奥风初中语法一：名词与数词I. 名词的种类：
II. 名词的数：
2. 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：
III. 名词的所有格：
名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。
3. of所有格的用法：
用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book
用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students
用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed
例题解析：
1. ( ) His grandfather is _____.
A) Robert Bob B) Tom Black C) Kate White D) Black Green
2. ( ) _____ are playing tennis in the playground.
A) The Browns B) The Brown's C) Browns D) Brown's
3. ( ) Be careful. There is a _____ hole in the ground.
A) two-foot-deep B) two-feet-deep C) two-foot deep D) two-feet deep
4. ( ) He’s got bad toothache. He’d better go to _____.
A) dentist B) the dentist C) the dentist’s D) see the dentists
5. ( ) The _____ teachers wondered if the _____ students were in trouble.
A) woman, boy B) woman, boys C) women, boy D) women, boys
6. ( ) _____ came that Houston Rocket won again and Yao Ming got the most scores.
A) A news B) Message C) Word D) Words
7. ( ) All of a sudden, something on the ground caught _____.
A) his eye B) his eyes C) his own eyes D) eyes of his own
8. ( ) The lady with long _____ found her husband had already got three gray _____.
A) hair, hair B) hair, hairs C) hairs, hair D) hairs, hair
名词练习：
习题训练：
Choose the best answer (选择最恰当的答案，用A、B、C或D表示，填入空格内): ( ) 1. The police ______ running after the thief when I passed the street.
A. are
B. is
C. were
D. was
( ) 2. It’s seven o’clock. _____ are sitting at ta ble.
A) Mr. Greens B) The Green's C) The Greens D) Greens
( ) 3. Your brother is the same ______ me.
A) old as B) age as C) old like D) age like
( ) 4. ________ trees are cut down in the forests every year.
A. Thousand
B. Thousands
C. Thousand of
D. Thousands of
( ) 5. ——What can I do for you?
——I'd like two _______.
A. box of apple
B. boxes of apples
C. box of apples
D. boxes of apple
( ) 6. What kind of ______ do you like best?
A) watermelon B) the watermelon C) a watermelon D) watermelons
( ) 7. Look at this magazine. Let’s do the ______ about eating habits.
A) quiz B) list C) cooking D) dinner
( ) 8.Help yourself to ______.
A. some chickens
B. a chicken
C. some chicken
D. any chicken
( ) 9.________ it is today!
A. What fine weather
B. What a fine weather
C. How a fine weather
D. How fine a weather
( ) 10. Which is the way to the __________?
A. shoe factory
B. shoes factory
C. shoe's factory
D. shoes' factory
( ) 11.This class _______ now. Miss Gao teaches them.
A. are studying
B. is studying
C. be studying
D. studying
( ) 12. We will have a ______ holiday after the exam.
A. two month
B. two-month
C. two month's
D. two-months
( ) 13. Our bodies need food to give us ______.
A) health B) strong C) energy D) taste
( ) 14. Our sports meeting will be held ________.
A. on 24, Tuesday, April
B. in April 24, Tuesday
C. on Tuesday, April 24
D. in April Tuesday 24
( ) 15._________ people here are very friendly to us.
A. The
B. /
C. A
D. An
( ) 16. .There is no enough ________ in the corner to put the table.
A. place
B. room
C. floor
D. ground
( ) 17. He has got _____ to tell you.
A) a good news B) some news C) a lot news D) many news
( ) 18. Look! Those three _______ are talking with the three _______.
A. Englishmen, Germen
B. Englishmans, Germans
C. Englishmen, Germans
D. Englishmans, Germen
数词
数词分为两大类：基数词和序数词。
Ⅰ. 基数词
基数词用来表示精确的数量，例如：one, two, three, twelve, eighteen, ninety, hundred, thousand, million, billion等。
基数词有两个后缀：-teen表示“＋10”，例如：sixteen, thirteen等；-ty表示“×10”，例如：sixty, thirty等。
1.
2. 100以上的大数词有：
a hundred 一百（100）
a thousand 一千（1,000）
ten thousand 一万（10,000）
a hundred thousand 十万（100,000）
a million (= a thousand thousand) 一百万（1,000,000）
ten million 一千万（10,000,000）
a hundred million 一亿（100,000,000）
a billion (= a thousand million) 十亿（1,000,000,000）
在表示精确数量时不用复数形式，例如：two thousand people两千人，不能说two thousands people。
在表示含糊数量时要用复数形式，例如：thousands of people几千人，不能说thousand of people。有时，可以在大数词（单数形式）前加上several, a few等词，表示含糊数量，例如：several hundred times好几百次，a few million years几百万年。
100以内的基数词有时也可用复数形式，表示一些特别的意义。例如：
They went to the theatre in twos and threes. 他们三三两两地来到了剧院。
The girl is in her teens. 这个女孩不到二十岁。
He became a professor in his thirties. 他三十多岁时成为了教授。
It was in the 1960s. 那是在二十世纪六十年代。
3. 混合数目的读法：
百位以内的数目一般在个位和十位之间加一个and，例如：
101 读作：a hundred and one
320 读作：three hundred and twenty
648 读作：six hundred and forty-eight
千位以上的数目从右向左数起，每三位数加一个逗号。从右开始，第一个逗号处读thousand，第二个逗号处读million，第三个逗号处读billion。例如：
2,648 读作：two thousand six hundred and forty-eight
3,008 读作：three thousand and eight
16,250,064 读作：sixteen million two hundred and fifty thousand sixty-four
5,237,166,234 读作：five billion，two hundred and thirty-seven million，one hundred and sixty-six thousand，two hundred and thirty-four
4. “名词＋基数词”结构具有“序列”的意义，例如：Room Four四号房间，相当于the Fourth Room；Lesson Five = the Fifth Lesson第5课。
Ⅱ. 序数词
序数词用来表示序列，通常在基数词后面加上后缀-th构成，例如：fourth, sixth, tenth, seventeenth, hundredth等。twenty, thirty, ninety等以-ty结尾的基数词要将词尾改为-tieth，例如：twentieth, thirtieth, ninetieth。以下是部分容易写错的基数词和序数词对照表：
序数词在使用时，一般在其前面加定冠词the或物主代词等限定词。例如：the first time 第一次，my second son 我
的第二个儿子。有时，也可用不定冠词，例如：
A third man entered the room. 又有第三个人进入了房间。
We’ve tried it three times．Must we try it a fourth time? 我们已经试过三遍了，还必须试一次（第四次）吗？
Ⅲ. 数词的基本用法
1. 基数词在句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。例如：
It is said that thirteen is an unlucky number. 据说13是一个不吉利的数目。（主语）
The model ship is worth four hundred. 这台模型轮船值四百块钱。（介词宾语）
I need three altogether．我总共需要三个。（动词宾语）
Five times five is twenty-five. 5乘以5等于25。（表语）
He is a naughty boy and you two are not. 他是一个调皮的孩子，而你们两人不是。
2. 基数词在句中还可以用作定语和状语，例如：
I have invited ten people to the party. 我邀请了10个人参加晚会。（定语）
Ten to one, he will come tomorrow. 十有八九他明天会来。（状语）
3. 序数词在句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语、定语、同为语和状语等，例如：
The second is what I really need. 第二个是我真正需要的。（主语）
He was among the first to arrive.他是首批到达的。（介词宾语）
She was the third to arrive. 她是第三个到的。（表语）
September is the ninth month of the year. 九月是一年中的第九个月。（定语）
Who is that girl, the third in the front row? 前排第三个女孩是谁？（同位语）
When did you first meet her? 你什么时候跟她第一次见面的？（状语）
4. 数词的实际运用
数词的运用场合很多，现将初中英语中常见的几种介绍如下。
(1). 时间表示法
①年、月、日表示法：
1900 1900年（读作：nineteen hundred）
1997 1997年（读作：nineteen ninety-seven）
2000 2000年（读作：two thousand）
in 2004 在2004年（读作：two thousand and four）
in the 1990s 在20世纪90年代（读作：in the nineteen nineties）
on February 12th / on 12th February 在2月12日
on October 1st, 1949 在1949年10月1日
②时刻表示法：
6:00 (at) six / six o’clock
6:15 (at) six fifteen / a quarter past six
6:20 (at) six twenty / twenty past six
6:30 (at) six thirty / half past six
6:45 (at) six forty-five / a quarter to seven
6:50 (at) six fifty / ten to seven
有时，用am / a.m.或pm / p.m.加在数字后，分别表示“上午”或“下午”。例如：6:00 am 上午6点，6:30 pm 下午6点半。
（2）算式表示法
①加、减、乘、除表示法：
2＋3＝? 读作：How much is two plus three?
2＋3＝5 读作：Two plus three equals five. / Two and three is five. / Two and three makes five.
10－6＝4 读作：Ten minus six is four. / Six from ten is four.
3×4＝12 读作：Three multiplied 4 is twelve. / Three times four is twelve.
16÷4＝4 读作：Sixteen divided by four is four. / Four into sixteen goes four.
②分数表示法：
1/2 读作：a / one half 或one over two
2/3 读作：two thirds 或two over three
1/4 读作：a / one quarter 或one over four
3/4 读作：three fourths / quarters 或three over four
3 1/
4 读作：three and one fourth或three and one quarter
③倍数表示表示法：
This room is twice as large as that one. / This room is twice larger than that one. 这个房间比那个房间大一倍。
This room is three times as large as that one. / This room is three times larger than that one. 这个房间比那个（房间）大两倍。
［考题分析］
1．The students came into the room ______.
A. one in one
B. one another
C. one by one
D. one for one
分析英语中有一些固定短语是由数词构成的，例如：in twos and threes三三两两地，ten to one十之八九，(a) thousand and one非常多的。本题选项中的one by one也是一个固定短语，意思是“一个（接）一个地”。答案 C
2．How many workers are there in your factory? — There are two ______.
A. hundreds
B. hundred
C. hundred of
D. hundreds of
分析hundred, thousand等大数词前如果用two, three等基数词，则表示精确的数量，这些大数词用单数形式。如果表
示含糊数量，则用hundreds of等形式。答案 B
3．〈改错〉Three days are too a long time to wait for his decision.
分析一些由数词构成的时间、距离、价格等作主语时，虽然其后的名词用复数形式，数词练习
1. the world’s books and newspapers are written in English.
A. Three thirds of
B. Half of
C. Three quarters of
D. Three quarters
2. Work must come .
A. first
B. at first
C. the first
D. in first
3. It is walk to the museum.
A. twenty minutes
B. twenty-minutes
C. twenty minute’s
D. twenty minutes’
4. It took me to climb to the top of the hill yesterday.
A. one o’clock and a half
B. half and an hour
C. an hour and one half
D. one and a half hours
5. Many ______ trees will be planted on those hills next year.
A. thousand of
B. thousands of
C. thousand
D. thousands
6. Take the medicine ______.
A. three times everyday
B. three times a day
C. a day three times
D. three times in one day
7. Write “one hundred and thirty-two million” in numbers: ______.
A. 132,000
B. 132,000,000
C. 103,200,000
D. 100,320,000
8. After having a cup of tea, he asked for ______.
A. two more
B. more two
C. more than two
D. two cups
9. Miss Gao stays in ______.
A. Room Ninth
B. the Nineth Room
C. Room Nine
D. Ninth Room
10. We should always think of this question: What are we going to do in ______ century?
A. twenty-one
B. the twenty-one
C. twenty-first
D. the twenty-first
11. We stayed there for ______ days.
A. one and two
B. one or more
C. two and more
D. two or more
12. This boy has just had ______.
A. two pieces of breads
B. two piece of bread
C. two pieces of bread
D. two piece of breads
答案：1-5: C A D D C 6-10. B B A C D 11-12. D C
奥风初中语法二．冠词
冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。
Choose the best answer (选择最恰当的答案，用A、B、C或D表示，填入空格内):
1. Mr Li is __________ old worker.
A. a B an C some D /
2. There is __________ “u” in__________word “uniform.”.
A. an, a
B. an, the
C. a, a
D. a, the
3. ------Is Mr. White __________ teacher of your school?
------Yes. __________ teacher is from Australia.
A. a, A
B. a, The
C. the, The
D. the, A
4. What__________ interesting book it is?
A a
B an
C the
D /
5. English is __________useful language in __________ world.
A an, the
B a, the
C the, /
D /,the
6. He will be back in __________ hour.
A /
B the
C a D. an
7. There is __________map in the classroom. __________ map is on the wall.
A a, A B. the, The C a, The D. the, A
8. Look at__________ picture! There's __________ house in it.
A. a ,a B the, the C a, the D the, a
9. There is __________ orange in the bottle.
A. a
B. an
C. the
D. /
10. Beijing is __________ capital of our country.
A the
B an
C /
D a
11. If you work hard at English, you'll get __________ “A”in the test.
A an
B /
C the
D a
12. He usually goes to school on __________ foot.
A a
B an
C the
D /
13. __________sign here stands for __________mistake.
A. A, a
B. A, the
C. The, a
D. The, the
14. We made Joyce __________ monitor __________her experience.
A. a, because
B. the, because
C./, because of
D. the , because of
15. Two months ago Mr. Green wrote__________ article on Shanghai International Art Festival.
A. the
B. an
C. a
D. /
16. Paul is __________European student. He likes to study __________ history of China.
A. a, the
B. a, /
C. an, the
D. an, /
17. This is __________ honey. As we all know, __________ honey is sweet.
A. /, the
B. /, /
C. the, /
D. the, the
18. They didn't catch the last train because of __________.
A. some heavy traffics
B. any heavy traffic
C. heavy traffic
D. a heavy traffic
19.―Have you seen __________ pen? I left it here this morning.
―Is it _________ black one? I think I saw it somewhere.
A. a; the
B. the; the
C. the; a
D. a; a
20. After __________ quick breakfast I hurried to ___________ school.
A. a; /
B. /; the
C. the; the
D. the; /
1. B. an用于元音音素开始的单词前。
2. D 字母u第一个发音不是元音，故用a，后面word特指uniform，故用the。
3. B 第一个teacher前用a，表示学校的一位老师；回答中用the，表示特指Mr. White。
4. B.这是感叹句结构，即What a(n) + 名词，同时interesting的第一音素是元音所以要加an。
5. B. useful的第一个音素是［j］，它是辅音音素。in the world为固定短语，表示在世界上。
6. D. hour的首字母h不发音，其第一个音素为元音。
7. C. 在文章中首次提到某人或某物时用不定冠词，而第二次再提到该物或人时应用定冠词。
8. D. 虽然是第一次提到，但在句中的语言是让对方看某一特定的图画，所以应选择D。
9. D. 这里的orange是指桔汁而不是一个个的桔子，此时为不可数名词。
10. A. capital之后有of结构则要用定冠词，表示特指。
11．A. 因字母A的第一音素是元音。
12．D. on foot意为走路上学，是固定短语。
13. C 第一个空格用the为特指，表示“这个标记”，第二个空格用a表示“一个错误”。
14. C 表示职位的名词前通常不加冠词。because 后接从句，because of后接句词，动词的ing形式或其他名词类结构。
15. B 首次提到某人或某物用不定冠词。
16. A European的第一个元素不是元音，故用a，history前用the，表示特指中国历史。
17. B 在本句中，honey都表示类别，不是特指，故不用冠词。
18. C traffic为不可数名词。heavy traffic交通拥挤；light traffic来往车辆不多
19. D 第一个空用a，表示“一只钢笔”，第二个空用a表示类别，第二个说话者是在问“是不是一只黑色的” ，故也用a。
20. A 表示三餐的名词前一般不加冠词，但当有形容词修饰时，则需加冠词，a quick breakfast表示“一次快速的早餐”；hurry to school表示“匆忙去上学”，表示去学校上学时，一般school前都不加冠词，如go to school去上学，in school 在上学。如果在school前加冠词，则表示去学校或在学校，但不一上学，如go to the school去学校（可能去找人或办事），in the school在学校里（可能在做别的事）。类似的还有：
in hospital生病住院
in the hospital 在医院里（可能在医院作或看望病人）
奥风初中语法五---介词
I. 介词分类：
II. 介词与其他词类的搭配
介词练习
1. Do you know any other foreign language____ English?
A. except
B. but
C. beside
D. besides
2. He suddenly returned ____ a rainy night.
A. on
B. at
C. in
D. during
3. I'm looking forward ____your letter.
A. to
B. in
C. at
D. on
4. Mr. Brown flew to Washington _____ the night before last.
A. in
B. on
C. at
D. /
5. The school gate is ______ the north of the classroom building.
A. in
B. to
C. on
D. at
6. You’ll get one thousand dollars _____.
A. after all
B. at all
C. in all
D. all together
7. This bus can run _____ 70 miles an hour.
A. for
B. with
C. at
D. in
8. It’s said he stayed there quietly _____ two o’clock that afternoon.
A. on
B. at
C. until
D. by
9. I’ve got three question _____ you to think abo ut.
A. of
B. for
C. give
D. to show
10. Now it’s quite important _____ us to make full use of time.
A. for
B. to
C. of
D. with
11. It’s nice _____ you to get the ticket _____ F1. It’s said the car-race is very exciting.
A. of, for
B. for, for
C. of, of
D. for, of
12. What did you have ______ breakfast?
A. as
B. with
C. about
D. for
13. The police _____ helping to make our city a safe place to live and work _____.
A. is, in
B. are, in
C. is, /
D. are, /
14. Tom didn’t attend the lecture yesterday evening _____ his illness.
A. as
B. for
C. because
D. because of
15. Mr. Brown has gone to Canada. He will be back _______ two weeks.
A. for
B. after
C. in
D. at
16. We can ask people _____ the Festival to do the quiz.
A. in
B. on
C. at
D. for
17. What happens when we put some sugar _____ a glass of warm water?
A. on
B. off
C. out
D. into
18. _____ they arrived at the village after all.
A. At the end
B. In the end
C. Last
D. Attentively
19. The class teacher was sent _____ Christmas cards _____ some of the students.
A. to, by
B. /, by
C. to, from
D. /, to
20. -----What is that film _____?
---- It’s a science film.
A. like
B. about
C. on
D. for
21. Why not ask your friend _____ some advice if you’re really in trouble?
A. offer
B. give
C. to
D. for
22. The beautiful house is _____ sale. But it won’t be _____ sale.
A. on, for
B. for, on
C. with, for
D. with, on
23. The weather here was _____ cold last week.
A. a kind
B. a kind of
C. kind of
D. kinds of
24. The singing group is made _____ four handsome lads.
A. of
B. from
C. up of
D. up from
25. Something _____ wrong _____ my watch, I'm afraid.
A. is, with
B. is, in
C. are, with
D. are, in
26. There _____ a man and two women _____ the picture.
A. is, on
B. are, in
C. are, on
D. is, in
27. Mary doesn’t know what lies ahead. _____ , she’s only 12.
A. At all
B. In all
C. After all
D. For all
28. Should we _____ the postage _____ the parcel by ourselves?
A. pay, on
B. pay, of
C. pay for, on
D. pay for, of
29. Alice _____ her service to the public.
A. was awarded the prize for
B. was deserved to get the prize for
C. was proud for
D. was pleased for
30. You can draw it ______ paints and brushes.
A. by
B. with
C. in
D. use
1. D A、B两项except等于but，意为除了…，C-beside意为在…旁边，不符合题意。而D-besides, 意为除了…之外，还有。所以该题正确答案为D。该题意为：除了英语外，你还知道别的语言吗？
2. A 我们均知道，at night这一短语，但如果night前有修饰词，表具体的夜晚，则要用介词on来修饰，故该题正确答案为A。
3. A look forward to 为固定搭配，意为期望、盼望。
4. B 在表达某一天的具体时间时，应该用介词“on”。但是本句是表达“在前天的夜里”，与“在前天”(the day before yesterday）相仿，前面不该用任何介词，所以本题答案应该选“D”。
5. B 在英语中，表达“东、南、西、北”的方位介词常见有三个：表示在方位区域的内部时，用介词“in”。如：The playground is in the south of the school.（操场在学校的南面。）表示在与方位区域连壤的外部时，应该用介词“on”。如：Room 203 is on the west of Room 205.（203室在205室的西面。）表示在与方位区域不连壤的外部时，应该用介词“to”。如：Shanghai is to the east of Nanjing.（上海在南京的东面。）本题的“校门”在“教学大楼”的北面，应该用介词“to”，所以答案应该选“B”。
6. C “after all”意为“到底”、“毕竟”、“终于”；“at all”通常与“not”连用，意为“完全不”、“一点也不”；“in all”通常用于数量词后面，意为“总共”，同义词是“altogether”。所以本题答案应该选“C”。
7. C 在表示“速度”、“温度”、“价格”意思时，应该用介词“at”。所以本题答案应该选“C”
奥风初中语法七---动词的时态和语态
初中阶段我们主要掌握一般现在时，现在进行时，一般将来时，现在完成时，一般过去时，过去进行时六种时态的结构和用法即可。过去将来时和过去完成时以及过去完成进行时只需了解即可。
(1). 一般现在时
1) 一般现在时的句型结构
①肯定句：主语+ am/is/are+表语
主语+实义动词（+其它）
②否定句：主语+ am/is/are+not+表语
主语+don’t(doesn’t) +实义动词原形（+其它）
③疑问句：Am/Is/Are+主语+表语
Do(Does)+主语+实义动词原形（+其它）
2) 一般现在时的用法
①表示不随时间的变化而变化的事实，真理，格言，警句等。
The earth goes around the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。
Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。
Tomorrow is Monday. 明天星期天。
②表示目前，现在经常发生的动作，习惯，或存在的状态。常与下列表示次数的频率副词连用：often, usually, always, sometimes, every day(week, year, night), once a week等。
Class begins at eight every morning. 每天早晨八点钟开始上课。
He looks tired. 他看起来疲劳。
③表示“预定”或是“安排好”要发生的，不会轻易改变的未来动作，事情。常用于此类用法的动词有come, go, move, stop, leave, arrive, be ,finish, start等。
The plain arrives a t 8 o’clock. 飞机八点到。
④在表时间和条件的状语从句中，用一般现在时代替将来时。
常见引导此类从句的连词有if, when, while, before, after, till , until, as soon as等。
We will have an exam when we finish the textbook. 我们学完课本后将会进行一次测试。
3) 一般现在时第三人称单数的构成。
当主语是第三人称单数时，一般现在时的陈述句中谓语动词要加s/es，具体变化规则如下：
①一般情况直接在动词后加-s.如：
works, gets ,says , reads, arrives, likes
②以ch, sh, s, x，o 结尾的动词，在其后加-es.如：
goes, washes, watches, kisses
③以辅音字母+y结尾的动词，把y变成i再加-es.如：
carries, tries, marries
即时反馈练习（二）
一般现在时专练
1 I will tell him as soon as I _____ him.
A. see
B. will see
C. would see
D. saw
2 I like my new bike. It ______ very well.
A. rides
B. is riding
C. is ridden
D. has ridden
3. At John’s office ______ at nine o’clock.
A. starts work
B. work starts
C. works start
D. starts the work
4 They usually ______ to town on Saturdays.
A. were driving
B. drive
C. have driven
D. will drive
5 ----Smith does not go fishing on weekdays, _______?
----_______, he does.
A. does he; No
B. does he; Yes
C. doesn’t he; No
D. doesn’t he; Yes
6 We will go to play with snow if it ______ tomorrow.
A. snow
B. snows
C. will snow
D. snowed
7 The Young Pioneer _______ water for the old man every day.
A. carry
B. bring
C. takes
D. carries
8 ----____ he _____ himself there?
---- No, I don’t think so.
A. Does; receive
B. Do; receive
C. Do; enjoy
D. Does; enjoy
9 Which teacher ____ lessons to you every day?
A. does give
B. does gives
C. do give
D. gives
10. Neither I nor he ______ German.
A. speak
B. doesn’t speak
C. knows
D. is knowing
即时反馈练习（二）答案：1 -5 A A B B B 6-10 B D D D C
(2)：现在进行时
1) 现在进行时的句型结构
①肯定句：主语+ am/is/are+ 现在分词
②否定句：主语+ am/is/are+ not+现在分词
③疑问句：Am/Is/Are +主语+现在分词
2) 现在进行时的用法
①表示说话时正在进行的，目前正在发生的动作。
Look! The big bird is flying away. 看，那只大鸟正在飞走。
He is watching a movie now. 他现在正在看电影。
表此种用法时，常带有表示目前时刻的时间副词，如：
now, at the ( very ) moment及Look!, Listen!等词汇。
②表示目前一段时间内正在进行，但说话时可能没有进行的动作。
Right now I am studying Chinese by distance learning. 我现在正通过远程教育学习汉语。
③与always, constantly, forever, all the time等副词连用，表示动作反复或习惯。此时句子常含有说话者的强烈情感在内。表达较强的“责备”或“表扬”之意。
You are always changing your mind. 你总是主意不定。（太烦人了）
He is always helping others. 他总是帮助别人。（他真是个好人。）
④see, return, leave, start, visit, go, come, fly, stay等动词可以用进行时表将来。
He is leaving on Wednesday. 他将于周四离开。
They are going to Canada next week. 他们将下周去加拿大。
3) 现在分词的构成
①一般情况直接在动词后加-ing。如：
go---going, laugh---laughing, learn---learning
②以不发音的字母e结尾的动词，去掉e,再加-ing. 如：
love---loving, smile---smiling 。
③以元音+一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节，须双写辅音字母，再加-ing. 如：
hit---hitting, stop---stopping
注意：listen, open等末尾音节不重读的单词，不用双写辅音字母。listen---listening, open---opening
⑤部分以ie结尾的动词，须将ie变成y,再加-ing.如：
lie---lying, tie---tying, die---dying
即时反馈练习(三)
现在进行时专练
1.They are _____ their clothes.
A. makeing
B. putting
C. put away
D. putting on
2. Listen! She ____ in the classroom.
A. is singing
B. sing
C. to sing
D. is sing
3. Today Jim______ his white shirt and brown trousers.
A. is putting on
B. wear
C. put on
D. is wearing
4. _____are you eating I'm eating ______ meat.
A. What; some
B. Which; any
C. Where; not
D. What; a
5. The children _____ football.
A. is playing
B. are playing
C. play the
D. play a
6. He ____ to do his lessons at eight every evening.
A. is beginning
B. is begining
C. begins
D. begin
7. You _____about the future now, ______ you?
A. don’t think; don’t
B. aren’t thinking; aren’t
C. don’t think; do
D. aren’t thinking; are
8. I _____ to the cinema. I ______ there every Sunday.
A. go; go
B. am going; go
C. go; am going
D. am going; am going
9. Mr. Smith _____ short stories, but he _____ a TV play these days.
A. is writing; is writing
B. is writing; writes
C. writes; is writing
D. writes; writes
10. Look! The boy students are ______ football while the girls are _______.
A. playing; dance
B. playing; dancing
C. play; dancing
D. play; danc
即时反馈练习（三）答案：1-5. D A D A B 6-10. C D B C B
(3) 现在完成时
1) 现在完成时的句型结构
①肯定句主语+ have/has +过去分词+其他
②否定句主语+ have/has + not + 过去分词+其他
③疑问句Have/Has + 主语+ 过去分词+其他
2) 现在完成时的用法
①表示到目前，现在为止曾有过的经验。通常和never, ever, several times等频率副词并用。
I never been here before.我以前从未到过这儿。.
She has been to Guangzhou three times. 她已去过广州三次了。
He has gone to Beijing. 他已去北京了。
②表示某动作从过去开始，现在刚刚完成，对现在有一定的影响。常与just, recently, already, yet, so far等副词连用。He just finished his new book..他刚刚完成了他的新书。
He has bought a new computer recently. 他最近刚刚买了一台新电脑。
③表示自过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在，可能还会继续下去的动作。通常与for（后接一段时间）或since（后接一个过去的时间点或一般过去时的句子）连用。
I have lived in Qingdao for 3 years. 我已在青岛住了三年了。
He has been a teacher since 6 years ago. 他做老师已六年了。
It is/has been7 years since we saw each other.
自从我们上次见面以来，我们已七年没见了。
④可以在表未来的时间状语从句或条件句中用来代替将来完成时。
You can go home when you have finished your job.
你完成了工作就可以回家。
3).过去分词的构成
①. 一般情况，直接在动词词尾加-ed。如：
listened; protested
②以不发音的字母e结尾的动词，在词尾加-d。如：
moved; liked
③. 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，先将y变为i，再加-ed。
如：worried; hurried
④. 以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，先双写辅音字母，再加-ed。如：dropped; planned
⑤. 不规则变化（需要在平时学习中注意识记）
do-did-done; run-ran-ran
die ---dying, tie---tying, lie---lying
即时反馈练习（四）
现在完成时专练
1. Neither he nor I ____ to the Summer Palace.
A. have gone
B. has went
C. has been
D. have been
2. Where _____ you _____ yesterday
A. have; been
B. have; gone
C. did; go
D. were; gone
3. Mr. Green ____ in our school for three years since he came to China.
A. works
B. worked
C. has worked
D. had worked
4. ____ for two months.
A. The meeting has begun
B. His father has bought the car
C. My brother has become a doctor
D. She has worked here
5. ----How long has he been like this
----_______.
A. For two days
B. Since two days
C. Two days ago
D. For two days ago
6.-----Who's seen the movie?
-----Lily _____.
A. is
B. does
C. was
D. has
7. I can't open the door because I ____ my keys.
A. lost
B. have lost
C. will lose
D. didn't lose
8. ----Where is Lucy "、
----She ____ to the library just now.、
A. goes
B. went
C. has gone
D. is going
9. The meeting ____ for five minutes.
A. has begun
B. had begun
C. had been on
D. has been on
10. - ----____ Jim ____ to England.
----Yes, he'll be back next week.
A. Does, go
B. Has, been
C. Has, gone
D. did, go
即时反馈练习（四）答案：1-5. D C C D A 6-10. D B B D C
(4) 一般将来时
1) 一般将来时的句型结构
①肯定句主语+ will/be going to + 实义动词原形+ 其他
②否定句主语+ will not/be not going to + 实义动词原形+ 其他
③疑问句Will/Be + 主语+ 实义动词原形+ 其他
2) 一般将来时的用法
①表示将要发生的动作或状态。shall用于第一人称，will可用于各人称。
They will fly to Guangzhou in four days. 他们四天以后将乘飞机去广州。
We shall go to the Summer Palace with you. 我们将和你一起去颐和园。
②be going to 的用法
A. 表示现在打算或计划将来要做的事。
He’s going to go abroad next year. 他计划明年出国。
What are you going to do this afternoon? 你今天下午（打算）做什么？
注意：
will通常用于临时的决定。
---Mary, you left the light on.
---Oh, really? I will go back and turn it off.
---玛丽，你没有关灯。
---哦，是吗？我这就去把灯关上。
（will在此处表示说话者听到以上情况后临时做出决定）
B. 表示根据某种迹象认为将要发生的事情。
Look at those dark clouds; it’s going to rain.看那些乌云，要下雨了。
The sky is becoming red. The sun is going to rising in a minute.
天空变红了，太阳很快就要就出来了。
C. be going to 通常不表示单纯的将来，但可用于口语中。
The boy will be 18 next month. 这男孩下个月就18岁了。
口语中也可说：The boy is going to be 18 next month. 这男孩下个月就18岁了。
③be +不定式的用法
A. 表按计划或正式安排将发生的事。
We are to discuss the report next Saturday. 我们下个周六将讨论这个报告。
The exhibition is to start in a week’s time. 展览会将于一周后开幕。
B. 表示说话人的意志，命令等。
All the questions are to be answered at once. 所有问题必须立即回答。
You are to stay at home. 你呆在家里。
④be about to +不定式，表示马上做某事。不可以与表示将来时间的副词或副词短语（如tomorrow, next week, at once, in a minute等）连用，但可以与as或when引导的时间状语从句连用。
He is about to leave for Beijing. 他就要离开北京了。
I was about to leave when he arrived. 我正要离开时他到了。
即时反馈练习（五）
一般将来时专练
1. When she _______ next time, I ______ her everything.
A. is going to come; shall tell
B. will come; shall tell
C. comes; will tell
D. come; will tell
2. The radio says it _____ the day after tomorrow.
A. is going to rain
B. is raining
C. will rain
D. rains
3. We ______ in a modern classroom every day next year.
A. will study
B. study
C. will have studies
D. are studying
4. If he ______ to college, he ______ a lot more.
A. will go; will learn
B. will go; learns
C. comes; will tell
D. goes; will learn
5. The boy _______ sixteen years old next month.
A. is going to be
B. is growing to be
C. will be
D. is
6. Look at those dark cl ouds. It ______ soon, I’m afraid.
A. is going to rain
B. is raining
C. will rain
D. won’t rain
7. Be careful! The train ______.
A. will come
B. is going to come
C. comes
D. is coming
8. ______ you _____ me up at six, please?
A. Are; going to wake
B. Are; wake
C. Will; wake
D. Do; wake
9. I want to buy a gift for my friend Tom. He _______ China.
A. left
B. is leaving
C. leaves
D. was going to leave
10. -----What day _____ it _______ tomorrow?
-----Tuesday.
A. is; going to be
B. will; be
C. shall; be
D. does; be
即时反馈练习（五）答案：1-5. C C A D C 6-10. A D B B B
(5). 一般过去时
1). 一般过去时的句型结构
①肯定句主语+ 实义动词过去时+其他
主语+ was/were + 表语
②否定句主语+ didn’t +实义动词原形+其他
主语+ wasn’t/weren’t +表语
③疑问句Did +主语+实义动词原形+其他
Was/Were + 主语+ 表语
(2). 一般过去时的用法
①表示过去的习惯、动作、状态，今已不再继续。
He always carried a small story book with him. 他以前总是随身带一本小的故事书。
②表示在明确的过去某时间里发生的动作或存在的状态。
常用表示过去时间的副词有yesterday, last year, 3 week ago, the other day, once upon a time, just now, at that time, in those days, then等。
What happened just now? 刚才发生了什么事？
I visited Beijing 3 weeks ago. 我三周以前游览了北京。
③表示委婉语气，此时表达的是现的情况。
I wondered if you could help me.? 我想知道你是否可以帮我？
Could you lend me your bike? 你可以借给我你的自行车吗？
即时反馈练习(六)
一般过去时专练
1. SARS ____ in Hong Kong in the winter of 200
2.
A. was broken out
B. was broke out
C. broke out
D. was breaking out
2. Mary always ______ something whenever she ________.
A. studyed; played
B. studied; plaied
C. studyed; plaied
D. studied; played
3. ----_____ your brother _____ a letter to?
--- My father.
A. Who; wrote
B. What; wrote
C. Who did; write
D. What did; write
4. They _____ the floor and ______ all the windows.
A. mopped; cleanned
B. moped; cleaned
C. mopped; cleaned
D. moped; cleanned
5. ---- ______ a sports meet last Sunday?
----Yes, they _________.
A. Did they have; did
B. Did they have; had
C. Had they; had
D. Had they; did
6. ______ John _____ on with his work or _____ to have a rest?
A. Did; went; stopped
B. Did; go; stop
C. Did; went; stop
D. Did; go; stopped
7. He usually ________ breakfast at seven o'clock, but yesterday he ______ it at half past six.
A. has; has
B. had; had
C. has; had
D. have; had
8. The mother _____ that the boy ______ with no tears in his eyes.
A. noticeed; cryed
B. noticed; cried
C. noticeed; cried
D. noticed; cryed
9. ---You gave them a talk three days ago, _____ you?
---Yes, I _____.
A. did; did
B. did; gave
C. didn’t; did
D. didn’t; gave
10. When the children ______ the Children’s Palace, they _____ with joy.
A. visited; jumped
B. visited; jumpped
C. visitid; jumped
D. visitid; jumped
即时反馈练习（六）答案：1-5. C D C C A 6-10. B C B C A
(6). 过去进行时
1) 过去进行时的句型结构
①肯定句主语+ was/were + 现在分词
②否定句主语+ was/were + not + 现在分词
③疑问句Was/Were + 主语+ 现在分词
2). 过去进行时的用法
①过去某时间内正在进行的动作。
He was surfing the internet this time last night. 他昨晚这个时间在上网。
②过去两个动作同时发生，则长时间动作用过去进行时，短动作用一般过去时。
When I arrived, he was doing his homework. 当我到达时，他正在做他的家庭作业。
③若过去两个长时间动作同时发生，则两者皆可用过去进行时。
While his sister was studying, he was singing. 在她姐姐学习期间，她一直在唱歌。
注意：
when 引导的从句可表示一个短暂的时间点，也可表示一段时间，而while引导从句只表示一段较长的时间。The telephone rang when/while she was washing her hair. （when/while在本句中表示一段相对较长的时间）
当她正在洗头发时，电话铃响了。
She was washing her hair when the telephone rang. (when在本句中表示一个短暂的时间点)
她正在洗头发时，电话铃响了。
④表示委婉语气，此时比一般过去时更加委婉，有礼貌。
I was hoping you could help me. 我一直希望你能帮我。
即时反馈练习(七)
过去进行时专练
1. This time yesterday John _____his bike. He _____ TV.
A. repaired; didn’t watch
B. was repairing; watched
C. repaired; watched
D. was repairing; wasn’t watching
2. We ______ for Tom at ten last Sunday. He often kept us ________.
A. were waiting; waiting
B. were waiting; wait
C. waited; waiting
D. waited; wait
3. He _____ some cooking at that time, so ______ me.
A. did; heard
B. did; didn’t hear
C. was doing; heard
D. was doing; didn’t hear
4. When they _____ through the forest, a bear _______ at them.
A. walked; was coming
B. were walking; came
C. were walking; come
D. walk; coming
5. A young girl _______ him while he _______ his work.
A. watched; was doing
B. was watching; did
C. watched; did
D. was watching; was doing
6. The teacher ______ us a history lesson when Tom walked into the classroom.
A. gave
B. is giving
C. was given
D. was giving
7. They _____ about the TV news then in the sitting room. They often ______ such talks.
A. talked; had
B. talk; have
C. were talking; had
D. are talking; have
8. While Mother _______ some washing, I ______ a kite for Kate.
A. did; made
B. was doing; made
C. was doing; was making
D. did; was making
9. I _______ a letter at nine last night.
A. is writing
B. was writing
C. wrote
D. is writing
10. She _______ herself English from 7 to 9 yesterday. She ________ to work.
A. was teaching; didn’t go
B. taught; didn’t g o
C. was teaching; went
D. taught; went
即时反馈练习(七)答案：1-5. D A D B D 6-10. D C C B A
(7). 过去完成时
1) 过去完成时的句型结构
①肯定句主语+ had + 过去分词
②否定句主语+ had not + 过去分词
③疑问句Had+ 主语+ 过去分词
2) 过去完成时的用法
①表示在过去某一时间之前就已完成的动作或存在的状态，即过去的过去。
He had written three letters to me when we met. 在我们相遇时他已经给我写过三封信了。
本句中，通过when we met可知，我们相遇就已经是过去的事了，而他给我写了三封信则又发生在我们见面之前，因而用过去完成时。
②表示希望，意愿，倾向等的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时可以表示过去未曾实现的愿望，意图，想法等。
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 我们希望你会来，但你没来。
I had meant to come, but it rained. 我本打算来，但是下雨了。（结果我还是没有来）
3) 过去完成时的常见应用场合
①用于told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。
She said (that) she had never been to Paris. 他说他从未去过巴黎。
本句中said为过去时，可知主语从未去过巴黎是主语说话前的情况，故用过去完成时。
Tom told me he had read all of the writer’s works.
If引导非真实条件句（虚拟语气）语法教学设计 汉中市宁强县天津高级中学外语组：邱怡 一、?高中英语课程标准？分析： 虚拟语气这一语法项目是各类英语考试中心测试的重点之一，在高考题型中都有可能会涉及到，是高中阶段英语学习的一个重点和难点，也是高考英语常考的一个考点，掌握好虚拟语气对于语言理解和运用也具有重要的意义。 1.什么是虚拟语气即虚拟语气的概念； 2.掌握if引导虚拟语气的语法规则； 二、学情分析： 我所在的学校是一所山区高中，学生英语学习习惯差，语法知识混乱。很多学生学习英语困难，基础知识不扎实，在实际做题时常常无从下手，不能灵活运用。 三、教学目标： 1.知识与技能目标：掌握if引导虚拟语气语法的基本规则；能解决有关虚拟语气的习题。 2.过程与方法目标：教师讲解引导，举例并做练习 3.情感和价值目标：通过教师主动性和创造性的发挥，激发学生的学习兴趣，体验成就感。 四、教学重难点： 1.教学重点：了解和掌握if引导虚拟语气语法项目的基本规则 2.教学难点：能运用语法规则去完成各种练习，并在实际语言活动中去灵活应用，培养学生的语言运用能力和英语思维。 五、教学和学法方法： 教法讲授法：情景教学法，任务型教学法 六：教学手段： 多媒体辅助教学 七、教学过程： stepl Leadi ng in Show the following questions on the screen ，ask students to answer the questio ns will you do when you finish education you had 100 milli on yua n, what would you do Show a picture from a film which stude nts are familiar with, and list senten ces used subj un ctive mood in the film. （通过这几个问题的讨论，让学生了解虚拟语气的基本概念，引出if非真实条件句） step2 Prese nting Suppose three con diti ons of prese nt, past and future senten ces. First con diti on 1. If I were you, I would seize the cha nee to relax myself. am too busy now. If I had time, I would go shopping with you. Con cludi ng:
Subjunctive mood (1) Nevertheless, should a fight follow, neither creature will be badly hurt, for the loser will save himself by making a gesture of submission. (Line 5) (2) If it had not had this disability it would have undoubtedly stayed in the jungle and hunted for food in the customary way. (Line12) If the human population had not increased so rapidly, people would have had more space and freedom. (Line 23) (3) If the caged lion, for example, were free to wander on the grassy plains of Africa, it would be continually active, ranging over long distances, hunting in family groups. (Line 15) 此三类句子体现了虚拟语气的三种时态变化。 （1）第1句中“should a fight follow”是表示将来情况的虚拟语气，意思为“if a fight should follow”，句中省略了“if”，将“should”提前，构成倒装，表示“万一，一旦”的意思。值得注意的是本句中的主句部分未使用虚拟语气。 (2) 第二部分这两句是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。这类句子，从句用“had +动词过去分词”，主句用“would/should/could/might + have + 动词过去分词”。 (3) 第3句是与现在事实相反的虚拟语气。从句用“did/were”，主句用“would/should/could/ might + 动词原型”。 虚拟语气专项复习： A．虚拟语气在非真实条件状语从句中的用法 1、表示与现在事实相反的情况： if+主语+过去时+其他+主语+should/would/could/might+do+其他 例：If I were you, I would take an umbrella.如果我是你，我会带把伞。 If I knew his telephone number, I would tell you. 如果我知道他的电话号码，我就会告诉你。 If there were no air or water, there would be no living things on the earth. If I had any money with me, I could lend you some. 如果我带钱了，我就会借给你些。（事实：没带钱）If he studied harder, he might pass the exam.如果他再努力些，就能通过考试了。（事实：学习不用功）2、表示与过去事实相反的情况 if+主语+had done +其他+主语+should/would/could/might+have done+其他 例：If I had got there earlier, I should/could have met her. 如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。 If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake. 3、表示对将来情况的主观推测 ①if+主语+did/should/were to do+sth.+主语+should/would/could/might+do+其他 ② if+主语+did/be(were)+sth.+主语+should/would/could/might+do+其他 ③if+主语+should+do+sth.+主语+should/would/could/might+do+其他 例：If he should come here tomorrow, I should/would talk to him. 如果他哪天来这儿的话，我就跟他谈谈。 If there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would not go skating. If she were to be there next Monday, I would tell her about the matter. 4、有时，虚拟条件句中，结果主句和条件从句的谓语动作不是同时发生时， ①从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。 如：If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too. 如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会成为一个工程师了
Unit13虚拟语气专题讲解 【知识要点】 语气（mood）是一种动词形式，用以表示说话者的意图或态度。 英语有三种语气： ＊直陈语气（indicative mood）---- 事实 France lies to the east of England. ＊祈使语气（imperative mood）---- 请求、命令 Make yourself at home. ＊虚拟语气（subjunctive mood） If there were no air and water , we should not be able to live on the earth. 虚拟语气表示说话人的一种主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件而不一定是事实，或与事实相反。 一. 虚拟语气在if条件状语从句中的用法 假设类型条件从句谓语 动词形式 主语谓语 动词形式 与现在事实相反动词的过去式(be用were而不用was) should/ would /could/ might+动词原形 与过去事实相反had + 过去分词 should/ would/could /might + have+过去分词 与将来事实相反1.should+动词原形 2.动词过去式 3.were to+动词原形 should/ would/ could/ might +动词原形 1. 在错综条件句子中，虚拟条件从句和主句动作发生的时间不一致，因此，主句和从句的谓语动词应根据所指的时间选用适当的虚拟语气形式。 1）If I were you，I wouldn't have missed the film last night． 2）If he had followed the doctor's advice，he would recover already．（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。） 2、在if虚拟条件句中，有时可把连词省去，采用倒装语序把谓语动词were或助动词did，had，should 移到句 首构成非真实条件从句的另一种句型，其意思不变。 1）Had we time to spare，we would be glad to go to the park． 2）Were it not for the discovery of electricity，the modern world would experience great inconvenience． 3、有时假设的情况不用if引导虚拟条件从句来表述，而用介词（如without， but for等）引出的短语、分词 （如supposing等）引出的短语、并列连词（如or，otherwise，but，though等）、由动词suppose引出的祈使句或通过上下文的意思来表达。此时句中谓语动词仍采用虚拟语气的相应形式。 1）But for your advice，I would not be able to do this work． 2）Victor obviously doesn't know what's happened，otherwise he wouldn't have made such a stupid remark．。
当我们陈述了一个事实，而又不是很有把握，就可以在陈述句后加一个简短问句，称为反意疑问句。首先看以下例句：（1） You like calssical music, don't you? 你也喜欢古典音乐，对吗？(2 He lived in Vienna, too,didn't he? 他也住在维也纳，对吗？（3）Your parents can swim, can't they? 你父母会游泳，是吗？（4） Tony doesn't like classical music,does he? 托尼不喜欢古典音乐，对吗？（5） This music isn't very popular, is it? 这音乐并非十分流行，对吗？从以上句子可以看出，反意疑问句是由“助动词/ 系动词be（肯定或否定）+主语（代词）” 构成的。在反意疑问句的构成中要注意以下几点： 1.前面当陈述句如果是肯定的，反意疑问句就要用否定形式，如（1）、（2）、（3）；前面的陈述句如果是否定的，反意疑问句就要用肯定形式，如（4）、（5）； 2.反意疑问句的主语必须是代替前面主语的代词； 3.翻译疑问句的谓语动词在时态和人称上要与前面陈述句谓语动词保持一致。陈述句部分如果有标识否定意义的词，反意疑问句要用肯定式。如：They have never visited his home, have they? 他们从来没有到他家玩过，是吧？在回答反意疑问句时，要特别注意英、汉两种语言习惯的差别。试看下面当例句：——Mr Smith isn't American, is he? 史密斯先生不是美国人，对吧？——Oh yes, he is.不对，他是美国人。可以看出，在英语中，无论问题是怎样问的，只要答语的事实是肯定句，就要用YES；只要答语的事实是否定的，就要用NO. 编辑本段英语18种特殊的反意疑问句介绍 1.祈使句。祈使句后一般加上will you或won't you构成反意疑问句，用will you 多表示“请求”，用won't you 多表示提醒对方注意。例如：Look at the blackboard, will you/ won't you?看黑板，好吗？Let引导的祈使句有两种情况：1Let's...,后的反意疑问句用shall we或shan't we。例如：Let's go home, shall we/ shan't we? 回家吧，好吗？还可以用may I来表示征求对方的同意或许可。2Let us/me...后的反意疑问句用will you或won't you。例如： Let me have a try, will you/won't you? 让我试一试，行吗？ 2.感叹句。感叹句后加反意疑问句时，其反意疑问句需用be的一般现在时态的否定形式。例如：What fine weather, isn't it? 多好的天气啊，是吧？ 3. 当陈述部分谓语动词是need, dare, used to，且这些词被用作实义动词时，其反意疑问句需用do的适当形
第九讲情态动词与虚拟语气 (一) 1．can/could (1)表示能力，意为“能，会”。 The smallest good habits can make a big difference. 最小的好习惯会产生很大的作用。 It was several minutes before I could take in what he was saying. 过了好几分钟，我才理解他说的是什么。 (2)表示推测，意为“可能”，用于否定或疑问句中。can比could语气强。 This can’t/couldn’t be done by him. 这事不可能是他干的。 (3)表示请求或允许。在疑问句中可以用could代替can，语气更委婉。 Could I use your phone, please? 我可以用一下你的电话吗？ (4)表示理论上的可能性。 Always believe that good things are possible, and remember that mistakes can be lessons that lead to discoveries. 要始终相信美好事物的降临并非不可能，失误也会变成经验教训，从而获得更多发现。 (5)用于否定句和疑问句，表示惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度。 He can’t/couldn’t do this. 他不可能这样干。(表示不相信) Can this be done by him?
这可能是他干的吗？(表示疑惑、惊讶) (6)用于固定结构中 ①can’t ... too/enough表示“无论……也不过分；越……越好”。 You can’t be too careful while driving. 你开车时越小心越好。 ②can’t help doing sth.表示“禁不住做某事”。 Hearing this story, I couldn’t help laughing. 听到这个故事，我禁不住大笑起来。 [名师指津] can 和be able to都可以表示能力，二者有时可互换。但be able to 可以表示“终于做成某事”，有更多时态和人称的变化；还可与某些情态动词或系动词连用，如might, ought to, seem等；还可用非谓语动词形式。 If you have a good sleep, you will be able to work out this problem. 如果你睡个好觉，那么你就能做出这道题。 He seemed to be able to put complicated thought in simple words. 他似乎能把复杂的思想用简单的话语说出来。 She grasped my hand, not being able to say anything. 她抓着我的手，什么话也说不出来。 2．may/might (1)表示请求和许可。在疑问句中，might可以代替may，语气更加委婉。 May I ask if you are fond of traveling by sea? 我可以问一下你是否喜欢乘船旅行？ Might I borrow your computer? 我可以借一下你的电脑吗？ (2)表示可能性，可以对现在、过去或将来进行推测。通常用于肯定句和否定句。might 比may语气弱。 Parents may scold their children when they are untidy but they should also understand that their room is their own private space. 当孩子不整洁的时候，父母也许会责骂孩子。但他们也应该理解孩子们的房间是他们的私人空间。 If you forgot to turn it off when you went away, you might burn down the house. 当你离开时如果忘记关掉它，你可能会把整个房子都烧毁的。 (3)表示祝愿，常用结构为“May＋主语＋动词原形！” May you succeed! 祝你成功！
2012届高考英语二轮专题总复习语法部分虚拟语气 表示说话人所说的话不是事实，而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测。 虚拟语气在if条件从句中的使用 【观察】 If I were you, I would go to bed early tonight. 如果我是你，我今晚就会早点睡。If you took the bus, you would be late for the film. 如果你坐公车去看电影，那么你就会迟到。 If Jack had scored that goal, we would have won the football match. 如果杰克射进了那个球，我们就会赢得那场足球比赛。 If she hadn’t come, I might have been in trouble. 如果她没来，我可能已陷入困境了。 I could help you if you had difficulty in doing your homework. 如果你做作业有困难，我会帮助你的。 If it were to rain tomorrow, they would not go out. 如果明天下雨的话，他们就不会出去。 【归纳】 注意：若从句中的谓语动词是be动词的话，一律用were。 【实践】 1.If he my advice, he wouldn’t have lost his job. A. followed B. should follow C. had followed D. would follow 2. 翻译：如果我有足够的钱，我会周游世界。 If I had enough money, I would travel around the world. 翻译：如果明天见到他，我会邀请他到我家。 If I should see / were to see / saw him tomorrow, I would invite him to my house. 虚拟语气用于条件状语从句时，可以转换成下列形式： （1）省略if, 用“were, had, should + 主语”。如： Were she my daughter, I wouldn’t allow her to study abroad. 如果她是我女儿，我就不让她出国学习了。 Had I worked hard, I would have surely succeeded. 如果我当时努力学习的话，我肯定会成功的。 Should there be a meeting tomorrow, I would come. 如果明天有会议，我会来。 （2）含蓄条件句。虚拟语气句中不出现if 条件句，而是用介词、介词短语或连词通过上下文表现出来，这时须根据句子的含义判定是用虚拟现在式还是虚拟过去式。常见短语有：but for, without, otherwise, or 等。如：
虚拟语气中的含蓄条件句常见用法 先看一道高考题： ____ more attention，the trees could have grown better． A．Given B．To give C．Giving D．Having given （答案是A） 句中"．．．the trees could have grown better"是一个表达虚拟语气的句子。题中要求选择的是如何表达假设条件的形式。如果我们把这个句子用另一种形式"If they had been given more attentio n ，the trees could have grown better．"来表示，就不难理解了。很多情况下，在表示假设的虚拟语气中，有时假设的条件并不以条件从句的形式表达，而是通过上下文或句中内在的逻辑关系，或用其它形式表达出来，我们称之为"含蓄条件句"。 含蓄条件句主要通过名词、连接词、不定式、分词、动名词短语、介词短语及分句来暗示。这些表达形式在句中实际起着虚拟条件从句的作用。现分述如下： 一、介词短语 常用来表示虚拟条件的介词有with，without，in，under，but for等等，它们表示的虚拟条件都可以被if从句替换。 （1）without，with without表示否定的条件，意为if．．．not；with与without意义相反，表示肯定的条件。如：Without air，there would be no living things．（without air ＝if there were no air）没有空气，便没有生物。 With her help（＝If I had her help），I would do the experiment well．假如有她帮助，我就可以把这个实验做好。 （2）under Under the leadership of a less experienced person，the experiment would have failed．（u nder．．．＝If there had been the leadership of a less experienced person）假设在一个缺少经验的人领导下进行实验，实验准会失败。 （3）in I would have lost my head in that position．（in that position ＝if I had been in that po sition）我处在那种情况下，是会丧失理智的。 （4）but for
if 引导的非真实性条件状语从句即虚拟语气 通过动词形式的变化来表示说话人对发生的动作或存在的状态所持的态度或看法的动词形式称为语气。.英语中的语气分三种：陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气。虚拟语气表示说话人所说的话不是事实，而是一种祝愿，建议，与事实相反的假设或实际可能性不大的情况等（即非真实的假设）。 If 引导的条件状语从句分为真实和非真实条件句（虚拟条件句）。真实条件句表示在假设的条件下，有可能实现的情况。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。 If he does n’t hurry up, he will miss the bus.( 真实条件状语) If he was free, he asked me to tell stories.（真实条件状语） If I were you, I would go at once.（非真实条件状语从句） If there was no air, people would die.（非真实条件状语从句）1）非真实条件句中虚拟语气的基本形式。 假设类型条件从句的动词结果主句的动词 与现在事实相反动词过去式（be只用were）would/should/could/might + 动词原形 与过去事实相反had+过去分词would/should/could/might + have + 过去分词 与将来事实相反动词过去式/(should/were to)+动词原形would/should/could/might + 动词原形
①与现在事实相反 If I had time, I would go for a walk. 如果我有时间，我就会去散步。(实际情况：我现在没有时间，也不会去散步。) If I were you, I would take an umbrella. 假如我是你的话，我会带上雨伞。(事实上我不可能是你。) I would say no if someone asked me to be in a movie. 假如有人请我当电影演员，我会表示拒绝。(事实上现虚拟语气专项练习 1．Were it not for the snowy weather, we __________all right. A. would be B. would have been C. were D. may be 2. ________more careful, his ship would not have sunk. A. If the captain were B. Had the captain been C. Should the captain be D. If the captain would have been 3. If he _________ me tomorrow, I would let him know. A. should call B. should not have been able C. were not able D. are not able 4.If you asked your father, you ______________ permission. A. may get B. might get C. should have called D. maybe get
第九讲虚拟语气 一、虚拟语气与陈述语气的区别 语气（mood）是一种动词形式，用以表示说话者的意图或态度。英语中的语气有陈述语气（indicative mood），祈使语气（imperative mood）以及虚拟语气（subjunctive mood）。 陈述语气与虚拟语气所表示的概念不一样。前者陈述一个事实，或提出一个想法，而后者是用来表示非真实的假设，或者用来表示命令、建议或说话人的主观感想，它表达的是说话人的怀疑、忧虑、要求、推测、假设、想象或祝愿等。此外，陈述语气与虚拟语气在形式上也不一样。例如： If it rains tomorrow, the match will be cancelled. 如果明天下雨，比赛就取消。（陈述语气，天气表明下雨的可能性很大） If it rained tomorrow, the match would be cancelled. 万一明天下雨，比赛就取消。（虚拟语气，说话人认为下雨的可能性很小） Oil floats if you pour it on water. 把没倒在水里，油就浮起来。（陈述语气，表示的假设是科学事实） If I have enough money next year, I will go to Japan. 假若明年有钱，我就去日本。（陈述语气，表示的假设是可能发生或实现的） 二、虚拟语气用于非真实条件状语从句中 1. 谓语形式 非真实性条件句表示的假设是不可能或不大可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句和主句（表结果）皆须用虚拟语气。用于此处的虚拟语气有三种情况，分别是：与现在事实相反的虚拟语气；与过去事实相反的虚拟语气；与将来事实相反的虚拟语气。三种情况下的主句谓语动 1）与现在事实相反，If + 主语+ 过去式（be动词的过去式一律用were），主语+ would / should / could / might + 动词原形。例如： If I knew the answer to all your questions, I’d be a genius. 假如我能回答你所有问题，那我就成天才了。（不可能实现的事实）
英语虚拟语气试题经典及解析 一、初中英语虚拟语气 1．If I _____ you ,I _____ them the story. A. was , tell B．were , will tell C．were ,wou ld tell D．am. would tell 【答案】C 【解析】 试题分析：句意：如果我是你，我会告诉他们这个故事。本题考查虚拟语气，if 从句中用一般过去时，主句中用would +动词原形，表示与现在的事实相反。故选C。 考点：考查虚拟语气的用法。 2．--------- Come and join us, Jim! ---------- I’m sorry I can’t . If I _______ time, I would certainly go. A．will have B．have had C．had D．had had 【答案】C 【解析】 试题分析：虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，用来表示说话人所说的话并不是事实，而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测。判断是真实条件句还是非真实条件句。只有在非真实条件句中才使用虚拟语气。通过句子意思，看假设的条件是否能够实现，能够实现是真实条件句，不能使用虚拟语气；假设的条件不能实现则是非真实条件句，要用虚拟语气.判断这个假设是与哪个事实相反。 （1）、与现在事实相反 若与现在事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去式（be通常用were），主句谓语用“should （would, could, might）+动词原形” （2）、与过去事实相反 若与过去事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去完成时（had+过去分词），主句谓语用“should （would, could, might）+have+过去分词” （3）、与将来事实相反 若与将来事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去式（be通常用were），主句谓语用“should （would, could, might）+动词原形”： 句意：吉姆，来加入我们吧！抱歉，我不能。如果我有时间，我肯定会去的。结合语境可知下文中表示与现在相反的事实，故条件状语从句中用一般故去时态，选C。 考点：考查虚拟语气 3．Mr. White _____ at 8:30 for the meeting, but he didn't show up. A．should have arrived B．should arrive C．should have had arrived D．should be arriving 【答案】A 【解析】 试题分析：句意：怀特先生本来应该在8：30到会，但他却没有出现。should have done：
虚拟语气在非真实条件句中
①错综时间条件句: 当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为错综时间条件句，动词的形式要根据它表示的时间作出相应的调整。如： If you had followed my advice just now, you would be better now. If you had studied hard before, you would be a college student now. ②if省略句 在条件句中可以省略if, 把were, had, should提到句首，变成倒装句式。如：If I were at school again, I would study harder. →Were I at school again, I would study harder. 如果我还有上学的机会，我会更加努力学习。 If you had come earlier, you would catch the bus. →Had you come earlier, you would catch the bus. 如果你来得早点，你就能赶上公共汽车。 If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing. →Should it rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing. 如果明天下雨的话，我们就不能登山去了。 ③用介词代替条件状语从句 常用的介词有with, without, but for。如： What would you do with a million dollars? (=if you had a million dollars) 如果你有100万元，你会做什么？ We couldn?t have finished the work ahead of time without your help. (=if we
虚拟语气 虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)这一语法项目是各类英语考试中心测 试的重点之一。虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，用来表示说话人所说 的话并不是事实，而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测。 Ⅰ用以表示虚拟条件的虚拟语气 虚拟条件句的三种基本类型: 1.与现在事实相反。若与现在事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去式(be通常用were)，主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”： If you took a taxi，you’d get there quicker.如果你坐出租车去，你可以快一点到那里。(但你不坐) If I knew her number I could ring her up. 要是我知道她的电话号码，我就可以给她打电话了。(可惜我不知道) 2.与过去事实相反。若与过去事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去完成时(had+过去分词)，主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+have+过去分词”：If I’d left sooner，I’d have been on time.要是我早点动身，我就准时到了。(但我动身太迟了) If we had found him earlier we could have saved his life. 要是我们当时早点找到他的话，我们就可以救活他。(可惜我们找到他太晚了) 3.与将来事实相反。若与将来事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去式(be通常用were)，主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”： If he went，would you go too? 如果他去，你也去吗?(大概他不会去) If I asked him，I’m sure he’d help us. 如果我向他提出要求，肯定他会帮助我们。(不过我不打算这样做) 大多数的虚拟条件句属于上面三种情况的一种，但并不排除存在条件和 后果中，一个和现在情况相反，另一个和过去情况相反，例如：If you had followed what the doctor said, you would not have been so painful now. 这个句子在高中出现频率颇高。 但是，如果后果用了虚拟语气，而条件却用陈述语气，这种用法是错的。 2. 除了表示虚假条件外，if从句还可以表示对将来的推测，由于是 将来还没有发生的，所以谈不上是真实的还是虚假的，只能说这个事情 发生的可能性有多大。一般情况下，可以用陈述语气的if从句来表示对
If条件句和虚拟语气 if 条件句和虚拟语气 包含条件从句的句子叫条件句。条件句有两类：一类是真实条件句（First conditional）,一类是非真实条件句(Second Conditional)。如果假设的情况是有可能发生的，就是真实条件句；如果是纯属假设情况或是不可能发生或可能性不大的情况，则是非真实条件句。 1.真实条件句,可用if和unless引导 1）一个动作发生，另一动作随之发生 I’ll lend Peter the money if he needs it. If he has time, he will come. If he doesn’t come before 12 o’clock, we won’t wait for him. I shall go tomorrow unless it rains. I won’t go to her party unless I am invited. 2）表示命令、建议或请求,这时的if等于when If she telephones, let me know. Give my love to Lawrence if you see him. 3)will用于if从句中，不表示将来，而表示愿意或坚持的意思 If you will come this way, I’ll take you to the manager’s office. If you will get drunk every night, it’s not surprising you feel ill. 2. 非真实条件句
非真实条件句包括虚拟条件句和错综时间条件句 1）虚拟条件句分三类，其结构列表如下： If I become president, I’ll make all of my people live a happy life. (竞选总统的候选人这样说) If I became president, I’d make all of my people live a happy life. (一个小学生这样说) l 以下与现在事实相反 He wouldn’t feel so cold if he were indoors. I am sorry I am very busy just now. If I hade time, I would certainly go to the movie with you. l 以下与过去事实相反 If you had come here a little earlier, you would have met the pop star. I don’t know what would have happened if Jane hadn’t been able to speak Japanese. l 以下推测将来 If I were to do the work, I should do it in a different way. If it should rain again, what else could we do? 2) 错综时间条件句
if引导的条件句中的虚拟语气 虚拟语气表示一种不能实现的假设。该语法主要用于if条件状语从句。 一、if引导的条件状语从句的分类及虚拟条件句的判断 1、可以把条件句分为两类： 1).真实条件句（Sentences of Real Condition）：凡是假设的情况发生性可能很大，就是真实条件句。例如： ⑴、If I have time , I will help you with this work.如果我有时间会帮助你做此工作的。 (2)、If time permits, we'll go fishing together.(如果有时间的话，我们就一起去钓鱼。） 2).虚拟条件句（Sentences of Unreal Condition）：当假设是不大可能实现时，就是虚拟条件句。例如： ⑴、If I were you , I would have attended the meeting. 如果我是你的话，就去参加会议了。 ⑵、If he had come here yesterday, he would have seen his ol d friend.假如他昨天来这儿的话，就会看见他的老朋友。 ⑴、If it had rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home.（如果昨天下雨的话，我们就会留在家里。） 2、.if条件状语从句中虚拟语气的判断 判断是真实条件句还是非真实条件句。只有在非真实条件句中才使用虚拟语气。通过句子意思，看假设的条件是否能够实现，能
够实现是真实条件句，不能使用虚拟语气；假设的条件不能实现则是非真实条件句，要用虚拟语气。 判断这个假设是与哪个事实相反。通常有三种情况：①与过去事实相反。②与现在事实相反。③与将来事实可能相反。 3、“后退一步法” 后退一步法是指在准确地判断了该句与哪一事实相反后，按虚拟语气的后退一步法处理从句谓语动词的时态。即：在非真实条件状语从句中，谓语动词按正常情况“后退一步”。也就是： ①与过去事实相反，在从句中用过去完成时形式表示。 ②与现在事实相反，在从句中用过去一般时形式表示。 ③与将来事实可能相反，在从句中用过去将来时形式表示。 主句中则用情态动词would, should, could 等加一个与从句一致的动词形式。例： ⑴、If I had come her yesterday, I would have seen him. ⑵、If I were a teacher, I would be strict with my students. ⑶、If it should snow tomorrow, they couldn't go out. 4、注意事项 ①if条件句中如有were, should, had，可以省去if，并使用倒装语序。 ②在现代英语中if条件状与从句中的谓语动词如果是be其过去形式一般用were。