An Introduction to English Figures of Speech
1. Simile (明喻)
A simile is an expression making a comparison in the imagination between two things that are essentially unlike, yet are alike in a certain respect. A simile is made up of three parts, namely : a) the tenor ( the thing described) b) the vehicle ( the thing compared to) , and c) words such as “as”, “like”, “as if / as though”, “and” and the structure “ of+ noun.”used to show the relationship of comparison. For example:
He is as stubborn as a mule.
That man can?t be trusted. He is as slippery as an eel.
O my love?s like a red, red rose. (woman—rose ) -----Robert Burns
The past rises before me like a dream.
Jim and Billy are as like as two peas.*
He had no more idea of art than a cow.
Who is to blame but her tyrant of a father?
That is one hell of a jury.
2. Metaphor（暗喻）
A metaphor is the use of a phrase which describes one thing by stating another thing with which it can be compared without using the words “as” or “like”. It is also a comparison between two things that are essentially unlike yet are alike in a certain respect. It differs from simile in that there are no words whatsoever used to show the relation of comparison between the tenor and the vehicle. A genuine metaphor therefore, is an implied simile. For example:
The world is a stage.
Jim was a fox.
He is the soul of the team.
Failure is the mother of success.
Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.
--------(Bacon) She melted into tears.
He is a lion in the way.
The man is the black sheep in the family.
A dark horse
I was able to rise from the ashes. （凤凰焚身的形象）（我终于从灰烬中获得新生/我终
于得以东山再起）
A mixed metaphor is one in which the writer starts with one comparison and then shifts to another that is not consistent with the first; the implications of one image clash with those of another.
3. Personification（拟人）
Personification is a figure of speech which attributes human qualities and abilities to inanimate objects, animals, abstract ideas, eg.
Youth is hot and bold, （青春充满热情和勇气）
Age is weak and cold, （衰老变得虚弱和冷漠）
Youth is wild, and age is tame.（青春豪放不羁，衰老温顺驯服）
----William Shakespeare
This time fate was smiling to him.
The wind is whistling through the trees.
Dusk came stealthily.(黄昏悄悄来临)
I watched the moonlight dancing on the ripples of the lake.
She listened to the brook murmuring through the hills.
The ancient mansion spoke to me of bygone days.
4. Metonymy （转喻）
Metonymy is a figure of speech as consists in the use of the name of one thing for the name of another. It expresses an association between the thing spoken of and the thing meant-----the mention of one suggests the other. The most often used ones are as follows :
https://www.doczj.com/doc/567306145.html,e a container to represent the thing contained, e.g.
The kettle is boiling.
The hall applauded.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/567306145.html,e clear signs of an object to represent the object itself, e.g.
Those big noses, blue eyes and yellow hairs taught them English. Grey hair should be respected. ( Big noses, blue eyes and yellow hair stand for foreigners. Grey hair stands for old people.)
https://www.doczj.com/doc/567306145.html,e tools to represent actions or the agent
His pen proves mightier than his pickax. (his pen—what is written by the pen; books and articles, etc.; pickax—mining (gold) or prospecting by pickax )
d. Use organs to represent their functions
I was not one to let my heart rule my head. (heart—feelings or emotions; head
(brain)—wisdom, intelligence, reason)
He not only has an ear for music but also a ready tongue. ( ear for music—talent for music;
ready tongue—eloquence )
https://www.doczj.com/doc/567306145.html,e the names of writers to represent their writings
I like to read Shakespeare .
https://www.doczj.com/doc/567306145.html,e an organ to represent its function.
He writes a good hand. (His handwriting is legible (good).)
https://www.doczj.com/doc/567306145.html,e the thing related to represent the thing itself.
He keeps a good table. ( He provides good food.)
He took to the bottle. ( He took to drinking.)
She took the veil at 20. (She became a nun at 20.)
He enjoyed a good fame in the bar. ( legal profession)
https://www.doczj.com/doc/567306145.html,e quotation or proverb to represent characteristics of someone or something.
You are all the salt of the earth. Our hope is placed on you. (社会中坚)
Little Mary is the apple of her father?s eye. (掌上明珠)
Everybody has his Achilles? heel. (致命弱点)
i. Use place names or locations to represent government , business or industrial enterprises
Downing Street : the British government or cabinet
The White House : the president or Executive branch of the U.S. government
The Pentagon: the U.S. military establishment
Fleet Street: the British press
Wall street: U.S. financial circles
Madison Avenue: American advertising industry
Hollywood: American film-making industry
5. Synecdoche （提喻）
Synecdoche means giving the part for the whole or vice versa, using a kind of thing to represent another big kind or vice versa, and using raw material to represent the thing made of it.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/567306145.html,e the part to represent the whole
Twenty years later when he came back to his home town, he saw many new faces.(strangers)
The farms are short of hands during the harvest season.(workers)
He has a fleet of fifty sails.(ships)
Great minds think alike.(great persons)
https://www.doczj.com/doc/567306145.html,e the whole to represent the part
The score is 2 to 1 in favor of China. (Chinese team)
The world stands by our side.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/567306145.html,e a kind of thing to represent another big kin
d.
It is said that the cutthroat still remains at large.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/567306145.html,e a big kind of thing to represent another kind of thing.
The poor creature could no longer endure her sufferings. (a woman)
https://www.doczj.com/doc/567306145.html,e raw material to represent the thing made of it.
The family has been on the boards since the grandfather?s time. (the stage)
https://www.doczj.com/doc/567306145.html,e concrete things to represent abstract things or vice versa.
There is a mixture of the tiger and ape in the character of Frenchman. ( …tiger? and …ape? stands for the quality of …ferocity? and …cunningness? )
All the wit and learning were assembled here. (the wit—the clever and wise people;
learning—learned people)
6. Antithesis （对句，对偶）
Antithesis is a figure of speech which is a contrast of ideas expressed by parallelism of strongly contrasted words, generally for a tuneful rhythm and wisdom of brevity. For example, Crafty men condemn studies; simple men admire them; and wise men use them.
Speech is silver, silence is golden.
It was the best of times; it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of Hope, it was the winter of Despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way. (Dickens ----- A tale of Two Cities)
7. Climax （层进）
Climax involves that part in a related set or list of events, ideas, expressions, etc. , which is most powerful, interesting, and effective, and which usually comes near the end. For example，
I am sorry, I am very sorry, I am so extremely sorry.
He threatened to swear at people, beat people and murder people.
The audience smiled, chuckled, and finally howled. (微笑，窃窃而笑，捧腹大笑)
We are low—we?re low—we are very, very low, as low as low can be.
(我们低贱—我们低贱—我们非常非常低贱，低贱得不能再低贱。) (Ernest Jones)
I came, I saw, I conquered. (Julius Caesar)
8. Anticlimax （突降法）
Anticlimax, contrary to climax, involves a sudden change from something noble, serious, exciting, etc., to something foolish, unimportant or uninteresting. Anticlimax may be done intentionally for the sake of humor or ridicule. For example,
I lost my bag, and with it, my wallet, my I.D. card, and my dirty socks.
“Who is he ? ” “ Why, he has gone the vole—has been soldier, ballad-singer, traveling
tinker and is now a beggar.”
9. Oxymoron（矛盾修辞法）
Oxymoron is a figure of speech in which words expressing contradictory and incongruous (自相矛盾的)ideas are joined together to produce a peculiar rhetorical effect. It differs from antithesis in that it is a combination in one expression of contradictory terms, whereas in antithesis there is a contrast of ideas brought about by parallel constructions. For example,
Bitter-sweet memories
Proud humility (不卑不亢)
Orderly chaos: chaos exists, but there is some method or order in the way that things are thrown around.
The coach had to be cruel to be kind to his trainees. (冷酷的善意)
It is a matter of life and death
Victorious defeat
She read the long-waited letter with a tearful smile. (tearful joy)
Cold pleasant manner (冷漠文雅的举止)
Dully bright (大智若愚)
A love-hate relationship
10．Paradox ( 反论，逆说)
Paradox is a statement which on the surface seems nonsensically contradictory but which, upon close examination, makes good sense. For example,
More haste, less speed.
Grasp all , lose all.
Man is born free, and everywhere he is in irons.
The more things a man is ashamed of , the more respectable he is.
Failure is the mother of success
The more you give , the more you have.
A friend to everybody is a friend to nobody.
The greatest hates springs from the greatest love.
11. Transferred epithet （修饰语转移, 移就）
A transferred epithet is, as its name implies, a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify to another to which it does not really belong. Generally, the epithet is transferred from a person to a thing or idea. For instance, when we spent sleepless nights on a project, the word sleepless is a transferred epithet, for nights cannot sleep. We really mean to say we did not sleep for many nights while working on the project. Below are further examples:
The old man put a reassuring hand on my shoulder.
He said … yes? to the question in an unthinking moment (He did not think when he said …yes?) He sang with a passionate throat ( He sang passionately.)
We spent an anxious night / sleepless night.
He gave a wide-eyed answer.
He closed his busy life at the age of seventy.
I cannot forget the happy days of my childhood.
He is not an easy poet.(His poems is not easy to understand)
12. Euphemism（委婉语）
Euphemism is a figure of speech in which indirect words or phrases are used instead of those that are strictly required by truth, or in which mild words and phrases are used instead of unpleasant ones. For example,
If you will allow me , I will call your carriage for you . ( go away)
He is a bit off his head. (crazy)
https://www.doczj.com/doc/567306145.html,s for official units:
madhouse-----mental hospital; mental health center
dead house -----funeral parlor
https://www.doczj.com/doc/567306145.html,s for professions:
tree-trimmer------tree surgeon
dust man (garbage collector)----street orderly, sanitary engineer
hired girl-----domestic help
head-waiter-----captain
c.political affairs
economic crises---- recession or depression
striking------industrial action or industrial dispute
death penalty-------involvement
d.poverty
penniless-----in reduced circumstances （状况清减）, out of pocket（口袋空空）, badly off （穷得窘迫）
poor-----needy, underprivileged
in debt-----cash advance（钱用得超前了）, in difficulties
e.old-----getting on years, advanced in age, elderly, senior ,senior citizens past one?s prime ,
feeling one?s age
f.ill or death:
cancer-----the big C or long illness
die------joint the silent majority, pass away, go to heaven, fall asleep, pass beyond, fade, be called to God, safe in the arms of Jesus, be gone to a better land pop off , go off the hooks, go his long home, kick the bucket, go to sleep forever,, be no more
13. Hyperbole (overstatement)（夸张）
Hyperbole is a figure of speech in which exaggeration is used to emphasize a point, to create humor, or to achieve some similar effects. For example,
She was scared to death.
I?d g ive the world to see the Great Wall..
I told you a thousand times that you shouldn?t behave like that.
Belinda smiled, and all the world was gay. ( A Pope)
Her beauty made the bright world dim. (Shelley:她的美丽使世界黯然失色)
I?m sick to death of your everlasting ch atter. Do be quiet.
I have a sea of trouble.
14.Litotes (understatement) （间接肯定）
Litotes, contrary to hyperbole which owes its suggestibility to the deliberate overstatement, is an ironical understatement, especially expressing of an affirmative by the negative of its contrary. For example,
I shall not be sorry. (= I shall be glad.)
She is no bad singer. (=She is a very good singer)
It is no unimportant matter. (=It is really an important matter.)
I was not a little surprised at the news. (=I was greatly surprised at the news.)
He was a man of no mean（中等的，普通的）wealth. ( =He was quite rich.)
It?s no laughing matter. (=It?s serious matter.)
15．Irony（反语）
Irony is the use of language that has an inner meaning for a privileged audience and an outer meaning for the persons addressed or concerned. Irony often brings with it great significance and interest. For instance, when we say to a very thin man, “ How fat you are!” we are employing irony. More examples,
Robbing a widow of her savings was certainly a noble act.
When people are in trouble we must leave them alone and not bother them.
(Wilder?s The devoted Friends) What an encouraging news. (when it is quite discouraging.)
You are very clever indeed. ( to a foolish man)
16.Rhetorical question（修辞问句）
A rhetorical question is a question which requires no answer, because it expresses a truth
which cannot be denied. It is used for emphasis. When a reader comes upon a rhetorical question, he generally pauses and reflects intensely for a moment. The question will fix an idea more firmly in his mind than a declarative statement would. Thus you can give special force to an idea by expressing in the form of a rhetorical question. Such a question may appear at the beginning , middle, or end of a composition. The following points should be kept in mind:
a) A rhetorical question focuses and intensifies the reader?s interest.
b) A rhetorical question should be used only to give force to the writer?s main ideas; it
should not be wasted on minor points.
c)The rhetorical question---like any stylistic device-----should be used sparingly for best
effect. For example,
If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?
(Shelly. There is only one possible answer)
What kind of people do they ( the Japanese) think we are?
(Churchill to the US Congress in 1941)
What is this course about ? Is it concerned with pronunciation, figures of speech and
participial phrases? Does it have to do with outlining themes, constructing topic
sentences, and studying the principles of unity , coherence and emphasis?*
17.Parallelism （排比）
Phrases or clauses having the same function and importance must have the same grammatical form. Parallel constructions which express parallel ideas give emphasis, clarity, and coherence to sentences. Eg.
March winds and April showers bring forth May flowers.
A man is judged not only by what he says but also by what he does.
It does not do to live in memories, in regrets for the good old days, or in sadness about
friends, who are dead. (Bertrand Russell)
Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. ( Bacon )
(读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才)
Reading makes a full man, meditation ( deep thinking) a profound man, discourse a
clear man. (Benjamin Franklin )（读书使人充实，冥思苦想使人深邃，讨论使人明辩）
18.Alliteration (头韵)
Alliteration is a figure of speech which is the use in close proximity of two or more sounds that begin with the same sound, or sequence of sound. For example,
A strong man struggling with the storms of state.
Some phrases:
Forgive and forget
Part and parcel
As busy as a bee
I wish you to be hearty, happy, healthy during the National holiday.
19.Onomatopoeia（拟声）
Onomatopoeia refers to the formation of a word in imitation of the natural sound associated with the object or action involved . Eg,
She banged the door behind her.
The rain pattered all night.
I listened to the rumbling of thunder.
18种重要修辞手法 一、语义修辞 1明喻（simile）俗称直喻，是依据比喻和被比喻两种不同事物的相似关系而构成的修辞格。例如： 1.The snow was like a white blanket drawn over the field. 2.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 认真观察以上各例，我们会发现它们的特点，由（as）... as, like等引导，这些引导词被称作比喻词（acknowledging word），它们是辨别明喻的最显著的特征，明喻较为直白，比喻物和被比喻物之间相似点较为明显，所以明喻是一种比较好判断的修辞手法。 2暗喻（metaphor）也称隐喻，是依据比喻和被比喻两种不同事物的相似或相关关系而构成的修辞格。例如： 1.His friend has become a thorn in his side.（他的朋友已变成眼中钉肉中刺。） 2.You are your mother’s glass.(你是你母亲的翻版。) 3.Hope is a good br eakfast, but it’s a bad supper. 由以上各例可知，暗喻没有引导词，这是明喻和暗喻在形式上的最大区别。换句话说，有为明喻，没有为暗喻。如：He has a heart of stone. He has a heart like stone.很显然，前句是暗喻，后句是明喻。暗喻时，比喻物和被比喻物之间的相似点较为含蓄，猛一看它们毫无关系，实际却有着某种内在联系。 谈到暗喻，有必要说说它的两种变体（variety）：博喻（sustained metaphor）和延喻（extended metaphor），它们是英语比喻中的特殊类型。 （1）博喻连续使用多个喻体去比喻主体的方法就叫做博喻。比如： There again came out the second flash, with the spring of a serpe nt and the shout of a fiend, looked green as an emerald, and the reverber ation was stunning.(爆发了第二次闪电，她像蛇一样蜿蜒，如魔鬼般嘶叫，像翠玉般碧绿，轰隆隆震耳欲聋。) 这个例子中对闪电的比喻就用了三个喻体，spring of a serpen t（动态），shout of a fiend（声音），green as an emerald(颜色)，它们从不同角度绘声绘色地把闪电呈现在读者面前。由此可见，多喻体的使用其优势是单一喻体所无法比拟的。它可以多角度、多侧面、多层次、多结构地表现主体。 （2）延喻据Longman Modern English Dictionary解释，延喻即make a n initial c omparison and then develop it, expanding the author’s id ea（作出初次比较再扩展，以延伸作者的意图）。请看下例： A photographer is a cod, which produces a million eggs in order that one may reach maturity. (摄影师像鳕鱼，产卵百万为的是长成一条。) 摄影师通常拍片成堆，难觅一成功之作，似鳕鱼产卵无数，长成者廖廖。故萧伯纳把摄影师先比作cod，再进一步用cod的习性比喻之，生动地道出了摄影师的艰辛。这里which后的从句就显示了延喻的功能。 与一般比喻相比延喻的使用更复杂。一般比喻只需抓住主、喻体之间的相似之处，延喻不仅要注意比喻本身，还要注意延伸部分是否与喻体保持了一致。也就是说，延伸部分应当是喻体的一部分，不能游离于其外。 延喻的构成分以下几种： ①由动词构成
The Principal Components Of Automotive 张可可2013210612 The Principal Components Of Automotive contains the body, the engine , the chassis , the power train system, the steering system, the suspension system and wheels , the braking system and the electrical and electronic system. 1 The body An automobile body is a sheet metal shell with windows, doors, a hood and a trunk deck built into it.It provides a protective covering for the engine, passengers and cargo. It is designed to keep passengers safe and comfortable. The body styling provides an attractive, colorful, modern appearance for the vehicle. 2 The engine The engine acts as the power unit. The internal combustion engine is most common: this obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder. There are two types of engine: gasoline (also called a spark-ignition engine) and diesel (also called compression-ignition engine). Both engines are called heat engines. the burning fuel generates heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to rotate a shaft connected to the power train.
英语19种修辞手法解读 1.Simile 明喻 明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比。这种共性存在于人们的心里，而不是事物的自然属性。标志词常用like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等。 例如： 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow。 2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud。 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale。 2.Metaphor 隐喻，暗喻 隐喻是简缩了的明喻，是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物，通过比较形成。 例如： 1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper。 2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested。 3.Metonymy 借喻，转喻 借喻不直接说出所要说的事物，而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称。 I。以容器代替内容，例如： 1>.The kettle boils. 水开了。 2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着。 II。以资料。工具代替事物的名称，例如： Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说。 III。以作者代替作品，例如： a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集 VI。以具体事物代替抽象概念，例如： I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气，他们就用我的力气赚钱。 4.Synecdoche 提喻 提喻用部分代替全体，或用全体代替部分，或特殊代替一般。 例如： 1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory。(部分代整体) 他的厂里约有100名工人。 2>.He is the Newton of this century。(特殊代一般) 他是本世纪的牛顿。 3>.The fox goes very well with your cap。(整体代部分) 这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配。 5.Synaesthesia 通感，联觉，移觉 这种修辞法是以视。听.触。嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物。通感就是把不同感官的感觉沟通起来，借联想引起感觉转移，“以感觉写感觉”。 通感技巧的运用，能突破语言的局限，丰富表情达意的审美情趣，起到增强文采的艺术效果。比如：欣赏建筑的重复与变化的样式会联想到音乐的重复与变化的节奏；闻到酸的东西会联想到尖锐的物体；听到飘渺轻柔的音乐会联想到薄薄的半透明的纱子；又比如朱自清《荷塘月色》里的“微风过处送来缕缕清香，仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的”。 例如： 1>.The birds sat upon a tree and poured forth their lily like voice。(用视觉形容听觉，鸟落在树上，由它发出的声音联想到百合花)
修辞格(figures of speech)大体分为三类： 音韵修辞格(phonological rhetorical devices )； 词义修辞格(semantic rhetorical devices) 句法修辞格(syntactical rhetorical devices) （一）音韵修辞格(phonological rhetorical devices) Alliteration就是在一个词组或一个诗行中，有两个以上彼此靠近的词，其开头的音节（或其他重读音节）具有同样的字母或声音. Peter Piper picked a peck of picking pepper.（alliteration） 皮特.派特咽下了一口腌菜用的胡椒粉。 Assonance是在一句话或在一个诗行中间，有两个或更多的词具有相同的元音。 With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. 怀着这个信念，我们能把绝望的大山凿成希望的磐石。 Onomatopoeia是模仿事物发出的声响的修辞手法，与汉语的拟声辞格完全相同。恰当地运 用它可以使语言更加形象生动。 在英美文学终，拟声词的应用非常广泛： 如：摹仿金属声的有：clash, clank, ting, tinkle, clang, jangle, ding-dong, tick-tack, etc. 摹仿水等液体声的有：splash, bubble, sizz, sizzle, splish-splosh, drip-drop, etc.摹仿各种动物叫声有：neigh, baa, moo, miao, screech, hiss, cook-a-doodle-do, etc.摹仿人的各种声音有：giggle, chuckle, shriek, snort, sneeze, snigger, smack, whisper, grunt, grumble, mumble, sputter, murmur, chatter, gurgle, whoop, etc. note: (词义的转变)英语拟声词往往不仅仅指声音，并兼指产生声音的动作，（即转义后可做动词或名词）： 如：flap本指扁平物体拍打时发出的“啪嗒”声，但转义后也可做动词“拍打”（动词to flap,名词a flap） 又如：bang本指“砰砰”的敲物声，转义后，可指敲物的动作＂敲打＂（v. to bang, n. a bang） （二）词义修辞格(semantic rhetorical devices) 词义修辞格主要借助语义的联想和语言的变化等特点创造出来的修辞手法。它们主要包括simile, metaphor, allusion, metonymy, transferred epithet, personification, hyperbole, irony, euphemism, pun, oxymoron, zeugma etc. Simile与汉语的明喻基本相同，用某一事物或情境来比拟另一个事物或情境。其本体和喻 体均同时出现在句中，在形式上是相对应的。英语simile的比喻词一般是like, as（……as）等,汉语明喻的比喻词通常是好象、仿佛等。例如： As brave as a lion 像狮子一样勇猛。 As timid as a rabbit胆小如鼠 Metaphor兼有汉语隐喻、暗喻特点，如： Experience is the mother of wisdom.经验为智慧之母。 He has a heart of stone.他的心像石头一样硬。 My brother studies hard. He is the head of his class.我弟弟学习很用功，他在班上
1.Simile 明喻 明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性. 标志词常用 like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等. 例如: 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud. 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale. 2.Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻 隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成. 例如: 1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper. 2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 3.Metonymy 借喻,转喻 借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称. I.以容器代替内容,例如: 1>.The kettle boils. 水开了. 2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着. II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如: Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说. III.以作者代替作品,例如: a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集 VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如: I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱. 4.Synecdoche 提喻 提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般. 例如: 1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.(部分代整体) 他的厂里约有100名工人. 2>.He is the Newton of this century.(特殊代一般) 他是本世纪的牛顿. 3>.The fox goes very well with your cap.（整体代部分） 这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配. 5.Synaesthesia 通感,联觉,移觉 这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物.通感就是把不同感官的感觉沟通起来，借联想引起感觉转移，“以感觉写感觉”。比如朱自清《荷塘月色》里的“ 微风过处送来缕缕清香,仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的”。 例如: 1>.The birds sat upon a tree and poured forth their lily－like voice.（用视觉形容听觉，鸟落在树上，由它发出的声音联想到百合花）鸟儿落在树上,倾泻出百合花似的声音. 2>.Taste the music of Mozart.（用嗅觉形容听觉）品尝Mozart的音乐. 6.Personification 拟人 拟人是把生命赋予无生命的事物. 例如: 1>.The night gently lays her hand at our fevered heads.（把夜拟人化） 2>.I was very happy and could hear the birds singing in the woods.（把鸟拟人化） 7.Hyperbole 夸张 夸张是以言过其实的说法表达强调的目的.它可以加强语势,增加表达效果.. 例如: 1>.I beg a thousand pardons. 2>.Love you. You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars. 3>.When she heard the bad news, a river of tears poured out. 8.Parallelism 排比, 平行 这种修辞法是把两个或两个以上的结构大体相同或相似,意思相关,语气一致的短语.句子排列成串,形成一个整体. 例如: 1>.No one can be perfectly free till all are free; no one can be perfectly moral till all are moral; no one
1 机械专业英语词汇约会 金属切削 调查 机床 金属工艺学 刀具 摩擦 联结 传动 轴'?]/ 弹性[?s'?] 频率特性 误差 响应 定位 机床夹具[d?iɡ] 动力学 运动学[?n?'m?t?k] 静力学 分析力学['k?] 拉伸 压缩 剪切 扭转 弯曲应力 强度 三相交流电 磁路 变压器 异步电动机['??n?s] 几何形状 精度['??n] 正弦形的 交流电路['s?] 机械加工余量 变形力 变形 应力 硬度['d??]
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篇一：大学英语修辞手法总结 英语修辞手法总结 4) personification/p??s?n?f??ke???n/: (拟人）it gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). for example, the wind whistled through the trees. 5) hyperbole/ha?ˋp?b?l?/: (夸张） it is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. for instance, he almost died laughing. 6) understatement: (含蓄陈述） it is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. it achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. for instance, it is no laughing matter. 7) euphemism/ ?ju?f?m?z?m/: (委婉） it is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. for instance, we refer to die as pass away. 8) metonymy (转喻）it is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. for instance, the pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces). 9) synecdoche[sinekd?ki] (提喻） it is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the 2 whole for the part. for instance, they say theres bread and work for all. she was dressed in silks. 10) antonomasia[??nt?nouˋm?i??](换喻）it has also to do with substitution. it is not often mentioned now, though it is still in frequent use. for example, solomon for a wise man. daniel for a wise and fair judge. judas for a traitor. 11) pun: (双关语）it is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. for instance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (here arms has two meanings: a persons body; weapons carried by a soldier.) 12) syllepsis [silepsis]: (一语双叙） it has two connotations. in the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or more words in the same sentence, while properly applying to or agreeing
一．词语修辞格 (1) simile 明喻 它根据人们的联想，利用不同事物之间的相似点，借助比喻词(如like，as等)起连接作用，清楚地说明甲事物在某方面像乙事物 I wandered lonely as a cloud. ( W. Wordsworth: The Daffodils ) 我像一朵浮云独自漫游。 They are as like as two peas. 他们两个长得一模一样。 His young daughter looks as red as a rose. 他的小女儿面庞红得象朵玫瑰花。 ①―Mama,‖ Wangero said sweet as a bird . ―C an I have these old quilts?‖ ②Hair is all over his head a foot long and hanging from his chin like a kinky mule tail. ③My skin is like an uncooked（未煮过的）barley pancake. ④The oratorial（雄辩的）storm that Clarence Darrow and Dudley Field Malone blew up in the little court in Dayton swept like a fresh wind though the schools… ⑤I see also the dull（迟钝的）, drilled（训练有素的）, docile（易驯服的）, brutish （粗野的）masses of the Hun soldiery plodding（沉重缓慢地走）on like a swarm（群）of crawling locusts（蝗虫）. （2）metaphor 暗喻 暗含的比喻。A是B或B就是A。 All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players演员. ( William Shakespeare )整个世界是座舞台，男男女女，演员而已。 Education is not the filling of a pail桶, but the lighting of a fire. ( William B. Yeats ) 教育不是注满一桶水，而是点燃一把火。 ①It is a vast（巨大的）, sombre（忧郁的）cavern（洞穴）of a room,… ②Mark Twain --- Mirror of America ③main artery（干线）of transportation in the young nation's heart ④The Duchess of Croydon kept firm, tight rein on her racing mind. ⑤Her voice was a whiplash（鞭绳）. ⑥We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air,
明喻 明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性. 标志词常用 like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等. 例如: 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud. 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale. 隐喻,暗喻 隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成. 例如: 1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper. 2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 借喻,转喻 借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称. I.以容器代替内容,例如: 1>.The kettle boils. 水开了. 2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着. II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如: Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说. III.以作者代替作品,例如: a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集 VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如: I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱. 提喻 提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般. 例如: 1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.(部分代整体) 他的厂里约有100名工人.
1) Simile：(明喻） It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other 明喻（simile）是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现。常用比喻词like, as, as if, as though等 For example, As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country./ This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see. 2) Metaphor：(暗喻） It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. 隐喻（metaphor）这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之 间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。 For example, the world is a stage./ The diamond department was the heart and center of the store. 3) Analogy: (类比） It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance. 4) Personification: (拟人） It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象).拟人（personification）这种修辞方法是把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物之上，使之人格化，以物 拟人，以达到彼此交融，合二为一。 1、She may have tens of thousand of babies in one summer.(From“ Watching Ants”) 一个夏天她可能生育成千上万个孩子。这里用“she”和“babies”把蜜蜂比作人类妇女的生育。 For example, the wind whistled through the trees. 5) Hyperbole: (夸张）
高级英语课文修辞总结（1-7课） 第一课Face to Face With Hurricane Camille Simile: 1. The children went from adult to adult like buckets in a fire brigade. (comparing the passing of children to the passing of buckets of water in a fire brigade when fighting a fire) 2. The wind sounded like the roar of a train passing a few yards away. (comparing the sound of the wind to the roar of a passing train) Metaphor : 1. We can batten down and ride it out. (comparing the house in a hurricane to a ship fighting a storm at sea) 2. Wind and rain now whipped the house. (Strong wind and rain was lashing the house as if with a whip.) Personification : 1. A moment later, the hurricane, in one mighty swipe, lifted the entire roof off the house and skimmed it 40 feet through the air. (The hurricane acted as a very strong person lifting something heavy and throwing it through the air.)
明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性. 标志词常用 like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等. 例如: 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud. 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale. 隐喻,暗喻 隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成. 例如: 1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper. 2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 借喻,转喻 借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称. I.以容器代替内容,例如: 1>.The kettle boils. 水开了.
2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着. II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如: Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说. III.以作者代替作品,例如: a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集 VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如: I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱. 提喻 提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般. 例如: 1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.(部分代整体) 他的厂里约有100名工人. 2>.He is the Newton of this century.(特殊代一般) 他是本世纪的牛顿. 3>.The fox goes very well with your cap.（整体代部分） 这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配.
一、Figure of Emphasis强调修辞 1.Repetition 重复 1.1. Immediate Repetition连续重复 Scrooge went to bed again, and thought, and thought, and thought it over and over, and could make nothing of it. 1.2. Intermittent repetition间隔重复 When Della had finished crying, she went to the window and looked out sadly at a grey cat walking along a grey fence in a grey backyard. Anaphora 首语重复 Let that be realized. No survival for the British Empire, no survival for all that the British Empire has stood for, no survival for the urge, the impulse of the ages that mankind shall move forward toward his goal. Epiphora 尾语重复 … and that government of the people, by the people, and for the people. Simploce/ Epidiplosis首尾重复 ( a combination of anaphora and epiphora) Broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into three classes: those who are toiled to death, those who are worried to death, and those who are bored to death Anadiplosis 联珠/顶真/尾首反复
高级英语修辞总结 HUA system office room 【HUA16H-TTMS2A-HUAS8Q8-HUAH1688】
Rhetorical Devices 一、明喻（simile） 是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现。常用比喻词like, as, as if, as though等，例如： 1、This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see. 这头象和任何人见到的一样像一条蛇。 2、He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me like a spirit. 他看上去好像刚从我的童话故事书中走出来，像幽灵一样从我身旁走过去。 3、It has long leaves that sway in the wind like slim fingers reaching to touch something. 它那长长的叶子在风中摆动，好像伸出纤细的手指去触摸什么东西似的。 二、隐喻（metaphor） 这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。 1、German guns and German planes rained down bombs, shells and bullets... 德国人的枪炮和飞机将炸弹、炮弹和子弹像暴雨一样倾泻下来。 2、The diamond department was the heart and center of the store. 钻石部是商店的心脏和核心。 三、Allusion（暗引）
英语中常见的修辞手法 1 明喻(Simile) 明喻是一种最简单、最常见的修辞方法，是以两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体的关系，两者都在对比中出现，其基本格式是“A像B”，常用的比喻词有as, like, as if, as though等。如果使用得当可以把深奥的道理说得通俗、浅显、明白，使人可见可感可悟，把简单的事物表达的更为形象更为生动。例如： Like climbing a mountain, we struggle up three feet and fall back two.（正如爬山，我们费力爬上三英尺，又掉下去两英尺。）(大学英语第一册第三单元课文B) I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery blodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.(丘吉尔在此使用了一个恰当的比喻，把德国士兵比作蝗虫，因为二者有着共同之处-传播毁灭。) 2 暗喻(the metaphor) 暗喻也是一种比喻，但不用比喻词，因此被称作缩减了的明喻(a compressed simile)。它是根据两个事物间的某些共同的特征，用一事物去暗示另一事物的比喻方式。本体和喻体之间不用比喻词，只是在暗中打比方，从而更生动、更深刻地说明事理，增强语言的表现力。例如： I will do anything I can to help him through life's dangerous sea.（我将全力帮助他穿越人生的惊涛骇浪。）(第二册第三单元课文A) Consider that the same cultural soil producing the English language also nourished the great principles of freedom and right of man in the modern world.(想想吧，孕育英语的文化土壤也同样为当今世界培育了自由和人权准则。)（大学英语第二册第七单元课文A） Each letter was a seed falling on a fertile heart. A romance was budding.（每一封信就像落在肥沃土地上的种子，浪漫之花含苞待放。）(大学英语第一册地五单元课文A) 3 借代(metonymy) 借代是通过相近的联想，借喻体代替本体。借代是比隐喻更进一步的比喻，它根本不说出本体事物，直接用比喻事物代替本体事物。例如： The buses in America are on strike now.美国的公共汽车司机正在罢工（这里buses 喻指司机drivers)。“Well,”said the doctor.“I will do all that science can accomplish. But whenever my patien t begins to count the carriages in her funeral porcession I subtract 50 per cent from the curative power of medicines.”(“好吧，”医生说，“我会尽力做到科学能做到的，但每当我的病人开始数自己葬礼上的马车时，药物的疗效就会减掉一半。”)（大学英语第三册第六单元课文A） 4 夸张(hyperbole) 把事物的特征，有意地加以夸大或缩小，就叫夸张，即采用“言过其实”的说法，使事物的本质特征更好地呈现出来。英语中夸张修辞格，应用极为频繁。夸张的功能是突出事物的本质特征，因而给人强烈印象或警悟、启发。例如：Most American remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finn's idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer's endless summer of freedom and adventure.(在大多数美国人的心目中，马克.吐温是位伟大作家，他描写哈克.费恩永恒的童年时代中充满诗情画意的旅程和汤姆.索亚在漫长的夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事。)（eternal和endless都是夸张用语，表示哈克.费恩童年时期田园般的旅游和汤姆.索亚夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事都已成为永恒不朽之作。） 5 拟人(personification) 所谓拟人就是把无生命的事物当作有生命的事物来描写，赋予无生命之物以感情和动作或是把动物人格化。例如：The first day of this term found me on my way to school, beautiful flowers smiling and lovely birds singing in the wood.(新学期第一天上学的路上,美丽的花儿在微笑,可爱的小鸟在林中歌唱.)（采用拟人化的修辞手法使句更为生动,表达更富情感.） The cold breath of autumn had blown away its leaves, leaving it almost bare.(萧瑟的秋风吹落了枝叶，藤上几乎是光秃秃的。) （这里作者运用了拟人手法，将秋天比做人，秋天吹出的寒冷的呼吸就是秋风。语言表达生动、有力，让人有身处其境的感觉）（大学英语第三册第六课课文A） 6 反语(irony) 反语就是说反话，用反话来表达思想、观点、事物等等。有的时候可以达到讽刺的意味。例如： “What fine weather for an outing!”(计划了一个美好的出游却被一场大雨搅和了，于是出现了上面的这句话，通过反语达到讽刺的效果，从而更能够反映出当时的无奈与沮丧。)