六级阅读长句翻译
1. In 1975 psychologist Robert Ader at the University of Rochester School of Medicine condit
ioned（使形成条件反射） mice to avoid saccharin（糖
精） by simultaneously feeding them the sweetener and injecting them with a drug that while suppressing their immune systems caused stomach upsets.
[参考译文]1975年，罗切斯特大学医学院的心理学家Robert Ader在使老鼠对排斥糖精形成条件反射的试验中，喂食老鼠糖精的同时给它们注射了一种药剂，这种药在破坏老鼠的免疫系统的同时还会引起腹痛。
2. Where is industry’s and our recognition that protecting mankind’s great treasure is the
single most important responsibility?
[参考译文]企业和我们个人什么时候才能意识到保护人类的资源宝藏是最最重要的责任呢？
3. If ever there will be time for environmental health professionals to come to the frontlin
es and provide leadership to solve environmental problems, that time is now.
[参考译文]如果说有需要环保专业人员站出来担负起领导责任的最佳时机的话，现在可谓是正当其时。
4. The Times newspaper agrees, complaining that quality has suffered as student numbers soar ed, with close tutorial supervision giving way to “mass production methods more typical of
European universities.”
[参考译文]《泰晤士报》对此有同感，它报怨说，由于学生人数激增，教学质量受影响，因为个别指导不得不让位于“欧洲大陆国家高校里惯有的大规模生产方式”。
5. If food already contains natural carcinogens, it does not make sense to add dozens of new
man-made ones.
[参考译文]尽管食品中已经含有了天然的致癌物质，但是，再人为地增加一些有毒物质也是很不应该的。
6. By studying mineral grains found in material ranging from rocks to clay articles, previou s researchers have already been able to identify reversals dating back 170 million years, in cluding the most recent switch 730,000 years ago.
[参考译文]通过研究岩石，陶器等一系列材料中含有的矿物颗粒，先前的研究人员已能够确认早在1.7亿年发生的磁场两极转化现象，以及发生在73万年以前的最新一次两极转化现象。
7. Several theories link polarity flips to external disasters such as meteor impacts.
[参考译文]有些理论将两极转化现象归因于诸如陨星撞击等外部因素。
8. They could not learn: they could not benefit from experience because this emotionless wor
ld would lack rewards and punishments.
[参考译文]人们能够学习的原因是：人的经历能够带来奖励或惩罚。换言之，如果人的某一行为得到的是鼓励，他重复这种行为；如果亿的某一行为带给他的是惩罚，他会避免这种行为。为了获得鼓励，避免惩
罚，人会努力去做他人认可的事情，从而不断进步。
9. Out of our emotional experiences with objects and events comes a social feeling of agreem ent that certain things and actions are “good” and others are “bad”, and we apply these
categories to every aspect of our social life-from what foods we eat and what clothes we wea r to how we keep promises and which people our group will accept.
[参考译文]与事物的情感经历使我们产生了一种社会认同感，即认为某些事情或行为是好的，其他的是坏的。我们还把“好”和“坏”的分类推而广之，运用于社会生活的方方面面，——从我们吃的，穿的，到
如何守信以及与什么人为伍等。
10. The current crisis, it contends, does not derive from a legitimate desire to put learnin
g to productive ends.
[参考译文]报告坚持认为，当前高校面临的危机不是由将知识运用于生产这一指导思想导致的，这一思想
是完全正确的。
11. Yet for all the talk of a forthcoming technological utopia little attention has been giv
en to the implications of these developments for the poor.
[参考译文]然而，尽管人们正在大谈特谈即将到来的令人神往的科技王国，却很少有人意识到这些技术发
展中国家意味着什么。
12. The electronic economy made possible by information technology allows the haves to incre
ase their control on global market, —with destructive impact on the have-nots.
[参考译文]信息技术使电子经济成为可能，而电子经济将进一步加强富国对全球市场的控制，从而给穷国
家带来毁灭性的影响。
13. Home schoolers habor few kind words for public schools, charging shortcomings that range from lack of religious perspective in the curriculum to a herdlike approach to teaching chi
ldren.
[参考译文]家庭教育的倡导对学校教育鲜有褒奖，他们指责学校教育的种种弊端，从课和表上没有宗教课
到放牧的教育方法，不一而足。
14. Finally, advertisers try to begin commercials with sounds that are highly different from
those of programming within which the commercial is buried.
[参考译文]最后，广告人员还运用各种方法使广告节目的声音不同于其他节目的声音。
15. The act, designed to protect species’ living areas, and policies that preserve land and
forests compete with economic interests.
[参考译文]这一旨在保护动物生活场所的法案以及一些保护土地及森林的政策却与经济利益相抵触。16. Once again, the scientists have caught us mouthing pieties while acting just the contrar
y.
[参考译文]你会说以貌取人不是美国人的做法，这不公平，令人难以置信然而，科学家们又一次证明我们
言行不一。
17. Not content with its doubtful claim to produce cheap food for our own population, the fa ctory farming industry also argues that “hungry nations are benefiting from advances made b
y the poultry industry.”
[参考译文]工厂养殖业已不满足于我国人口提供廉价食物的可疑说法，进一步提出了“让贫困国家从家禽
养殖业的发展中受益”的论调。
18. then came the weakening of the U.S. dollar against major currencies.
[参考译文]其次，美元对世界其他主要货币的比价下跌。
19. Bottom retail prices—anywhere from 30% to 70% lower than those in Europe and Asia—have attracted some 47 million visitors, who are expected to leave behind $79 billion in 1994. [参考译文]比欧洲和亚洲低30%~70%的零售价价格吸引了约四千七百万的游客于1994年涌入美国，而这些
游客为美国留下了79亿美元的收入。
20. It is said that the public and Congressional concern about deceptive（欺骗性的）
packaging rumpus（喧嚣）
started because Senator Hart discovered that the boxes of cereals consumed by him, Mrs. Hart , and their children were becoming higher and narrower, with a decline of net weight from 12 to 10 1/2 ounces, without any reduction in price.
[参考译文]参议员哈特一家在购买合装麦片时发现，包装盒变高了，变窄了，食品的分量也减少了，然而价格却分文未降。据说，由此在公众和议会中引发了一场关于欺骗性商品包装的轩然大波。
21. The producers of packaged products argue strongly against changing sizes of packages to contain even weights and volumes, but no one in the trade comments unfavorably on the huge c osts incurred by endless changes of package sizes, materials, shape, art work, and net weigh ts that are used for improving a product’s market position.
[参考译文]生产包装产品的商家极力反对在改变了包装上原有分量的商品，但他们却丝毫不反对为了扩大产品的市场优势，用于不断改变包装的大小、用料、形状、制作工艺以及商品的净重的大笔花费。22. If the bottom half can’t effectively staff the processes that have to be operated, the
management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear.
[参考译文]如果生产工人不能有效地完成有关的生产过程，那么，与这些过程相关的管理和专业职位亦将
不复存在。
23. The biographer has to dance between two shaky positions with respect to the subject.
全句的字面意思是：传记作家不得不在与传主所处的摇摆不定位置之间跳来跳致病去。
隐含之义为：传记作家必须与传主保持适当距离，并要时常调整与传主间的距离。
24. In book promotions, the “unauthorized” characterization usually suggests the prospect
of juicy gossip that the subject had hoped to suppress.
[参考译文]推销书时，未经授权的传记往往意味着读者有可能从中读到传主不希望公之于众的，绘声绘色
的内幕故事。
25. In Japan, however, where babies are carried on their mother’s back, infants do not acqu
ire as much attachment to eyes as they do in other cultures.
[参考译文]然而，在日本，由婴儿从小背在母亲背上，他们对眼睛的依恋就不如生长在其他文化环境中的
孩子那样深。
26. Just how critical this eye maneuvering is to the maintainance of conversational flow bec
omes evident when tow speakers are wearing dark glasses…
[参考译文]当谈话双方戴着墨镜时，双方的目光接触在保持交谈顺利进行方面的重要性就不言而喻了。
27. Unlike other lawbreakers, who must leave the country, commit suicide, or go to jail, com puter criminals sometimes escape punishment, demanding not only that they not be charged but that they be given good recommendations and perhaps other benefits.
[参考译文]其他的违法者或者逃亡国外，或者自杀，或者进监狱，计算机犯罪分子却不同，他们可以逃避惩罚，并且要挟不要指控他们，甚至还要求为他们出具有利的推荐信或者为他们提供其他好处，他们的要
求往往能够得到满足。
28. The possibility of increases in the cost of uranium（铀）
in addition to the cost of greater safety provisions could price nuclear power out of the ma
rket.
[参考译文]用于采取进一步的安全措施的费用加上铀价的上涨会使核能因价格过高而失去市场。29. Having weighed up the arguments on both sides, it seems there are good economic and ecol
ogical reasons for sources of energy other than unclear power.
[参考译文]权衡核能赞成者和反对者的论据之后，从经济和生态两方面考虑，似乎有充分的理由认为应选
用其他能源。
30. Clothes play a critical part in the conclusions we reach by providing clues to who peopl
e are, who they are not, and who they would like to be.
[参考译文]人们的穿着能够暗示他们是什么样的人，不是什么样的人，或可能会是什么样的人，因此，在
我们判断一个人时起着关键作用。
31. Coleman concludes that excellent job performance is so common these days that while doin
g your work well may win you pay increases, it won’t secure you the big promotion. [参考译文]科尔曼得出的结论如下：如今出色的工作表现十分普遍，虽说工作出色你可以加薪，但你未必
能够高升。
32. Most women and blacks are so frightened that people will think they’ve gotten ahead bec
ause of their sex or color that they play down（使…不突出）their visibility.
[参考译文]大多数女职员和黑人职员害怕人家说自己是因为性别或种族才得到提拔的，因此，他们尽量不
去抛头露面。
33. The Oxford dictionary can therefore stand more vigorous scrutiny for cultural bias than the Longman dictionary because the latter does not hesitate about viewing the rest of the wo rld from the cultural perspectives of the English-speaking world.
[参考译文]因此，《牛津词典》比《朗读曼词典》更经得起文化偏见的严格审视，因为后者总是说英语国
家的视角来评判其他国家的文化现象。
34. In reality, though the BBC dictionary will be purchased by a far wider range of language
learners, as will the other two dictionaries.
[参考译文]实际上，BBC词典将拥有比另外两本词典更广的读者群。
35. And this separation the detective feels between himself and the rest of the world is dee pened by the simple mindedness as he sees it-of citizens, social workers, doctors, law-maker s, and judges, who, instead of eliminating crime punish the criminals less severely in the h
ope that this will make them reform.
[参考译文]由于警察认为人们（市民，社会工作者，医生，立法人员以及法官）头脑简单—比如，法官不是重罚以消除犯罪而是量刑从轻以期促使罪犯改过自新—因此，他们与社会之间的隔阂更深一层。
36. A spear or a robot is as much a cultural as a physical object.
[参考译文]予和机器人既是物理体，同样也是文化现象。
37. The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but
, custom, we have a way of thinking, is behavior at its most commonplace.
[参考译文]对于人脑的内部活动，我们认为特别值得研究。但对于传统风俗，我们却觉得那不过是最最平
常的行为而已。
38. John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the beh avior of the individual as over against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, i s as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue over against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the language of his family.
[参考译文]约翰·杜威曾经十分认真地说过，风俗习惯对个人的行为的影响与个人对传统习惯的影响之比，正如一个人母语的词汇总量与他儿时从家庭用语中学会的儿童用语之比。
39. The most vivid body of “things” in it, of course, are musical instruments.
[参考译文]当然，音乐文化的最生动的物质载体是乐器。
40. Through the study of instruments, as well as painting, written document s, and so on, we can explore the movement of music from the Near East to China over a thousand years ago, or we can outline the spread of Near Eastern influence to Europe that resulted in the developme nt of most of the instruments in the symphony orchestra.
[参考译文]通过对图片、文字记载以及乐器等的研究，我们可以了解一千多年以前近东音乐传入中国的情况，也可以勒出近东音乐的影响波及欧洲并导致交响乐的大部分乐器发展和演变的大致轮廓。
41. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities directed against one another, is d istinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social entities independently str iving for something which is in inadequate supply.
[参考译文]战争冲突与竞争不同，前者可以定义为社会实体之间彼此对立的抗争，后者可定义为各个实体
在单独获取供应不足的物资时所产生的对抗。
42. Many authors have argued for the inevitability of war from the premise that in the strug
gle for existence among animal species, only the fittest survive.
[参考译文]许多作家根据动物世界为生存而进行的斗争中具有适者生存的规律这一点，论证战争是不可避
免的。
43. As Dr. Samuel Johnson said in different ear about ladies preaching, the surprising thing
about computers is not that they think less well than a man, but that they think at all. [参考译文]正如在不同时代，塞缪尔·约翰逊博士所谈论的女士布道一样，计算机的惊人之处不是它们的
思考能力不如人类，而是它们居然会思考。
44. Finally, the line between the original and the copy becomes unclear.
[参考译文]最后，人类和计算机之间的界线将变得模糊起来。
45. Having evolved when the pace of life was slower, the human brain has an inherent defect that prevents it from absorbing several streams of information simultaneously and acting on
them quickly.
[参考译文]由于在其进化期间，人类的生活节奏较为缓慢，人脑形成了固有的缺陷，不能同时接收来自多
个渠道的信息并迅速进行处理。
47. In an ideal world, there would be some ways of controlling quality such as that the VCR
must be redesigned repeatedly until, say. 90 per cent of the time.
[参考译文]理想的社会里，一定会有办法来监控产品的质量。例如，对录像机，可以通过反复设计，最终达到，比方说，使90%的用户在90%的情况下能正确使用其90%的功能。
47. We have only to look behind us to get some sense of what may lie ahead.
[参考译文]要想知道未来会是什么样子，我们就要回顾过去。或者：回顾过去，我们可以据此展望未来。
48. No one looking ahead 20 years possibly could have foreseen the ways in which a single in vention, the chip, would transform our world thanks to its applications in personal computer
s, digital communications and factory robots.
[参考译文]如果20年前的人们预想现在的情况，恐怕谁也无法预见到仅集成电路块一项发明，一旦将其运用于个人电脑、数字通信和工厂机器人身上，会给世界带来怎样的变化。
49. Interestingly, though, the rise of the unattractive overnight successes was attributed m ore to personal relationships and less to ability than was that of attractive overnight succ
esses.
[参考译文]然而，有趣的是，如果长相平平的女士和漂亮的女士都有突然获得成功，人们会认为长相平平的女士的人际关系比漂亮女士好，而她们的能力却不如漂亮女士。
50. Most of these books, as well as several chapters, mainly in, but not limited to, journal ism and broadcasting handbooks and reporting texts, stress the “how to ” aspects of journa listic interviewing rather than the conceptual aspects of the interview, its context, and im
plications.
[参考译文]大多数的这类书和一些章节强调如何进行采访，而不是研究采访的概念性问题，比如采访的概念性问题，比如采访的背景以及含义。这些章节主要见于，但也不限于，报章杂志、广播手册以及新闻报
道的书籍中。
51. In the second stage, the question of whether the home economy was less efficient in prod ucing these new goods and services was irrelevant; if the family were to enjoy these fruits of industrialization, they would have to be obtained in the marketplace.
[参考译文]在第二阶段，作坊经济生产提供这些新产品或新服务的效率是否低下已无关紧要。如果作坊成员要分享工业化的成果，他们必须到市场上去获得这些新产品和新服务。
52. Just as the appearance of the automobile made the use of the horsedrawn carriage illegal and then impractical, and the appearance of television to a source of background music, so most of the fruits of economic growth did not increase the options available to the home eco nomy to either produce the goods or services or purchase them in the market.
[参考译文]正如汽车的问世使得马车成为非法品、继而使其毫无用武之地，电视的出现使收音机的娱乐功能收缩为只用来播放一些背景音乐一样，多数的经济成果并没有给家庭作坊经济提供更多的选择余地：是自行提供这些产品或服务，还是到市场上去购买，它已别无选择。
53. The neoclassical model that view the family as deciding…is basically a model of the fir
st stage.
[参考译文]全句可理解为：把家庭看作可决定直接生产提供某些产品和服务还是到市场上去购买产品和服务的新古典主义模式，从根本上说，还是第一阶段的模式。
54. Ironically（讽刺性
地）, those things that keep us from knowing another person too well (e.g., secrets and dece ptions) may be just as important to the development of a satisfying relationship as those th ings that enable us to obtain accurate knowledge about a person (e.g., disclosures and truth
ful statements).
[参考译文]具有讽刺意义的是，在培养满意的人际关系方面，那些使我们不能很好地了解他人的事情（如隐秘、欺瞒）却跟那些有助于我们了解他人的事情（如自我展示、实话）一样重要。
55. Apple Computer, Inc. has introduced two new, faster personal computers, the Mackintosh I
I and Mackintosh SE, in anticipation of the introduction of a new PC by IBM, one of Apple’s
major competitors.
[参考译文]由于预料到自己的主要竞争对手IBM将推出其新一代个人电脑，苹果电脑公司率先推出两款速
度更快的新产品：Mackintosh II和Mackintosh SE.
56. Making Apple computers capable of running IBM software is Apple’s effort at making the Mackintosh compatible with IBM computers and thus more popular in the office, where Apple ho
pes to increase sales.
[参考译文]通过使自己的产品能够运行IBM软件，苹果公司希望使Mackintosh机与IBM电脑兼容、进而使其更适合办公室应用。苹果公司希望增加其产品在办公室应用方面的销量。
57. In terms of our capacity to sample the relevant universes, however, and the probability that our images of these universes are at least approximately correct, one suspects that a r
everse order is more reasonable.
[参考译文]然而，考虑到我们对有关领域的研究能力，以及我们对这些领域的认识至少大体正确这一点，
也许以相反的顺序排列这三类学科更为合理。
58. Even the folk knowledge in social systems on which ordinary life is based in earning, sp
ending, organizing, marrying, taking part in political activities, fighting and so on, is no t very dissimilar from the more sophisticated images of the social system derived from the s ocial sciences, even though it is built upon the very imperfect samples of personal experien
ce.
[参考译文]虽然仅仅是基于对个体经验的非常不完善的研究，但各个社会中老百姓关于收入、开支、组织、婚嫁、参与政治、战争等的知识却与社会学家关于社会学的复杂知识并无二致。这些民间知识是人们日常
生活的基础。
59. But don’t expect them ever on U.S. shores unless things change in Washington.
[参考译文]除非华盛顿的政策有变，否则，永远别指望这些先进的反应堆会出现在美国本土之上。
60. The power company could pass the cost of Shoreham along to its consumers only if it agre
ed not to operate the plant!
[参考译文]这句话的字面意思是：电力公司要想把代价转嫁给消费者，就必须同意不开发电厂。
61. If sufficient rain falls the next year to form another lake, the eggs hatch, and once ag ain the shrimps pass rapidly through their cycle of growth, adulthood, egg-laying, and death. [参考译文]如果第二年降水量足以形成一个新的湖泊，虾卵就会孵化，再次经历由生长，到成熟，再到孵
卵，最后到死亡的短暂的生命历程。
62. When “sexism meets ageism, poverty is no longer on the doorstep—it moves in,” accordi
ng to Tish Sommers, …
[参考译文]这是一种形象说法，其字面意思是“性别歧视和年龄歧视相遇时，贫困就不只是在门外徘徊，
而是破门而入了。”
63. One doesn’t lose ability and experience on the eve of one’s 65th or 70th birthday any
more than one grows up instantly at age 21.
[参考译文]正如人在21岁时不会一夜之间突然长在成人一样，人在65岁或70岁生日的前夕，也不会一下
失去他的能力和经验。
64. A research paper, assigned in a course and perhaps checked at various stages by an instr uctor, leads you beyond classrooms, beyond the texts for classes and into a process where th
e joy o
f discovery and learnin
g can come to you many times.
[参考译文]研究论文，多是在一门课程的学习过程中布置的，又有指导教师不时地进行检查，可以将学习者带出教室，使其摆脱课堂教材的束缚，进入一个不断获得新发现和新知识的充满乐趣的过程。
65. At least by middle adulthood, the women who were involved in a combination of roles—mar riage, motherhood, and employment—were the highest in well-being, despite warnings about st
ress and strain.
[参考译文]至少在中年阶段上，最幸福的女性是那些身兼数职的妇女——她们为人妻，为人母，又有自己
的职业，——尽管她们也很劳累很紧张。
66. Even after graduation, young people find their wings clipped by skyrocketing housing cos
ts.
[参考译文]甚至大学毕业之后，年轻人发现，由于房租飞涨，自己的翅膀仍然硬不起来。
67. And aging parents, who should be enjoying some financial and personal freedom, find them
selves stuck with responsibilities.
[参考译文]另一方面，本该在经济上和个人生活上安享自由的年迈双亲，却发现自己仍然难以摆脱供养子
女的责任。
68. Most of the citizens of earlier generations knew little or nothing about the complicated and delicate system that runs all through nature, and which means that, as in a living body , an unhealthy condition of one part will sooner or later be harmful to all the others. [参考译文]我们的先辈对普遍存在于自然界、并制约自然界的、复杂而又脆弱的系统知之甚少，甚至一无所知。受制于这个系统的自然界就像生命体一样，一部分出了问题，其他部分迟早会受影响。
69. We need to know the importance of big, mature trees, because living space for most of ma n’s fellow creatures on this planet is figured not only in square measure of surface but al
so in cubic volume above the earth.
[参考译文]我们要认识到大树的重要性，因为动物的生存空间不仅应按平方面积来计算，还应按立方体积
来计算。
70. The best sleep habits once were forced on us, when we had nothing to do in the evening d
own on the farm, and it was dark.
[参考译文]当时良好的睡眠习惯是被迫养成的，因为到了晚上，地里无活可干，而天又黑且无照明设施。
71. They suggest that to knowingly give oneself over to a behavior that has a statistical pr
obability of shortening life is similar to attempting sucicide.
[参考译文]他们认为，明知某些行为会缩短生命却还要去干，那无异于自杀。
72. It is natural enough after long years of childhood, when you were completely under your
parents’ control.
[参考译文]由于童年时代长期完全受父母的管束，形成这种消极看事物的方法是很自然的。
73. But the effect of all this on the food situation is this country has been made worse by
a simultaneous rise in food prices, due chiefly to the gradual cutting down of government su
pport for food.
[参考译文]与此同时，由于政府逐步削减食品补贴而引起的价格上涨，使上述一切对英国的食品供应状况
所产生的影响进一步恶化。
74. More over, the rise in domestic prices has come at a time when world prices have begun t o fall, with the result that imported food, with the exception of grain, is often cheaper th
an the home-produced variety.
[参考译文]英国的食品价格是在世界食品价格开始下跌这一背景下上涨的，结果，除了谷物之外，其他进
口食品通常要比本国食品还要便宜。
75. It would have amazed the brightest minds of the 18th century Enlightenment（启蒙运动）
to be told by any of us how little we know and how bewildering seems the way ahead.
[参考译文]如果我们对十八世纪启蒙运动的伟大思想家说，我们对自然界知之甚少，对前景也十分茫然，
他们定会深感震惊。
76. the hard thing is knowing in some detail the reality of ignorance, the worst spots and h ere and there the not-so-bad spots, but no true light at the end of the tunnel nor even any
tunnels that can yet be trusted.
[参考译文]令人们感到痛苦的是，多少意识到自己无知，知道问题最大的地方和问题不太严重的地方，但
却看不到解决问题的希望所在或解决问题的途径。
77. At present, it is generally accepted, although more as a self-evident statement than on
the base of a closely-reasoned scientific proof.
[参考译文]目前，这一观点已被人普遍接受，但只是作为一种不言自明的说法，而不是经过严格推理的科
学论证而被接受的。
78. The theoretical separation of living, working, traffic and recreation which for many yea rs has been used in town-and-country planning, has in my opinion resulted in disproportionat e attention for forms of recreation far from home whereas there was relatively little attent
ion for improvement of recreative possibilities in the direct neighbourhood of the home. [参考译文]多年来指导城乡建设规划的理论，是把生活区、工作区、交通地段和娱乐区彼此分开，结果，过多地发展了远离住宅区的娱乐设施而忽视了住宅区周围的娱乐设施。
79. Also, union spokesmen emphasize that the benefit of the increased production and lower c osts made possible by automation should be shared by workers in the form of higher wages, mo
re leisure, and improved living standards.
[参考译文]同时，工会发言人强调，工人应该通过提高工资、延长休息时间和改善生活水平等形式来分享
自动化带来的生产增加、成本降低的利益。
80. We may have been looking at all those survey s and statistics upside down, it seems, and
through the rosy glow of our own remembered college experience.
[参考译文]看来，我们对那些调查材料和统计数据的看法一直是本末倒置的，也许还受到了我们对大学时
期那些美好回忆的影响。
81. And when fifty years ago “being employed” meant working as a factory labourer or as a farmhand, the employee of today is increasingly a middleclass person with a substantial form al education, holding a professional or management job requiring intellectual and technical
skills.
[参考译文]50年前，被雇佣意味着在工厂、农场当劳工。可是今天，雇员越来越多地来自中产阶级，他们受过较多的正规教育，从事对智力、技能要求较高的专业或管理工作。
82. Certainly more people fail because they do not know the requirements of being an employe
e than because they do not adequately possess the skills o
f their trade; the higher you clim b the ladder, the more you get into administrative or executive work, the greater the emphas is on ability to work within the organization rather than on technical abilities or professi
onal knowledge.
[参考译文]可以肯定，人们失败的原因更多的是不懂得如何当好雇员，而不是缺乏本行业的专业技能。你的地位越高，担任的行政管理工作权力越大，你就越要注意如何在单位内部开展工作方面下功夫，这比技
术能力和专业知识重要得多。
83. The ease, for example, with which people can change from working in the day to working a t night is a question of growing importance in industry where automation calls for round-the
-clock working of machines.
[参考译文]例如，由于工业自动化要求机器昼夜运转，人们能否轻松地把白天工作改成晚上工作就成为工
业生产中日益重要地问题了。
84. When they change to night work the pattern will only gradually go back to match the new routine and the speed with which it does so parallels, broadly speaking, the adaptation of t he body as a whole, particularly in terms of performance.
[参考译文]当他们改上夜班时，这个模式又要重新逐渐适应新的情况，这一适应变化的速度与整个身体的
适应程度大体一致，从工作表现方面来看更是如此。
85. It has made living alone possible for persons with normal social impulses; …
[参考译文]电话的存在使得有着正常的人际交往欲望的人们可以离群索居。
86. Certainly it has extended the scope of human conflicts, since it impartially disseminate
s（传播）
the useful knowledge of scientists and the nonsense of the ignorant, the affection of the af fectionate and the malice（恶意）of the malicious.
[参考译文]当然，由于电话不偏不倚地传播科学家的真知，无知者的废话，仁者的爱心，歹徒的恶意，它
也就扩大了人间冲突的范围。
87. To say that the child learns by imitation and that the way to teach is to set a good exa
mple oversimplifies.
[参考译文]认为儿童通过模仿学习，因此认为给儿童树立榜样便是教育儿童的诀窍，这种观点把问题简单
化了。
88. Thus, the desire to solve any objective situation is overlaid with the desire to solve i
t properly.
[参考译文]因此，儿童达到目的愿望之外，又有采用恰当方法的要求。亦即：因此儿童意识到，不仅要解
决问题，还要解决得得体。
89. A million years further on man and his machines may have merged as closely as the muscle
s of the human body and the nerve cells that set them in motion.
[参考译文]再过一百万年，人类与他制造的机械装置就会合而为一，其关系之密切正如人体的肌肉和控制
肌肉运动的神经细胞密不可分一样
英语学习中，特别是阅读理解中，“长难句”最麻烦。今天小编和同学们分享通过分析英语句子中的重要特点“三长两短一并列”，江湖人称“括号法”，帮助同学们轻松解决长难句问题！ 01 什么是“三长两短一并列” 我们先来看两句话： ①我是李辉。(I am Li Hui.) ②我爱你。(I love you. ) 这两句话中只有"主干成分"而没有"修饰成分"。像这样的句子，中文和英文的"语序"(单词排列顺序)基本是一致的，都是"主-系-表"或者"主-谓-宾"，理解起来非常容易。 然而，加上修饰成分后，中文与英文句子之间的语序就会发生变化。来看两个例子： ①我是中国的李辉。(I am Li Hui from China.) ②我全心全意地爱你。(I love you with all my heart.) 从例子中可以看出，修饰成分在中英文中出现的位置是不一样的。而当一个句子中有很多个修饰成分时，该句子就会变得很长，不易理解。 例如：
After chatting with Laura on this matter for two hours from 2:00 to 4:00 in the afternoon, I returned to my office. 这个句子中含有大量的"介词短语"这种修饰成分。我们给这个句子中的全部介词短语加上括号，该句就会变成： (After chatting) (with Laura) (on this matter) (for two hours) (from 2:00) (to 4:00) (in the afternoon), I returned (to my office). 此时大家便可发现，这个句子虽然很长，但是真正的主干其实只有I returned两个单词而已。可见，介词短语正是让英语句子变得又长又难的原因之一！ 当然，以上几个句子还比较简单（少量介词短语对句意理解的影响不大），但是，当句子中出现更多类似介词短语的修饰成分时，可想而知，由于中英文语序的不同，英文句子会变得"面目全非"，令人难以理解。由此看来，英语中灵活多变的修饰成分正是造成英语句子又长又难的头号罪犯，只要搞定这些修饰部分，就能搞定英语长难句。 幸运的是，尽管这些修饰成分数量很多、位置也不好把握，但是，它们的种类却是非常固定的。小编将这些修饰成分总结为"三长两短"。所谓"三长"，就是构成长难句的三种较长修饰成分(即介词短语、从句、非谓语动词短语)；所谓"两短"，指的是镶嵌于句子之中的、会稍稍提高句子复杂度的两种较短修饰成分(即形容词、副词)。而除了"三长两短"之外，另外一个使句子变得复杂的结构就是"平行并列结构"。"平行并列结构"是由一些并列关系的连词(and、or、as well as等)将句子变长的重要手段。
英语高考作文中的长难句 1. 我哥哥正骑着车，我坐在后座上。(97全国) 2. 在另一边，过去是操场的地方现在矗立着一座新楼----我们图书馆。(99全国) 3. 过去的大约20年，我们的生活发生了很大变化。(04春季北京) 4. 此外我们要建一个小花园供读书、休息用。(04福建) 5. 三班的学生就是否有必要从儿童时期开始学习英语进行了讨论。(04湖北) 6. 在一摊位上，一位妇女正在买冰淇林，突然她身后的一年轻人夺走了她的手提包。(04辽宁) 7. 如果你想试试，六月底前到电视台报名。(04全I) 8. 我们学生应该通过努力学习而不是作弊来争取好成绩。(05福建) 9. 依我看，我们应尽量养成健康的饮食习惯以增强体质。(06福建) 10. 最近对高中生的英语阅读兴趣做了一次调查。(06湖北) 11. 然而喜欢阅读科普文章的学生数字是喜欢阅读关于学习方法的两倍。(06湖北) 12. 他喜欢尝试各种方法使他的课生动有趣。(06湖南) 13. 根据规定，每位学生每次可借书多达5本，借期10天。(06全I) 14. 当我突然病倒时，是你把我背到附近的医院。(07湖南) 15. 业余工作能帮助我们建立新的友谊，提高我们社会技能。(07陕西) 16. 如图所示，越来越多的学生遭受近视之苦。(07天津) 17. 是该采取措施保护视力的时候了。(07天津) 18. 长时间的阅读也会导致近视。(07天津) 19. 由于塑料袋的过多使用带来严重的白色污染，政府鼓励我们使用环保购物袋。(08安徽) 20. 我们将垃圾分别放进附近的可回收和不可回收垃圾桶。(08北京) 21. 使我印象深刻的是他的那句名言：天才是1%的灵感加上99%的汗水。(08湖南) 22. 海伦·凯勒给我们树立了优秀榜样。她的故事告诉我们应该珍惜所拥有的并努力克服生活中的任何困难。(08湖南) 23. 善于倾听可表示尊重，增进理解，改善人际关系。(08江苏) 24. 我们应该形成好的人生态度。生活中不仅有阳光，还有艰辛。(08辽宁) 25. 我们学生很少知道国内外发生的事，更不用说能为国家做什么了。(08陕西) 26. 我不会用纸杯和一次性筷子这样的东西，因为它们是木材做的。(08四川) 27. 我相信做到所有这些小事将改善我们的环境并有助于使我们的世界成为更好的生活地方。(08四川) 28. 这样学生不仅可以提高写作能力，还能增强自信心。(08四川) 29. 我们感觉保护和美化环境是我们的责任。(09北京) 30. 据说在中国略高于50%的学生是近视的，排世界第一。(09广东) 31. 首先最好和你妈妈多谈谈。心与心的交谈帮你们更好地理解对方。(09陕西) 32. 我很荣幸在这儿谈谈水资源短缺及其应付办法。(10福建) 33. 众所周知，由于全球变暖、环境污染及不断增加的人口，水资源短缺变得愈发严重。(10福建) 34. 最后但同样重要的是，利用好水是每个人的责任，比如在日常生活中循环和节约用水。(10福建) 35. 申请人必须母语是英语，汉语流利者优先。(10辽宁)
Unit 4 Making the news 1.What do you imagine will be your future occupation?(P25) 设想你未来的职业会是什么? 剖析do you imagine在此句中做插入语,类似的插入语还有do you think,do you believe,do you suppose等。 考点延伸 I think/believe/suppose/imagine/expect+宾语从句,意为“我认为……”。 I don’t think/believe/suppose/imagine/expect+宾语从句,意为“我认为……不……”。 I think/believe/suppose/imagine/expect so.我认为是这样。 I don’t think/believe/suppose/imagine/expect so. =I think/believe/suppose/imagine/expect not. 我认为不是这样。 2.Never will Zhou Yang(ZY) forget his first assignment at the office of a popular English newspaper.(P26) 周阳永远都不会忘记他在一家畅销英文报纸办公室被分派的第一项工作任务。 剖析本句是一个倒装句。整个句子还原后是一个“主谓宾”结构的简单
句。正常语序应为:Zhou Yang(ZY)will never forget his first assignment at the office of a popular English newspaper.否定副词never置于句首以加强语气,句子的语序往往要部分倒装。所谓部分倒装即把谓语的一部分如助动词、情态动词或系动词等提到主语的前面。 考点延伸 放在句首时,句子需部分倒装的含有否定意义的副词和短语还有hardly,rarely,seldom,little,nor,neither,not only,not until,scarcely,no sooner,by no means,at no time,under no circumstances等。 https://www.doczj.com/doc/5e4425861.html,ter you can cover a story and submit the article yourself.(P26) 晚些时候,你就可以独自去进行新闻采访并递交稿件了。 ★考点submit vt.提交;呈递(文件等)vi.服从,屈服 4.You’ll find your colleagues very eager to assist you,so you may be able to concentrate on photography later if you’re interested.(P26) 你将发现你的同事们会非常热情地帮助你,因此如果你对摄影感兴趣,以后你可以集中精力去钻研。 ★考点assist vt. 帮助;协助;援助 5.Only if you ask many different questions will you acquire all the information you need to know.(P26) 只有提很多不同的问题,你才能收集到你所需要的信息。
如何掌握长难句 复杂长句是考研阅读理解短文的最显著特点之一，是文章语言难度所在，也是命题者常常出题之处。因此具备较好的剖析复杂长句的能力，对于考研阅读理解至关重要。复杂长句典型的特点是，多个语法现象或特殊句式同时出现在一个较长的句子中，使句子修饰词很多，句中套句，成分中套成分，从而造成考生对其准确意义的理解困难。 对于复杂长句，不管其结构多么复杂多变、盘根错节，只要把握住句子结构的主脉络抓住句子的关键词和关键信息，再根据自己所掌握的各种语法知识及一些特殊句式的构成规律，就可理清头绪，找到思路。由于复杂长句很难理解，考生在平时阅读时应多加练习。 下面分8类总结了最典型的70句真题长难句，希望考生复习时能多揣摩，如能将其中英文全部背熟，长难句肯定过关。 第一节比较结构 1.There are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. 【参考译文】现在已有一些机器人系统能够进行精确到毫米以下的脑部和骨骼手术---这要比极具技巧的医生单单用手精确得多。 2.I have discovered，as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress，that abandoning the doctr ine of “juggling your life”，and making the alternative move into “downshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status． 【参考译文】或许正像凯尔西在不堪积劳重负而公开地辞去她在《她》杂志社的编辑一职之后—样，我已经发现，放弃那种“为生活忙碌”的人生信条并转而追求比较悠闲的生活带给你的回报远远大于经济成功和社会地位。 3.While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline—after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late’80s—and is still linked to the politics of thrift，in Britain，at least among the middle-class down shifters of my acquaintance，we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives. 【参考译文】在美国，这一返朴趋势是以经济衰落的反应为开始的---那是在80年代末期裁员而引起大量的失业之后---现在依然与提倡节俭的政纲相关；而在英国，最起码在我所熟识的中产阶级返朴归隐者中，追求简约生活的原因就多种多样了。
高考真题长难句解析100句 这个定理，先是由十七世纪法国数学家皮尔法特提出，曾使一批杰出的数学大师为难，包括一位法国女科学家，她在解决这个难题方面取得了重大的进展，她曾女扮男装为了能够在伊科尔理工学院学习。 简析：夹杂过去分词短语，现在分词短语，动名词及两个定语从句。 2. It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers, although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when e-mail is introduced, the printers start working overtime. That is, the growing demand for paper in recent years is largely due to the increased use of the Internet. 由于因特网的使用，计算所使用的纸张的数量是很难的，然而几乎任何在办公室工作的人能告诉你，当引进电子邮件后，打印机就开始超时工作。也就是说近年来人们对于纸张的日益需求主要是由于因特网越来越多的使用。 简析：夹杂较复杂的句型结构，关键词just about几乎；overtime超时地。 3. Perhaps the best sign of how computer and internet use pushes up demand for paper comes from the high-tech industry itself, which sees printing as one of its most promising new market. 或许，表明电脑及因特网使用促进人们对于纸张的需求的最好迹象源于高科技产业本身，印刷业被认为是高科技产业极有前景的新市场之一。 简析：夹杂较复杂的句型结构，关键词promising有前途的。 4. The action group has also found acceptable paper made from materials other than wood, such as agricultural waste. 这个行动组也发现一种人们可接受的纸，制成这种纸的原料不是木料，而是农业废料。 简析：关键词other than而不是。 5. Mostly borrowed from English and Chinese, these terms are often changed into forms no longer understood by native speakers. 这些术语，主要从英语和汉语引入，经常会变成不再被说本族语的人们理解的形式。 简析：关键词term术语。
高考英语阅读理解长难句解析 第一部分：高中英语长难句解析 在阅读中，我们经常会遇到一些长而难的句子。长难句通常含有较多、较长的修饰成分、并列成分或从句。长难句的丰富内容和复杂结构往往会导致理解的困难。理解长难句的关键是了解长难句的类型，理清句子成分，抓住句子中的关键部分。 纵观历年高考英语试题，可以发现阅读文章中出现了许多结构复杂的句子。不难理解，命题者在句子难度上大做文章，无非是想通过增加句子长度和使用复杂结构来打断和干扰考生正常的阅读习惯和思维方式，从而达到考查考生综合阅读能力的目的。下面我们来了解长难句最常见的形式。一、复合从句 这些句子往往较长，一个从句套着另一个从句，环环相扣，使得考生搞不清楚整个句子结构。其实，不管句子有多长有多复杂，它只由两部分构成，即主干和修饰成分。主干是整个句子的骨架，主要指主谓宾结构(如: I want a ticket.)或主系表结构(如:The man is a teacher.)。而修饰成分在句中只起修饰或补充主干的作用，它既可以是单词，也可以是短语，更常见的则是从句，尤其是定语从句和状语从句。这些从句都很常见，考生比较熟悉，但很多时候不少考生分不清单词、短语和从句之间的相互关系，这样会导致整个句子分析混乱。 这时，考生应通过仔细分析，将每个修饰成分划出来，找出句子的主干，这样整个句子结构就清晰了。 二、分隔结构 为了调整语气和增加补充信息，更主要的是为了平衡句子结构，避免头重脚轻，使语义严密，结构紧凑，可将语法关系密切的两个句子成分用其他语法成分分隔开来，这就是所谓的分隔结构。考试中出现较多的是插入语、用破折号插入的新话题或补充信息。此外，还有一些句子成分（一般是定语）过长而出现后置，也可以看作是插入现象，只不过它只是句子原有成分位置的调整，没有新增信息。 三、成分省略 在英语句子中，节约用词是一条重要的修辞原则。省略主要是为了避免重复，突出关键词并使上下文紧密连接。成分省略一般和从句相结合，一正一反，使句子富于变化，增强表现力。 例如在以than，as引导的比较状语从句中，一些成分往往被省略，会给理解带来一定的影响，而且这类句子出现频率较高，考生需要熟记。
高中英语阅读与写作训练讲义 第一讲阅读能力训练：长难句分析 写作指导：句子的合并 Part 1: Warming-up exercise 高考新题型：语法填空训练 Everyone needs friends. It is nice to have a friend _______ (talk), laugh, and do things with. Surely, there are times ________we need to be alone. But we would feel lonely if we never have a friend. No two people are ________same. Sometimes friends don't get ________ well, which doesn't mean that they no longer like each other. Most of the time, they will go on being friends .Sometimes friends move away and we miss them very much, ________we can call them and write to them. Maybe we would even see them ________, and we can make new friends. It is ________ (surprise) to find out how much we like new people when we get to know them. There's more good news for people, if they have friends. ________ live longer than those people if those don't have friends. Why? It could be that they are happier. Being happy________ (help) you stay well. If someone cars about you, you take ________ (good) care of yourself. Part 2: Reading strategies 在阅读中，我们经常会遇到一些长而难的句子。长难句通常含有较多、较长的修饰成分、并列成分或从句。长难句的丰富内容和复杂结构往往会导致理解的困难。理解长难句的关键是了解长难句的类型，理清句子成分，抓住句子中的关键部分。首先，让我们来回顾一下句子的五种基本结构： 一、句子的基本结构 1.S + V （主谓） He has come. 2.S + V + P （主、系、表） Mary is a student. He looks old. 3.S + V +O （主、谓、宾） I need some help. The train will arrive in Beijing. 4.S + V + O +O （主、谓、宾、宾） He told us a story. = He told a story to us. 5.S + V + O +C （主、谓、宾、补） Anne made her diary her best friend. Nature kept her spellbound.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/5e4425861.html,/ 考研学习群：432164727 1考研英语：几类长难句总结及介绍 考研英语中，有大量的长难句，让同学们感到十分头疼，在考研阅读里面，长难句更是一个命题点，很多同学都是对长难句望而却步，感觉自己无法逾越这个鸿沟，导致在考试中失分，其实如果考生研究一下长难句其实不难，大多数同学还是可以攻克长难句的。首先要了解考研英语长难句是如何构成的，命题人员在简单句基础上进行改造时，主要从结构上通过三种方式来使句子更加复杂。修饰成分复杂；大段的插入与或同位语;语序调整或倒装。这三种方式往往相互结合形成错综复杂的句子即混合型句子。目的是提高难度、增强干扰、打乱考生的思维从而达到检验考生阅读能力和的目标。下面分别对这三种方式进行解析。 第一类：修饰成分复杂 句子本不难，但是修饰成分多且长。从句(定语、状语、同位语从句等)修饰;介词短语修饰;不定式修饰。经常是在同一个句子里既有从句又有介词短语，且都不止一个。对于这种长难句，同学们一定要注意抓住句子主干，先把主干给梳理清楚了，在此基础上再进行添枝加叶，这样才能知道这句话在说什么内容。 例：As a discovery claim works its way through the community,the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery. 分析：主语是the interaction and confrontation，谓语是transforms，伴随状语为As a discovery claim works its way through the community,定语为between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved，修饰主语the interaction and confrontation 译文：随着发现声明通过科学界起作用，科学和技术涉及到的共有的互动和冲突把个人的发现声明转化为科学界可信的发现。 第二类：大段的插入与或同位语。 对于有很长插入语的句子，其实是假老虎，本质上是不难理解的，只不过学生很难把主谓的关系联系起来，在阅读的时候我们要先把句子主干找出来，先不用管插入语的，先从整体上去理解，然后在其基础上再把插入语给充实进去。 例：The Internet --and pressure from funding agencies,who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it --is making access to scientific results a reality. 分析：在浏览该句时，发现句子中出现了双破折号，其中间的内容and pressure from funding agencies,who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it 为插入语，浏览的时候先跳过。这样就可以看到把主干The Internet is making access to scientific results a reality 理解了。然后再把具体插入语给填充进去就可以了。
高考真题长难句荟萃22 长难句1：While running regularly can’t make you live forever, the review says it is more effective at lengthening life than walking, cycling or swimming. 译文：尽管经常跑步不能让你长生不老，但是这份报告指出，经常跑步在延长寿命方面比步行、骑车和游泳更有效。 点拨： while 虽然，尽管 lengthen （使）延长，（使）加长 长难句2：Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes. 译文：这份报告的两个作者在2014 年还发表过一项研究，这项研究表明每天跑步5到10 分钟，会降低因各种原因导致的心脏病和过早死亡的风险。 分析： 过去分词短语published in 2014 作后置定语修饰a study；which 引导一个定语从句，并在定语从句中作主语，修饰先行词a study。 点拨： reduce the risk of sth 减少某事物的风险 长难句3：Working out in the morning provides additional benefits beyond being physically fit. 译文：晨练不仅对身体健康有益，还能给我们带来其他好处。 分析： 现在分词短语Working out in the morning作主语。 点拨： additional 额外的，附加的 beyond 除了……之外
英语长难句理解与分析 英语长难句理解与分析 一．长难句的结构特点 根据高考阅读理解命题趋势，高考阅读文章具有以下特点： 1. 体裁更加丰富，题材更趋多样化； ２．更加注重深层信息理解水平的考查； ３．更加注重对综合素质的考查； ４．语篇结构较为复杂，长难句有所增加； ５．阅读材料“原汁原味”，提问更加深入； ６．阅读速度要求进一步提升。 “原汁原味”意味着理解难度的增大，而阅读速度的要求却是越来越高，所以学生没有一定的相关技能技巧是不可能在二轮复习中取得进步有所突破的。那么如何除掉阅读中的“拦路虎”，首当其冲是要掌握其结构特点。 1. 含多个并列结构 以2002年高考中最长的句子为例：He found out that Kit Williams had spent his childhood near Ampthill, in Bedfordshire, and thought that he must have buried the hare in a place he knew well, but he still could not see that connection with Katherine of Aragon, until one day he came across two stone crosses in Ampthill park and learnt that they had been built in her honor in 1773.（65 words）实际上全句就由一个主句He found that…和两个并列句and…,but..组成，仅仅每个句中都有一个宾语从句，最后的but 并列句中还包含了一个由until 引导的状语从句（直到有一天他在阿帕斯尔公园碰巧看见两个石制的十字架，他才懂得在1773年，修建这两个十字架是为了向她表示敬意。） As with sports teams, group work can only be successful when group members respect, help and support each other, while the work division is clear and each member performs at the right level in the role that is most suitable to him or her. (Unit11) 正如运动员一样，小组活动只有在组员们相互尊敬，相互协助和相互支持的情况下才能取得成功；与此同时分工要明确，而且每个成员都要能在他们最合适的角色上发挥出正常的水平。 2．含强调结构. 在人教版高三14单元有这样一个句子：Among the different kinds of bees, it is the honey-bee that has interested scientists most because of the “language” that they use to communicate with each other.(Unit14)该句用逗号将用作状语的介词短语提前，再用强调结构”It is…that…”强调主句的主语the honey-bee,最后加长句子的关键是状语中包含了一个由that引导的定语从句。译文为：在各种不同种类的蜂中，蜜蜂因其在彼此之间实行沟通所用的“语言”而最使科学家们赶兴趣。 3．含多个从句
高考作文技巧 ----如何写出长难句（实战模仿）
一、优秀学生作文赏析
第一章：复杂语法在作文当中的应用 定语从句 1.例句讲解 （1）天津：Chris 作为交换生，下学期要来我们班。首先表示欢迎，然后介绍本地生活（气候、饮食习惯）最后介绍一下本班的情况。
例句1，淮北在中国的北部，在淮北冬天寒冷，夏天炎热。 As we all know, HB is a small city that lies in the north part of China, where the winter is rather cold and summer is pretty hot. 例句2，淮北有很多的美食，多数的美食都是用小麦做成的。 There are a lot of delicious foods eaten in HB, most of which are made of wheat. 例句3，淮北人喜欢吃面条和水饺，这很容易让外国人接受。 The noodles and dumplings , which are popular among people in HB, can be easily accepted by foreigners. 例句4，我们班有六十个学生，所有人都很友善。 There are 60 students in our class, all of whom are friendly. 例句5，我们有大班级，所有人都相处的很融洽。 We have a big class,where all the students get along well. 例句6，淮北人喜欢吃面条和水饺，这很容易让外国人接受。 People in HB like eating noodles and dumplings, which can be easily accepted by foreigners. 例句7，住在淮北的人喜欢吃面条，这可以帮助他们保持身体温暖。 人们（住在淮北的）喜欢吃面条（可以帮助身体保暖的）。 People who live in HB like eating noodles, which can help them keep warm. 2.模仿造句 （1）我从小就学习中国画，这将会帮助我把这份工作做好。（19全国，例句6 which 的用法） ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— （2）我听说一个中国画展将会在美术馆举行，在那儿很多外国人可以了解中国艺术和中国文化。（19全国，例句5 where的用法） ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— （3）我从小就学习中国画，这让我对中国传统艺术有了更深的理解。（19全国，例句6 which 的用法） ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————（4）世界青少年机器人技能大赛将在天津举行，这是一次好的机会去展示你的天赋。（18
化繁为简—破解英语长难句 一长难句基本句型特征 考研英语长难句的是如何构成的？命题人员在英语原文基础上进行改造时，主要从结构上通过四种方式来使句子更加复杂： 1、复合从句 2、成分省略 3、使用插入成分 4、改变句序 这四种方式往往相互结合，形成错综复杂的句子，即混合型句子。目的是提高难度，增强干扰，打断和打乱考生的思维，从而达到检验考生阅读能力和的目标。下面分别对这四种方式进行解析。 我们要时刻牢记的一点是，考试中的长难句绝大多数为主谓宾或主系表结构，其它成分都是围绕这三个主要成分其中之一。这就是所有长难句的核心和本质。必须牢记。 最常见的是围绕主语和宾语（表语）我们要根据这些次要成分的位置和字面意义来推测它们和主干意群的逻辑关系。在切分意群时，意群的大小根据自己实际理解能力来分解。标准就是看一眼就能理解的信息（短语或者句子）。经过训练后，我们看一眼就能把握的意群会越来越多，从而完成从菜鸟到“大虾”的转变。 请看下面例句： , ’s , , Africa. (46 ) 我们需要做的就是把句子意群切开，化繁为简，分而治之。目前大多数同学会看到后面的信息就忘掉前面的信息，一句话反复读，但总理不清头绪，浪费大量时间。 通过训练，我们将学会如何快速解开错综复杂的意群，避免信息杂乱无章，清晰地把握句子的含义。 在这里强调，在初级阶段一定要动手做标记，不迈出这一步，我们会永远停留在看到长难句就头脑混乱直到短路的阶段。 整个处理过程是从点到线再到面的，也就是要求我们必须按照信息的复杂程度来处理。即单词→意群→句子。万万不能尝试一下子理解或者翻译全句。再次强调一下，理解句子不同于做翻译题。 一、复合从句 在考研中，复合从句中的从句最常见的是定语从句。此类句子就像一棵信息树，树上生枝，枝上生杈，杈上生叶。必须找出树的主干从哪里分出枝，枝上哪里分杈，依此类推。只要抓住句子的各个连接点，就能理出句子层次，才能完全把握整个句子。 遇到长难句时，需要根据题型来决定处理的深度。如果是阅读理解通读文章时，抓大放小，抓主放次。即抓住主谓宾或主系表。如果是阅读理解问题相关句，需要快速罗列理顺主次意群，如果是翻译，则需要进一步处理意群的顺序，润色汉语的选词。 如果从句长，可以借助汉语的代词来加快理解过程。尤其是连续出现的从句里套从句，可以反复利用这些汉语代词做节点，这样就能很快理清思路。后面会有详细讲解。 二、成分省略 句子成分省略是为了避免重复。考研中一般难度大的省略不是主语和谓语的语法省略，而是为了某种具体表达目的省略。在这里列出一些出现频率高的类型。要求我们必须根据上下文判断并补充省略的成分，否则理解句子时可能漏掉重要信息。
高考阅读理解中对长难句的理解 高考英语阅读理解题所选短文均选自英语原版文章，原汁原昧”，考生普遍感觉较难理解。那么，这些阅读材料到底难在哪儿呢？除了生词量大、篇幅长、信息量大以外．就是短文中的句子结构较为复杂，搀杂了大量的长、难句。句法掌握不好的考生很难理清头绪，影响其对短文内容的理解。 1Whereas a woman's closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage，it wasn’t u nusual to hear a m an say he didn’t know his friend’s marriage was in serous trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa． 一、抓住结构引导词分析其长难句结构和功能 任何一个复杂长句都不外乎由一个或多个并列结构和复合句构成。并列结构一般有连词and，but，or等连接；复合句按其在句中的作用可分为名词性从句、形容词性从句(定语从句)和副词性从句(状语从句)三大类。任何一个复合句都有一个至几个反应逻辑、意义及结构关系的引导词，找出这些引导词就能分析出复合句的完整句子结构，清理出完整意义。平时要注意积累表示各种逻辑关系的连词和短语。表示目的： so that，for the purpose that，in order that等；表示结果：so…that…，such…that…，as a result，therefore，thus等；表示条件：if，on condition that，unless等；表示原因：because，since，as等。 【例l】Another good thing about the use of noise-killing systems is that it saves the need for a silencer, which not only reduces the weight of a car, but also makes the motor burn less oil and work better． 【例2】We even have different words for some foods, meat in particular, depending on whether it is still out in the fields or at home ready to be cooked, which shows the fact that the Saxon peasants were doing the farming，while he upper-class Normans were doing most of the eating． 【例3】A Swedish Kennel Club official explains what this means: if your dog runs out on the road and gets hit by a passing car，as the owner，you have to pay for any damage done to the car，even if your dog has been killed in the accident． 【例4】First, I have to find the red ones among the leaves, which means I almost have to stand on my head，and once found I have to reach down and under, pick the tomatoes and withdraw (缩回) my full fist without dropping the prize SO dearly won． 【例5】It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers，although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when an e-mail is introduced，the printers start working overtime. That is, the growing demand for paper in recent years is largely due to the increased use of the Internet． 【例6】Perhaps they will spend their days gollocking to make new spundlesor struggling with their ballalators through the circle, These words, which I have just made up, have to stand for tings and ideas that we simply can't think of． 二、抓主干、剔从句 一个句子的支架就是句中的谓语动词。根据英语中五种基本句型结构，把句子中的主语、宾语、表语等主要成分找出来，其他成分如定语、状语、补语等则一目了然易于理解。一些长句其实就是一个由主句和若干个状语从句
1.First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecolab polytechnique. 这个定理，先是由十七世纪法国数学家皮尔法特提出，曾使一批杰出的数学大师为难，包括一位法国女科学家，她在解决这个难题方面取得了重大的进展，她曾女扮男装为了能够在伊科尔理工学院学习。 简析：夹杂过去分词短语，现在分词短语，动名词及两个定语从句。 2. It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers, although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when e-mail is introduced, the printers start working overtime. That is, the growing demand for paper in recent years is largely due to the increased use of the Internet. 由于因特网的使用，计算所使用的纸张的数量是很难的，然而几乎任何在办公室工作的人能告诉你，当引进电子邮件后，打印机就开始超时工作。也就是说近年来人们对于纸张的日益需求主要是由于因特网越来越多的使用。 简析：夹杂较复杂的句型结构，关键词just about几乎；overtime超时地。 3. Perhaps the best sign of how computer and internet use pushes up demand for paper comes from the high-tech industry itself, which sees printing as one of its most promising new market. 或许，表明电脑及因特网使用促进人们对于纸张的需求的最好迹象源于高科技产业本身，印刷业被认为是高科技产业极有前景的新市场之一。