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第四章倒装结构
英语中有时为了强调突出某一句子成分，或当否定词出现在句首时，或是由于同上文衔接等的缘故，常常采用倒装的结构，即：把正常的主+谓+宾（表）+补+状的语序打乱，把应该在后面出现的成分提到前面去，如：谓语出现在主语前面，谓语、宾语出现在主语前面，或状语放在句首等。简单句中的倒装较容易辨认，但在长句中当同其他的句子结构混在一起时，倒装结构的辨认就有一定的困难，有时会误认为是其他的句子成分，如：分句独立结构，定语等，导致错判全句的主干，形成理解障碍。
Exercise
Of drugs or medicine she had almost none.
Splendid is the architecture of Manhattan, the heart of the city, with its one hundred and more skyscrapers.
Especially popular were his Sunday evening dinners, usually followed by musical performances.
要点及参考译文
要点：介词短语位于句首表示强调，这是一个倒装句。
译文：在毒品或者药物这两样东西中她几乎什么都没有。
要点：此句为倒装句，正常语序应为:" The architecture of Manhattan,... is splendid."因为主语太长，为了保持句子平衡，所以用了倒装语序。
译文：市中心曼哈顿的建筑有百余幢摩天大楼，甚为雄伟壮观。
要点：此句为倒装句。因主语较长，并带有分词短语"followed..."作定语修饰"dinner"，为了保持句子平衡，将表语提前到句首。
译文：在周日晚餐后，通常提供音乐演出，因此特别受欢迎。
Exercise
Electronics has made possible a new kind of higher education and research, including what counts to a global scale electronic lecture hall.
Worse perhaps was the idea of Saturday afternoon cricket; most of my friends would be enjoying leisure at that time.
A chart or a graph can often give us an idea in a glance that is communicated verbally only with great difficulty.
要点：本句"possible"是宾语补足语，置于宾语前面是因为宾语过长，通常宾补应在宾语后面。
译文：电子学已使创立一种新型的高等教育和研究成为可能，包括创立可称之为全球规模的电子大课堂在内。
要点：此句为倒装句。作表语的形容词"worse" 和系动词都被提到句首，把句子较复杂的部分放在句尾，目的是达到“尾重”的句子效果。
译文：更糟糕的也许是星期六下午打板球的安排，因为这时候我的朋友大都会在悠闲地尽享其乐。
要点：本句中，关系代词引导的定语从句" that is communicated ..."修饰名词an idea,因其较长所以放在作状语的介词短语in a glance之后。
译文：看一眼描绘的图表或图解常能使人对只用言词很难表达的东西获得一目了然的效果
Exercise
We could not offer you that post without the responsibility, neither could we ask you to accept the one or two other vacancies of a different type which do exist, for they are unsuitable for someone with your high standard of education and ability.
Along with this disparagement of a compliment is the American tendency to laugh at one's own mistakes and admit one's weaknesses.
The Chinese had trained messengers on horseback and runners before 1100 B.C.,as did the ancient Persians, Greeks and Romans.
要点：neither后面用的是倒装语序（could we）。which do exist 的先行词为vacancies，但被of a different type 隔开。exist后面是一个由for（等立连词）引导的原因状语从句，用来作附加说明。
译文：我们不能不负责任地给你这种职务，也不愿让你接受其他工种现有的一两个空缺，因为这两个中任何一个都不适合教育程度和能力达到你这样高水平的人去做。
要点：本句是判断句的倒装。Along with引导的介词短语在句中作表语，为了使句子的结构达到平衡协调，把带有较长修饰语的主语部分放到句子的后部，以避免头重脚轻。表语提前，还达到了强调表语所表达的意义的作用。介词短语along with意为"together with".
译文：美国人在自贬别人对自己称赞的同时，还有一种倾向，那就是嘲笑自己的错误并承认自己的弱点。
要点：此句的后半部分"as did the ancient Persians, Greeks and Romans"中的连词"as"引出方式状语从句。"did"为代动词，代替主句的"had trained messengers on horseback and runners before 1100 B.C".因为从句主语较长，谓语较短，为了保持句子平衡，将谓语动词提前。正常语序为" as the ancient Persians, Greeks and Romans did"。
译文：就像古波斯人、希腊人、罗马人一样，中国人在公元前1100年就已经训练信使骑马或跑步送信.
Exercise
Only when total production expands faster than the rate of labor force growth plus the rate of productivity increase and minus the rate at which average annual hours fall does the unemployment rate fall.
In addition, difficult as it is to believe, there are desert fish which can survive through years of drought in the form of inactive eggs.
In reality, though, the BBC dictionary will be purchased by a far wider range of language learners, as will the other two dictionaries.
要点：这是一个倒装句。不倒装的话，应为：the unemployment fall only
when ...hours fall. when引导的从句主干为: total production expands faster than the
rate ... plus the rate ... and minus the rate...,最后一个rate又是由at which引导的从句修饰的。
译文：只有当总产量增长快于劳工数量加产量的增长，并减去平均工作小时时，失业率才会下降。
要点：在由as引导的让步状语从句中，句中的形容词或副词甚至动词根据强调的需要放在句首，而as置于其后。
译文：此外，让人难以置信的是，有一种生长在沙漠地区的水生动物在干旱时能以其非活性卵的形态存活多年。
要点：as承接前面从句之语，意为“如。。。一样”，并且要求主谓倒装。
译文：尽管如此，实际上购买英国BBC广播公司的字典的语言学习者的范围将会更大一些，其他两本字典也是这样.
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如何克服高考英语阅读理解中的长难句障碍-A 高考英语阅读理解题所选短文均选自英语原版文章，原汁原昧”，考生普遍感觉较难理解。那么，这些阅读材料到底难在哪儿呢除了生词量大、篇幅长、信息量大以外．就是短文中的句子结构较为复杂，搀杂了大量的长、难句。句法掌握不好的考生很难理清头绪，影响其对短文内容的理解。 1 When a woman's closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage，it was n’t unusual to hear a tan say he didn’t know his friend’s marriage was in serous trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa． 2 He found out that Kit Williams had spent his childhood near Ampthill，in Bedfordshire，and thought that he must have tried the hare in a place he knew well，but he still could not see the connection with Katherine of Aragon, until one day he came across two stone crosses in Ampthill Park and learnt that they had been built in her honor in 1773． 一、抓住结构引导词分析其长难句结构和功能 任何一个复杂长句都不外乎由一个或多个并列结构和复合句构成。并列结构一般有连词and，but，or等连接；复合句按其在句中的作用可分为名词性从句、形容词性从句(定语从句)和副词性从句(状语从句)三大类。任何一个复合句都有一个至几个反应逻辑、意义及结构关系的引导词，找出这些引导词就能分析出复合句的完整句子结构，清理出完整意义。平时要注意积累表示各种逻辑关系的连词和短语。表示目的： 《 so that，for the purpose that，in order that等；表示结果：so…that…，such…that…，as a result，therefore，thus等；表示条件：if，on condition that，unless等；表示原因：because，since，as等。 【例l】Another good thing about the use of noise-killing systems is that it saves the need for a silencer, which not only reduces the weight of a car, but also makes the motor burn less oil and work better．(NMETl995 C篇) 析：这是一个含有that引导的表语从句的复合句。并且表语从句后接了which 引导的非限制性定语从句。非限制性定语从句内有not only…but also…连接的并列结构。句意：噪音消除系统应用的另一好处就是没有必要使用消声器．这不仅减轻了轿车的重量。而且使发动机耗油更少，运转更好。 【例2】We even have different words for some tools, meat in particular, depending on whether it is still out in the fields or at home ready to be cooked, which shows the fact that the Saxon peasants were doing the farming，while he upper-class Normans were doing most of the eating．(NMET2001D篇) 析：whether…or…表示判断选择的搭配结构，which 引出定语从句，指代前文中的事实，that引出同位语从句，while引出状语从旬，表示对比。句意：我们甚至用不同的词语来表示食物，特别是肉类，取决于它们是否还在田问里，还是即将就厨。这表明撒可逊农民干的是农活而上层的诺曼人干的是吃喝。 【例3】A Swedish Kennel Club official explains what this means: if your dog runs out on the road and gets hit by a passing car，as the owner，you have to pay for any damage done to the car，even if your dog has been killed in the accident．(NMETl997 C篇)
高考英语阅读长难句 1 Researchers analyzing word-of-mouth communication —e-mails, Web posts and reviews, face-to-face conversations — found that it tended to be more positive than negative, but that didn't necessarily mean people preferred positive news 2 Those given night milk, which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin, were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime, according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food. 3.While the effect of cows milk harvested at different time has not been tested on humans up to now, taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night. 4 CCM organizes a variety of events, including performances by the well-known LaSalle Quartet, CCM's Philharmonic Orchestra, and various groups of musicians presenting Baroque through modern music. 5 To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets, it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence, such as Decio which was grown by the Romans. 6 For many older people, particularly those living alone or in the country, driving is important for preserving their independence, giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others. 7.But we all have to accept that as we get older our reactions slow down and this often results in people avoiding any potentially challenging driving conditions and losing confidence in their driving skills. 8 The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley”of autonomous vehicles: the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future. 9 The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the fact that although there was an age difference, we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV. 10.We shared the belief that if you’re fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back - he with his Newman’s Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival. 11 TOKNOW makes complex ideas attractive and accessible to children, who can become involved in advanced concepts and even philosophy—and they will soon discover that TOKNOW feels more like a club than just a magazine.
倒装句 1. He was so careful that not a single mistake ______ in the test. A. he made B. he had ever made C. did he make D. he ever made 2. So loudly _____ that all the people in the room got a fright. A. she shouted B. did she shout C. she did shout D. she ever shouted 3. Not only ______ but also _____ the computer. A. could be type, could he operate B. could be type, he could operate C. he could type, could be operate D. he could type, he could operate 4. Higher and higher ______ and then it was out of sight. A. flew it B. it flew C. did it fly D. was it flying 5. It was not until _____ that _____. A. did mother satisfy his needs, Joe went to bed B. mother satisfied his needs, did Joe go to bed C. mother satisfied his needs, Joe went to bed D. did mother satisfy his needs, did Joe go to bed 6. “Einstein became world famous for his work on mathematical theory relativity.? “___________.” A. So did he B. So he did C. He did so D. He did so 7. If you don’t go shopping tomorrow, ______. A. neither will I B. nor I will C. neither do I D. nor do I 8. _____ when he heard the bell for class. A. Away the boy hurried B. Away did the boy hurry C. Away hurried the boy D. Hurried away the boy 9. One can’t think of Africa without thinking of Egypt, _____ of Egypt without the Nile. A. and B. either C. too D. nor 10. _____ that morning that the highway was blocked. A. So was the snow heavy B. So heavy the snow was C. So heavy was the snow D. Was the snow so heavy 11. Little ______ years ago that I would be sitting here today as a chief engineer. A. I thought B. did I think C. I did think D. thought I 12. He ______ to the lab than he set out to do the experiment. A. has no sober got B. no sooner got C. will no sooner get D. had no sooner got 13. ______, I have ne ver seen anyone who’s as capable as John. A. As long as I have traveled B. Now that I have traveled so much C. Much as I have traveled D. As I have traveled so much 14. Only when the war was over _____ to his home town. A. did the young soldier return B. the young soldier returned C. returned the young soldier D. the young soldier did return 15. The little time we have together we try ____ wisely. A. spending it B. to spend it C. to spend d. spending that 16. No sooner _____ than the fire broke out. A. he had left B. had he left C. his leaving D. he left 17. Not until the late 1940s _____ China’s history _____ a great turning point. A. did, come to B. had, come to C. that, came to D. was, brought 18. Only after she got off the bus, _____ that _____ her handbag on the seat. A. she found, she had lost B. did she find, had she lost C. did she realize, she had left D. she realized, had she left 19. Not only ____ polluted but _____ crowded. A. was the city, were the streets B. the city was, were the streets C. was the city, the streets were D. the city was, the streets were 20. Only after he came back ____ what had happened.
破解高考英语阅读理解长难句的方法 破解高考英语阅读理解长难句的方法 高考英语阅读理解的文章大都选自英语原版材料，文中含有一些长难句，比较难以理解，对做题会有影响。没关系，看看突破高考英语阅读长难句的5大招，再瞅瞅历年高考长难句精析，10分钟就能教你搞定高考英语中的那些长难句。 英语句子之所以难以理解，有许多原因，其中一个主要原因是句子太长或者句子结构复杂。句子过长或者复杂通常是该句除了主干之外还包含了一些附加部分，如插入语、同位语、分隔现象、各种从句或较长的非谓语动词短语等等。下面我们来谈谈几种英语阅读长难句的处理方法。 方法1：找谓语，定主语 一般情况下，一个谓语形式的动词对应其动作的发出者(主语)，我们可以根据谓语动词的意义来确定其主语。而且，如果一个句子中出现两个或两个以上的谓语形式的动词，则该句可以是并列句或复合句(并列谓语动词的情况除外)。如：
People feared that weakening a 21-year-old ban on the sale of ivory would encourage illegal hunting and hurt elephant populations. 【句意】二十一年来，象牙交易一直被明令禁止，人们担心削弱这一禁令会助长非法捕猎，导致大象数量减少。 【分析】that引导宾语从句，从句中谓语动词是encourage 和hurt，根据逻辑意义，可知encourage和hurt 的主语是动名词短语weakening a 21-year-old ban on the sale of ivory。 方法2：提主干，去枝叶(从句、状语和定语等) 一般情况下，一个句子中的主句所表达的信息为主要信息，从句、状语和定语等所表达的信息为次要信息。若句子的主干提炼不出来，就不能完全把握句子的核心意义，从而导致思维混乱，主次不分。如： Economists from the University of Sussex analysed findings
3月5日 【长难句】 Native American languages are indeed different，so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World WarⅡto send secret messages. 【句子分析】 1. 句子主干为主系表结构= Native American languages / are/ indeed different. 美洲土著/本土语言非常与众不同. 2. so much so in fact that ….预计很多同学会逐字翻译进行理解，但逐字翻译显然不通，一般这种情况，都考虑为一种类似固定的说法或搭配，翻译理解时不要死盯该部分，只要能区分出该部分是修饰成分，抓住主要意思即可。例如：so much so 所指内容较虚，但in fact 表“事实上”，取该部分的主要意思即可。 so much so in fact that = so much different / in fact/ so that = 如此与众不同/事实上/以至于= 调整汉语的语序表达为：事实上如此与众不同以至于 3.that从句为结果状语从句。 【词的处理】 native adj. 本国的；土著的；天然的；与生俱来的；天赋的 indeed adv. 的确；实在；真正地； military adj. 军事的；军人的；适于战争的 code n. 编码；密码；代码 【参考译文】 Native American languages are indeed different，so much so in fact that Navajo
考研英语语法大全之【倒装句】详解 倒装句 英语的基本语序是“主语+谓语”，这种语序称为陈述句语序或自然语序(normal word order)，如果把谓语的全部或一部分置于主语之前，就称为倒装语序(inverted word order)，当谓语全部置于主语之前，称为全部倒装(full inversion);当谓语一部分(如助动词或情态动词)置于主语之前，称为部分倒装(partial inversion)。 一、全部倒装 (一)there be句型 有时一些表示存在意义的不及物动词也可用于该句型，如：stand，lie，exist，live，remain，appear，come，happen，occur，rise等。 例句：Generally，there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states，large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a common set of laws. (选自2007年Use of English) 分析：该句是复合句，其中a belief与that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states互为同位语关系，形容词短语large enough to be...作定语修饰states。 译文：他们普遍认为新生的国家是拥有主权和完全独立的国家，大到经济上可运行良好，并由一套共同法律让各个新的独立国家联合起来。
高考英语阅读理解长难句的处理技 巧 高考英语考试的关键在与理解，很多学生在长难句理解方面有所欠缺，下面就是给大家带来的高考英语阅读理解长难句的处理技巧，希望大家喜欢！ 一、处理长难句的原则方法 如果待处理的长难句为一个复杂的单句，可这样处理：跳读修饰成分，迅速找出主谓结构。这样一来，我们便可以将长句化为短句，将难句化为易句。具体步骤是：先跳读修饰成分或附加成分，找出句子的主干并理解其意义；然后再分段理解修饰成分或附加成分。 如果待处理的长难句为一个复杂的并列句，可这样处理：先找出其中的并列连词，然后再根据并列连词的意思理清句子前后是顺连关系还是反连关系，是因果关系还是转折关系等，最后再根据不同的语境关系正确理解句意。 如果待处理的长难句为一个复杂的主从复合句，可这样处理：先分清主句与从句，然后弄清从句的性质，即弄清它是什么
从句——名词性从句，还是状语从句，或是定语从句。注意，弄清从句性质对于理解复合句的意思至关重要。 另外，有一点要提醒同学们，在处理长难句时，如果既能正确理解句意，又能将其准确地译成中文，那是最好了。但是，对于有些长难句，要在较短时间内（如在参加考试时）将其译成中文比较困难，此时只要能正确理解其意思就行了，如果硬要勉为其难地译成中文，不仅会浪费时间，而且在许多情况也没有必要。 二、经典高考真题实例分析 下面这篇*共有194个单词，却只有9个句子，平均每个句子大约有22个单词，是近几年高考英语阅读理解中一篇比较典型的集中含有长难句的*。*内容如下： Tristan da Cunha, a 38-square-mile island, is the farthest inhabited island in the world, according to the Guinness Book of Records. It is 1,510 miles southwest of its nearest neighbor St. Helena, and 1,950 miles west of Africa. Discovered by the Portuguese admiral(葡萄牙海军上将) of the same name in 1506, and settled in 1810, the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred. Coming in a close second——and often wrongly mentioned as the most distant island——is Easter Island, which lies 1,260 miles
倒装句 概念：用以表示一定句子结构的需要和强调某一句子成分的需要，分为完全倒装和部分倒装。 一.完全倒装：句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。 1.以here, there, now, then等副词或out, in, up, down, away等表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首以示强调，句子要全部倒装，谓语动词常用come,go, be, lie,run,rush等。 2.表示地点的介词短语位于句首时 A beautiful lake lies at the foot of the hill At the foot of the hill lies a beautiful lake. 注意：在上述句子中，如果主语为人称代词，则主、谓不需要倒装。 In he came and back he went again. Away he went . 二.部分倒装：be/助动词/情态动词提前到主语的前面。 Is am are was were（be动词）do does did（助动词）can could would may will might（情态动词）等1.only所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句放在句首时, 要进行部分倒装. Only then did I realize the importance of learning English. Only after he came back was I able to see him. 注：only修饰主语，仍用自然语序，如：Only socialism can save China. I seldom go to the cinema. 倒装：Seldom do I go to the cinema. 我很少去看电影． I have never seen such a performance. 倒装：Never have I seen such a performance. 我从来没有看过这样的表演． 2.否定副词及介词短语的否定词位于句首时。 高考常考的这类词或词语有：never , not, seldom, hardly, little, nowhere, by no means, in no time等。 3.not until 引导的从句位于句首引起的主句部分倒装 He didn’t finish his homework until his mother came back. 倒装：Not until his mother came back did he finish his homework. 直到他的妈妈回来，他才完成作业。 The mother didn’t leave the room until the child fell asleep. 倒装：Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 等到孩子睡着了，妈妈才离开房间． 注意：当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。 4、as/ though (虽然，尽管）引导的让步状语从句 名词\形容词\副词\分词+as\though+主语+其他 Although I am ugly, I am gentle. 倒装：Ugly as I am, I am gentle. Though he is a child, he has to make a living. 倒装：Child as he is, he has to make a living. 注意：从句的表语是名词，其名词前不加任何冠词
破解高考英语阅读理解长难句的方法 高考英语阅读理解的文章大都选自英语原版材料，文中含有一些长难句，比较难以理解，对做题会有影响。没关系，看看突破高考英语阅读长难句的5大招，再瞅瞅历年高考长难句精析，10分钟就能教你搞定高考英语中的那些长难句。 英语句子之所以难以理解，有许多原因，其中一个主要原因是句子太长或者句子结构复杂。句子过长或者复杂通常是该句除了主干之外还包含了一些附加部分，如插入语、同位语、分隔现象、各种从句或较长的非谓语动词短语等等。下面我们来谈谈几种英语阅读长难句的处理方法。 方法1：找谓语，定主语 一般情况下，一个谓语形式的动词对应其动作的发出者（主语），我们可以根据谓语动词的意义来确定其主语。而且，如果一个句子中出现两个或两个以上的谓语形式的动词，则该句可以是并列句或复合句（并列谓语动词的情况除外）。如： People feared that weakening a 21-year-old ban on the sale of ivory would encourage illegal hunting and hurt elephant populations. 【句意】二十一年来，象牙交易一直被明令禁止，人们担心削弱这一禁令会助长非法捕猎，导致大象数量减少。 【分析】that引导宾语从句，从句中谓语动词是encourage和hurt，根据逻辑意义，可知encourage和hurt 的主语是动名词短语weakening a 21-year-old ban on the sale of ivory。 方法2：提主干，去枝叶（从句、状语和定语等） 一般情况下，一个句子中的主句所表达的信息为主要信息，从句、状语和定语等所表达的信息为次要信息。若句子的主干提炼不出来，就不能完全把握句子的核心意义，从而导致思维混乱，主次不分。如： Economists from the University of Sussex analysed findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, a 15-year research project charting the fortunes of a group of thousands of teenagers who attended high schools in the US in the mid-1990s. 【句意】来自萨塞克斯大学的经济学家们分析了国家青少年健康纵向研究的研究结果，这项研究是一个历时15年的课题，它记录了数千名在美国20世纪90年代中期上中学的一组青少年的财产情况。 【分析】句子主干为Economists analysed findings。from the University of Sussex 作economists 的定语；from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health 作findings的定语；a
精品文档 ２００８年各省、市高考英语阅读理解长难句透析 长难句在阅读理解中容易给考生造成障碍，形成一种心理压力，使考生失分。如果考生面对这些长难句，在短时间内能对它们进行结构解析，确切地理解它们的汉语意思，考生在阅读过程中的问题就会迎刃而解。以下是对2008年各省、市高考英语阅读理解中的一些有代表性的长难句的解析。 1.Their study found that theobromine，found in cocoa，was nearly a third more effective in stopping coughs than codeine，which was considered the best cough medicine at present. The Imperial College London researchers who published their results online said the discovery could lead to more effective cough treatment，“while coughing is not necessarily harmful(有害的) it can have a major effect on the quality of life and”this discovery could be a huge step forward in treating this problem，”said Professor Peter Barnes. (NMET2008全国ll D篇) 简析：第一个句子中有一个宾语从句，宾语从句中有一过去分词短语found in cocoa作定语，还有一个非限制性定语从句；第二个句子中有一个定语从句。 译文：目前，可卡因是最佳的止咳药物，可是他们的研究发现在可可粉中包含的可可碱，其疗效又比可卡因几乎高三分之一。 在因特网上公布了他们的研究成果的伦敦皇家大学的研究员们说道：这种发现可能有助于找到更有效的治咳方式。彼得·巴恩斯教授说道：“这种发现可能在治咳史上向前迈了一大步”。 实例：53.According to Professor Barnes，theobromine______. A.cannot be as effective as codeine B.can be harmful to people's health C.cannot be separated from chocolate D.can be a more effective cure for coughs 2.Much of the energy that comes from the Sun never reaches the Earth's surface.It is either reflected or absorbed by the gases in the upper atmosphere.Of the energy that reaches the lower atmosphere，30% is reflected by clouds or the Earth's surface.The remaining 70% warms the surface of the planet.(NMET 2008 江苏卷B篇) 简析：句子中含有两个定语从句，这是解题的关键。either ...or连结的是并列结构。 译文：来自太阳的大部分能量都不会到达地球的表面，这种能量或者被上层大气中的气体反射或吸收。在到达低层大气的能量中，有30%的能量被云层或地球的表面所反射，剩下的70%使地球的表面温暖。 实例：60.Only a small part of the Sun's energy reaches the Earth's surface because most of it is______. A.absorbed by the clouds in the lower atmosphere 精品文档． 精品文档 B.reflected by the gases in the upper atmosphere C.lost in the upper and lower atmosphere https://www.doczj.com/doc/5512460030.html,ed to evaporate water from the oceans and lakes 3.The response to her request for help was so huge that Poe established Kids For A Cleaner Environment (Kids F.A.C.E.) in 1989.There are now 300，000 members of Kids FACE worldwide and is the world's largest youth environmental organization. (NMET 2008 山东卷D篇) 简析：第一句中夹杂有一个结果状语从句，又有复杂主语。主语的中心语为The response，其后的to her request for help为后置定语，第二句是由and并列的两个简单句，其中第二句中承前省略了主语kids FACE。 译文：人们对她请求帮助的反应如此强烈以至于波建立了一个为了更洁净环境的孩子的组织。现在这个组织在全世界
考研英语阅读真题经典长难句必背 阅读命题常针对长难句。所以很有必要熟悉长难句的种类以及它们各自的重点。今天先介绍长难句的把握方法，再给出一些典型的句子，建议熟读甚至背诵，以做到考试时碰到类似句子就能抓住重点。 一、长难句一般应对策略 1.从句又多又长：一个主句带多个从句，从句中又含有从句 应对方法：先抓主干，找出复杂句中最核心的主谓宾，再层层展开 2.句子中带有长长的插入成分：用插入语来交代某句话是谁说的或者是说话人的身份，或解释、说明前面的内容 应对方法：理解句子主干时，先不理会插入语，等把主句的意思看完整，然后再看插入成分 3. 分词短语、独立主格结构的干扰 应对方法：主句最重要的特征就是有完整的主谓结构，尤其是独立的谓语部分。一个看似句子的结构，如果没有独立的谓语部分，它就不是句子，而是分词短语、独立主格结构等，可以先跳过不看 4. 三种情况的混合 应对方法：从前向后，抓住独立的谓语部分，从而区分出主句和分词状语，再根据主句与从句之间的连接词，区分出主句和从句，层层扩展理解，插入语在哪个层次，就放在哪个层次理解 二、特殊句型 对于特殊句型，如虚拟语气，可以将其理解成一种反事实假设，也就是作者的观点和态度与之相反。对于分隔结构而言，其主干一般在破折号、逗号和定语从句之外，阅读时可以先跳过修饰成分。对于关联结构，要学会寻找第二部分，因为第二部分有时是句子的重点。如在not…but…之中，重点在but…之后。 三、具体句子 1、复合句 When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded
倒装句 英语句子的主语通常位于谓语动词之前，这种语序被称为正常语序。但有时出于强调或某种特殊的语法结构的需要，需要将谓语动词放在主语之前，这种语序则叫倒装语序。按倒装的形式，倒装可分为两类，一是完全倒装，二是部分倒装。完全倒装是指全部谓语放在主语之前，部分倒装是指只把助动词、情态动词或be动词放在主语之前，谓语的主体部分仍在主语之后。 一、完全倒装 1. 用于 there be 句型。 例：There are many students in the classroom. 原句自然顺序是：Many students are there in the classroom. ★2. 表示地点的here和there位于句首时，其后用完全倒装形式。这类倒装句的谓语通常是动词be和come, go等表示移动或动态的不及物动词，以及stand, lie, live等表示状态的动词(表示存在)。 例：Here comes the bus. 公共汽车来了。 There goes the last train. 最后一班火车开走了。 There stood a desk against the wall. 靠墙放着一张书桌。 注意：若主语为人称代词，则不倒装。如： Here you are. 这就是你要的东西。（给你。） Here it comes. 它来了。 ★3. 表示方向的副词away, down, in, off, out, over, round, up等位于句首时，其后用完全倒装语序。这类倒装句的谓语通常表示动态的不及物动词。 Out rushed the puppy. 小狗冲了出去。 Away went the girl. 那个女孩走远了。 Down came the rain and up went the umbrellas.下雨了，伞都撑起来了。 注：若主语为人称代词，则不能用倒装。如： In he comes. 他走了进来。 Down it came.它掉了下来。 ★4. 表示时间或顺序的副词now, then 等位于句首时，其后用完全倒装语序。这类倒装句的谓语通常表示动态的不及物动词。如： Now comes your turn. 现在轮到你了。 Then came a new difficulty. 这时又产生了一个新的困难。 ★5. 当句首状语是表示地点的介词词组时，也常引起全部倒装。 South of the city lies the factory. 工厂位于城市南部。