但总不外乎五种基本变化。 （1）S+V：He langhed. （2）S+V+Ｏ：Mary is reading Harry Potter. 3）S+V+Ｏ＋Ｏ.c. We heard them quarrelling. （4）S+V+I.O+D.C He gave me some first-hand marerial. （5）S+link.V+P He is in dangerous situation. 以上这些句型充分显示出英文的基本句式结构是主谓结构，而且这是一种高度语法化的句式结构，其中主语一般是动作的发出者（doer\agent)或动作的承受者（doee)，即整个句子分别为主动语态和被动语态。 用上述主谓结构来套中文的句子模式，有一部分汉语句子与上述英语句子基本是对应的。例（1）至（5）的意思，中文也有与英文相似的结构，分别为： （１）Ｃ：他笑了。 （２）Ｃ：玛丽在读《哈里.波特》。 （3）C：我们听见他们争吵。 （4）C：他给我一些一手资料。 （5）C：他处于危险的境地。/他处境危险。 二、中文句式结构 （一）主谓结构（S + V ） 例1：他没来。（S + V ） He didin’t come. 例2：全家人都在看电视。(S + V + O) The family are watching TV. 例3：我们看到很多人站在广场上。( S + V + O + O.C ) We saw many people standing on the square. 例4：你能递给我那本书吗？( S + V + I.O + D.C) Would you please pass me the book? 例5：他看上去很失望。（S + link. V + P） He looks disappointed.
一．课堂导入 （以温故提问的方式导入） 1、提问:从高考的特点与考查目的出发,文言文翻译要严格遵循的两个原则是什 么? 第一: 忠于原文,力求做到_____、 _____、 _____ 。(信达雅) 第二: 字字落实,以_____为主,以_____为辅 (直译意译) （①让学生用自己语言表述文言文翻译“信、达、雅”三字原则的理解 ②直译：指译文要与原文保持对应关系，重要的词语要相应的落实，要尽力保持原文遣词造句的特点和相近的表达方式，力求语言风格也和原文一致。意译：指着眼于表达原句的意思，在忠于愿意的前提下，灵活翻译原文的词语，灵活处理原文的句子结构。） 2、提问: 文言文翻译的“六字决”? ①对：一般指把原名中的文言单音词对译为现代汉语的双音或多音词。 ②换：有些词语意义已经发展，用法已经变化，语法已经不用，在译文中， 应换这些古语为今语。 ③留：人名、地名、年号、国号、庙号、谥号、书名、物名都保留不译；与 现代汉语表达一致的词语可保留。 ④删：一些没有实在意义的虚词，如表敬副词、发语词、部分结构助词等，同义复用的实词或虚词中的一个和偏义复词中陪衬的词应删去。 ⑤补：省略的部分；词语活用相应的部分；代词所指的内容；使上下文衔接连贯的内容等。 ⑥调：把文言文中倒装的句子成分调整过来，使之符合现代汉语的语法习惯。前四种方法是用于解词，后二种方法是用于调整文言文特殊句式造成的语序不合现代规范现象。 二．文言句子翻译题的解题步骤： （一）总体分五步： 第一步： 第二步： 第三步： 第四步
第五步： （二）分步解析： 第一步： 通读语句、整体理解 这一步其实是很重要的，告诉学生，翻译的第一步要从整体理解句意入手，不要一拿到题目就一个字一个字的去抠，会出现前后不照应、句意不通顺等毛病，而且也这样容易走入死胡同。初次读句，只要理解句子的大意就行，这为下面推断词义打下基础。 第二步： 找得分点、发现“生词” 这一步是关键，因为挑出来让学生翻译的句子，一定有几个得分点，突破这些点是解题成功的关键。另外，每一位学生由于情况不同，在这些句子中总有几个字是他们一时难以断定词义甚至根本不知词义的“生词”。在这一步中，要让学生用笔把这些字圈出来，然后逐个解决。具体解释词语时，可以给学生提供下面的方法： 第三步：理清句式、调整语序 有很多情况下，因为没有看出句子中所隐藏的特殊句式，导致很多学生翻出来的句子很乱，不合现代文的句子规范。所以，翻译句子一定要把语序理顺。告诉学生，要掌握以下几种文言文特殊句式： 第四步：草拟底稿、连词成句 这一步可以在草稿纸（考试时可以在试卷上）上先大致草拟一下答案，结合上面几步连词成句。 第五步： 调整至答卷 这最后一步即把第四步的草稿再作调整，然后誊写到答卷上，这样既可以保证答案的思路清晰，又可以保持卷面清洁。 总结规律：①做翻译题的时候，应该有踩点得分的意识，要洞悉命题者关键想考查你哪些地方。要抓住翻译的两个关键点：一是关键词，二是特殊句。
英语翻译练习
1. 我写此信的目的是向你解释我上次缺课的原因。 I’m writing to explain to you the reason why I was absent from your lecture last time. 2. 首先，我们要对网络持有有正确的态度。 First of all /Firstly/ To begin with/First/In the first place/Initially, we should take a proper attitude to/towards the Internet. 3. 如图所示，每周上网15个小时的中学生占了 60%。 As is shown in the graph/ As the graph shows, those who surf the net over 15 hours account for /make up/ 60 percent of all students. 4.另外，我口语流利，可以和外国朋友自由交流。 Besides/ In addition, I can speak fluent English and communicate with foreigners easily. 5. 大家普遍认为网络在信息社会越来越重要。 It’s generally accepted that the Internet is playing an increasingly important part/role in our information society. 6. 网络能提供国内外各种各样的信息，这有助于我们更好地了解世界。 The internet can provide all kinds of latest information both at home and abroad, which helps us understand the world better. 7. 学校应该开放图书馆、实验室，方便学生使用这些资源。 The school library, labs and computer rooms should be opened, so that the students can have easy access to the resources. 8. 一旦人迷上了一种爱好，其兴趣会持续一生。可见培养良好的兴趣是多么重要！ Once one really becomes absorbed in a hobby, his or her interest may last a life time. So developing good hobbies is of vital importance. 9. 众所周知，如今适应社会是一项基本技能。 It’s known to us all that adapting to society is a basic social skill nowadays. As is known to us all, adapting --- 10. 根据最新的调查，中学生每周上网的时间达到了15个小时。 According to a recent survey, middle-school students spend up to 15 hours a week on the net. 11.希望感兴趣的同学能积极参与这项活动。 Those who are interested in the activity are expected to take an active part in it. 12. 我不仅能当导游，还能当翻译。我一定能成为一个出色的志愿者。 I can not only act as a guide, but also as an interpreter. I’m sure I can be an excellent volunteer. 13. 除了这些传统的活动外，还有旅游、访友等其他活动。 In addition to/Besides/Apart from these traditional activities, we have wider choices, such as travelling and visiting our relatives. 14. 我认为每个学生都申请清华、北大是不明智的。因为这两所名校每年录取的学生有限。 I don’t think it (is) wise for every student to apply for Tsinghua University and Beijing University because the number of students (who are) admitted to the two famous universities is limited every year. 15.然而，大多数学生反对网上交友。 However, the majority of the students are against the idea of making friends online.
填空题复习资料： 1.翻译人才在中国古代被称作象寄之才/象胥/舌人。 2.东晋时期的道安提出 “按本而传”的翻译思想,被人们称为直译的鼻祖。 3.六朝时期鸠摩罗什曾提出“改梵为秦，失其藻蔚，虽得大意，殊隔文体，有似嚼饭与人，非徒失味，乃令呕哕也。”主张“依实出华。” 被人们称为意译的鼻祖。 4.《春秋谷梁传》中记载了孔子的“名从主人，物从中国”的翻译思想，而该译论比古罗马哲人西塞罗提出的“不要逐字翻译”早四五百年。 5.三国时期的支谦所作《法句经序》被看作是我国第一篇有关翻译的论文。钱钟书在其《管锥编》中指出：“严复译《天演论》牟例所 标：‘译事三难：信、达、雅’，三字皆已见此序。” 6.中国译学理论中不同时期的翻译标准可大致描述为：案本—求信—神似—化境—忠实，通顺—翻译标准多元互补论。 7. 按翻译题材，翻译可分为文学翻译、政论翻译、应用文翻译和科技翻译。 8．20世纪50年代初，傅雷在《〈高老头〉重译本序》中提出了“所求的不在形似而在神似”的重要观点；60年代初，钱钟书在《林纾的翻译》中提出了“化境”的翻译标准。 9. Translations are like women—when they are faithful they are not beautiful, when they are beautiful they are not faithful. 此比喻与我国老子的一个说法不谋而合。老子说：“信言不美、美言不信”。 10．20世纪90年代，美籍意大利学者韦努蒂（Lawrence Venuti ）提出了抵抗式翻译/反翻译resistance translation翻译理论，该理论对于提高译者的地位很有帮助，但还不足以构成新的范式。 11.斯内尔-霍恩比（Mary Snell-Hornby）在其2006年的新著 《翻译研究的多重转向》中介绍：20世纪80年代，西方翻译研究出现文化转向；90年代出现实证论转向和全球化转向；而进入新世纪，翻译研究又回到了语言学时代，出现了“U字形转向”（U-turn）。 12. 1964年, 奈达博士在《翻译科学初探》(Toward a Science of Translating)一书中将译文读者引入翻译标准，提出了功能翻译（Functional Equivalence）(请用中英文填写)的翻译原则。 13．辜正坤在全国首届翻译理论研讨会上提出了“翻译标准多元互补论”，在该理论体系中,提出了翻译的最高标准是最佳近似度，这是一个形同虚设的抽象标准，真正有意义的是一大群具体标准。
1. 转换法--转译成动词 1.1 名词转换成动词（练习1） 1.2 形容词转换成动词（练习2） 1.3 副词转换成动词（练习3） 1.4 介词转换成动词（练习4） 2. 转换法--转译成名词 2.1 动词转译成名词（练习5） 2.2 形容词转译成名词（练习6） 2.3 代词转换成名词（练习7） 2.4 副词转换成名词（练习7） 3. 增词法 3.1 补充原文中的省略部分（练习1） 3.2为了语法上的需要而增词（练习2） 3.3为了表达和意义上的需要（练习3） 4. 减词法 4.1 从语法角度进行减省（练习1） 4.2 从修饰角度进行减省（练习2） 商务英汉翻译讲义之词类转译法 目录 1. 转译成动词 1.1 名词转换成动词（练习1） 1.2 形容词转换成动词（练习2） 1.3 副词转换成动词（练习3） 1.4 介词转换成动词（练习4） 2. 转译成名词 2.1 动词转译成名词（练习5） 2.2 形容词转译成名词（练习6） 2.3 代词转换成名词 2.4 副词转换成名词（练习7） 词类转译 英汉两种语言存在着巨大的差异，语言结构与表达形式方面各有其自身的特点。因此，要使译文既忠实于原义又顺畅可读，就不能局限于逐词对等翻译，必须采用适当的词性转译、句子成分转译及句型转译等翻译技巧，在本单元我们主要讲解翻译中词性的转译。 在一定程度上，词的形态及形式变化是否过于繁复多变决定了词性优势。英语动词形态变化繁复而稳定，这就使英语动词的使用受形态的牵制，而名词就没有这个问题，因此名词在英语中占优势，名词的优势导致了介词的伴随优势。汉语词性没有形态变化问题，而动词与名词作比较时，动词的动态感强、动势强，名词则较为凝滞，所以在汉语中动词非常活跃，一个句子不限于只用一个动词，可以连续使用几个动词，即所谓“动词连用”，因此英译汉时名词转译成动词的情况常普遍。现
作业讲评： 1．I hope you won’t mind when …词序需作调整；2．When I go without you for a nice chat …单独去（独自）… 3．but you cannot take the place of other friends any more than they do yours (take your place) paraphrase: Just as they can not take the place of you, so you cannot take the place of other friends.你不能代替我其他朋友，正如他们也不能代替你一样。 同样句型举例： I'm never more aware of the limitations of language than when I try to describe beauty. Language can create its own loveliness, of course, but it cannot deliver to us the radiance we apprehend in the world, any more than a photograph can capture the stunning swiftness of a hawk or the withering power of a supernova. 直到用语言描绘美，我才深感语言的贫乏与无奈。当然，语言也可以创造自己的美。但世界上我们所感受到的美是不可言传的，正如相片无法捕捉到雄鹰那令人惊叹的敏捷或超新星发出的巨大力量一样。 4．just as I do yours =just as I need your care, encouragement and sobering criticism
第八节正反译法 一英语为肯定式，汉语译作否定式 1. The first bombs missed the target. 2. Predictably, it was Mike who released the secret to Mary. 3. The explanation is pretty thin. 4. It was beyon d his ability to undertake this task. 5. Time is what we want most, but what, alas, many use worst. 6. The general would rather fight to death before he surrendered. 7. Both sides thought that the peace proposal was one they could accept with dignity. 8. Don’t lose time in cleaning this machine. 9. I dropped medicine and took up physics． 10. He failed to set a good example for his kids. 二英语为否定式，汉语译作肯定式 1. He manifested a strong dislike for his father’s business. 2. He was an indecisive sort of person. 3. The examination left no doubt that the patient had died of cancer. 4. Don’t lose the opportunities to practice English. 5. Some people can eat what they like and get no fatter． 6. The washroom is at the next corner，you can't miss it． 三同一词语，既可译作肯定式，又可译作否定式 1. The machine is far from being complicated. 2. She is anything but a bright student. 3. The square is no distance at all. 翻译实践: 1. She was at a loss to know what to do.
第二讲：翻译的定义及标准、语义翻译（2） 一．什么是翻译？ ---翻译是一门艺术，是语言艺术的再创作。如果把写作比成自由舞蹈，翻译就是带着手铐脚镣在跳舞，而且还要跳得优美。 ---翻译是技能，再现原文信息时，为避免信息的损失，力戒欠额翻译（undertranslation）和过载翻译(overtranslation)，译者要采用增词，减词，引申，并句和分句等技巧。 ---翻译是在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现源语的信息，首先是意义对等，其次是文体对等。 二．翻译的教学标准 《高等学校英语专业高年级英语教学大纲》规定，英汉翻译的评估项目标为： A．忠实：“原文信息全部传达，语气和文体风格与原文相一致”60% B．通顺：“断句恰当，句式正确，选词妥贴”40% 三．翻译技巧（2）： 语义翻译（2）---翻译时应当注意词义的褒贬。 翻译时，必须正确理解原作者的基本立场和观点，然后选用适当的语言手段译出。原文中词语的褒贬意义，要根据上下文恰如其分地表达出来，即使有些词语孤立起来看似乎是中性的。Eg. As a demanding boss, he expected total loyalty and dedication. She is a demanding teacher, yet she’s very kind to her students. John was an aggressive salesman who did his job quite well. Hitler pursued an aggressive policy after he seized power. 四．翻译练习（2） I. Translate the following sentences, paying attention to the choice of words. 1.She is fidgety and restless. 2.All the inventors have a restless mind. 3.They incited him to go into further investigation. 4.The plotters incited the soldiers to rise against their officers. 5.The general has the reputation of being courageous. 6.He was an honest man, but unfortunately he had a certain reputation. II. Improve the following translations based on the principle of faithfulness and fluency. 1.I have read your articles. I expected to meet an older man. 我拜读过你的文章，我期望可以找到一个年纪稍长的人。 2.They ran away as fast as their legs could carry them. 他们跑得像他们的腿所能载动他们那样的快。 3.I will go and attend the reception, if only to make some new friends. 我将去参加招待会，但只是为了交些新朋友。 4.When she and he met again, each had been married to another. 当再次相见时，每个人都结婚了。
第三章词语的翻译 3.1 词的指称意义(denotation)和蕴涵意义(connotation)的理解与表达 A) 翻译下列句子，注意句中划线部分词语指称意义和蕴涵意义的表达 1. 他两岁就学会看表了。He could _________________ even when he was two. 2. 我能看出你在想什么。I can __________ your mind. 3. 你要是觉得这东西还看的过去，就买下来吧。If you think ________________________, then buy it. 4. 他看出了她的破绽。He ____________ her weak points. 5. 那是万万不行的。That’s _________________ out of the question. 6. 我万万没有想到。The idea ____________ occurred to me. 7. 党员应该虚心倾听群众的意见。A party member should listen carefully to the______________of the masses. 8. 他们对这项计划提出了修改意见。They made some___________________ for the revision of the plan. 9. 大家对你很有意见。People have a lot of ____________________ about you. 10.他们就推举谁做下届总统侯选人取得了一致意见。 They have reached ___________________ on who will be the presidential candidate for the next general election. 11.他们在会上闹起了意见.They got into _____________________ at the meeting. 12.两位领导人就双边关系及共同关心的问题交换了意见。 The two leaders exchanged __________________on bilateral relations and issues of common concern. 13. 那件大衣的面子很漂亮。_________________________ of the coat is very beautiful. 14. 如果怕丢面子，就说不好英语。 If one is afraid of ________________________________, he cannot expect to speak English well. 15. 我是个爱面子的人，这种事我可做不出。I would not do such a thing---I’m _______________________________. 16. 不是我不买你的面子，实在是这事儿不好办。 I have shown _____________________________________, but there is really nothing I can do for you. I’d like to ________________________________________, but there is really nothing I can do for you. 17. 南京的风俗：但凡新媳妇进门，三日就要到厨下收拾一样菜，发个利市。这菜一定是鱼，取“富贵有余”的意思。 The custom in Nanjing is for all brides to __________________________ by gong to the kitchen on the third day and _________ a fish, _____________ stands for fortune. 18. 他是我父亲。这姑娘是漂亮。此人是书就读。 He _____ my father. This girl is ______beautiful. This man reads _________________________. 是古非今是可忍，孰不可忍。 ________ the past to condemn the present. ___________ can be tolerated, what cannot?
E-C Translation Course Notes Definition Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Eugene A. Nida) Significance of Translation Plays the key role in inter-cultural communication 1. Bringing about mutual understanding and friendliness among nations. 2. Enriching our own experiences and knowledge of the world. The most important media in international trade and business. ------No translation, no globalization. The Criteria of Translation Tytler (p.5) 严复：faithfulness, intelligibility, and elegance(信达雅) 林语堂：忠实，通顺，美 钱钟书：化境 傅雷：神似 The procedures of translation Accurate comprehension Adequate representation Careful proofreading Requirements on the translators Good command of the languages Wide scope of knowledge Sensitive to cultural differences Hard working and willing to sacrifice personal gains and interests Strong sense of responsibility Literal Vs. free translations The former focuses on a word-for-word translation of the source text into the target text; while the latter involves language adjustment in the process of translation. No matter what method you may use, your translation should be correct, comprehensible to the target reader and close to the original style. Only when you keep the meaning and spirit of the original sentence structure a nd/or its figure of speech can your translation be regarded as proper literal translation, otherwise it is merely mechanical translation. Similarly, only when change the original sentence structure and/or the figure of speech but make no addition or deletion of the original meaning and spirit, can your translation be regarded as proper translation; otherwise it is simply random translation.