高中语法——定语从句
在复合句中充当定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句的作用相当于形容词，用来修饰主句中的某一名词或代词或整个主句，所以，也称作形容词性从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词两种。
提示：关系词在定语从句中有三大作用
1. 连接作用——连接先行词和定语从句。
I gave her all the money that I had.
我把我所有的钱都给了她。（that 连接先特词money和定语从句I had）
2. 替代作用——在定语从句中替代从句所修饰的先行词。
The man who lives nest door is a famous teacher.
住在隔壁的那个人是个名师。（who 替代the man）
3. 成分作用——在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语或状语。
I like pictures which are painted in the traditional Chinese style.
我喜欢传统的中国画。（which在定语从句中作主语）
定语从句的引导词：关系代词（6）who whom which that whose as
关系副词（3）when（时间状语）where（地点状语）why（原因状语）
关系词分类：
①指人还是物
只指人who whom
只指物which (when where why)
指人和物that whose as
②做成分
主语who
宾语whom who(口语中)
主语和宾语which that as
定语whose
状语when where why
③代替先行词还是整个主句
只代替先行词who whom that whose when where why
代替先行词和代替整个句子which as
④引导限制性/非限制性定语从句
只引导限制定语从句thatwhy
引导限制性/非限制性定语从句who whom which whose as when where
( That why 不能引导非限制性定语从句)
一、关系代词引导的定语从句
引导定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, which, that, whose, as。它们分别代替前面的先行词，并在定语从句中作主语、宾语或定语。
A．Who
指人，在定语从句中作主语。
What was the name of the man who lent you the money?
借钱给你的那人叫什么名字？（定语从句修饰先行词the man）
The chairman of the meeting, who spoke first, sat on my right.
会议主席坐在我右边，他先发言。（定语从句修饰先行词the chairman）
只用who而不用that
1．先行词是one, someone, anyone, those等指人时：
One who has nothing to fear for himself dares to tell the truth.
一个无所畏惧的人敢说真话。
Anyone who breaks the law shall be published.
任何犯法的人都将受到惩罚。
Those who are against the plan put up your hands please.
凡是反对这项计划的人，请举手。
2．在非限制定语从句中指人时：
His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.
他妈妈十分地爱他，对他要求很严格。
3．在there/here be开头的句子中。
Here is a boy who wants to see you.
有个男孩想见你。
B．Whom
指人，在定语从句中做宾语。在口语或非正式文体中，whom可省略或可用who来代替，There are some people whom/who we like and others whom/who we dislike.
有些人我们是喜欢的，有些人则是我们讨厌的。（定语从句分别修饰先行词people, others）The people whom/who I work with are all friendly.
和我一起工作的人都很友好。（定语从句修饰先行词the people）
但是在下列情况下，只用whom不用that
1.在介词+关系代词结构中指人时只能用whom。不能用who或that
Mr. Carter, to whom I spoke on the phone last night, is very interested in our plan.
2.非限制性定语从句中指人做宾语时只能用whom。不能用who或that
Mr. Carter, whom I spoke to on the phone, last night, is very interested in our plan.
昨晚我在电话里和卡特先生交谈过，他对我们的计划很感兴趣。
C．Which
1．指物，代替先行词，在定语从句中做主语或宾语。做宾语时常可省略。
English is a language which is easy to learn.
英语是一门容易学的语言。（which在定语从句中作主语，不能省略）
The children like cookies (which) my wife makes.
孩子们喜欢我夫人做的饼干。(关系代词which作makes的宾语，可以省略)
2．在非限制性定语从句中Which可以代替前面的整个主句，相当于and this。
Jim passed his driving test, which surprised everybody.
吉姆通过了驾驶考试，这使大家都感到惊讶。
（定语从句修饰的是整个主句，而不是the driving test）
Sheila couldn't come to the party, which was a pity.
希拉不能来参加聚会，真遗憾。（定语从句修饰的是整个主句，而不是the party）
在下列情况下，只用which不用that
1．在介词+关系代词结构中指物时只能用which,不能用that。
He climbed up to the top of a large rock, from which he got a good view.
他爬到一块巨大的岩石顶上，从那里他看到很好的景色。（也可用from where）
2. 在非限制性定语从句中指物时只能用which,不能用that。
The weather was very terrible, which we hadn't expected.
天气非常糟糕，这我们没有料到。
D．That
指人时，相当于who 或whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语（做宾语时常可省略）。
He is the man that lives next door.
他就是住在隔壁的那个人。（定语从句修饰先行词the man，作主语）
I don't like stories that have unhappy endings.
我不喜欢结尾悲伤的故事。（定语从句修饰先行词stories，作主语）
Is there anything (that) I can do for you?
有我能为你效劳的事吗？（定语从句修饰先行词anything，that作宾语，可省略）
只用that的情况(常指用that而不用which的情况)
1．当先行词为everything, anything, nothing, all, none, few, little等词时，或当先行词被every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等词修饰时。
Everything that they said was true. 他所说的一切都是真的。
He is dead and there's nothing that can be done. 他死了，再也没有什么办法了。
There was little that we could do to help her. 我们没有什么能帮助她的。
提示: something 后面可用which引导定语从句。
There is something(which/ that) I'd like to tell you. 有些事我想告诉你。
2．当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。
The first place (that) they visited in London was the Big Ben.
在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。
She was probably the hardest working student (that) I have ever taught.
她也许是我教学生中学习最勤奋的。
3．当先行词被the very(形容词“恰恰是，正是”), the only修饰时。
This is the very grammar book (that) I want to buy.
这正是我要买的语法书。
Beauty is the only thing (that) Emily can be proud of.
美丽是埃米莉唯一能骄傲的东西。
4．当先行词为人与事物或动物时。
The driver and his car that fell into the river have not yet been discovered.
掉入河里的司机与车都还没有找到。
The boy and his dog that were believed to be lost in the wood were rescued this morning. 被认为在森林里迷路的孩子与狗，今天早上已经获救了。
5．当先行词为who或前面有who, which等疑问代词时。
Who that has common sense will believe such nonsense?
有常识的人谁会相信这种无聊的事情？
Who is the man that is standing by the gate? 站在门口的那个人是谁？
Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 哪件T恤衫最合我的身？
6．先行词在定语从句中做表语时。
She is no longer the sweet girl (that) she used to be.
她再也不是过去那个甜美的女孩了。
He is not the man (that) he seems. 他这人不貌相。
E．Whose
人、物皆可，做定语，后面要紧跟被修饰的名词，先行词和后面的名词之间往往是从属关系。There are some people whose faces you can never forget.
有些人，他们的脸你永远难以忘怀。（定语从句修饰先行词people）
I saw some trees whose leaves were black because of the polluted air.
我看见一些树的树叶由于空气污染而发黑。（定语从句修饰行词trees）
F．As
as可以在限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句中作主语或宾语。
①在限制性定语从句中，as跟在由such, so, the same修饰的先行词之后，代替先行词在从句中做成分。Such men as heard him were deeply moved.
听过他说话的人，都会深受感动。（as在定语从句中作heard的主语）
I've never heard such stories as he tells.
我从未听过像他讲的这样的故事。（as在定语从句中作tell的宾语）
He lifted so heavy a stone as no one else can lift.
他搬起别人都搬不起的大石头。（as在定语从句中lift的宾语）
比较：
在the same as结构中，as也可用that代替。但严格地说，the same as强调相同，the same that注重同一。She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore.
她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的衣裙。（as指的是与先行词相似的同类事物）
She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary's wedding.
她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。（that指的是与先行词同一事物）
②在非限制性定语从句中，as可代表主句整个句子，引导的定语从句可以放在主句之前或主句之后，一般用逗号与主句分开。
As everyone knows, Taiwan belongs to China.
众所周知，台湾属于中国的领土。
He is from the south, as we can know from his accent.
他是南方人，这一点我们从他的口音可以知道。
必背：
一些由as引导的非限制性定语从句常位于句首，已形成了固定的说法。常翻译成“正如”。
例如：
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. 如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。
as是关系代词。as作know的宾语
As is known to all, smoking is harmful to one's health.
as是关系代词做从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。
as is known to all 这是众所周知的
as has been said before 如前所说
as is often the case 情况常常如此
as may be imagined 这可以想象得出
as has been pointed out 正如已经指出的那样
as often happens 这种情况常常发生
由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which均可代整个主句，在从句中做成分，相当于and this 或and that。
区别为：
1.As引导的从句一般放在主句前，which引导的从句一般放在主句后。例如：
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. 如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 太阳使地球暖起来，这对我们人类很重要。
2. as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。
二、介词+关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词代替先行词在从句中做宾语时可能是动词的宾语也可能是介词的宾语，如果做介词的宾语，从句中的介词往往可以提到先行词前面构成介词+关系代词结构引出定语从句。
1.关系代词的选择
在介词+关系代词结构中常用which指物，用whom之人。
2.关系代词前介词的选择
在介词+关系代词引导的定语从句中，应注意介词的正确选择。
①根据后面动词和介词的搭配关系选择。
The two things of which they felt proud were Jim's watch and Della's hair.
他们引以为豪的两样东西是吉姆的手表和德拉的头发。（feel proud of是固定搭配词组）
In the dark street there was not a single person to whom she could turn for help.
在漆黑的街道上没有一个她可以求助的人。（turn to sb. for help是固定搭配词组）
②根据与前面名词的搭配关系选择。
I'll never forget the day on which I first met him.
我永远忘不了我第一次遇见他的那一天。(the day前面一般用介词on)
Can you imagine a proper situation in which the expression can be used?
你能设想一个使用这个词语的场合吗？(a situation前面一般用in)
③有时须同时考虑动词和介词的搭配关系及介词和名词的搭配关系。
Is that the house in which you once lived
那就是你曾经住过的房子吗？(Live in the house)
④根据所要表达的意思来确定。
This is my pair of glasses, without which I cannot see clearly.
这是我的眼镜，离了它我什么也看不清。
3.介词+关系代词中介词的位置
关系代词whom, which在从句中作介词宾语时，可以把在从句中动词后面的介词提到关系代词前面，使介词紧跟它所修饰的先行词。
He is a man of rich experience, from whom much can be learned.
= He is a man of rich experience, whom much can be learned from.
他是个经验丰富的人，从他那儿可以学到很多。
The school in which he once worked is a key school.
=The school (which that) he once worked in is a key school.
他曾经工作过的学校是一所重点学校。
提示:
1.含有固定搭配的动词短语，由于其关系紧密，不宜拆分，所以不能将介词置于关系代词之前。这类常见的动词短语有：look after, take care of, listen to, look at, look into, run across, look forward to, break into等。
2. 介词短语在定语从句中作表语，构成“主系表”结构时，不能将介词提到关系代词前。这类介词短语有：be for, be against, be after, be with 等。
4．介词+关系代词的常见结构
①介词+which/whom
This is the famous singer about whom we have often talked.
这就是那位我们经常谈论的著名歌唱家。
Fortunately we had a map, without which we would have got lost.
很幸运，我们带了一张地图，如没有的话，我们就会迷路了。
②数词+of+ which /whom
She's got three lucky pens, two of which she never uses.
她有三只幸运笔，其中两只从未用过。
③不定代词+of+ which /whom
In the basket I find many apples, some of which have gone bad.
我发现篮子里有好些苹果，有些已经坏了。
There are fifty students in our class, most of whom are from big cities.
我们班有50个学生，其中大多数来自大城市。
Two men, neither of whom I had ever seen before, came into my office.
两个人来到我的办公室，我以前从未见过他们。（在介词后面不用who）
I love my parents deeply, both of whom are kind to me.
I love my parents deeply, and they are kind to me. (并列句表达)
I love my parents deeply, who are kind to me.（定语从句表达）
I love my parents deeply, and both of them are kind to me. (并列句表达)
I love my parents deeply, both of whom are kind to me. （定语从句表达）
后俩句比前俩句语气强
④最高级+of+ which /whom
China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.
中国有数千个岛屿，其中最大的是台湾。
⑤the+名词+of+ which /whom
Please pass me the book，the cover of which is blue.
请把那本蓝封面的书递给我。（也可用whose cover）
Please pass me the book，of which the cover is blue.
Please pass me the book，whose cover is blue.
三、关系副引导的定语从句
引导定语从句的关系副词有when, where, why在定语从句中作状语，在意义上相当于介词+which结构。
A．when
先行词为时间名词，定语从句中缺时间状语不缺主语宾语。关系副词when代替先行词在从句中做时间状语。
I still remember the day when I first came to this school.
我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。(when= on which)
He came at a time when we needed him most.
他是在我们最需要他的时候来的。(when= at which)
We will never forget the year 1949, when th People's Republic of China was founded.
我们永远忘不了1949年，那是中华人民共和国成立的一年。(when= in which)
B．where
先行词为具体地点或抽象地点的名词，定语从句中缺地点状语不缺主语宾语。关系副词where代替先行词在从句中做地点状语。
I recently went back to the town where I was born.
我最近曾回过一次我出生的城市。(where = in which)
I would like to live in a country where there is plety of sunshine.
我想住在一个阳光充足的国家。(where = in which)
What's the name of the place where you spent your holiday
你度假的那个地方叫什么名字？(where = at which)
The black people have reached a stage where they have almost no rights at all.
C．why
先行词为reason,关系副词why(why = for which)在限制性定语从句中作原因状语。
Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
请告诉我你误机的原因。
Te reason why he was punished is unknown to us.
他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。
四、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
根据定语从句在句中所起的作用，可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两大类。A．限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句是从句在意义上不可缺少的定语，用于修饰和限定先行词。如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。书写时不用逗号与先行词分开。
This is the boy who broke the window.
这就是打破窗子的孩子。（the boy是先行词，who broke the window是限制性定语从句，明确指出the boy是打破窗子的那个孩子）
I have a book which teaches English grammar.
我有一本讲解英语语法的书。（a book是先行词，which teaches English grammar是限制性定语从句，修饰the book）
The people whom you met in the hall are from Japan.
你在大厅见到的那些人来自日本。（定语从句whom you met in the hall定先行词the people）B．非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句在意义上只是一个附加修饰语，对先行词或主句作些附加的说明。如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。书写时往往用逗号与先行词分开。
I, who am your friend, will share the work with you.
我是你的朋友，将与你分担这项工作。（I是先行词，who am your friend是非限制性定语从句，对先行词I起附加说明的作用）
New Concept English is intended for foreign students, which is known to us all.
新概念英语是专为外国学生编写的，这是我们大家都知道的。（which is known to us all是非限制性定语从句，对主句作进一步的补充说明）
C．在下列情况下，通常使用非限制性定语从句。
1．当先行词表示的是世界上独一无二的人或物时。
The sun, which gives us light and heat, is a fixed star.
太阳是一颗恒星，它给我们光和热。
Last year I visited the People's Great Hall, where many important meetings are held every year. 去年我参观了人民大会堂，每年许多重要会议都要在那里举行。
2．当先行词是专有名词，或先行词本身指示意义十分明确时。
Mr. Joe lives in Beijing now, which is quite a long way from here.
乔先生现在住在北京，那里距离这儿很远。
I congratulate my neighbor, whose son has just won the election.
我祝贺我的邻居，他的儿子刚刚赢得选举。
3．关系代词代替整个句子时。
Taiwan belongs to China, as everyone knows.
众所周知，台湾属于中国的领土。
The weather was very terrible, which we hadn't expected.
天气非常糟糕，这点们没有料到。
D.非限制性定语从句的“不能”
(1) 关系词不能用that
(2) 指人的关系代词作宾语时，只能用宾格whom; 不能用who 替换，也不能省略。
(3) 关系词不能用why，只能用for which
五、关系代词和关系副词的选用
当先行词是表示时间、地点或原因的名词时，定语从句用关系副词还是关系代词来引导，要根据关系词在定语从句中所担当的句子成分来决定。
I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together.
我永远忘不了我们一起度假的日子。（when作状语）
I will never forget the days which we spent together.
我永远忘不了我们一起度过的日子。（which作we spent宾语）
I know a place where we can have a picnic.
我知道一个我们可以野炊的地方。（where作状语）
I know a place which is famous for its beautiful natural scenery.
我知道一个以自然景色优美而闻名的地方。（which作主语）
方法一：用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 这是我去年呆过的山村。
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。
判断改错：
（错）This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（错）I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
（对）This is the mountain village （which）I visited last year.
（对）I'll never forget the days （which）I spent in the countryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
A. where
B. that
C. on which
D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where
B. that
C. on which
D. the one
例1变为肯定句：This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例2变为肯定句：This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。
而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词（who, whom, that, which, whose）；先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词（where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语）。
六．关系词的省略
在下列情况下，关系代词或关系副词在非正式文体中可以省略。
1．关系代词that, which, who, whom在定语从句中做宾语时，常可省略。
按：本套资料省去了名词、代词、形容词等部分，保留了最最核心的句型和动词。希望能有所帮助。 第一章名词性从句 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 一．主语从句 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。 1. It作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较 It作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如： a) It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film. 你不去看那场电影真可惜。 - b) It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.我对你成功与否不感兴趣。 c) It is in the morning that the murder took place.谋杀案是在早上发生的。（强调句型） d) It is John that broke the window.是John打碎的窗户。（强调句型） 2. 用it作形式主语的结构 (1) It is ＋名词＋从句 It is a fact that …; It is an honor that…; It is common knowledge that… (2) It is ＋形容词＋从句 It is natural that…It is strange that… . (3) It is ＋不及物动词＋从句 It seems that…It happened that…It appears that… (4) It ＋过去分词＋从句 It is reported that…It has been proved that…It is said that… 3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况： （1）if引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。 （2）It is said /reported…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week. ( 错误表达：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. （3）It happens/occurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. 错误表达：That he failed in the examination occurred to him. （4）It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not. 错误表达：Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter. （5）含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如： ； 正确表达：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening 错误表达：Is that will rain in the evening likely 4. what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别 what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语．宾语．表语，而that 则不然。例如：
高考英语考前30天之备战冲刺押题系列01 定语从句（教 师版） 三年铸剑，六月试剑。2012高考最后烽烟在即，这时的你，最最需要的就是一套质量精良的复习资料。她能帮助你保持冲刺的惯性，做到准备充分，适应考试的各项要求，保持良好的竞技状态，最终做到全力冲刺。 中学学科网组织特约名师编辑团队全力打造2012高考冲刺押题押题系列。集一线名师多年备考经验，点睛2012高考考点，预测考点再现概率，为您的高考备考指南引航。 上百名高考命题研究专家参与，挖掘第一手高考信息，命中率更高，押中一分，改变你的一生。 名师押题： 【押题1】I prefer a company ________ people have to work as a team, instead of fighting against each other. A．where B．that C．as D．when 【答案】A 【解析】考查定语从句。where是关系副词，在句中引导定语从句，修饰先行词company，并且在从句中作状语。 【押题指数】★★★ 【选题理由】 在定语从句中，当先行词是表示地点的词时，关系代词与关系副词的选择近三年全国各地区考查定语从句的题目中这类题目有11道。 【得分锦囊】 在高考考查定语从句试题中，有许多题目中的先行词是表示地点的名词，要正确判断用关系代词还是关系副词，要看引导词在从句中所作的成分。如果引导词在从句中作状语，则用where，否则用that或which。考生可以采用补全法，即根据句意把从句补充完整，补上去的部分在从句中所作的成分就是引导词在从句中所作的成分，就可以很容易地确定用关系代词还是用关系副词了。如：This is the mountain village where I stayed last year．这就是我们去年住过的那个山村。 【押题2】 —Is this the house_______ you often talk about? —Yes, just the one _______ you know I used to live for more than 15 years. A. that;where B. which;that
高中英语语法“虚拟语气”的教学设计 一、教材分析： 本课是结合外研社版高中英语教材选修6中有关虚拟语气的语法内容，进行高三虚拟语气的复习，教学中将语法知识的传授和语言基本技能的学习结合到一起，注重复习语法与语言的运用。采用任务型教学法和小组合作探究学习法，从而扩大课堂的语言输入量及学生的语言输出量。 二、学情分析： 在高一和高二英语学习基础上，高三学生已经掌握基本的语言结构和一定程度的听说读写能力。在高三语法复习的过程中，结合学生原有的知识掌握水平，巩固基础强化正确使用语法知识，提高学生运用语言的深度和难度.但大部分学生的基础知识仍然较为薄弱，运用英语进行交际活动的能力较差，主动学习的动力不够，然而他们学习比较认真，渴求知欲旺盛，思维比较活跃。部分学生的基础较好，能主动配合老师。只有设置使他们感兴趣的活动，因材施教，才能让他们投入到课堂活动中来。 三、教学重点: 1.复习的重点---语法虚拟语气的句型结构. 2.语法虚拟语气的运用 四、教学难点: 1.结合复习的语法知识，以课堂教学为依托，全面训练学生的听、说、读、写能力，加强和提高运用英语的综合能力。 2.虚拟语气在真实的生活语境中的使用。 五、教学目标: 1.知识目标: 引导学生掌握情态动词在虚拟语气之中的使用。培养学生通读，分析，理解，综合的能力，教会学生体察语境，结合上下文，附和逻辑推理和合理的想象，结合语法和题干中的语境解决高考题。在运用语言过程中培养学生的观察力、分析力、想象力和自学能力，提高思维能力和运用英语的综合能力。 2.能力目标： 利用多媒体手段营造积极和谐教学氛围，使学生进入情景之中，充分调动学生的思维活动和情感体验，规范学生运用英语知识准确表达的能力，同时，发展学生综合语言运用的能力，分析问题和解决问题的能力，培养学生自主学习。 3.德育目标： 用情态动词和虚拟语气的句子结构表达思想感情和正确的世界观、人生观。 六、教学策略:
高中英语语法定语从句总复习 郴州资兴三中李俊才 定义：用来说明主句中某一名词或代词（有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分）而起定语作用的句子叫 作定语从句。 一、关系带词引导的定语从句 1. 关系代词用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词 句子成分用于限制从句或非限制性从句只用于限制性从句 代替人代替物代替人或物主语Who which 主语Whom which that 宾语Whose (=of whom) Whose (=of which) that 例１：This is the detective who came from London. 例２：The book which I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy. ２．关系代词的用法 (1) 如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。例如： All the people that are burst into tears.（所有人都迸出眼泪。） (2) 如果先行词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, most, no, some, very等词修饰，关系代词常用that,不用which, who，或whom。 (3) 非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。 There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom、are well educated. (4) which还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分 概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与and this 相似，并可以指人。例如： He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy. (5) that可指人或物，在从句中作表语，（指人作主语时多用who）仅用于限制性定语从句中。
高中英语语法通霸1. 句子结构成分分析主语谓语宾语定语状语补语定语
英语的句子成分主要有六种：即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。（可以熟记为：主谓宾，定状补）除了这六种主要成分之外，还有“表语”和“同位语”的说法。但表语和系动词一起作谓语，因此划分成分时，划分在谓语上。同位语分为主语同位语和宾语同位语，属于主语或宾语的一部分。 考点1.划分句子成分时的常用符号 英语中划分句子成分的符号 主语在下面画直线 谓语在下面画曲线 宾语在下面画双横线 定语在下面画虚线（一行点使我们想到一排钉子，“钉”谐音为“定语”的“定”） 状语下面为短横线（短横线使我们想到短木桩，木桩撞（状）钟） 补语上一短横，下一短横（下一短横好像是为了弥补上面短横间的空隙） 同位语上下双曲线（都有曲折，上下位置基本相同） 考点1.主语 主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，通常由名词性的词来充当。 可以作主语的词性或语法结构： 1. 名词 2. 代词 3. 数词 4. 不定式 5. 动名词 6. 主语从句等表示。 7. 名词化的形容词（如the rich） 在英语中，形容词、副词和介词短语是不能作主语的。如果它们在句首时，句子可能是倒装句，真正的主语在后面。 On the desk are some books. (主语是books，所以用are) Down jumps the boy. (主语是the boy，所以用jumps ) Gone are the days. (主语是the days，所以用are) 练习1.在下面句子的主语下面画横线，并说出由什么充当。 1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2.We often speak English in class. 3.One-third of the students in this class are girls. 4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure. 5.Smoking does harm to the health.
初中英语定语从句讲解及练习(教师版) 一.定语从句及相关术语 1.定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。 2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词成为关系词 关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等； 关系副词有where, when, why等。 关系词常有3个作用：1，引导定语从句。2，代替先行词。3，在定语从句中担当一个成分。 二.关系代词引导的定语从句 1.who指人，在从句中做主语 (1) the boys who are playing football are from class one. (2) yesterday i helped an old man who lost his way. 2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。 (1) mr. liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus. (2) mr. ling is just the boy whom i want to see. 注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。 (3) the man who/whom you met just now is my friend. 3. which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略 (1) football is a game which is liked by most boys. (2) this is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. 4. that指人时，相当于who 或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。 (5) the number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million. (6) where is the man that/whom i saw this morning? 5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语 (1) he has a friend whose father is a doctor. (2) i once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in. whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替 (3) the classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. (4) the classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired. (5) do you like the book whose cover is yellow? (6) do you like the book the color of which is yellow? 三.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时，从句常由介词+关系代词引导 (1) the school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous. (2) the school in which he once studied is very famous. (3) tomorrow i will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for. (4) tomorrow i will bring here a magazine for which you asked. (5) we'll go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about. (6) we'll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked. 注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care
高中英语语法复习课的教学课例与评析 在新课程背景下，怎样上好英语语法复习课，是值得广大高中英语教师思考的问题。语法复习课如果上不好，往往会变成旧课的重复，或者是新课的再版，这不仅不能发挥语法复习课的作用，而且会使学生感到乏味而降低学习兴趣。因此，我从平时的语法复习教学存在的问题入手，经过不断的教学实践和摸索，构建了“情境.话题.活动”语法复习教学模式。现结合module7 unit3中的动词-ing形式的被动语态复习课的教学课例，向大家简单地呈现该教学模式的具体操作方法，并进行课后反思。 一、语法复习教学存在的问题 (一)脱离情境教学，重语言形式，轻语言功能。在新课的教学上，我们教师会有意识地将语言的形式和功能相结合，设计语境，注意语言形式在真实语境中的运用，可一到复习课，因为课时紧，赶进度，往往只重视语言形式的复习。教师将语言形式归纳好，学生被动地接受语法规则。很显然，很多教师没有意识到语法能力是交际能力的一部分，高考语法考查也总是放在一定的语境中进行。因此，脱离情境，孤立地、机械地进行语法形式的总结，难以达到语法复习的预期效果。 (二)不设置任务活动，重教师的“教”，轻学生的“学”。在实际的语法复习课的教学中，还是有一些教师满堂灌。教师对教学过程中的每个步骤的安排设计主要从“教”的角度考虑，花很多时间把知识讲解系统、深入，把复习课上成例题课、练习课或测验讲评课，不重视设置基于学生水平、易激发学生学习兴趣的任务和活动，导致学生不能积极、主动地参与课堂，也难以达到预期的复习效果。 二、语法复习课的教学课例与评析 (一) “情境.话题.活动”语法复习教学模式 “情境.话题.活动”语法复习教学模式是“以情境为载体、以话题为主线、以活动为依托”，我把它称为“寓情于境”的语法复习教学模式。“情”即某一特定的目标语法，而“境”则是以某一话题贯穿始终的、围绕该话题开展活动、完成任务的相对真实的语境。该模式的主要步骤如下: 步骤一：导入。运用单元相关的话题或热点话题导入，注重引起学生兴趣。 步骤二：呈现。将本课时要复习的目标语法设计到不同形式的听说读写等情境中。 步骤三：归纳。学生通过观察丰富的语言材料，发现、回忆相关语法现象，并通过同伴合作活动，讨论语法规则并总结归纳语法规则。 步骤四：运用。根据话题一致的原则，设置不同情境，从句到篇，由易到难，训练学生在真实生动的语境中达到活学活用目标语法的目的。
非限定性定语从句是英语语法中从句的一种，是定语从句的分支之一。作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立。运用非限定性定语从句，尤其要注意其语法运用及其所表示的东西。 1 who引导的非限制性定语从句 Our guide，who was a French Canadian，was an excellent cook. 我们的向导，一个法裔加拿大人，擅长于烹调。 My gardener，who is very pessimistic，says that there will be no apples this year. 我家的园丁非常悲观，他说今年将不结苹果。 2 whom引导的非限制性定语从句。 关系代词whom用于指人，在句中作动词宾语和介词宾语，作介词宾语时，介词可位于句末。 如：Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris. 彼得现在回巴黎了，你在伦敦见过他。 Mr Smith，from whom I have learned a lot，is a famous scientist. 史密斯先生是一位著名的科学家，我从他那儿学了许多东西。 3 whose引导的非限制性定语从句。 whose是关系代词who的所有格形式，在从句中作定语。whose通常指人，也可指动物或无生命的事物。 如：The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard. 那位小男孩学习很努力，他的父亲是位工程师。 Above the trees are the mountains, whose magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface. 在树林的高处是山，其壮丽的景色完全映照在河面上。 The play，whose style is rigidly formal，is typical of the period. 这剧本是那个时期的典型作品，风格拘谨刻板。 4 which引导的非限制性定语从句。 关系代词which在非限制性定语从句中所指代和修饰的可以是主句中的名词、形容词、短语、其他从句或整个主句，在从句中作主语、动词宾语、介词宾语或表语。 ①which指代主句中的名词，被指代的名词包括表示物、婴儿或动物的名词、表示单数意义的集体名词以及表示职业、品格等的名词。 如：These apple trees，which I planted three years ago，have not borne any fruit. 这些苹果树是我三年前栽的，还没有结过果实。 She is an artist，which I am not. 她是一位艺术家，而我不是。 Water，which is a clear liquid，has many uses. 水是一种清澈的液体，有许多用途。 The two policemen were completely trusted，which in fact they were. 那两个警察完全受到信任，事实上，也真是如此。 ②which指代主句中的形容词。 如：She was very patient towards the children，which her husband seldom was. 她对孩子们很耐心，她丈夫却很少这样。 She is always careless，which we should not be. 她总是马虎大意，我们可不应该这样。 ③which指代主句中的某个从句。
高中英语语法知识点总结 一、定语从句与强调句陷阱题详解 1、The factory was built in a secret place, around _________ high mountains、 A、 which was B、 it was C、 which were D、 them were 【陷阱】 容易误选A或B，将 A、B中的 which 和 it 误认为是其后句子的主语。 【分析】 最佳答案是C，around which were high mountains 是一个由“介词+which”引出的非限制性定语从句，而在该从句中，主语是 high mountains，around which 是表语，所以句子谓语应用复数were，而不是用单数 was。请做以下类例题目（答案均为C）：(1) Yesterday we visited a modern hospital, around _________ some fruit shops、 A、 which is B、 it is
C、 which are D、 them are(2) The murder happened in an old building, beside _________ the city police station、 A、 which are B、 it is C、 which is D、 them are(3) Next month we’ll move to a new building, next to _________ a nice restaurants where we can have Chinese food、 A、 which are B、 it is C、 which is D、 them are 2、 A man with a bleeding hand hurried in and asked, “Is there a hospital around _________ I can get some medicine for my wounded hand?” A、 that B、 which C、 where D、 what
背诵这些句子，英语语法再也不用愁了！ It句型 1. It is/has been 3 years since he got married. 他结婚3年了。 2. It will be 3 years /a long time before everything returns to normal. （将）要3年/很长时间一 切才恢复原状。 3. It was 3 hours before the fire was put out. 过了三个小时大火才被扑灭。 4. It won’t be long before he comes back. 不会要很久他就会回来的。 5. It/This is/was the first(second) time (that) I have been/had been here. 这是我第一（二）次我 来 6. It makes no difference to me when the sports meeting will be held. 运动会什么时候举行对我说无关紧要。 7. Two many students find it difficult to get into the classroom on time in the morning. 太多学生觉得早上按时到校很难。 9. It was Oct 1st, 1949 when PRC was founded. 中华人民共和国成立的时间是 10. It was on Oct 1st, 1949 that China was founded. 中华人民共和国就是在1949年10月1日 成立的。 虚拟语气 11. If I were you, I wouldn’t help him. 如果我是你，我就不会帮他。（与现在） 12. If it were to rain tomorrow, I wouldn’t go for the picnic. If it should rain… If it rained …如果明天下雨，我就不去野餐。（与将来） 13. If you had come earlier, you would have met him. 如果你早一点来你就会遇上他了。（与过 去） 14. (How)I wish I knew the answer now, but I don’t know. 我希望我现在知道答案。（wish） 15. (How)I wish I had known the answer, but I didn’t know. 我希望我当时知道答案，但我不知道。 （wish） 16. I would rather you had finished your homework. 我宁愿你已经完成了作业。（would rather） I would rather (that) you came to see me tomorrow. 我宁愿你明天来看我。 I would rather (that) you left now. 我宁愿你现在就离开。 17. If only I had been to Beijing. 要是我去过北京就好了。（if only） 18. If you had taken/followed the doctor’s advice, you would recover now. 如果你听了医生的劝告，你现在就康复了。（混用） 19. He suggested that we (should) put the meeting forward. His accent suggested that he came fro m Hubei. 他建议我们提前开会，他的口音暗示他来自湖北。（宾从中虚拟与陈述） 20. What is required at the meeting is that the night school (should)be set up by October 1. 会议上提出的要求是夜校要在10月1号前建立。 21. He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he would have scored a goal. 他在进球之前犹豫了一下，要不然，球就进了。 情态动词
定语从句的用法 【概念引入】 欣赏含有定语从句的名言： Laughter is the sun that drives winter from the human face. 笑是太阳，它从人们的脸上赶走冬天。 Don’t trust the first sign that you see. 不要相信你看见的第一个迹象。 All is not gold that glitters. 发光的未必都是金子。 Nothing is impossible to the man who has will. 世上无难事，只怕有心人。 God helps those who help themselves. 自助者天助。 【用法讲解】 一、定语从句的功用和结构 在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词，定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词和关系副词。 This is the present that he gave me for my birthday. 这是他给我的生日礼物。 Do you know everybody who came to the party? 你认识来宴会的每一位吗？ This is the place where Chairman Mao once lived. 这是毛主席曾经居住的地方。 二、各个关系代词和关系副词的具体用法 1. who 指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。 I prefer singers who can write their own lyrics. 我更喜欢能写自己歌词的歌唱家。 These are musicians who make us happy. 这些是能让我们高兴的音乐家。 People who eat a balanced diet are healthier. 平衡饮食的人是健康的。 2. whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语。 Do you know the young man (whom) we met at the gate？ 你认识我们在门口遇到的那个年轻人吗？ Mr. Lee (whom) you want to see has come. 你想见的李先生已经来了。 3. whose 指人，在定语从句中作定语。 The girl whose mother is ill is staying at home today. 她妈妈病了的那个女孩今天呆在家。 I know the boy whose father is a professor. 我认识他的父亲是教授的那个男孩。 4. which指物，在定语从中作主语或宾语。 A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words. 字典是给单词释义的一本书。
高中英语语法知识点总结 Unit One Friendship 一、重点短语 1.go through 经历，经受 get through 通过；完成；接通电话 2. set down 记下，放下 3. a series of 一系列 4 on purpose 有目的的 5. in order to 为了 6. at dusk 傍晚，黄昏时刻 7. face to face 面对面 8. fall in love 爱上 9. join in 参加（某个活动）； take part in 参加（活动） join 加入（组织，团队，并成为其中一员） 10. calm down 冷静下来 11. suffer from 遭受 12. be/get tired of…对…感到厌倦 13. be concerned about 关心 14. get on/along well with 与…相处融洽 15. be good at/do well in 擅长于… 16. find it + adj. to do sth. 发现做某事是… 17. no longer / not …any longer 不再…
18. too much 太多（后接不可数n.） much too 太…(后接adj.) 19. not…until 直到…才 20. it’s no pleasure doing sth 做…并不开心 21. make sb. sth. 使某人成为… make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事 二、语法----直接引语和间接引语 概念：直接引语：直接引述别人的原话。一般前后要加引号。 间接引语：用自己的话转述别人的话。间接引语在多数情况下可构成宾语从句且不要加引号。 例： Mr. Black said, “ I’m busy.” Mr. Black said that he was busy. 变化规则 （一）陈述句的变化规则 直接引语如果是陈述句，变为间接引语时，用连词that（可省略）引导，从句中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语都要发生相应的变化。 人称的变化——人称的变化主要是要理解句子的意思 例：1. He said, “ I like it very much.”→ He said that he liked it very much. 2. He said to me, “I’v left my book in your room.” → He told me that he had left his book in my room. 时态的变化
高中英语语法 第一章名词性从句 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(Noun Clauses）。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语 .宾语 .表语 .同位语 .介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句 .宾语从句 .表语从句和同位语从句。一．主语从句 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it 代替，而本身放在句子末尾。 1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较 It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如： a) It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film. 你不去看那场电影真可惜。 b) It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not. 我对你成功与否不感兴趣。 c) It is in the morning that the murder took place. 谋杀案是在早上发生的。（强调句型） d) It is John that broke the window. 是John打碎的窗户。（强调句型） 2. 用it 作形式主语的结构 (1) It is ＋名词＋从句 It is a fact that …事实是…
It is an honor that …非常荣幸 It is common knowledge that …是常识 (2) It is ＋形容词＋从句 It is natural that…很自然… It is strange that…奇怪的是… (3) It is ＋不及物动词＋从句 It seems that…似乎… It happened that…碰巧… It appears that…似乎… (4) It ＋过去分词＋从句 It is reported that…据报道… It has been proved that…已证实… It is said that…据说… 3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况 （1）if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。 （2）It is said /reported…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week. 错误表达：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. （3）It happens/occurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. 错误表达：That he failed in the examination occurred to him. （4）It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
模块简介 ☆主要应用：本模块主要考察引导词的应用,随着高考英语的改革,英语语法的考点也有所改变,现在主要应用在短文改错和语法填空中 ☆模块等级：本模块难度中等,学生的基础稍微弱一些也可以接受,基础弱的学生需要5-8课时（2h/课）不等,中等学生3课时（2h/课）可以基本掌握,基础好的学生1-2课时（2h/课）可以搞定 ☆知识分布：每节课需要先讲解10个高考重点词汇辨析,之后讲解语法知识,语法知识中的例句与练习题可以相应练习本堂课程中的重点词汇,从而达到复习的效果 ☆习题分布：习题包括08-14年高考题,辽宁省模拟题并且平均练习各个考点 ☆通关确保：本部分习题为课后作业,分为牛刀小试,略有所成,炉火纯青等不同难度的单项选择还包括语法填空与短文改错从而达到最高效的练习 ☆易混模块：本模块容易与名词性从句状语从句混淆,所以三大从句讲解完毕之后会配有知识点总结与 习题练习
定语从句 【知识清单】 【考点一】句子结构 简单句（只有一套主谓结构） （1）主.谓 I sleep. （2）主.谓.宾 I study English. （4）主.谓.间宾.直宾 He gave me anoffer. （3）主.谓.宾.宾补 He makes medelighted. （即双宾语结构） （人一般为间接宾语,物为直接宾语） （5）主.系.表 I am a teacher. 复合句（有两套或两套以上的主谓结构） The girl is beautiful. The girl has long hair. （1）并列句 ①表递进：and. not only...but also.... neither...nor... She not only dances well but also sings well. Neither do I know his address, nor do my parents. ②表选择：or. Either...or..... You can stay here ,or you can leave. Either you leave or I leave. ③表转折：but. Yet. Whereas(然而）. Some men are rich, whereas others are poor. He tried his best, but he failed. ④表因果：so. For. I must be off now, for my sister is waiting for me. I work hard, so I was able to pass the exam. （2）复合句 ①定语从句：The ∧ girl (who has long hair ）is beautiful. beautiful 划线部分作用相同,即定语从句起到形容词的作用 ②状语从句：(时间、地点、原因、条件、让步、目的、结果、方式、比较) 一、定语从句的相关概念 合并为一句话
人教版必修一各单元知识点总结 Unit One Friendship 一、重点短语 1.go through 经历，经受get through 通过；完成；接通电话 2. set down 记下，放下 3. a series of 一系列 4. on purpose 有目的的 5. in order to 为了 6. at dusk 傍晚，黄昏时刻 7. face to face 面对面 8. fall in love 爱上9. join in 参加（某个活动）；take part in 参加（活动） join 加入（组织，团队，并成为其中一员） 10. calm down 冷静下来11. suffer from 遭受12. be/get tired of…对…感到厌倦 13. be concerned about 关心14. get on/along well with 与…相处融洽15. be good at/do well in 擅长于…16. find it + adj. to do sth. 发现做某事是…17. no longer / not …any longer 不再…18. too much 太多（后接不可数n.）much too 太…(后接adj.)19. not…until 直到…才20. it’s no pleasure doing sth 做…并不开心 21. make sb. sth. 使某人成为…make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事 二、语法----直接引语和间接引语 概念：直接引语：直接引述别人的原话。一般前后要加引号。 间接引语：用自己的话转述别人的话。间接引语在多数情况下可构成宾语从句且不要加引号。 例：Mr. Black said, “ I’m busy.” Mr. Black said that he was busy. 变化规则 （一）陈述句的变化规则 直接引语如果是陈述句，变为间接引语时，用连词that（可省略）引导，从句中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语都要发生相应的变化。 人称的变化——人称的变化主要是要理解句子的意思 例：1. He said, “ I like it very much.”→He said that he liked it very much. 2. He said to me, “I’v left my book in your room.” →He told me that he had left his book in my room. 时态的变化