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外文翻译 -面对绿色贸易壁垒升级

外文翻译 -面对绿色贸易壁垒升级
外文翻译 -面对绿色贸易壁垒升级

毕业论文(设计)外文翻译

题目:面对绿色贸易壁垒升级

系部名称:经济管理系专业班级:国贸08 学生姓名:潘学号:200880514

指导教师:教师职称:副教授

2011年12月30日

面对绿色贸壁垒升级

萨金特

摘要:今年五月,欧盟在签发符合RoHS,WEEE,EUP的法令,REACH法规和规章和绿色贸易措施,提出并实施了DMF的顺序法令;DMF的命令禁止有“二甲酯”产品的流向和销售导欧盟市场,然而,3个月后执行的命令,让不少企业都受到影响,特别是金融危机的背景下的中国出口产业。一些专家指出,绿色贸易壁垒成为继汇率影响外贸的又一个关键因素。

关键词:欧盟、绿色贸易壁垒、中国

一、不可避免的“绿色贸易壁垒”

近年来,由于欧洲和美洲国家绿色贸易壁垒不断升级;跨越关税壁垒后,另一种非关税的绿色贸易壁垒等待像中国这样的发展中国家。

从2009年2月至4月,欧盟非食品类产品快速预警系统(RAPEX)发布了30条关于对中国鞋和玩具产品的信息,德国、西班牙和法国召回,因为含有DMF。

2009年3月28日,山西检验检疫局工作组从企业收到一份报告,说是遏制拖拉机备用零件出口到意大利,由于使用木质包装已没有“自由DMF”的证明号码。

从2009年7月开始,广州芳村的包装材料制造商受到的退货和返工,因为在其产品中二甲基甲酰胺。近年来,为什么绿色贸易壁垒在广泛领域的频率使用,它背后有一个深层次的原因。例如,全球环境恶化,如:臭氧损耗,全球变暖,生物多样性丧失和其他问题,直接影响到人们的消费观念和价值观念,特别是在欧洲和美国等发达国家,消费者的'绿色价值观已经形成,并显示他们对绿色产品的需求和喜好,这也提供了绿色贸易壁垒的形成条件和机会。此外,传统的非关税越来越多地被谴责,在这种情况下,出于自身利益的欧洲,美国和其他国家开始寻求新的贸易保护措施。此外,在国家环保标准的差异,以及当前的国际贸易规则和协议是不完整的provids绿色贸易壁垒的借口。

中国环境标志产品认证委员会秘书处主任,教授夏青表示,'绿色贸易壁垒'是不可避免的,任何国家在保护国家安全,动物和植物的安全,公众健康,环境,防止欺诈行为的期限,将提请了相关规定,发布有关规章制度,并采取技术防范措施。他们提出的测试标准中的规定,构成了一系列可能的'绿色壁垒'。不过,也有“绿色标准”本身也有差异,这导致欧盟的产品被出口,而中国的一些产品不能进入国际市场中。

二、树起“绿色壁垒”,加剧贸易摩擦

在全球经济一体化进程中,以达到保护国内市场的目的,欧盟和其他发达国家采取更多和更加隐蔽的措施,对进口产品的技术要求越来越严格,以及配套的法律法规相继出台。例如:2007年6月起,欧盟全面实施REACH法规,要求企业申请授权,通知15项高度关注物质(SVHC),2008年6月欧盟发出一个限制使用全氟辛烷磺酸化合物(PFOS)的法令,标志着欧盟正式禁止PFOS在商品的使用;中国的一些出口行业,包括纺织,皮革等出口企业的影响。作为另一个绿色贸易壁垒,将中国的皮革,家具和其他出口行业的DMF禁令的实施。

欧盟成员国以环保的名义,提出单方面的贸易措施,限制从国外进口,从而导致越来越多的双边或多边贸易摩擦。欧盟和北美自由贸易区成员国的两个大区域组织基本上都是发达的国家,他们的环保水平和环保标准是相似的,而某些个别成员国之间的差距也往往要协调。因此,他们可以通过区域自由贸易的模式,以遏制由于没有按照他们的环保标准以外地区的产品。

虽然看似合法的绿色壁垒正在成为流行,但它可能对发展中国家构成严重挑战。据粗略统计,中国遭受的绿色壁垒,66.1%来自欧盟之间,这一趋势可能对中国——欧盟经贸关系的受到长期的影响。

三、对绿色贸易壁垒积极和客观的回应

中国和其他发展中国家在金融危机的背景下应该怎样做,作为绿色贸易壁垒是否应该加强据。有关业内人士表示,中国将准备在不久的中长期内做出回应。在短期内,他们对纺织品积极响应,有相关专业人士在市对外经济贸易局,中国贸促会,以及行业协会,以帮助联系律师,并进行协调,以使案件应诉的准备。在中期,他们必须加快外贸人才的储备,尤其是时下的贸易壁垒变更频繁,外贸人才的专业素质提出了更高的要求。从长远来看,出口企业应加紧努力,以调整产品结构,加快产业升级,提高产品科技含量,这样才能从根本上减少贸易摩擦。据悉,中国政府正在分担困难,帮助企业解决问题;由商务部主办,当地职能部门积极发挥'四体联动'机制的作用与商业协会和企业共同面对贸易摩擦;加强贸易摩擦对企业的培训和法律咨询宣传,也做了很多的努力,帮助企业用法律手段来积极应对和回应摩擦。

其实,从保护环境和国家卫生保健的前景来看,所谓的新的壁垒,包括绿色壁垒和知识产权保护也有合理的一面,这可能会促进企业产业结构的优化和升级。另一个知情

人士认为,拿海尔作为一个例子,从20世纪80年代末至90年代初,由于欧洲、美国和其他发达国家进行立法,以限制或禁止进口含有氟氯化碳的冰箱,这使得中国冰箱出口遭受重大损失,海尔集团也没有例外。然后,海尔冰箱及时推出一个“绿色革命”。海尔集团在1984年,引进德国技术和德国的高标准环保观念,并不断努力,以减少氟氯化碳的使用,直到制造无氟冰箱;同时无氟冰箱也具有显着的能源节约功能,超越欧洲节能标准20%,美国的18%。最终,海尔集团在20世纪90年代初已取得欧盟绿色标签证书,在1992年和1996年先后通过了ISO9001和ISO14000体系认证证书。由于采取了一系列环保措施,海尔集团的产品已达到进口国的环保要求,在1990年以前扭转小的出口市场和出口量,海尔集团在1996年出口21万台冰箱,价值25.71亿美元,从而为海尔成为国内第一出口企业的地位奠定了基础,在向德国出口的亚洲公司中海尔排名第一,这也有利于海尔集团在全国500强企业名单。

四、绿色贸易壁垒对中国对外贸易的影响

由于绿色贸易壁垒,中国对外贸易额遭受了巨大的损失。2002年,因为日本严格的检查和要求价格的大幅度降低,台州蔬菜被阻止进入日本市场。还是在2002年,因为宁波市水产品不能达到欧盟所要求的卫生标准而被限制进入欧洲联盟(欧盟)。由于绿色贸易壁垒,60种中国农药被禁止进入欧盟市场,因为他们不能达到欧盟的绿色标准。根据联合国统计,由于“绿色贸易壁垒”,在2002年这一年中国遭受损失74亿美元。中国出口到欧盟,日本,韩国和其他国家的跌幅尤其明显。一般而言,由于严格的绿色壁垒,农产品和食品,纺织产品和机电产品的三个主要行业遭受损失最为严重。由于这三大类产品是中国出口最多的产品,我们可以很容易地得出一个结论:“绿色贸易壁垒”已成为限制中国产品出口的一个主要障碍。

五、应对发达国家绿色贸易壁垒的主要对策

如上所述,这是一个事实即中国出口产品遭受发达国家绿色壁垒的严重限制,遭受了巨大损失。因此,中国出口商应该仔细考虑对策,以消除绿色贸易壁垒不利影响。首先,我们应该充分利用的优惠待遇来减少绿色贸易壁垒对发展中国家的限制。根据协议对绿色贸易壁垒的有关规定,发达国家应当充分考虑到发展中国家的特殊发展,确保发展中国家在财政和贸易需要等方面不受绿色贸易壁垒的限制,确保绿色条款,标准和合格评定程序不给发展中国家带来不必要的麻烦,从而保证发展中国家的正常出口。因此,

作为世界贸易组织中的一个发展中国家,中国有权享受这种优惠待遇。其次,中国应利用世界贸易组织的争端解决机制来保护自己的利益。不同于关贸总协定,世贸组织已成立了一个更有力的争端解决机制来解决世贸组织的成员之间的纠纷。因此,如果我们的利益受到其他世贸组织成员不公平的绿色贸易壁垒的损害,我们可以诉诸争端解决机构来解决这一争端,并敦促其他成员改变其不公正的做法,以保护我们的利益。第三,中国应强调保护环境,并采取措施提高产品质量和水平,多出口达到绿色出口水平的产品,以满足更高的环保标准,这将从根本上解决我过所遭受绿色贸易壁垒这个问题。

附注:摘自EUROPECHINA,2009年第10期

Facing the Upgrade of Green Trade Barrier

Thomas J. Sargent

Abstract:The European Union proposed and implemented DMF order this May after issuing RoHS, WEEE, EUP orders, REACH rules and regulations and green trade measures (TBT); the DMF order bans the product containing `dimethylfumarate` (hereafter referred as DMF) to flow and sale in the European Union market, however, after 3 months implementation of the order, quite a few enterprises have been affected, especially for China`s relevant exporting industries under the background of financial crisis. Some expert points out that green trade barrier become the second crucial factor influencing the foreign trade following the exchange rate.

Key words:European Union、Green trade barrier、China

Unavoidable `Green Trade Barrier`

In recent years, owning to the European and American countries green trade barrier is upgrading continuously; after crossing the tariff barrier, there is another non-tariff green trade barrier waiting for developing countries like China there.

From February to April of 2009, the EU Rapid Alert System for Non-food Products (RAPEX) released 30 pieces of information on Chinese shoes and toy products are recalled by Germany, Spain and France because of containing DMF.

Jincheng residential working group of Shanxi Inspection and Quarantine Bureau received a report from an enterprises on March 28, 2009, saying that the a number of tractor spare parts exporting to Italian, using wooden packaging due to have provide no `free DMF` proof is curbed.

Guanzhou Fangchun`s packaging materials manufacturer suffered from total return and reproduction on July 2009, because DMF is contained in its products.

In recent years, why Green trade barrier is used with increasing frequency in wider fields, there is a deep-rooted reason behind it. For instance, the world environmental degradation, such as: ozone depletion, global warming, biodiversity loss and other problems which directly affect people`s consumption concept and values; particularly in Europe and the United States and other developed countries, consumers` green values have been formed and show their demands and preferences towards green products, which also provided the conditions and opportunities for the formation of the green trade barriers. In addition, the traditional non-tariff is increasingly being condemned, in such a case, European, American and other countries for their own interests began to seek new trade protection measures. Moreover, differences in

national environmental standards, as well as the current international trade rules and agreements are incomplete provids an excuse for the green trade barriers.

Director of Secretariat of China Certification Committee for Environmental Labeling Products, Professor Xia Qing expresses that `green trade barrier` is unavoidable, any country in term of protecting national security, animal and plant safety, public health, environment, and preventing fraud, will draw up relevant provisions, release relevant rules and regulations, and adopt technical preventive measures. They propose testing standards in their provisions, which constitute a series of possible `green barriers`. However, there are differences in `green standard` itself, which cause the EU products is liable to be exported, while some Chinese product can`t go to international market.

Erected `Green Barrier` and Intensified Trade Friction In the process of global economic integration, in order to achieve the purpose of protecting the domestic market, the EU and other developed countries resort more and more hidden measures, the technical requirements for imported products become increasingly stringent, and the supporting laws and regulations are issued one after another. For example: since June 2007, the EU fully implemented REACH regulations requiring enterprises to apply for authorization, notify 15-item highly concerned materials (SVHC); in June 2008, the EU issued a `PFOS order` restricting the use of perfluorooctane sulfonate compounds (PFOS), marked the EU officially bans usage of PFOS in the commodities; for which China`s several exporting industries are effected including the textile, leather and other export enterprises. The implementation of DMF ban to serves as another green trade barrier for China`s leather, furniture and other export industries.

The EU member states take the name of environmental protection to launch unilateral trade measures to restrict imports from foreign countries, thus lead to an increasing bilateral or multilateral trade friction. The two large regional organizations of the EU and the North American Free Trade Area member states are basically developed countries, their environmental protection level and environmental standards are similar, while certain gaps between individual member states also tend to be coordinated. So they can adopt regional free trade mode to curb the outside region products due to not in accordance with their environmental standards.

While the seemingly legitimate green barrier is becoming popular, it may pose serious challenges towards the developing countries. According to rough statistics, among China`s suffering green barrier, 66.1% of that comes from the European Union, this trend may exert

long-term influence on China-EU trade and economic relationship.

Response `Green Trade Barrier` Positively and Objectively What China and other developing countries should do in the context of financial crisis, and as the `green trade barriers` is intensified? According to relevant insiders that China`s foreign trade enterprises should be prepared `in the near-medium-long term`. In the near term, they have to actively respond to suits, there are relevant professionals in the municipal Foreign Economic Trade Bureau, CCPIT, as well as industry associations, who can help to contact lawyers, and coordinate to make preparation for responding to suits. In the medium-term, they have to speed up the reserves of foreign trade talents, especially nowadays the trade barriers change frequently, which proposes higher requirements of professional quality of the foreign trade talents. In the long term, exporting enterprises should intensify efforts to adjust product structure, speed up industrial upgrading, improving product technology content, so as to reduce trade friction fundamentally. It is reported that Chinese government are sharing difficulties and help the enterprises to solve the problems; organized by the Ministry of Commerce, local functional departments actively play the `four-body interaction` mechanism role to face trade frictions with business associations and enterprises; strengthening the advocacy of training and legal advice of trade frictions to enterprises, as well as having done lots of effort to help the enterprises to use legal means to actively respond to suits.

Actually, from the prospect of environmental protection and national health care, the so-called new barriers including green barrier and intellectual property protection also had a reasonable side, which may urge enterprise to promote the optimization and upgrading of the industrial structure.` Another insider believes that take Haier as an example: from the late 1980s to early 1990s, due to European, American and other developed countries make legislation to restrict or to prohibit imports of refrigerators containing CFC, which makes China`s refrigerator export suffer heavy loss, Haier Group is also no exception. Then Haier Refrigerator launches a `green revolution` in a timely manner. In 1984, Haier Group introduced both German technology and a high level of environmental awareness in Germany, and constantly strived to reduce CFC usage until the Freon-free refrigerators is created; meanwhile the Freon-free refrigerators also has significant energy saving function, surpassing European standards A - 20% energy-saving, and the U.S. 18% energy-saving. As a result, Haier Group has made the EU`s `Green Label certificate` in the early 1990s, and passed the ISO9001 and ISO14000 system certificates in 1992 and 1996 successively. Owning to adopting a series of green measures, Haier Group products has met the environmental requirements of importing

countries, reversing small exporting market and exporting volume prior to 1990; in 1996 Haier Group exported 210,000 units refrigerators, amounting to 25.71 million dollars, thereby laying a foundation of first exporting position in China`s domestic market, and ranking first in Asia to export to Germany, all of which is conducive for Haier Group to crowd in the national top 500 enterprises list.

Influences of Green barriers on China's foreign trade China has suffered great loss due to the "Green barriers". In 2002, vegetables from Taizhou were prevented from entering Japan because of Japanese strict inspection and the price was greatly cut down. Also in 2002, the aquatic products from Ningbo were restricted by European Union (EU) because they could not reach the sanitary standards of EU. Due to Green trade barriers, 60 kinds of Chinese agricultural chemists were banned by EU because they could not reach the Green standards of EU. In accordance with the statistics of United Nations, China has suffered a loss of $7.4 billion in 2002 due to "Green barriers trade". China's export to EU, Japan, Korea and other countries decreases notably. Generally speaking, agricultural products and foodstuff, textile products and mechanical and electronic products are the three main industries which suffer great loss because of the strict Green barriers. Since these three products constitute the majority of Chinese exportation, we can easily draw a conclusion: "Green barriers to trade" has become one of the major obstacles in Chinese exportation.

Countermeasures to the Green barriers of the developed countries

As mentioned above, it is a fact that the Chinese export products are facing Green barriers of the developed countries and has suffered great loss. Therefore Chinese exporters should think carefully about the countermeasures to eliminate the unfavorable influences of such measures. First, we should make full use of the preferential treatment to the developing countries stipulated in the Agreement of Green trade barrier. According to the provisions of the Agreement of Green trade barrier, developed countries should take account of the special development, financial and trade needs of developing country members with a view to ensuring that such Green regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures do not create unnecessary obstacles to exports from developing countries. So, as a developing member of WTO, China is entitled to such preferential treatment. Secondly, China should make use of the Dispute Settlement System of WTO to protect her interests. Different from GATT, WTO has set up a powerful dispute settlement system to solve the disputes between the members of WTO. So, if our interests are harmed by the unfair Green barriers of other WTO members, we can resort to Dispute Settlement Body to settle this dispute and urge other members to change their unfair practices so as to protect our interests. Thirdly, China should stress the protection of environment and take measures to improve the quality and Green level of her export products to meet higher Green standards, which will fundamentally solve the problem of Green barriers.

Source:EUROPECHINA 2009-10-25

绿色贸易壁垒文献

目录 摘要 (2) 关键词 (2) 一、引言 (2) 二、绿色贸易壁垒概述 (3) 1、绿色贸易壁垒的概念 (3) 2、绿色贸易壁垒形成和发展的原因 (3) 3、绿色贸易壁垒的形式 (4) 4、绿色贸易壁垒的特点 (4) 三、绿色贸易壁垒对我国外贸的影响 ..................................... 错误!未定义书签。 1、对我国外贸的积极影响 (5) 2、对我国外贸的消极影响 (5) 四、我国外贸应对全球绿色贸易壁垒的对策 (6) 六、结语 (7) 参考文献 (7)

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我国企业实施绿色营销的难点与对策

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外文翻译--绿色壁垒对我国农产品贸易的影响及对策

绿色壁垒对我国农产品贸易的影响及对策 当前,在国际贸易中绿色贸易壁垒已成为最重要的贸易的贸易壁垒之一,农业作为一种弱势产业更容易受到影响。绿色贸易壁垒是我国农产品出口所面临的严峻挑战,也是我国农产品出口最大的障碍。由于农产品贸易在我国对外贸易中占有重要地位,因此如何突破绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口限制,对推动我国农产品发展具有重要的现实意义。 本文首先从绿色贸易壁垒的相关理论出发,对绿色贸易壁垒的定义、产生的根本原因和表现的形式特点进行了综述,研究了国外绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响状况;同时本文还指出我国农产品出口遭遇绿色贸易壁垒的原因,在此基础上运用国际贸易知识对发达国家绿色贸易壁垒对我国的影响分析结合,政府、企业、行业对我国农产品跨越绿色贸易壁垒提出相关的对策和建议。 随着生活水平的提高, 人们越来越重视自身的生活质量问题, 近年来兴起的绿色消费概念正是其中一种现象。而绿色壁垒则是国际社会对环境与贸易关注的结果, 各个国家越来越多地在对外贸易中实施这种保护手段。随着国际市场绿色需求的不断增强, 以及环境保护的共识, 绿色贸易保护迅速兴起, 以环境保护为名的绿色壁垒成为国际经济贸易中重要的非关税保护措施之一。然而, 由于发展中国家与发达国家经济发展程度的不同, 导致各国在对待经济发展与环境保护问题上侧重点的不同, 发达国家在环境保护意识、政策、法规及技术等方面的领先, 而且, 目前各国的绿色贸易壁垒是根据各国自身的情况来设置的,还没有形成世界统一标准的制度, 各国绿色壁垒的限制程度难以预测。这就使目前的绿色壁垒有可能被发达国家利用为限制发展中国家产品进口的重要手段。绿色壁垒不仅对产品的品质提出很高的要求, 而且涉及到产品的产前、产中、产后各个阶段, 给发展中国家的对外贸易与经济发展带来了很严重的影响。 绿色贸易壁垒,是指在国际贸易领域,进口国以保护生态环境、自然资源、维护人类和动植物生命健康和安全为由而制定的一系列限制或禁止进口的贸易措施。由于发达国家所采取的这些措施复杂而严格,对发展中国家产品的出口构成绿色贸易壁垒。

企业实现绿色营销的道路透析

企业实现绿色营销的道路透析 [摘要]绿色营销的重要性和迫切性是本文研究的动因。文章通过对影响企业实现绿色营销的内外因素的分析,提出加强企业自身建设和发挥政府功能职责的两大路径,从企业文化建设,营销策略组合和政府机制保障等方面提出具体的对策和建议。 [关键词]绿色营销;可持续发展;路径 随着经济的发展和人口的增多,人类对土地、淡水、能源的需求加大了环境污染和生态破坏,如何在发展经济的同时,注重生态环境的可持续发展,保证资源的永续可用成为广泛研究的课题。 绿色营销作为一种新型的营销理论,主张实现有限资源的最佳配置,追求企业利润和社会、自然生态环境协调发展。因此自20世纪90年代传入我国以来,逐渐成为主流的营销理念。在发展循环经济的大前提条件下,对企业绿色营销的要求就越来越迫切。但由于我国企业的绿色营销起步晚,当前面临很多现实性的问题。 1影响我国企业实行绿色营销的内在因素分析 1.1绿色营销观念还没有真正建立 对于企业来说,绿色营销与传统营销的主要区别就是对待消费者的态度。前者追求的是可持续的消费模式,以生态环境的改善和资源的可持续利用为目标,以提高消费质量来减少消费数量;而后者重在刺激消费、鼓励数量的消费。目前,我国大多数企业的营销重点仍是传统营销的模式。 1.2绿色营销企业面临成本和技术难题 环境成本内部化因其能有利地合理配置资源,推行清洁生产和全过程控制而在国际上十分通行。而我国的一些企业沿用旧的生产管理方式,使企业陷入高投入、高消耗、高污染、低收益的增长路径,对环境造成了大量的污染。推行绿色营销,意味着企业对绿色产品的研发力度、技术、设备和绿色产品认证都有更高的要求,即便有的企业具备绿色营销的意识,也会因为实施的难度和成本等问题而有名无实。 1.3企业营销策略与绿色营销不相适应

企业绿色营销策略研究

企业绿色营销策略研究 摘要 随着全球气候变暖趋势加剧,人们的生态环境保护意识逐渐增强,国际上逐渐兴起绿色生产、绿色消费的浪潮,国际贸易中绿色壁垒相继产生,一场关于发展绿色产品、实施绿色营销的革命逐渐从全球范围内推广开来。绿色营销师市场营销和生态环境保护相结合的产物,它是指在市场销售的基础上加入了环保概念,而产品生产企业必须要承担生态环境保护的社会责任,将维护地球的可持续发展作为企业的经营目标之一。企业实施绿色营销是一项全球新的潮流,是为了保护地球生态环境而产生的,也是满足绿色消费需求的必然选择。我国的绿色营销起步晚,并存在在绿色产品开发范围窄、深度低、产品流通渠道不畅、营销策略僵化等问题。为此,本文基于绿色营销的概念及特征,深入分析国内外绿色营销的发展现状,探讨当前我国企业绿色营销存在的问题,最后从产品、价格、渠道以及促销四个层面阐述我国企业绿色营销的策略。 关键词:企业;绿色营销;绿色产品

目录 1.引言 (3) 2.绿色营销含义 (3) 2.1绿色营销的概念 (3) 2.2绿色营销的特征 (4) 3.绿色营销发展现状 (5) 3.1绿色营销国外发展现状 (5) 3.2绿色营销国内发展现状 (5) 4.企业绿色营销面临的问题 (6) 4.1企业实施绿色营销动力不足 (6) 4.2大多数企业没有实施真正的绿色营销 (7) 4.3没有形成社会性的绿色消费 (7) 4.4企业营销组合策略与绿色营销不适应 (7) 5.企业绿色营销策略研究 (8) 5.1产品策略 (8) 5.2价格策略 (8) 5.3渠道策略 (9) 5.4促销策略 (9) 6.结束语 (10) 参考文献 (10)

最新云计算中侧信道攻击的防御-毕业论文外文翻译整理

附录一英文文献 Security against Side Channel Attack in Cloud Computing Bhrugu Sevak Abstract--Cloud computing is a word that delivering hosted service over the internet. Cloud computing has been ideate as the next generation architecture of IT enterprise ecause of it’s provides ubiquitous network, cost reducing, flexibility and scalability to users. Now days with the fast growing of cloud computing technology introduces new more vulnerabilities so security is considered to be one of the most critical aspect in clod computing environment due to the confidential and important information stored in the cloud. As per AMAZONE EC2 service case study it is possible to identify the particular target VM(virtual machine) in internal cloud infrastructure and then placed new VM with targeted VM and extract confidential information from targeted VM on same physical machine called as simple side channel attack. This paper introduces how to avert the side channel attack in cloud computing. This is accomplished by using combination of Virtual firewall appliance and randomly encryption decryption (using concept of confusion diffusion) and provide RAS (Reliability, Availability, and Security) of client’s data or information. Keywords--Cloud computing, side channel attack, Amazon EC2 service case study, virtual firewall appliance, randomly encryption decryption. I. INTRODUCTION Cloud computing is a word that delivering hosted service over the internet.

绿色营销的含义及其特点

绿色营销的含义及其特点 绿色营销是在绿色消费的驱动下产生的。所谓绿色消费,是指消费者意识到环境恶化已经影响其生活质量及生活方式,要求企业生产、销售对环境影响最小的绿色产品,以减少危害环境的消费。所谓绿色营销,是指企业以环境保护观念作为其经营哲学思想,以绿色文化为其价值观念,以消费者的绿色消费为中心和出发点,力求满足消费者绿色消费需求的营销策略。 绿色营销是传统营销的延伸及发展,就营销过程而言,二者并无差异,都包括市场营销调研、目标市场选择、制定企业战略计划及营销计划、制定市场营销组合策略等。但如果抛开营销一般,对二者进行深入剖析,将会发现二者研究的焦点、输入的营销信息、目标顾客的需求,以及四大市场营销策略等方面,均显现出不同的特征。 1.研究焦点不同。传统营销的研究焦点是由企业、顾客与竞争者构成的所谓的“魔术三角”。这类营销主要通过协调三者间的关系来获取利润,所以,作为企业外在的自然环境,只有当它影响到“魔术三角”,从而影响企业赢利时,方受到关注。绿色营销的研究焦点是考虑企业营销活动同自然环境的关系,即研究自然环境对企业营销活动发生何种影响,而企业营销活动又对自然环境发生何种冲击。可见,绿色营销研究的焦点是对“魔术三角”的进一步扩展。 绿色营销不仅同传统的营销研究焦点有差异,同传统的社会营销亦有区别。传统的社会营销虽然重视将企业利益同消费者及社会长远利益结合起来研究,但它并未重视社会可持续发展。而绿色营销则重视企业经营活动同环境的关系,并突破了国家和地区的界限,关注全球的环境。因而,绿色营销的着眼点比传统社会营销更长远,也更具时代性。 2.绿色产品具有不同于传统产品的特点。所谓绿色产品,是指对社会或环境的改善有所贡献的产品,或指较少损害社会和环境的产品,或指对环境及社会生活品质的改善优于传统产品的产品。 绿色产品同传统产品一样,具有下列三种表现:①主要表现——核心产品成功地符合消费者的主要需求;②技术表现——产品符合各种技术及质量标准;③策略表现——产品在市场上具有竞争力,而且有利于企业实现赢利目标。 绿色产品除上述三种表现外,其第四种表现更为重要,即绿色表现。从产品能否维持环境的可持续发展及从企业应负的社会责任来评价,绿色产品必须体现以下四种绿色理念:①企业在选择生产何种产品及应用何种技术时,必须考虑尽量减少对环境的不利影响;②既要考虑产品生产的安全性,又要考虑降低产品消费对环境的负面影响;③企业设计产品及包装时,必须重视降低原材料消耗,并减少包装对环境的不利影响;④产品及其形体的设计与售后服务都要注重节约及保护环境。

绿色贸易壁垒与中国的农产品出口外文翻译(节选)

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