新东方考研英语
考研重点语法(长难句分)突破高级语法讲义 (1)
省略： (2)
定语从句的回顾 (2)
定语从句省略 (2)
状语从句省略 (3)
独立主格结构 (4)
虚拟语气 (5)
倒装： (6)
全部倒装 (6)
部分倒装 (7)
实例练习（1） (9)
实例练习（2） (9)
否定： (10)
全部否定和部分否定 (10)
双重否定 (10)
实例练习 (11)
长难句分析 (12)
实例练习 (12)
非谓语动词 (13)
插入语 (15)
强调句 (16)
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长难句突破班
省略：
定语从句的回顾
Fruit that contains vitamin C can relieve a cold. The man who we met yesterday is a famous psychologist. iuThis is the right book that you are looking for.
二、关系词充当宾语的时候
三、关系词充当主语
（1）谓语结构为实词
（2）谓语结构为be + 名词
四、先行词为the way
定语从句省略
A control box fitted to the car contains a mini-cellphone, a
micro-processor and memory, and a GPS (全球定位系统) satellite positioning receiver. （06。6 旧）
She is likely to have fewer but healthier children and can insist on the development of all her children, ensuring that her daughters are given a fair chance. （06。6 旧）
Interest in pursuing international careers has soared in recent years, enhanced by chronic (长久的) personnel shortages that are causing companies to search beyond their home borders for talent.（06。6 旧）
It enrolls 90,000 student , a statistic used to support its claim to be the largest private university in the country.（07.12）
Over the past three decades the number of students leaving home each year to study abroad has grown at annual rate of 3.9 percent, form 800,000 in 1975 to 2.5 million in 2004. (07.12)
18.W: You had a job interview yesterday, didn‘t you? How did it go? M: Not too bad, I guess. There were about 20 candidates competing for the sales manager‘s job. And fi nally it was down to three of us, but the other two seemed better qualified. Q: What does the man imply?
A)He is confident he will get the job.
B)His chance of getting the job is slim.
C)It isn‘t easy to find a qualified sales manager.
D)The interview di dn‘t go as well as he expected.
Hamilton isn‘t the only educator crossing the Atlantic. 汉密尔顿并不是第一位跨越大西洋到外国任职的教育家。09.12
when the board of the University of Colorado searched for a new
president, it wanted a leader (who is) familiar with the state government, a major source of the university‘s budget. 科罗拉多大学董事会在遴选新校长时，想聘用一个与州政府熟悉的领导人，因为州政府是学校的主要资金来源。09.12
Career experts say that one of the ways (that) job seekers can stay safe while using the Internet to search out jobs is to conceal their identities. 职业专家说求职者用因特网找工作时保持安全的一个方法是隐瞒其真实身份。
状语从句省略
1、主句和从句的主语保持一致，称为分词作状语。
2、若前后主语不一致，则称作独立主格结构。
1、分词作状语
（1）条件：状语从句，前后主语一致
（2）形式：分词作状语在句首+分词作状语在句后
（3）省略方式：关系词（可保留）+动词形式变化（-ing/-ed）
一、用作时间状语
1.典型例句
When [As soon as] the mouse saw the cat, it ran off. Seeing the cat, the mouse ran off. 见到猫，老鼠就跑了。真题示例：When different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing
the many similarities. (2006 浙江卷)
A. compared
B. being compared
C. comparing
D. having compared
二、用作原因状语
1. 典型例句
As she was very weak, she couldn‘t move. Because she was much discouraged, she moved on to London.
(1)with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time. (2006 四川卷)
Faced B. Face C. Facing D. To face
三、用作条件状语
1.典型例句
If you work hard, you will succeed. If we are united, we stand;
if we are divided, we fall.
If we had been given more time, we could have done it better.
四、用作让步状语
1.典型例句
Although living miles away, he attended the course. 虽然住在几英里以外，他仍去上课。
五、用作伴随状语
1.典型例句He sat in the chair reading a newspaper. 他坐在椅子上看报。
He came in, followed by his wife. 他走了进来，后面跟着他的妻子。
My cousin came to see me from the country, me a full basket of fresh fruits.
A. brought
B. bringing
C. to bring
D. had brought
We often provide our children with toys, footballs or basketballs, that all children like these things.
A. thinking
B. think
C. to think
D. thought
六、用作方式状语
1.典型例句
He came as he was expected.
I'm returning your letter as requested. 我按要求给你退信。
七、用作结果状语
1.典型例句
He fired and killed one of the passers-by. He fired, killing one of the passers-by. 他开枪了，打死了一个过路人。
He died and left his wife with five children. He died, leaving his wife with five children. 他死了，留下他妻子和五个孩子。
He glanced over at her, that though she was tiny, she seemed very well put together.
A. noting
B. noted
C. to note
D. having noted
Speeding off in a stolen car, the thief thinks he has got a great catch. But he is in for an unwelcome surprise. （06.6 旧）
by the superstars on television, the young athletes trained hard and played intensely.
A) Imitated B) Imposed C) Insured D) Inspired （06.6 旧）
When applying for a job, one usually has to submit a resume or curriculum vitae (CV).
Alarmed by this state of , the Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association (JAMA) proceeded a comprehensive study of the market in 2006. （09.完形）
A)mess B) boom C) growth D) decay
Sticking to the low end of the government estimates, the National Resources Defence Council says there were maybe no more than 3.2 billion barrels of economically recoverable oil in the coastal plain of the ANWR, a drop in the bucket that would do virutally nothing to ease America's energy problems..
在状语从句中，若前后主从句主语一致，则省略从句的主语，将后面的动词发生形式上的变化，主动语态变成ing 形式，若是被动语态，则变为ed 形式。
独立主格结构
一、独立结构的构成：只有当分词短语的逻辑主语和句子主语不一致时，我们才能用独立结构。独立结构只用做状语，多用于书面语言。常见的独立结构有以下几种：
(一) 名词/代词+分词（包括现在分词和过去分词）：
1 The boy ran quickly, his father following. (表示伴随情况)
2 He lay on his back, his hands acrossed under his head. (表示伴随情况)
（二）名词/代词+形容词：1、They started home, their minds full of plans for increasing production. (表示伴随情况) 2、He was silent for a moment, his lips tight. (表示伴随情况)
（三）名词/代词+副词：1、He put on his socks, wrong side out. (表示补充说明) 2 、The war over, all the Chinese people‘s volunteers came back to China. (表示补充说明)
（四）名词/代词+介词（短语）1 、She came in, a baby in her arms. (表示伴随情况) 2 、He went off, gun in hand. (表示伴随情况)
二独立结构在句子中的作用。独立结构在句子中只能做状语，这种结构可以用来：
（一）表示时间：
His homework done, Jim decided to go and see the play. (=After his homework was done, he decided to go and see the play.)
（二）表示原因：The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. (=Because the last bus having gone, we had to walk home. )
（三）表示条件：Weather permitting, we‘ll go for an outing tomorrow. (=If weather permitting, we‘ll go for an outing tomorrow.) （四）表示伴随情况或伴随状况：They walked through the forest, an old hunter leading the way.
（五）表示补充说明：He lived in a wooden house with two rooms, one being a bedroom and the other being an office. (=He lived in a wooden house with two rooms, one was a bedroom, the other was an office.)
三独立变格的变化
在带有逻辑主语的分词及其短语前加‖with‖ 1、
——Why are they talking all the equipment away? ——The job ( ), they are packing up to leave.
A it to done
B did
C was did
D done
2、Other things being equal, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than the man whose command of language is poor.
虚拟语气
1.if 引导的虚拟语气
2.倒装形式
Were I you (=if I were you) , I would get up early in the morning. Had you arrived at the station ten minutes earlier yesterday
(=If you had arrived?), you could have caught the train. Should it rain (=If it should rain), the crops would be saved.
【2】馒头面条原理
【3】固定句型It is time that …… Would rather that ……
(1).I would rather he came tomorrow than today.
(2).John would rather that she had not gone to the party yesterday evening. (4).I would rather everything hadn' t happened in the past. ―It is (was)+形容词（或过去分词）+that??‖结构中的虚拟语气1. It is necessary that we (should 可省略,下同）have a walk now. 2.It was necessary that we (should) make everything ready ahead of time. 3. It is required that nobody (should) smoke here. 4. It is important that every pupil (should) be able to understand the rule of school. 练习1. He‘ll be busy this afternoon. If he free, he to the cinema with you.
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A.were to be; might go C.will be; might have gone
B. am going to be; D. is; will go
will go
2. When Edison died, it was proposed that the American people all power in their homes, streets, and factories for several minutes in honor
of this great man. A. turn off C. would turn off 3. Had I known her name, .
A. or doesshe know mine?
B. turned off D. had turned off
B. and where does she live? D. she would be beautiful
C. I would have invited her to lunch
4. I‘d rather you by train, because I can't bear the idea of your bei ng
in an airplane in such bad weather. A. would go C. went B. should go D. had gone
5. The victim (本来会有机会活下来) if he had been taken to hospital in time. would have a chance to survive （0
6.12 翻译）6. The professor required that (我们交研究报告)。we hand in our research report(s) (06.6 翻译)
7. If Sept. 11 had never happened, the airport workers would not have been arrested and could have gone on quietly living in America, probably indefinitely. (06.6 阅读) 8. W: What would you do if you were in my place? M: If Pa ul were my son, I‘d just not worry. Now that his teacher is giving him extra help and he is working hard himself, he‘s sure to do well in the next exam. Q: What‘s the man‘s suggestion to the woman? 13. A) Teaching her son by herself. B) Having confidence in her son. C) Asking the teacher for extra help. D) Telling her son not to worry. （07.12）
1.You‘d better take a sweater with you (以防天气变冷) in case it (should) turn cold. （08.12）10. If she had returned an hour earlier , Mary . wouldn‘t have been caught by the rain (就不会被大雨淋湿了). 09.6
11. You would not have failed if you (按照我的指令去做). had followed my instructions/orders (09.12)
倒装：全部倒装在大学级别的考试中，应用是非常广泛的，包
括在阅读、完形、写作以及翻译当中；总共分为两种形式：全部倒装和部分倒装全部倒装:主谓宾构成了正常的语序，把谓语动词提到了动词的前面，谓语动词直接发生在主语之前，那么就
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新东方考研英语
是全部倒装。另外一种情况就是，仍然是主、谓、宾结构，谓语动词都有时态、人称的变化，把谓语动词上的助动词提到了主语的前面，这个就叫做部分倒装。全部倒装的情况：1. The bus is coming here. Here comes the bus. 进行时态在变为倒装的时候要变为一般现在时。2. Students went away. Away went students. 3. The boy rushed out. Out rushed the boy. here/away/out/ 在英语当中称作方位副词或时间副词。①当首句为方位或时间副词，谓语动词为go，come 等时通常用全部倒装。如果是进行时态的话，倒装后要改为一般现在时。Then came the hour we had been looking forward to. 方位副词或时间副词置于句首②如果句首出现了地点状语，句子也可以进行全部倒装。The old man lives in the city center. In the city center lives the old man. A temple stands on the mountain . On the mountain stands a temple. ③当句子当中出现分词结构的时候，可以把现在分词或过去分词和地点状语联系在一起放在句首，把be 动词留在中间当作谓语动词，主语放在后面。Lying on the floor was a boy aged about 18. On the floor lies a boy aged about 18. Sitted on the ground are a group of
yound people. eg. 访问北京的是300 名日本青年。/ 300 名日本青年正在访问北京。300 Japanese young people are visiting Beijing. Visiting Beijing are 300 Japanese young people. 全部倒装的情况：①当首句为方位或时间副词，谓语动词为go，come 等时通常用全部倒装。②如果句首出现了地点状语，句子也可以进行全部倒装。③当句子当中出现分词结构的时候，可以把现在分词或过去分词和地点状语联系在一起放在句首，把be 动词留在中间当作谓语动词，主语放在后面。主要出现在阅读当中，在翻译当中考到全部倒装的可能性比较小。
部分倒装部分倒装的形式: 主谓宾保持原来的形式，谓语动词的助动词放到主语的前面。1、当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时，这个句子就需要部分倒装这类词语有hardly, scarcely, rarely, seldom, never, few,little, less, at no time, by no means, in no case, under no circumstance, in no way,on no account, on no consideration, no longer, not only 等。eg. He never smokes. 他从来不抽烟。Never does he smoke. eg. Not only did the customer complain about the food, he also refused to pay for it. 这位顾客不仅仅抱怨食物不好，还拒绝付费。
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eg. 在任何情况下我都不会相信你。Under no circumstance do I trust you. 2、当句首为only 加状语的时候，这个句子需要部分倒装。
eg. Only with you can I feel happy. eg. 只有当你来了这，我们才可以开始会议。Only when you come, can we start the meeting. 3、so……that 结构中的so 位于句首时，常引起部分倒装eg. He runs so fast that I can't catch up with him. 他跑得实在是太快了，以致于我都没有办法追上他。So fast does he run that I can't catch up with him. eg. The moon was so bright that the flowers bright as by day. 皓月当空，花朵就像白天那样的鲜艳。So bright was the moon that the flowers bright as by day.
4、句子开头的as 处在第二个单词的位置上，表示虽然的意思。eg. Although I am young, I can live by myself. 虽然我很小但是我却能养
活自己了。Young as I am, I can live by myself. eg. Although she is a girl, she can support the hole family. 虽然她是个女孩，但是她却可以养活整个家庭的人。Girl as she is, she can support the hole family. eg. Although I like music very much,…… Much as I like music,…… 5、常见的固定搭配结构中需要用倒装的情况。hardly……when…… 一……就…… scarcely ……when…… hardly，scarcely 后面一定要用过去完成时，when 后面用一般过去时。eg. Hardly had he seen me when he ran away. 他一看到我就跑开了。eg. Hardly had the baby cried when his mother rushed to carry him. 婴儿一哭，他妈妈就跑去抱他。no sooner……than…… 一……就……
no sooner 后面一定要用过去完成时，than 的后面用一般过去时。eg. No sooner had they reached home than it rained more and more heavily. 他们一到家，雨就越下越大起来。the more ……the
more…… 越……越…… eg. The harder you work, the happier you feel. 你工作越努力，就越觉得快乐。倒装分为全部倒装和部分倒装。全部倒装：①当首句为方位或时间副词，谓语动词为go，come 等时通常用全部倒装。②如果句首出现了地点状语，句子也可以进行全部倒装。③当句子当中出现分词结构的时候，可以把现在分词或过去分词和地点状语联系在一起放在句首，把be 动词留在中间当作谓语动词，主语放在后面。部分倒装：1、当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时，这个句子就需要部分倒装。2、当句首为only 加状语的时候，这个句子需要部分倒装。3、so……that 结构中的so 位于句首时，常引起部分倒装。4、句子开头的as 处在第二个单词的位置上，表示虽然的意思。5、常见的固定搭配结构中需要用倒装的情况。hardly……when……；scarcely ……when…… ；sooner……than……：no
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hardly，scarcely，
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no sooner
后面一定要用过去完成时，when 后面用一般过去时；the
more ……the more……
越……越…… ；
实例练习（1）1. 直到他完成使命（Not until he had
fufilled/finished his mission）he realize that he was seriously did ill. (08.06) 2. The witness was told that under no circumstance ( should he lie to the court ) 他都不应该对法庭撒谎。（07.12）3. Only in the small town( does he feel secure and relaxed) 他才感觉安全和放松。he feels secure and relaxed. (07.6) 4. Not only ( did he charge me too much ) 他
向我收费过高, but he didn't do a good repair job either. (06.6) 5. Only after I found out the truth( did I realize (that) he was innocent ) 我才意
识到他是无辜的。
6. Not until the game had begun ( did he arrive at the sports ground )他才到达运动场。阅读中的倒装：1. Among the report are more outrageous（令人无法容忍的）findings - a Geman fertilizer described itself as "earthworm-friendly", a brand of flour said it was " non- polluting", and a British toilet paper claimed to be "environmentally friendlier".（05.06 阅读）该报道当中，有很多让人无法忍受的发现，如：一种德国肥料被描绘成―对蚯蚓无害‖ ；一种新的品牌的面粉写道―没有任何污染‖ ；还有一家英国公司的卫生纸被宣称为―环保
者‖ 。2. Then one day a few years ago, out of my mouth came a sentence that would eventually become me reply to any and all provocations: I don't talk about that anymore.（07.06 阅读）几年前的一天，我说了一句话并最终成为我对任何和全部挑衅的回答：关于那个问题我再也不讨论了。3. Deeply involved with this new technology is a breed of modern business people who have a growing respect for the
economic value of doing business abroad. （03.01 阅读）与新技术息息相关的是一些现代商人，他们日益看重国外生意的经济价值。
实例练习（2）1. Reaching new peaks of popularity in North America is Iceberg Water, which is harvested from icebergs off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada.（06.12 阅读）萃取自加拿大纽芬兰沿岸冰山的―冰水‖在北美的受欢迎程度一再创出新高。阅读当中遇到的句型：一般情况下开始出现了地点状语或者是分词引导的一个状语结构，中间出现了谓语动词，后面出现一个主语，主语后面接上一些限定（包括从句、补充说明等），这种形式就是出现的全部倒装的形式。2. Not only has the highway systerm affected the American economy by providing shipping routs, it has led to the growth of spin-off industries like service stations, motels, restaurants, and shopping centers/malls. （0606 阅读）公路系统不但为美国经济的发展提供了运输路线，还带动了一批诸如加油站、汽车旅馆、酒店、购物中心等相关行业的发展。3. Only when it's gone do you wish you've done more to protect it.（0806 阅读）当你失去的时候，你才会希望自己原来能够多做点事情以保护好它。only 后面必须接状语的时候，句子才可以部分倒装。eg. Only you can do this job. 4. Not only do we evaluate the cause of the pain, which can help us treat the pain better, but we also help provide comprehensive therapy for deprssion and other psychological and social issues related to chronic pain.（0706 阅读）我们不仅要找出疼痛的病因，帮助我们更好地治疗；还要提供综合疗法，
治疗与慢性疼痛相关的抑郁症和其他心理与社交问题。
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5. Had I not attended this workshop, I would have automatically assumed the man was the best candidate because the position required quite a bit of extensive travel.（0906 阅读）如果我不是参加了这次讲习班，我肯定会不由自主地认为那位男士候选人更合适，因为我们这个空缺的岗位需要频繁出差。
6. It is said that never before has man been so highly successful in his attempts to modify the weather on a very small scale. 据说人们从来没有过这么大的成功尝试用这么小的规模去描述气候。一般情况下，全部倒装会在阅读中出现，只需要看出结构就可以了；部分倒装在翻译题中也会进行考查，在备考过程中还是要特别的关注。
否定：全部否定和部分否定eg. All the birds can not fly. Not all the birds can fly. 1. 部分否定eg. All the birds can not fly. 不是所有的鸟都会飞。并非所有的鸟都会飞。
None of the birds can fly. 所有的鸟都不会飞。代词或副词如all, both,every,everybody, every day, everyone, everything, everywhere 等与not 搭配使用时，表示部分否定，意思为―并非都是"等。eg. All is not gold that glitters. 发光的并非都是金子。= Not all is gold that glitters. 2.
全部否定英语中常用not, none, nobody, nothing, nowhere, neither, never 等表示全部否定的概念。eg. Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it. 世上无难事，只怕有心人。eg. W: Daddy, I 've decided to give up science and go to business school. M: Well, it is your choice as long as pay your own way, but I should warn you that not everyone with a business degree will make a successful manager. Q: What do we learn from the conversation? A. The man doesn't have money for his daughter's graduate studies. B. The man doesn't think his daughter will get a business degree. C. The man insists that his daughter should pursue her studies in science. D. The man advises his daughter to think carefully before making her decision.
双重否定1.在阅读当中出现的频率更高一些。在一个句子中出现两个否定词：not, never, hardly, scarcely, rarely, seldom, few, little, none 等，双重否定表示肯定的概念。eg. No one can command others who cannot command himself. A perpson can command others who command himself. 正人先正己。eg. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they can not fully participate in our democracy. 如果没有能力进行批判性思维，维护自己的观点，并理解他人的观点，他们就不能充分的参与我们的民主政治中来。2.形式否定，意义肯定
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新东方考研英语
eg. A man can never have too many ties.
一个男人可以拥有很多的领带。
A woman can never have too many dresses. 一个女人拥有再多的衣服也不为过。eg. We can hardly praise his achievement too much. 对他的成就我们无论怎样赞扬也不过分。eg. A mother can never be patient enough with her child. 一个母亲对她的孩子再怎么耐心也不为过。A teacher can never be strict enough with his students. 一个老师对他的学生再怎么严格也不为过。这种形式主要运用于阅读当中。
3. 形式肯定，意义否定①more A than B 意思为―是A 不是B ；与其说是B ，不如说是A‖ eg. The book seems to be more a dictionary than a grammar. 这本书看起来与其说是一本语法书，不如说是一本词典。He is more a composer than a singer. 与其说他是一个歌唱家不如说他是一个创作者。② anything but 意思为―一点都不是，根本不是，绝对不是‖ eg. I am anything but a teacher. 我一定不是一个老师。eg. I will do anything but that. 我决不干那件事。③ no more …… than 与not more ……than no more ……than 意为―两者都不……‖ eg. This book is no more interesting than thay one. 这本书和那本书一样特别没趣。not more……than 意为―两者都肯定，前者不如后者‖ eg. This book is not more interesting than that one. 这本书不如那本书有趣。eg. This boy is not more honest than that one. 这两男孩都很诚实，前面的男孩不如后面的男孩诚实。This boy is no more honest than that one.
下载毙考题APP 免费领取考试干货资料，还有资料商城等你入驻 邀请码：8806 可获得更多福利 2018考研英语长难句解析：每日一句(129) 2013年真题Section ⅡReading Comprehension Part A Text 4 第2段第2句 The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial. 译文：宪法规定，唯有华盛顿(联邦政府)有权制定统一的外国人入籍准则，且联邦法律高于州法律。这些宪法原则是无可争议的。 分析：该句的主干为The Constitutional principles…are noncontroversial，该句的主语后跟了两个由that引导的同位语从句，解释说明了The Constitutional principles的内容。同位语从句1中的主干是Washington … has the power…，宾语power后的动词不定式结构是其后置定语，解释说明是什么样的power。 词汇指南 uniform [ ju:nif?:m](adj.)相同的,一致的;始终如一的(n.)制服;军服(高考词汇)(2008年-阅读3、2013年-阅读4)(uni=one-一，form-形状,形式 只有一种形状(或形式的、形状统一的——即相同的,一致的,引申为始终如一的。而该词之所以还有表示制服、军服，是因为制服、军服的样式都是相同的、一模一样的，如图) 制服、军服(样式相同、一模一样) 考点搭配：military uniform 军服(2008年-阅读3) 2个派生词： ●uniformly [ ju:nif?:mli](adv.)相同地,一致地;一贯地,一律地(CET-6、考研词汇)(2013年-阅读2)(ly-副词后缀) ●uniformity [,ju:ni f?:miti](n.)同样;一致(性)(超纲词汇)(2006年-阅读1)(ity-名词后缀) noncontroversial [n?n,k?ntr??v?:???l](adj.)毫无争议的(超纲词汇)(2013年-阅读4)(non-否定，controversial-争论的,有争议的→毫无争议的) 考试使用毙考题，不用再报培训班
考研英语基础—长难句 第二部分并列句 查错： Few of the nation's largest cities are state capitals;thus neither New York nor Chicago is the seat of its state's government. I was ill therefore I could not come. 练习: 一、修改病句 1I was in the middle of the night,slipped into his house, 2he is my teacher,he graduated from oxford university. 3he stole my apple,that make me angry. 4Forgive me for writing such a long letter I did not have time to write shorter one. 5I don’t want to bore you,I can’t find anyone to bore. 二、串连句子:用括号中的连接词连接下面各组句子。 1)It was a cold snowy day． He had no money left for food．(and) 2)study hard． You’11fail in the exam．(or) 3)it is so badly cold． I went to have class anyway．(but) 4)I enjoy playing football． She enjoys playing football，too．(so) 5)He must be ill． He is absent today．(for) 6)Some people waste water Others haven’t enough．(while)
A.从介词开始到其后跟的名词结束 B.从介词开始到动名词结束 C.从介词开始到动名词的宾语结束2018年12月大学英语四六级语法精讲课程讲义 一、识别句子成分必须记住的原理 1.衡量是否是一个句子的标准：是否有动词，有动词就是句子，反之不是句子。 2.英语构句原则规定：一个简单句中只能有一个谓语动词 3.长难句的构成：主句、从句、介词短语、非谓语动词 （1）主句的辨识：谓语动词 （2）从句的辨识：连词+与之匹配的谓语动词 （3）介词短语： （4）非谓语动词：4.衡量长难句划分是否正确的标准：整个句子中谓语动词的个数比连词多一个 5.长难句划分方法：连动切割法 ·连动切割法：将句子中的所有连词和动词（连词、动词的排列不分先后）作为切割长难句的基 础，断开主句和从句。 ·长难句划分的具体步骤： 【第一步】断开主句和从句 通读整个句子找出所有的连词或动词，并将连词和动词匹配起来（主要是针对从句而 言，主句不存在连词，从句连词和动词的匹配遵守就近原则），然后再给动词匹配主 语（主句的主语在谓语之前找；从句的主语在连词和与之匹配的谓语动词中间找，如 果它们中间没有任何词语，那么连词本身就是这个从句的主语。） 动名词（doing ） 动词不定式（to do ） 现在分词（doing ） 过去分词（done ）
【第二步】断开介词短语和非谓语动词 二、总结复习句子的主要成分 1、主语 （1）定义：主语是动作的发出者。 （2）位置：在谓语动词之前。 （3）什么可以充当主语： 2、谓语 （1）定义：述说主语的动作或状态。 （2）位置：在主语之后。（3）什么可以充当谓语：实意动词。 3、宾语 （1）定义：（2）位置： （3）什么可以充当宾语：4、表语 （1）定义：表述主语的身份特征，性质状态的 （2）位置：在系动词之后 （3）什么可以充当表语： A.名词： B.代词： C.介词短语： D.非谓语动词： E.句子：A.动作的承受者B.介词所联系的对象，即介词宾语（简称介宾） A.名词： B.代词： C.介词短语： D.非谓语动词： E.句子： A.名词： B.代词： C.形容词 D.介词短语： E.非谓语动词： F.句子：A.在谓语动词之后B.在非谓语动词之后C.在介词之后
考研英语：语法长难句
目录 第一课奋斗的开始-简单句 (3) 一什么是英语句子？ (3) 二英语句子的基本结构 (3) 三句子的成分 (4) 四简单句的考点分析 (6) 第二课难点稍露尖尖角并列句 (9) 一什么是并列句？ (9) 二并列连词及与其同义的逻辑关系词 (9) 三并列句的考点分析 (9)
第一课奋斗的开始-简单句一什么是英语句子？ 英汉句法结构的差异 举例： ?北京机场就要到了。 ?我要去剪头。 二英语句子的基本结构 1.主谓 2.主谓宾 谓语：实义动词 3.主谓表 谓语：系动词 系动词主要分为以下六类： ?be ?感官动词：look, smell, taste, sound, feel ?变化：become, get, turn, grow, fall ?保持：keep, stay, remain, stand ?表象：seem, appear
?终止：prove 4.主谓双宾 5.主谓宾宾补 举例： ?I bought him a dog. ?You should keep the room clean and tidy. ?We made him our monitor. ?His father told him not to play in the street. 三句子的成分 1.谓语 1）谓语的成分： 举例： ?Your mother must very beautiful. 2）动词能不能多？ 举例 ?Laugh at others is my hobby. ?I enjoy see movies. ?My dream is become a rich lady. 练习 ?他穿上外衣，锁上门，离开了家。 ?大熊猫是熊科中最罕见的成员，主要生活在中国西南部的森林里。 ?长江流经不同的生态体系，是诸多濒危物种的栖息地，灌溉了中国五分之一的土地。 ?我爱你，你爱我。 ?冬天来了，春天就不远了。
2016考研英语长难句语法解析之独立主格 结构 复习2016考研英语的考生，不知道你们的复习进程如何，是否懂得要各项内容均衡“发展”，今天我们来给大家讲一讲长难句中独立主格的七大类型。独立主格，顾名思义，它不是一个句子。在英语中，任何一个句子都要有主语和谓语，而在这个结构中，没有真正的主语和谓语动词，但又在逻辑上构成主谓或主表关系。“独立主格结构”是由名词或代词等名词性成分作逻辑主语，加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作逻辑谓语构成。这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系，因此称为“独立主格结构”。 独立主格结构在整个句子中的功能就相当于一个自带主语的状语从句。众所周知，非限定性从句通常以主句的某一成分作为自己的逻辑主语，从而依附于主句。而有些非限定性从句和无动词从句中带有自己的主语，在结构上与主句不发生关系，因此成为独立主格结构。其实，虽然叫作独立主格结构，并不是真正的独立，它还是一种从属分句，在句中有多种作用，如：表原因、表条件、表方式、表伴随、表时间等，在句中通常起状语作用。有时还可以作定语。独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。 1.名词(代词)+不定式 【例句】Nobody to come later, we will not continue to wait.如果一会儿没有人来，我们就不等了。 2.名词(代词)+现在分词 【例句】The teacher being ill, we’d better visit him.老师生病了，我们最好去看看他。 3.It being+名词(代词) 【例句】It being the Spring Festival, the shops were closed.由于过年，商店都关门了。 4.There being+名词(代词) 【例句】There being no further business, I declare the thing is decided.没有什么事要再继续讨论了，我宣布这事就这么决定了。 5.名词(代词)+过去分词 【例句】More time given, we should have done the job much better.如果给我们更多的时间，我们会把工作做得更好。
2015考研英语基础班讲义 (语法长难句部分) 考研英语长难句解析 一、考研英语长难句之定语从句 一、定语从句 定语从句是英语中一种最常见的句型，它可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，即定语从句的关系词在文中修饰哪个词、短语或句子。在主句中不可缺少的定语从句称限定性定语从句。对主句起附加说明作用的定语从句称非限定性定语从句。此外，定语从句和主句之间还存在着状语关系，说明原因、目的、让步、假设等。 例1.The change met the technical requirement of the new age and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. (1996年真题) 例2. The American economic system is, organized around a basically private-enterprise插入语或隐性定, market- oriented economy 分译in which在这种经济中consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.合译 例3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. 例4. The government promised to give preferential taxation policies and loans of low interest rate to those enterprises that could improve their structure of production and were willing to take in over 50 laid-off workers yearly. 例5. The local government introduced the snakes into this area hoping that they would control the number of mice, which finally became the threat needed to be controlled. 例 6.The environmental protection should be given priority which means the economic development would be lowered to some extent in a developing country.
新概念英语长难句语法结构解析（1） 1. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas--legends handed down from one generation of story-tellers to another. 解读:legends作sagas的同位语,后接被动分词短语做定语。 基本结构：主＋定＋谓＋宾＋同位。 翻译:他们保存历史的唯一方法是把历史作为英雄故事讲述--由说书者代代相传。 2.One can tell the difference almost at a glance for the spider always has eight legs and an insect never more than six. 解读:主谓宾+原因状语（省略句） an insect never more than six 应该理解为昆虫只有六条腿而不是昆虫绝不多于六条腿,全句翻译如下: 翻译:谁都可以一眼就看出蜘蛛与昆虫不同,蜘蛛都是八条腿,而昆虫最多只有六条。 3. Such inns as there were dirty and flea-ridden; the food simply local cheese accompanied by bread often twelve months old, all washed down with coarse wine. 解读:第二个分句中,simply是副词，意为“食物只有.......”，而accompanied含被动意思，说明人们把陈面包和乳酪搭配着吃，并不是乳酪自己同面包相配。第二句作者把谓语省略了。 翻译：那里的小旅店通常又肮脏，跳蚤又多．吃的食物仅仅是当地产的乳酪加上存放了一年之久的面包，大家只能就着下等酒把它们吞下去． 4.The gorilla is something of a paradox in the African scene. 解读：这里的paradox并不是说猩猩是自相矛盾的动物，而是指人们对其捉摸不透。 翻译：大猩猩是非洲景观中有点让人捉摸不透的家伙。 5.All this and many other things remain almost as much a mystery as they were when the French explorer Du Chaillu first described the animal to the civilized world a century ago. 解读:句子是一个比较复杂的主从复合长句，应该采用分句法，逆序法来译，先将when 引导的状语从句译，再译出主句。 翻译：100年前法国探险家Du Chaillu第一次向文明世界叙述过这种动物，如今这一切和其他许多事情几乎像100年前一样，仍然是个谜。
初中英语阅读理解之长难句分析讲义 语篇学语法——从句 I arrived in London on a foggy day, to go to a very important meeting. The place ①where the meeting was going to be held was on the other side of the town. All traffic came to a stop②because the drivers were not able to see more than a yard in front of them. The meeting would begin at 9:00, so I decided to go there on foot. Minutes later, I was completely lost. I stood there and thought③ that I would have to phone to the meeting to explain ④that I was not able to arrive there on time. Then I heard a young man’s voice coming out of the fog, “I suppose ⑤you are lost. Can I help you?” I was very glad to have a man ⑥who could take me to the meeting. Afterward I told him ⑦where I wanted to go, took his arm, and we started. We walked quite fast, turning corners and crossing roads. ⑧As I followed him through the dark streets, I wondered ⑨why he found his way so easily. “I know this part of London quite well,” he said. “But in such a fog it’s impossible to see anything,” I said. “I am blind, sir.” he answered, “In the fog, it is exactly the same for me as usual.” 在英语语法中，按照句子结构，英语句子主要可以分为三种类型：简单句、并列句和复合句。 1.简单句：最基本的句子类型，一个句子中只含有一个主谓结构。 Eg：My uncle gives me a camera. Eg：Jim went to the party last night, but his wife didn’t.. Study hard and you will make progress. 3. 复合句：由一个主句与一个或一个以上的从句（从句有相应的连词引导）组成的句子。 名词性从句 1. 主语从句：，而不是用单词或短语来充当主语。 eg: (1) What you need is more practice. (2) When the meeting will be held has not been announced.
第五讲特殊句式及长难句解析 1．简单句、并列句、复合句 从句: 名词性：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句 形容词性：定语从句 副词性：状语从句--- 时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、比较、方式 2．省略句、比较结构、倒装句、分割结构 英语中还有一些特殊句式，出现在阅读理解中，势必会成为我们理解文章的障碍。但是，特殊句式还是有语法规律的，因此，如果我们能熟练应用特殊句式的语法规律，在阅读中一眼就能识别并领会这些特殊语法现象，障碍就基本克服了。 1.省略句 资料47 To err is human; to forgive, divine. Brevity is the soul of wit. 文体畅晓，其智乃见。（省略是将句子中的赘述部分删去，避免重复，使句子更简洁，加强表达内容的连贯性和逻辑性。被省略的部分大多是主语、谓语或谓语中的助动词等。文章中的省略现象会使句子成分短缺，造成句子不完整，如果看不出句子中省略了什么成分，就容易造成对文章的理解困难。 省略句一般只有当各组成部分有共同的成分才可能出现省略。对于这类句式，其难点在于发现省略成分，一旦找出并补充完整，句意理解就会大大简化。 省略句如果出现在翻译中，在翻译的时候，一定要把省略的部分翻译出来，否则会扣分。A：and 连接的并列句的省略 材料48页：Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.（2002） 分析：很明显，and with it possibly the only way to solve our problem，是一个省略句，with 做状语一般表示伴随，这一个分句只有一个状语加一个名词结构，构不成一个完整的句子。实际上，与前句相同的成分才会被省略，前一句的谓语部分是：will continue to be rejected. 所以，后一分句补充完整就是：with the rejection of the technology of behavior, possibly the only way to solve our problem will continue to be rejected. 练习：1. The reasons for poverty are many, but for the most part center on illiteracy, the lack of opportunities and in some cases pure laziness. (主语the reasons) 2.He majors in English, and I, in French. (谓语major ) 3.Self-confidence gives you light when you are in dark and encouragement when you are dismay. (省略主谓) B：状语从句中的省略 规则：当主句的主语与从句主语一致时候，且从句的谓语动词是Be动词时候，从句可省略主谓。See 材料48页1. 让步状语从句2 时间状语从句 3．If handled properly and not misused, the clone technology will only bring more benefit than disaster to mankind. (条件状语从句) 4．Some people look as if afraid of nothing. (方式状语从句) 5．The computer is still not yet able to do the work as well as an intelligent secretary. （比较）真题例句1 Actually we know of no type of astronomical body in which the conditions can be favorable to life except planets like our own revolving round a sun. 这是复合句。in which引导定语从句，修饰astronomical body. 介词except引起的短语作
六级真题阅读长难句分析 1. For hundreds of millions of years, turtles （海龟） have struggled out of the sea to lay their eggs on sandy beaches, long before there were nature documentaries to celebrate them, or GPS satellites and marine biologists to track them, or volunteers to handcarry the hatchlings （幼龟） down to the water 's edge lest they become disoriented by headlights and crawl towards a motel parking lot instead. （2009 年6 月） 【分析】本句为复合句，主架为?turtles have struggled ?。For hundreds of millions of years 为介词短语作时间状语。before ?为时间状语从句，该从句采用的是there be 结构，主语为or 连接的三个名词（词组）：natural documentaries ，GPS satellites and marine biologists 和volunteers ，主语 后的不定式均为主语的后置定语。lest “以免”引导状语从句，采用虚拟语气。【译文】数百万年以来，海龟们都挣扎着从海里爬出来，到沙滩上产卵，那时候还没有自然纪录片来记录它们的活动，没有GPS卫星和海洋生物学家跟踪它们，没有志愿者用手把小海龟放到水边以防它们被桅灯搞得迷失方向而爬向旅馆的停车场。 2. The figures prompted Oceana to petition the government to upgrade the level of protection for the North Atlantic loggerheads from “threatened ” to “endangered” —meaning they are in danger of disappearing without additional help. （2009 年6 月） 【分析】本句为复合句，主架为The figures prompted Oceana ?。to petition the government 为不定式作prompted 的状语，to upgrade the level of protection ?为不定式作petition 的状语。they are in danger ?help 作meaning 的宾语，相当于省略了引导词that 的宾语从句。 【译文】这些数字迫使Oceana向政府请求将对北大西洋大海龟的保护程度由“受到威胁”提升到“濒临灭绝”，这意味着如果没有额外的保护，它们将面临消失的危险。 3. But Nature is indifferent to human notions of fairness, and a report by the Fish and Wildlife Service showed a worrisome drop in the populations of several species of North Atlantic sea turtles, notably loggerheads, which can grow to as much as 400 pounds. （2009 年6 月） 【分析】本句为并列复合句，主架为Nature is indifferent ?and?a report ?showed?a ?drop ?。But 表转折。by the Fish and Wildlife Service 为介词 短语作report 的后置定语。which can grow to as much as 400 pounds 为非限制性定语从句，修饰loggerheads 。be indifferent to 意为“对?无动于衷”。a drop in 指“在?方面下降”。 【译文】但是大自然对人们的平等观念却漠不关心，渔业和野生动物服务组织的一项报告显示，北大西洋好几种海龟的数量都在令人担忧地下降，尤其是一种能够长到400 磅重的大海龟。 4. The narrow strips of beach on which the turtles lay their eggs are being squeezed on one side by development and on the other by the threat of rising sea levels as the oceans warm. （2009 年6 月）
2014考研英语 语法与长难句 主讲：徐磊
一：动词四大词性：名词、动词、形容词、副词。 二：英语句子的基本结构：名词（n）+动词（v）+名词（n） 例如： 我 爱 你 ！ 三、各个词性在英语中使用的原则。 动词：句子的核心，有且只有一个。 名词：发出动作或者是动作的承受者。 形容词：修饰名词。 副词：修饰动词、形容词和副词。 例如：我 爱 你 ！ ↑ ↑ ↑ 形容词 副词 形容词 帅气的我十分爱温柔的你！ ↑ ↑ ↑ 副词 副词 副词 十分帅气的我十分爱非常温柔的你！ 四、四大词性意义拓展 名词性：泛指一切等于名词的事物，传统语法中的主语和宾语。 动词性：泛指一切等于动词的事物，传统语法中的谓语。 形容词性：泛指一切等于形容词的事物，传统语法中的定语。 副词性：泛指一切等于副词的事物，传统语法中的状语。 ｛名词本身，代词，数词 1、名词性： ｛其他词性变化得来：the+形容词（the old），to do ,doing. ｛句子变名词：名词性从句（主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句）。 2、动词性：只有动词本身 ｛形容词本身 3、形容词性：｛其他词性变化得来：介词+名词（with care=careful），动词+ing （interesting），动词+ed（interested）,to do,名词（baby girl）。 ｛句子变形容词：形容词性从句（定语从句）。
｛副词本身。 4、副词性： ｛其他词性变化得来：介词+名词，动词+ing，动词+ed,to do. ｛句子变副词：副词性从句（状语从句）。 五、语序调整 简单句：名词+动词+名词 修饰成分绝大多数后置，只有单个词做修饰成分时组要前置。 六、动词的十六大时态 四个时 四个态 现在时 一般 过去时 进行 将来时 完成 过去将来时 完成进行 七、名词性从句—句子变名词（主语从句、宾语从句） 三步法：1、按照简单陈述句翻译 ｛看句子中是否有特殊疑问词，如果有，提前； 2、提前｛看句子中是否有“是否”意义的词，如果有，提前； ｛如果二者都没有，则要在句首加that。 3、代入主句：按照 名词+动词+名词结构调整语序进行翻译 注意：句子变名词要作为不可数名词 八、形容词性从句—句子变形容词（定语从句） 五步拆分法：1、拆分 2、翻译 3、替换 4、整体提前 5、插入 九、同位语从句 如何判断是定语从句还是同位语从句：把空格前面的名词插入空格后面从句的任何位置，
句子成分分析（综合运用） 目标：依据句子成分，学会分析长难句 背景：一些复杂的长难句一方面是制约考生快速理解文意、准确解题的“拦路虎”，另一方面又是彰显考生写作功底的“走秀台”，在某种程度上来说，对长难句的分析与掌握已成为区分考生成绩优劣的“分水岭”。其实，长难句并不可怕，在正确划分句子成分的基础上，运用一定的“拆分”技巧，化繁为简、化长为短，其意立马显现。所以，无论是从学语法的角度，还是从英语综合素养的角度，都有必要学会这个方法。 Part 1:知识点详解 一、长难句的常见形式 1．复合句 这些句子往往较长，一个从句套着另一个从句，环环相扣，使得学生搞不清楚整个句子结构。其实，不管句子有多长、多复杂，它只由两部分构成，即主干和修饰成分。主干是整个句子的骨架，主要指主谓宾结构(如：I want a ticket.)或主系表结构(如：The man is a teacher.)。而修饰成分在句中只起修饰或补充主干的作用，它既可以是单词，也可以是短语，更常见的则是从句，尤其是定语从句和状语从句。 一般来说，复合句中的从句都是很常见的，学生比较熟悉的，但很多时候不少考生分不清单词、短语和从句之间的相互关系，这样会导致整个句子分析混乱。这时，学生应通过仔细分析，将每个修饰成分划出来，找出句子的主干，这样整个句子结构就清晰了。 [例1]What Winter knows of the 19 yearold who saved his life is only that he died in a car accident and that his family was willing to honor his wishes and donate his organs for transplantation (移植)． [分析]此句的主语为“What Winter knows of the 19yearold who saved his life”，是一个主语从句，其中主语从句里面又包含了一个由who引导的定语从句；is为主干句的系动词，后面的that引导两个并列的表语从句。 [点津]分析长难句时找出主干句的谓语是至关重要的一步。 [例2]Pasteur discovered that heating the wine gently for a few minutes after it had fermented (发酵) would kill off the yeast (酵母菌) that was left in the wine, with the result that the wine would remain fresh for much longer. [分析]此句的主语为Pasteur，谓语是discovered，第一个that引导的是宾语从
2016考研英语长难句突破：表语从句 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。今天我们就来重点讲一下其中的表语从句。 表语从句就是用一个句子作为表语，说明主语是什么或者怎么样，由名词、形容词或相当于名词、形容词的词或短语充当，和连系动词一起构成谓语。引导词引导一个句子作表语，放于系动词之后。其结构是：主语+系动词+引导词+从句。 【例1】that Thetroubleis ( that ) she has lost his money.麻烦的事是她丢了钱。 【例2】whether The question is whether the film is worth seeing.问题是这部电影是否值得看（if 不能引导表语从句）。 【例3】what That’s what he is worrying about.那就是他在担心的事。 【例4】who The question is who should go.问题是谁应该去。 【例5】why That’s why I object to the plan.这就是我反对这个计划的原因。 【例6】when That was when I was fifteen.这是我15岁时发生的事。 【例7】where That’s where I first met her.那就是我第一次遇见她的地方。 【例8】how The problem is how we can find him.问题是我们如何找到他。 写作中的句式升级：我们可以将所要写的简单句用如下方法升级成表语从句，从而提高所写句式的技术含量，博得阅卷老师青睐，冲击更高的分数。 【注意事项】 1.表语从句一定要用陈述语序。 误：The question is when can he arrive at the hotel.（×） 正：The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.（√） 2.引导名词性从句时if/whether（是否）用法辨析： a. if不能引导表语从句，只能用whether来引导。 b.引导宾语从句时if/whether可以互换，但介词后面的宾语从句只能用whether来引导。 c.位于句首的主语从句只能用whether来引导，同位语从句也只能用whether来引导。 误：The question is if the enemy is marching towards us.（×）
六级语法长难句讲义 主编许密衫
第一节简单句 1.1句子的成分 主语、谓语、宾语、定语、补语、状语、表语七种。 主语：发出动作(名词、代词、动名词) ●名词 ●代词 人称代词：（主格）I, you, she, he，（宾格）him，me e.g. He love me. 物主代词：my, you’re, his, her 反身代词：myself, yourself, ●动名词：doing， going 谓语：动词 ●实意动词 ●系动词 Be动词:is, am, are 感官动词：feel, seem, hear ●情态动词：can, may, could, would … 宾语：承受动作（动作的承受者，名词，代词） e.g. I love a girl. 表语：系动词后面出现的 e.g.I am a girl. 宾语与主语的区别：取决于前面的宾语 状语：时间、地点、目的、方式、条件、原因、结果
1.2什么是简单句？ 相对于从句而言，没有从句的可认为是简单句 主语部分（subject group） 谓语部分（predicate group） e.g. Professor Ward teaches English to university students. 1.2.1简单句类型 ●主谓： 主语+不及物动词 e.g. He smell. ●主谓宾： 主语+及物动词+宾语 e.g. I love a girl. 主语+不及物动词+介词+宾语 e.g. I wait for you . ●主系表： ●主谓宾宾： 直接宾语，间接宾语 I give you a book. ●主谓宾宾补(补语：形容词、短语、名词) I find it interesting. 我发现它很有趣。 I make you happy.
高考英语阅读文章中往往会有一些长难句，这些长难句常常是考题所要考查的对象，也是考生理解文章的一大障碍。针对长难句，要学会利用语法知识中的句法知识来理解，先判断句子的主干部分，而对于句子的修饰、补充成分，可以先忽略不看。在理解了句子的主干意思后，再来理解修饰、补充成分。同时，句子中的标点符号也是一个很重要的判断依据，要充分利用标点符合，帮助我们判断句子的主干和修饰成分。 根据长难句的结构，我们可以把长难句分为：环环相扣式、并列式、插入语式和改变语序式。 一、环环相扣式 这类句子往往有多重句子修饰成分，这些修饰成分往往用非谓语动词或从句充当。在阅读过程中，对于这类句式应当先找到句子的主干，然后再看修饰成分。 例1：A mere hundred species (物种) are the basis of our food supply，of which but twenty carry the load.Wilson suggests changing this situation by looking into ten thousand species that could be made use of，which will be a way to reduce the clearing of the natural homes of plants and animals to enlarge farming areas.(2008全国卷一E篇) 译文：只有约100种物种为我们提供食物基础，其中只有20种承担着供应人类食物的重担。Wilson建议通过调查研究一万种可以被利用的物种来改变这种现状，这样做可以减少人类为了增加耕种面积而开垦动植物的自然家园的做法。 解析：第二句是一个含有多层结构的句子。第一层结构：Wilson suggests changing ...by looking ...。第2个which引导的非限定性定语从句是第二层结构代替changing https://www.doczj.com/doc/5a11102637.html,e of。另外，that could be made use of 也是句子的第一层，作定语，修饰species。第三层结构是不定式to reduce ...，它作定语修饰 a way。第四层结构是不定式to enlarge ...，它作目的状语，修饰clearing。根据该句，文后第74题：Wilson suggests that one way to keep biodiversity is to _____.答案选D(use more species for food)。 例2：This process is also found among scholars and authors：a statement of opinion by one writer may be restated by another，who may in turn be quoted by yet another；and this process may continue，unless it occurs to someone to question the facts on which the original writer based his opinion or to challenge the interpretation he placed upon those facts.(2008天津D篇) 译文：在学者和作者中，我们也常常会发现这个过程：一个作者陈述的观点有可能会被另外一位作者重述，然后他的重述或许又会被另一个作者引用。这个过程会继续下去，除非有人质疑原作者的观点所根据的事实或者是对原作者对这些事实的解释提出异议。 解析：根据标点符号，我们可以确定该句主干是第一句话，即冒号前面的部分。冒号后面的部分是对主句的进一步解释。在该解释中，用分号分隔开两个独立的句子。第一个句子中又用了一个who引导的非限定性定语从句。第二个句子中用了一个unless引导的条件状语从句。条件状语从句中it是形式主语，to question ...or to challenge ...是真正的主语。它们的宾语分别又有一个定语从句来修饰，即：the facts on which ...，the interpretation (that) he placed ...。可见，该句是环环相扣，一层套一层。理解了该句，考生才能回答文后第51题：What can we infer from the passage? 答案是B(Passive learning may not be reliable.)。 二、并列式 有时候，一个句子会包含多个并列成分，如并列主语、并列谓语、并列宾语等，这些并列结构往往有连词连接。在解读这类句式时，要注意利用连词和标点符号来判断并列部分。