把原句转换为同义句
【热点精析】
1. They don’t know how they can get to the Palace Museum.
They don’t know get to the Palace Museum.
分析：把从句变成“疑问词+不定式”的结构，填how to 但该类从句必须与主句的主语相同，否则不能互变
2. The horse is so short that it can’t reach the apples on the tree.
A: The horse is short reach the apples on the tree.
B: The horse isn’t to reach the apples on the tree.
分析：把so…that变too…to，enough to结构 A填too…to B 填tall enough
3. He likes music. So does she.
he she music.
分析：合并两个句子的相同成分，填Bot h…and…like
4. We didn’t visit the museum yesterday. We stayed at home.
We stayed at home the museum yesterday.
分析：用介词短语instead of 替代一个句子，其后跟动名词，应填instead of visiting
5. It was very rainy yesterday.
day it was yesterday!
分析：变感叹句。注意day为可数名词，单数形式，填what a rainy
6. He made faces and the baby did not cry any more.
He made faces and baby
分析：did not cry any more=stopped crying
7. Linda’s parents made her not watch TV from Monday to Friday last year.
Linda made not watch TV from Monday to Friday last year.
分析：make sb do sth 的被动形式是sb be made to do, 故填was…to
8. Linda had a terrible cough, so her mother took her to hospital last week.
Last week Linda’s mother took her to hospital she coughed .
分析：so 和because的转换及have a terrible cough=cough terribly.故填because, terribly
9. I’m sorry to hear that he got killed in the traffic accident 5 years ago.
I’m sorry to hear that he has for 5 years in the traffic accident.
分析：和表一段时间的状语连用，要用延续性动词。get killed=be dead,故填been dead 10. My watch doesn’t work.
There is my watch.
分析：sth doesn’t work=There is something wrong with sth
11. Jack is too young to dress himself.
Jack is not to dress himself.
分析：too+adj+to do sth=not adj.（反）+enough to do,故填old enough
12. We are surprised that the little girl could draw so well.
, the little girl could draw so well.
分析：we are surprised=to our surprise
13. Jane doesn’t go to work by bus any longer.
Jane to work by bus.
分析：not any longer = no more = no longer
14. They took the sick soldier to hospital as soon as they could.
The sick soldier to hospital as soon as .
分析：主动语态变被动语态; as soon as one can = as soon as possible,既填was taken…possible
15. It took Mary two weeks to prepare for ex am.
Mary two weeks for the exam.
分析：花某人多少时间做某事：It took sb …to do sth = sb spent …on sth / in doing sth,故填spent …in buying
16. It seems that they have known each other.
They seem to each other.
分析：It seems that they do sth = they seem to do sth 故填have known
17. I’m not a Japanese. You are not a Japanese, either.
of us a Japanese.
分析：两者都不是，neither of ,并且谓语动词用单数，所以填neither…is
18. Our city has changed greatly in the last three years.
Our city is quite what it was three years ago.
分析：根据题意，我们的城市在最近三年发生了很大的变化，城市与三年前不同，故填different from “与…不同”
19. She learned French by herself at the age of 20.
She French at the age of 20.
分析：learn…by oneself 相当于teach oneself… 意为“自学…”,故填taught herself
20. I prefer walking there to going by bus.
I prefer to walk
there by bus.
分析：prefer doing/sth to doing/sth 等同于prefer to do …rather than do …，故填rather than go
练习：
1. She is a shy girl.
shy girl she is!
2. “When do you have your art lessons?” Mum asked me.
Mum asked me art lesson.
3. I don’t know what I should do with the letter.
I don’t know what with the letter.
4. He became strong day by day as he took exercise.
The ex ercise he took,the he became.
5. We should finish our homework alone.
We should finish our homework .
6. I paid 320 yuan for the red dress.
The red dress 320 yuan.
7. The movie began ten minutes ago.
The movie for ten minutes.
8. Today, many people speak English.
Today, English by many people.
9. Betty likes taking a bus to work. She likes taking a subway to work better.
Betty taking a subway taking a bus to work.
10. The poor child was so lucky that he received many books from Project Hope.
The poor child was to receive many books from Project Hope.
11. You’d better water these trees as often as you can.
It’s to water these trees as often as .
12. All the students have read this storybook. Their English teacher has read this
storybook, too.
All the students their English teacher has read this storybook.
13. Three months has passed since my brother became a soldier.
Three months since my brother the army.
14. I think math is not as interesting as English.
I think math English.
15. Jim and David are very friendly to each other, they never argue.
Jim David.
16. He was surprised to find his wife come at last.
, he found his wife come in the .
17. They enjoyed themselves at the party.
They at the party yesterday.
18. Stand higher, and you will see far away.
stand at a higher place, you will see far away.
19. “Did you sleep well?” Lily asked him.
Lily asked him if well.
20. The stone is so heavy that I can’t lift it up.
It is a heavy stone I can’t lift it up.
21. Let’s continue to talk about the Olympic Games.
Le t’s about the Olympic Games.
22. We heard someone sing in the nex t room.
Someone in the nex t room.
23.It’s 7:30. He goes to school, but he doesn’t have breakfast.
It’s 7:30. He goes to school breakfast.
24. He became a professional football player at the age of 20.
He became a professional football when 20.
25. I went to bed after I finish my homework.
I go to bed I finished my homework.
26. We all know computers help a lot.
We all know computers very .
27. Jim is good at math.
Jim does math.
28. I thought that learning English was interesting.
I thought interesting learn English.
29. I would like to go to Beijing for vacation.
I going to Beijing for vacation.
30. I spent two hours doing homework yesterday.
It two hours homework yesterday.
31. He was late because the weather was bad.
He was late the bad weather.
32. Jack is the owner of the green car.
The green car Jack.
33. Can you think of the answer to the question?
Can you with the answer to the question?
34. We have run out of the hot water.
We have hot water.
35. You mustn’t smoke here.
You are not smoke here.
36. She takes after her mother.
She her mother.
37. His problem is similar to yours.
His problem is the yours.
38. She finally agreed with me.
She agreed with me .
39. Have you got his letter?
Have you him?
40. With his help, I finish the work on time.
his help, I finished the work on time.
41. How is the weather in Beijing today?
the weather in Beijing today?
42. Why not buy her a scarf?
buying her a scarf?
43. Can you look after my clothes?
Can you of my clothes.
44. He drives the car for a living.
He living by car?
45. Do you have trouble with your English?
Do you have a hard your English?
运用同义词（组）进行转换 用同义词或同义词组对原句中的某些词或词组进行替换，注意转换后的词或词组的词形变化要与句子其他成分相适应。如： 1. That day we could see flowers here and there. That day we could see flowers __________. 答案：everywhere 解析：everywhere与here and there都表示“到处”。 2. The teacher always takes good care of the children in the school. The teacher always______ _____the children well in the school. 答案：looks after 解析：take good care of与look after…well都表示“好好照顾”。 2运用反义词（组）的否定式进行转换 即用反义词或词组的否定式表达与原句相同的意思，主要考查学生对反义词（词组）的积累和换位思维的能力。如： 1. It’s clear that this v isit is different from last time. It’s clear that this visit is not the___ ___last time. 答案：same as 解析：be different from意为“与……不同”；the same as意为“与……相同”，其否定式与be different from同义。
2. I think wealth is less important than health. I ___ think wealth is ___ important than health. 答案：为don’t，more 解析：less important的意思是“没有（不及）……重要”；more important的意思是“（比）……更重要”，该结构与not连用，则表示“不比……更重要”。 另外，有的反义词即使不与否定词连用，而只需改变句子结构也可构成同义句。如： He lent some money to his friend. He friend ___ some money ___ him. 答案为borrowed，from 解析：borrow…from...意为“向……借……”；lend…to...意为“把……借给……”。两个结构意思相反，但若变换“借出者”与“借入者”的位置，则可转换为同义句。 3运用不同语态进行转换 即运用主动语态与被动语态的变化来转换同义词，但此时要特别注意时态、动词一致性。如： 1. Everyone should give back his library books on time. Library books should____ ____ ____ on time. 答案：be given back 解析：被动句中含有情态动词should，因此助动词用be。
第六章糖代 糖(carbohydrates)即碳水化合物，是指多羟基醛或多羟基酮及其衍生物或多聚物。 根据其水解产物的情况，糖主要可分为以下四大类： 单糖：葡萄糖（G）、果糖（F），半乳糖（Gal），核糖 双糖：麦芽糖（G-G），蔗糖（G-F），乳糖（G-Gal） 多糖：淀粉，糖原（Gn），纤维素 结合糖: 糖脂，糖蛋白 其中一些多糖的生理功能如下： 淀粉：植物中养分的储存形式 糖原：动物体葡萄糖的储存形式 纤维素：作为植物的骨架 一、糖的生理功能 1. 氧化供能 2. 机体重要的碳源 3. 参与组成机体组织结构，调节细胞信息传递，形成生物活性物质，构成具有生理功能的糖蛋白。 二、糖代概况——分解、储存、合成
各种组织细胞 门静脉 肠粘膜上皮细胞 体循环 小肠肠腔 三、糖的消化吸收 食物中糖的存在形式以淀粉为主。 1.消化 消化部位：主要在小肠，少量在口腔。 消化过程：口腔 胃 肠腔 肠黏膜上皮细胞刷状缘 吸收部位：小肠上段 吸收形式：单糖 吸收机制：依赖Na+依赖型葡萄糖转运体（SGLT ）转运。 2.吸收 吸收途径： SGLT 肝脏
过程 四、糖的无氧分解 第一阶段：糖酵解 第二阶段：乳酸生成 反应部位：胞液 产能方式：底物水平磷酸化 净生成ATP 数量：2×2-2= 2ATP E1 E2 E3 调节：糖无氧酵解代途径的调节主要是通过各种变构剂对三个关键酶进行变构 调节。 E1:己糖激酶 E2: 6-磷酸果糖激酶-1 E3: 丙酮酸激酶 NAD + 乳 酸 NADH+H +
第二阶段：丙酮酸的氧化脱羧 第三阶段：三羧酸循环 生理意义： 五、糖的有氧氧化 1、反应过程 ○1糖酵解途径（同糖酵解，略） ②丙酮酸进入线粒体，氧化脱羧为乙酰CoA (acetyl CoA)。 总反应式: 关键酶 调节方式 ? 糖无氧氧化最主要的生理意义在于迅速提供能量，这对肌收缩更为重要。 ? 是某些细胞在氧供应正常情况下的重要供能途径。 ① 无线粒体的细胞，如：红细胞 ② 代谢活跃的细胞，如：白细胞、骨髓细胞 第一阶段：糖酵解途径 G （Gn ） 丙酮酸 乙酰CoA ATP ADP 胞液 线粒体 丙酮酸 乙酰CoA NAD + , HSCoA CO 2 , NADH + H + 丙酮酸脱氢酶复合体
英语句型转换常规基本句式的转换方法、 技巧点拨 “句型转换”有两种形式，一是按要求转换句型（如：要求将陈述句转换为否定句或一般疑问句；改为祈使句或感叹句；对划线部分提问等）；二是“同义句转换”。本题型在中考中重要是测试我们运用英语“句型”的能力。“四位一体”的“句型转换”专项训练，就是为了发展我们这方面的能力。第一类题型的转换，重点是基本句型的运用，一般都有规律可循。除了熟记基本句式的结构外，还要注意some, any; already, yet 等词在转换时的变化。第二类句型转换（同义句转换）应该作为我们复习训练的重点。用不同的句式表达相同的意思，它标志着一个人的外语能力水平。提高此项能力的关键是熟悉句型结构，自如运用。通过“专项训练”，积累一定数量的相关句式，达到脱口而出，信手拈来，出神入化。 基本句式的转换主要是指“肯定句、否定句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、反意
疑问句和选择疑问句、祈使句、感叹句”的相互转换。句式的转换一般都有一定的规律可循，我们就是要掌握它们的变化规律，能够举一反三，见此知彼。 （一）肯定句、否定句、一般疑问句的相互转换 这三种句型的转换有共同的规律可循，有几个要点必须牢记。我们可以把各种句式归为两大类：1、含有的be动词、助动词和情态动词的句子；2、只有行为动词的句子。 第1类的句子，肯定句改为否定句时，一律在be动词、助动词和情态动词后加“not”，改为一般疑问句时，一律将be 动词、助动词和情态动前移到句首（首字母大写）。肯定回答用“Yes”；否定回答用“No”。“Yes”或“No”后面的主语必须用代词，“No”后面必须用否定缩略式。如： 将下列句子改为否定句、一般疑问句，并做肯定、否定回答： 1. There are some computers in this school.
人教版英语同义句句型转换附练习及答案 TYYGROUP system office room 【TYYUA16H-TYY-TYYYUA8Q8-
英语句型转换 （一）.同义句转换知识点讲解（14种类型） 一、运用同义词（组）进行转换 用同义词或同义词组对原句中的某些词或词组进行替换（又称“词语替代法”），注意转换后的词或词组的词形变化要与句子其他成分相适应。如： 1. That day we could see flowers here and there. That day we could see flowers __________. 分析：答案为everywhere。everywhere与here and there都表示“到处”。 2. The teacher always takes good care of the children in the school. The teacher always_______ ______the children well in the school. 分析：答案为looks after。take good care of与look after…well都表示“好好照顾”。 3. The children are wearing beautiful clothes. The children are_________beautiful clothes. 4. Every day,Yao Ming receives E-mails from thousands of basketball fans. Every day,Yao Ming_________thousands of basketball fans. 5. Mr. Smith is working. Mr. Smith is__________ __________. 答案：1. in 2. hears from 3. at work 二、运用反义词（组）的否定式进行转换 即用反义词或词组的否定式表达与原句相同的意思，主要考查学生对反义词（词组）的积累和换位思维的能力。如： 1. It’s clear that this visit is different from last time. It’s clear that this visit is not the___ ___last time. 分析：答案为same as。be different from意为“与……不同”；the same as意为“与……相同”，其否定式与be different from同义。 2. I think wealth is less important than health. I ___ think wealth is ___ important than health. 分析：答案为don’t，more。less important的意思是“没有（不及）……重要”；more important的意思是“（比）……更重要”，该结构与not连用，则表示“不比……更重要”。 3. Chinese is more popular than Japanese. Japanese is__________popular__________Chinese. 4. The runner couldn't catch up with the others in the race. The runner_________ __________the others in the race. 5. A computer is more useful than a VCD. A VCD is not_________useful_________a computer. 答案：4. less, than 5. fell behind 6. as，as 另外，有的反义词即使不与否定词连用，而只需改变句子结构也可构成同义句。如： He lent some money to his friend. He friend ___ some money ___ him.
同义句转换的九种类型 同义句转换题是近几年中考英语的一个常考题型，其出题形式通常是同时给出两个句 子，第一句完整，第二句中设有几处空格，要求考生填入适当的词或词组，使第二句的意思 与第一句意思相同。它综合考查考生的语法、词汇、短语或习惯用语和句型结构等知识，要 求运用所学的词汇、语法知识和句型结构填写句子，使句子结构完整、逻辑合理、语法知识无误、意思与所给句子相同。通过对近几年的中考英语试题中同义句转换题的分析，我们发现中考英语同义句转换题主要考查以下几个方面： 一、运用同义词（组）进行转换 用同义词或同义词组对原句中的某些词或词组进行替换，注意转换后的词或词组的 词形变化要与句子其他成分相适应。如： day we could see flowers here and there. That day we could see flowers __________. 分析：答案为 everywhere 。 everywhere与here and there都表示“到处”。 2.The teacher always takes good care of the children in the school. The teacher always_______ ______the children well in the school. 分析：答案为 looks after。take good care of与look after well都表示“好好照顾”。 二、运用反义词（组）的否定式进行转换 即用反义词或词组的否定式表达与原句相同的意思，主要考查学生对反义词（词组）的积累和换位思维的能力。如： 1. It ’s clear that this visit is different from last time. It ’s clear that this visit is not the___ ___last time. 分析： 答案为 same as。be different from 意为“与不同”；the same as 意为“与 相同”，其否定式与 be different from 同义。 2.I think wealth is less important than health. I ___ think wealth is ___ important than health. 分析：答案为 don’t ，more。less important 的意思是“没有（不及）重要”； more important 的意思是“ （比）更重要”，该结构与 not 连用，则表示“不比更重要”。 另外，有的反义词即使不与否定词连用，而只需改变句子结构也可构成同义句。如：
各种组织细胞 体循环小肠肠腔 第六章糖代谢 糖(carbohydrates)即碳水化合物，是指多羟基醛或多羟基酮及其衍生物或多聚物。 根据其水解产物的情况，糖主要可分为以下四大类： 单糖：葡萄糖（G ）、果糖（F ），半乳糖（Gal ），核糖 双糖：麦芽糖（G-G ），蔗糖（G-F ），乳糖（G-Gal ） 多糖：淀粉，糖原（Gn ），纤维素 结合糖: 糖脂 ，糖蛋白 其中一些多糖的生理功能如下： 淀粉：植物中养分的储存形式 糖原：动物体内葡萄糖的储存形式 纤维素：作为植物的骨架 一、糖的生理功能 1. 氧化供能 2. 机体重要的碳源 3. 参与组成机体组织结构，调节细胞信息传递，形成生物活性物质，构成具有生理功能的糖蛋白。 二、糖代谢概况——分解、储存、合成 三、糖的消化吸收 食物中糖的存在形式以淀粉为主。 1.消化 消化部位：主要在小肠，少量在口腔。 消化过程：口腔 胃 肠腔 肠黏膜上皮细胞刷状缘 吸收部位：小肠上段 吸收形式：单糖 吸收机制：依赖Na+依赖型葡萄糖转运体（SGLT ）转运。 2.吸收 吸收途径：
过程 2 H 2 四、糖的无氧分解 第一阶段：糖酵解 第二阶段：乳酸生成 反应部位：胞液 产能方式：底物水平磷酸化 净生成ATP 数量：2×2-2= 2ATP E1 E2 E3 调节：糖无氧酵解代谢途径的调节主要是通过各种变构剂对三个关键酶进行变 构调节。 生理意义： 五、糖的有氧氧化 E1:己糖激酶 E2: 6-磷酸果糖激酶-1 E3: 丙酮酸激酶 NAD + 乳 酸 NADH+H + 关键酶 ① 己糖激酶 ② 6-磷酸果糖激酶-1 ③ 丙酮酸激酶 调节方式 ① 别构调节 ② 共价修饰调节 糖无氧氧化最主要的生理意义在于迅速提供能量，这对肌收缩更为重要。 是某些细胞在氧供应正常情况下的重要供能途径。 ① 无线粒体的细胞，如：红细胞 ② 第一阶段：糖酵解途径 G （Gn ） 丙酮酸胞液
高考英语最新倒装句知识点解析含答案 一、选择题 1．______ the late 18th century did the British explorer James Cook cross the Antarctica Circle, ______he never saw land. A．Until, while B．Since, and C．Not until, but D．Although, yet 2．Never again ______ political office after his 1928 defeat for the presidency. A．Alfred E. Smith seriously sought B．did Alfred E. Smith seriously sought C．when did Alfred E. Smith seriously seek D．did Alfred E. Smith seriously seek 3．Only when you are peaceful in your heart ____your problem. A．can you find B．you can find C．did you find D．you found 4．speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”，the film has never been，in the full sense of the word，silent. A．So accustomed are we to B．As we are so accustomed to C．Accustomed as we are to D．Accustomed as are we to 5．When we Chinese need help in a foreign land, at our back ____ a strong motherland. A．will stand B．stands C．is standing D．stood 6．education that it is now at the top of the agenda. A．So vital the authority finds B．So vital does the authority find. C．So vitally the authority finds D．So vitally does the authority find 7．Between the two streets _______ a modem building where you can see many famous brands of clothes. A．have B．has C．stand D．stands 8．Among the crises that face humans ________ the lack of natural resources. A．is B．are C．is there D．are there 9．So sudden ________ that the enemy had no time to escape. A．the attack did B．did the attack C．the attack was D．was the attack 10．It might have saved me some trouble ______ the schedule. A．did I know B．have I known C．do I know D．had I known 11．—With this New Year_______ new challenges. 一Sure. Global economy remains uncertain, and many countries continue to struggle. A．comes B．will come C．is coming D．come 12．Not until I shouted at the top of my voice ______ his head. A．that he turned B．did he turn C．he didn’t turn D．had he turned 13．Many coral reefs in warm water areas would not be dying out ______ for the pollution accumulated over the previous years. A．if it is not B．were it not C．had it not been D．if they were not 14．________，she can help Mother do housework. A．As my sister is a child B．A child as my sister is
初中英语同义句转换的九种类型 同义句转换题是近几年中考及初中三年期间英语的一个常考题型，其出题形式通常是同时给出两个句子，第一句完整，第二句中设有几处空格，要求填入适当的词或词组，使第二句的意思与第一句意思相同。它综合考查学生的语法、词汇、短语或习惯用语和句型结构等知识，要求运用所学的词汇、语法知识和句型结构填写句子，使句子结构完整、逻辑合理、语法知识无误、意思与所给句子相同。通过对近几年的中考英语试题中同义句转换题的分析，我们发现中考英语同义句转换题主要考查以下几个方面： 1运用同义词（组）进行转换 用同义词或同义词组对原句中的某些词或词组进行替换，注意转换后的词或词组的词形变化要与句子其他成分相适应。如： 1. That day we could see flowers here and there. That day we could see flowers __________. 答案：everywhere 解析：everywhere与here and there都表示“到处”。 2. The teacher always takes good care of the children in the school. The teacher always______ _____the children well in the school. 答案：looks after 解析：take good care of与look after…well都表示“好好照顾”。 2运用反义词（组）的否定式进行转换 即用反义词或词组的否定式表达与原句相同的意思，主要考查学生对反义词（词组）的积累和换位思维的能力。如：
同义句转换技巧 同义句转换题是近几年中考英语的一个常考题型，其出题形式通常是同时给出两个句子，第一句完整，第二句中设有几处空格，要求考生填入适当的词或词组，使第二句的意思与第一句意思相同。它综合考查考生的语法、词汇、短语或习惯用语和句型结构等知识，要求运用所学的词汇、语法知识和句型结构填写句子，使句子结构完整、逻辑合理、语法知识无误、意思与所给句子相同。它综合考查考生的语法、词汇、短语或习惯用语和句型结构等知识，要求运用所学的词汇、语法知识和句型结构填写句子，使句子结构完整、逻辑合理、语法知识无误、意思与所给句子相同。通过对近几年的中考英语试题中同义句转换题的分析，我们发现中考英语同义句转换题主要考查以下几个方面：通过对近几年的中考英语试题中同义句转换题的分析，我们发现中考英语同义句转换题主要考查以下几个方面： 一、运用同义词（组）进行转换一、运用同义词（组）进行转换 用同义词或同义词组对原句中的某些词或词组进行替换，注意转换后的词或词组的词形变化要与句子其他成分相适应。用同义词或同义词组对原句中的某些词或词组进行替换，注意转换后的词或词组的词形变化要与句子其他成分相适应。如：如： 1. That day we could see flowers here and there. 1. That day we could see flowers here and there. That day we could see flowers __________. That day we could see flowers __________. 分析：答案为everywhere。分析：答案为everywhere。everywhere与here and there 都表示“到处”。everywhere与here and there都表示“到处”。 2. The teacher always takes good care of the children in the school. 2. The teacher always takes good care of the children in the school. The teacher always_______ ______the children well in the school. The teacher always_______ ______the children well in the school. 分析：答案为looks after。分析：答案为looks after。take good care of与look after…well 都表示“好好照顾”。take good care of与look after…well都表示“好好照顾”。 二、运用反义词（组）的否定式进行转换二、运用反义词（组）的否定式进行转换 即用反义词或词组的否定式表达与原句相同的意思，主要考查学生对反义词（词组）的积累和换位思维的能力。即用反义词或词组的否定式表达与原句相同的意思，主要考查学生对反义词（词组）的积累和换位思维的能力。如：如： 1. It’s clear that this visit is different from last time. 1. It’s clear that this visit is different from last time. It’s clear that this visit is not the___ ___last time. It’s clear that this visit is not the___ ___last time. 分析：答案为same as。分析：答案为same as。be different from意为“与……不同”；the same as意为“与……相同”，其否定式与be different from同义。be different from意为“与……不同”；the same as意为“与……相同”，其否定式与be different from同义。 2. I think wealth is less important than health. 2. I think wealth is less important than health. I ___ think wealth is ___ important than health. I ___ think wealth is ___ important than health. 分析：答案为don’t，more。分析：答案为don’t，more。less important的意思是“没有
第一章 蛋白质的元素组成（克氏定氮法的基础） 碳、氢、氧、氮、硫（C、H、O、N、S ） 以及磷、铁、铜、锌、碘、硒 蛋白质平均含氮量（N%）：16% ∴蛋白质含量=含氮克数×6.25（凯氏定氮法） 基本组成单位 氨基酸 熟悉氨基酸的通式与结构特点 ● 1. 20种AA中除Pro外，与羧基相连的α-碳原子上都有一个氨基，因而称α-氨 基酸。 ● 2. 不同的α-AA，其R侧链不同。氨基酸R侧链对蛋白质空间结构和理化性质有 重要影响。 ● 3. 除Gly的R侧链为H原子外，其他AA的α-碳原子都是不对称碳原子，可形成 不同的构型，因而具有旋光性。 ● 氨基酸分类P9 按侧链的结构和理化性质可分为： 非极性、疏水性氨基酸 极性、中性氨基酸 酸性氨基酸 碱性氨基酸 等电点概念 在某一溶液中，氨基酸解离成阳离子和阴离子的趋势及程度相等，呈电中性，此时该溶液的pH值即为该氨基酸的等电点(isoelectric point，pI )。 紫外吸收性质 含有共轭双键的芳香族氨基酸Trp(色氨酸), Tyr（酪氨酸）的最大吸收峰在280nm波长附近。 氨基酸成肽的连接方式 两分子脱水缩合为二肽，肽键
由10个以氨基酸相连而成的肽称为寡肽。 而更多的氨基酸相连而成的肽叫做多肽；多肽链有两端，其游离a-氨基的一端称氨基末端或N-端，游离a-羧基的一端称为羧基末端或C-端。 肽链中的氨基酸分子因脱水缩合而基团不全，被称为氨基酸残基。 蛋白质就是由许多氨基酸残基组成的多肽链。 谷胱甘肽GSH GSH是由谷氨酸、半胱氨酸和甘氨酸组成的三肽。 (1) 体重要的还原剂保护蛋白质和酶分子中的巯基免遭氧化，使蛋白质处与活性状态。 (2) 谷胱甘肽的巯基作用可以与致癌剂或药物等结合,从而阻断这些化合物与DNA、RNA 或蛋白质结合，保护机体免遭毒性损害。 蛋白质1~4级结构的定义及维系这些结构稳定的作用键 蛋白质是氨基酸通过肽键相连形成的具有三维结构的生物大分子 蛋白质的一级结构就是蛋白质多肽链中氨基酸残基的排列顺序。主要化学键是肽键，有的还包含二硫键。 蛋白质二级结构是指多肽链的主链骨架中若干肽单元，各自沿一定的轴盘旋或折叠，并以氢键为主要次级键而形成的有规则或无规则的构象，如α-螺旋、β-折叠、β-转角和无规卷曲等。蛋白质二级结构一般不涉及氨基酸残基侧链的构象。 二级结构的主要结构单位——肽单元（peptide unit）[肽键与相邻的两个α-C原子所组成的残基，称为肽单元、肽单位、肽平面或酰胺平面(amide plane)。它们均位于同一个平面上，且两个α-C原子呈反式排列。] 二级结构的主要化学键——氢键(hydrogen bond) 蛋白质的三级结构是指多肽链在二级结构的基础上,由于氨基酸残基侧链R基的相互作用进一步盘曲或折迭而形成的特定构象。也就是整条多肽链中所有原子或基团在三维空间的排布位置。蛋白质三级结构的形成和稳定主要靠次级键，包括氢键、盐键、疏水键以及德华力等。此外，某些蛋白质中二硫键也起着重要的作用。 由两个或两个以上亚基之间彼此以非共价键相互作用形成的更为复杂的空间构象，称为蛋白质的四级结构。[亚基(subunit)：由一条或几条多肽链缠绕形成的具有独立三级结构的蛋白质。] 蛋白质二级结构的基本形式？重点掌握α-螺旋、β-折叠的概念 α-螺旋(α-helix) β-折叠(β-pleated sheet) β-转角(β–turn or β-bend) 无规卷曲(random coil) α-helix ①多个肽平面通过Cα的旋转，相互之间紧密盘曲成稳固的右手螺旋。 ②主链螺旋上升，每3.6个氨基酸残基上升一圈，螺距0.54nm。肽平面和螺旋长轴平行。 ③相邻两圈螺旋之间借肽键中羰基氧(C＝O)和亚氨基氢(NH)形成许多链氢键，即每一
常见同义句转化九大句型（一） 作者：zjq960217 来源：用户投稿适用年级：初中英语适用单元：全部 同义句转换是英语表达丰富多彩的体现。它集拼写、理解于一体，灵活多变，可以较好地训练思维。一般情况下，同义句转换题型有以下几种： 一、比较等级间的结构转换 在英语中，比较等级间可以通过适当地调整进行相互转换，但却表达了同样的意思。 请看下面的例句： 1、Tom is the tallest in his class．→Tom is taller than anyone else in his class． 2、Kate runs fastest in her school．→No one in her school runs as/so fast as Kate． 3、Li Lei is the most careful in her class．→Li Lei is more careful than any other student in her class． 可见，关于比较等级间的结构转换，常见的替换句型有：主语+动词+最高级+of/all/in+范围→No one +动词+as+原级+as →主语+动词+比较级+than any other + n． 二、so…that…/too…to/enough to 之间的转换 so…that…/too…to/enough to这几个句型表示的含义比较接近，所以它们之间经常可以同义句转换。 请看下面的例句： 1、The boy is so young that he can’t go to school．→The boy is too young to go to school． 2、Lucy studied hard．Soon she caught up with her classmates．→Lucy studied hard enough to catch up with her classmates． 3、He isn’t tall enough to reach the apple on the table．→He is too short to reach the apple on the table． 可见，关于so…that…/too…to/enough to 之间的转换，常见的替换句型有：so…that 否定从句→too…to…/not（原形容词的）反义词+enough to 三、主句+after从句→not…until 主句+after从句和not…until句型表示的含义也比较接近，两者之间也经常可以同义句转换。 请看下面的例句： Zhang Hua left the classroom after he finished his homework．→Zhang Hua didn’t leave the classroom until he finished his homework．
生物化学知识点总结 一、蛋白质 蛋白质的元素组成：C、H、O、N、S 大多数蛋白质含氮量较恒定，平均16%，即1g氮相当于6.25g蛋白质。6.25称作蛋白质系数。 样品中蛋白质含量=样品中含氮量×6.25 蛋白质紫外吸收在280nm，含3种芳香族氨基酸，可被紫外线吸收 等电点（pI）：调节氨基酸溶液的pH值，使氨基酸所带净电荷为零，在电场中，不向任何一极移动，此时溶液的pH叫做氨基酸的等电点。 脯氨酸和羟脯氨酸与茚三酮反应产生黄色物质，其余的氨基酸与茚三酮反映均产生蓝紫色物质。氨基酸与茚三酮反应非常灵敏，几微克氨基酸就能显色。 肽平面：肽键由于C-N键有部分双键的性质，不能旋转，使相关的6个原子处于同一平面，称作肽平面或酰胺平面。 生物活性肽：能够调节生命活动或具有某些生理活动的寡肽和多肽的总称。 1）谷胱甘肽：存在于动植物和微生物细胞中的一种重要三肽，由谷氨酸（Glu）、半胱氨酸（Cys）和甘氨酸（Gly）组成，简称GSH。由于GSH含有一个活泼的巯基，可作为重要的还原剂保护体内蛋白质或酶分子中的巯基免遭氧化，使蛋白质或酶处在活性状态。 寡肽：10个以下氨基酸脱水缩合形成的肽 多肽：10个以上氨基酸脱水缩合形成的肽 蛋白质与多肽的区别： 蛋白质：空间构象相对稳定，氨基酸残基数较多 多肽：空间构象不稳定，氨基酸残基数较少 蛋白质的二级结构：多肽链在一级结构的基础上，某局部通过氢键使肽键平面进行盘曲，折叠，转角等形成的空间构象。 α?螺旋的结构特点： 1）以肽键平面为单位，以α?碳原子为转折盘旋形成右手螺旋；肽键平面与中心轴平行。2）每3.6个氨基酸残基绕成一个螺圈，螺距为0.54nm，每个氨基酸上升0.15nm。
英语句型转换 （一）.同义句转换知识点讲解（14种类型） 一、运用同义词（组）进行转换 用同义词或同义词组对原句中的某些词或词组进行替换（又称“词语替代法”），注意转换后的词或词组的词形变化要与句子其他成分相适应。如： 1. That day we could see flowers here and there. That day we could see flowers __________. 分析：答案为everywhere。everywhere与here and there都表示“到处”。 2. The teacher always takes good care of the children in the school. The teacher always_______ ______the children well in the school. 分析：答案为looks after。take good care of与look after…well都表示“好好照顾”。 3. The children are wearing beautiful clothes. The children are_________beautiful clothes. 4. Every day,Yao Ming receives E-mails from thousands of basketball fans. Every day,Yao Ming_________thousands of basketball fans. 5. Mr. Smith is working. Mr. Smith is__________ __________. 答案：1. in 2. hears from 3. at work 二、运用反义词（组）的否定式进行转换 即用反义词或词组的否定式表达与原句相同的意思，主要考查学生对反义词（词组）的积累和换位思维的能力。如： 1. It’s clear that this visit is different from last time. It’s clear that this visit is not the___ ___last time. 分析：答案为same as。be different from意为“与……不同”；the same as意为“与……相同”，其否定式与be different from同义。
高中英语倒装句的语法知识点总结 倒装句知识点一、讲解 1.倒装句的定义：英语最基本的词序是主语在谓语动词的前面。 如果把谓语动词放在主语前面，就叫做倒装。 3. 倒装的原因 a) 句子语法结构的需要。例如： Did you attend the meeting? 你参加会议了吗? Long live peace! 和平万岁! b) 一些句型的固定用法。例如： Such were his last words. 他最后的话就是这样。 c)强调的需要。倒装以后，句子更加流畅生动。例如： Never before have we seen such a sight. 以前我们从来没有见过这样的情景。 Before us lay a lot of difficulties. 在我们前面有很多困难。 Often did we warn them not to do so. 我们曾多次警告他们不要这样做。 4. 倒装句的基本用法 a) 构成疑问句(除对主语或主语之定语提问的特殊疑问句外)： When are we going to drink to your happiness? 我们什么时候喝你们的喜酒?
Have you seen the film? 你看了那部电影吗? b) 在以here, there, now, then, in, away, up down等副词开头的句子中: Away went the crowd one by one. 人们一个一个地离去。 Here comes our teacher! 我们的老师来了! c) 副词only+状语放在句首时: Only then did he realize his mistakes . 只有在那时他才认识到自己的错误。 Only in this way can you learn maths well . 只有用这种方法你才能学好数学。 d) 含有否定意义的副词或连词(如little, hardly, never, rarely, no sooner than等)放在句首时: Little did I think that he could be back alive. 我没有想到他竟能活着回来。 Not until New Year s Day shall I give you a gift. 我要到元旦那天才能给你礼物。 Hardly had the train arrived at the station when we ran towards the sleeping car looking for our guests. 火车刚一进站，我们就跑到卧车那儿去找我们的客人。 e) 副词so或neither(nor)在句首: He is interested in pop-songs, and so am I.他对流行歌曲感兴趣，我也如此。 He hasn t been to the countryside, neither does he want to go there.他没有去过农村，他也不想去那里。 f) 在方式状语thus开头的句子中及程度状语so放句首:
文档运用同义词（组）进行转换 用同义词或同义词组对原句中的某些词或词组进行替换，注意转换后的词或词组的词 形变化要与句子其他成分相适应。如： 1. That day we could see flowers here and there. That day we could see flowers __________. everywhere答案：都表示“到处”。解析：everywhere与here and there 2. The teacher always takes good care of the children in the school. The teacher always______ _____the children well in the school. looks after答案：都表示“好好照顾”。look after…well解析：take good care of 与 运用反义词（组）的否定式进行转换2 （词组）主要考查学生对反义词即用反义词或词组的否定式表达与原句相同的意思，的积累和换位思维的能力。如： 's clear that this visit is different from last time. 1. It s clear that this visit is not the___ ___last time. 'It same as答案：意为“与……相同”，as意为“与……不同”；fromthe same different 解析：be 同义。be different from其否定式与 文档 2. I think wealth is less important than health. I ___ think wealth is ___ important than health. moret，答案：为don'的意more important解析：less important的意思是“没有（不及）……重要”；连用，则表示“不比……更重要”。not思是“（比）……更重要”， 该结构与 而只需改变句子结构也可构成同义句。如：有的反义词即使不与否定词连用，另外， He lent some money to his friend. He friend ___ some money ___ him. from，答案为borrowed。 “把……借给……”to...意为……from...意为“向……借……”；lend解析：borrow则可转换为同义句。的位置，与两个结构意思相反，但若变换“借出者”“借入者” 运用不同语态进行转换3 即运用主动语态与被动语态的变化来转换同义词，但此时要特别注意时态、动词一致性。如： 1. Everyone should give back his library books on time.