2014全国职称英语理工类新增文章

1.ASunshadeforthePlanet地球防晒霜就算怀着最美好的愿望，仅仅减少二氧化碳的排放量还是不能制止全球变暖。

很明显，即便采取最强硬的措施来控制排放，气候的变化无常仍能导致极速变暖和海平面上升。

另一方面，受到政府和特殊利益群体的阻挠，气候学家往往不能将措施很快实施彻底。

幸好，如果被逼上绝路，科学家们还有最后几招。

在大多数情况下，他们拒绝讨论这些措施，害怕人们会因此沾沾自喜而使这个问题不能被彻底解决。

至少目前是这样。

越来越多的研究者相信一项大型的地质工程建设可用来抵御全球变暖。

“我把它比作美沙酮，”Stephen Schncidu 说，他是斯坦福大学的一位气象学家是最早提出气候变暖这项议题的学者之一。

“如果你那里有一个海洛阅上瘾者，那么正确的治疗方法就是住院，接受长时间的康复治疗。

拒绝正常住院治疗，那服用美沙酮是一种缓解海洛因毒瘾的有效方法。

”总体思路是给地球也涂上防晒霜。

一个天文学家突发奇想，想借此冷却地球：发射亿万轻如羽毛的碟片进入太空形成巨大“云层”以阻碍太阳光。

这个想法备受争议，但最近的研究表明，有一些方法可以控制到达地球表面的阳光以抵消温室效应产生的气候变暖。

全球气候模型表明，阻断百分之一点八的太阳能刚好可以抵消大气中双倍的温室气体所引起的气候变暖现象。

这个想法影响深远，因为即使采取最严格的控制气体排放措施，到本世纪末，二氧化碳量仍会翻倍，并且，这种情况将再持续至少一个世纪。

2. ThirstforOil石油匮乏全世界每天都要消耗相当于2亿桶石油的能源。

地球上的大部分能源来自于太阳。

事实上，每分钟到达地球表层的来自于太阳的能源就足已满足我们一整年的需求，我们只是需要有效地加以利用而已。

到目前为止，石油一直是一种较便宜、易获得的能源。

但当供应缩减时，情况就会改变，我们就不能像现在这样不加节制地消耗石油了。

在蒸汽工业革命时代，高能煤成为首选燃料之前，燃木能满足大部分能源需求。

现在，煤仍然大量地运用于发电站，满足我们四分之一的能源需求，但自从我们开始大量开采石油后，煤的使用就已经在逐渐衰退。

2014年职称英语考试教材理工类新增文章阅读判断:(A)第十一篇：Bill Gates: Unleashing Your CreativityI've always been an optimist and I suppose it is rooted in my belief that the power of creativity and intelligence can make the word a better place. For as long as I can remember, I've loved learning new things and solving problems. So when I sat down at a computer for the first time in seventh grade, I was hooked. It was a clunky old teletype machine and it could barely do anything compared to the computers we have today. But it changed my life. When my friend Paul Allen and I started Microsoft 30 years ago, we had a vision of "acomputer on every desk and in every home", which probably sounded a little too optimistic at a time when most computers were the size of refrigerators. But we believed that personal computers would change the world. And they have. And after 30 years, I'm still as inspired by computers as I was back in seventh grade.I believe that computers are the most incredible tool we can use to feed our curiosity andinventiveness -- to help us solve problems that even the smartest people couldn't solve on their own.Computers have transformed how we learn, giving kids everywhere a window into all of the world's knowledge. They're helping us build communities around the things we care about and to stay close to the people who are important to us, no matter where they are.Like my friend Warren Buffett, I feel particularly lucky to do something every day that I love to do. He calls it "tap-dancing to Work". My job at Microsoft is as challenging as ever, but what makes me "tap-danceing to work" is when we show people something new, like a computer that can recognize your handwriting or your speech, or one that can store a lifetime's worth of photos, and they say, "I didn't know you could do that with a PC5 !"But for all the cool things that a person can do with a PC, there are lots of other ways we can put our creativity and intelligence to work to improve our world6. There are still far too manypeople in the world whose most basic needs go unmet7. Every year, for example, millions ofpeople die from diseases that are easy to prevent or treat in the developed world.I believe that my own good fortune brings with it a responsibility to give back to the world.My wife, Melinda, and I have committed to improving health and education in a way that can help as many people as possible.As a father, I believe that the death of a child in Africa is no less poignant or tragic than9 the death of a child anywhere else, and that it doesn't take much to make an immense difference in these children's lives.I'm still very much an optimist, and I believe that progress on even the world's toughestproblems is possible -- and it's happening every day. We're seeing new drugs for deadly diseases,new diagnostic tools, and new attention paid to the health problems in the developing world.I'm excited by the possibilities I see for medicine, for education and, of course, fortechnology. And I believe that through our natural inventiveness, creativity and willingness to solve tough problems, we're going to make some amazing achievements in all these areas in my lifetime.注释：1.be rooted in：扎根于;深深地存在于2.It was a clunky old teletype machine and it could barely do anything compared to the computers we have today.那是一台笨重的旧式电传打字机，跟我们今天的电脑相比几乎干不了什么事。

Climate Change ：The Long Reach1 . Earth is warming. Sea levels are rising. There ‘s more carbon in the air，and Arctic ice is melting faster than at any time in recorded history. Scientists who study the environment to better gauge （评估）.Earth’s future climate now argue that these changes may not reverse for a very long time .2 . People burn fossil fuels like coal and oil for energy. That burning releases carbon dioxide，a colorless gas . In the air ，this gas traps heat at Earth‘s surface . And the more carbon dioxide released ，the more the planet warms . If current consumption of fossil fuels doesn’t slow ，the long-term climate impacts could last thousands of years-and be more severe than scientists had been expecting. Climatologist Richard Zeebe of the University of Hawaii at Manoa offers this conclusion in a new paper.3. Most climate-change studies look at what‘s going to happen in the next century or so . During that time，changes in the planet’s environment could nudge（推动）global warming even higher. For example：Snow and ice reflect sunlight back into space. But as these melt，sunlight can now reach——and warm –the exposed ground . This extra heat raises the air temperature even more，causing even more snow to melt. This type of rapid exaggeration of impacts is called a ‘fast feedback’.4. Zeebe says it‘s important to look at fast feedbacks. However，he adds，they’re limited. From a climate change perspective，‘This century is the most important time for the next few generations’，he told Science News “But the world is not ending in 2100”。

2014年职称英语等级考试用书（理工类）第二部分阅读判断第一篇Inventor of LED第二篇E1 Nino第三篇Smoking第四篇Engineering Ethics 第五篇Recue Platform第六篇Microchip Research Center Created第七篇ModerateEarthquake StrikesEngland第八篇What isdream第九篇Dangers AwaitBabies withAltitude第十篇Thy biologyof music第四部阅读理解第一篇Ford Abandons Electric Vehicles第二篇 World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict第三篇 Citizen Scientists第四篇 Motoring Technology第五篇 Late-Night Drinking第六篇 Making Light of Sleep第七篇 Sugar Power for Cell Phones第八篇 Eiffel Is an Eyeful第九篇 Egypt Felled by Famine 第十篇 Young FemaleChimps Outlearn TheirBrothers第十二篇 Florida Hit byCold Air Mass第十三篇 InvisibilityRing第十四篇 Japanese CarKeeps Watch for DrunkDrivers第十五篇 Winged RobotLearns to Fly第十六篇 JapaneseDrilling into Core ofEarth*第十七篇 A Sunshade forthe Planet*第十八篇 Thirst for Oil*第十九篇Musical RobotCompanion EnhancesListener Experience*第二十篇 Explorer ofthe Extreme Deep*第二十一篇 Plant Gas*第二十二篇 Snowflakes*第二十三篇 Powering aCity? It's a Breeze.*第二十四篇 UndergroundCoal Fires -- a LoomingCatastrophe*第二十五篇 Eat to Live*第二十六篇 Male andFemale Pilots CauseAccidents Differently*第二十七篇 Driven toDistraction*第二十八篇 Sleep LetsBrain File Memories*第二十九篇 I will BeBach*第三十篇 Digital Realm*第三十一篇 HurricaneKatrina*第三十二篇Mind-reading Machine*第三十三篇 Experts Callfor Local and RegionalControl of Sites forRadioactive第五部分补全短文第二篇 The BilingualBrain第三篇 How deafinessMakes It Easierto Hear第六部分完型填空第一篇 Captain CookArrow Legend第二篇 Avalanche andIts Safety第四篇 Animal's"Sixth Sense"第五篇 Singing AlarmsCould Save the Blind* 第六篇 Car ThievesCould Be Stopped Remotely* 第七篇 AnIntelligent Car* 第九篇 Wonder Webs* 第十篇Chicken Soupfor the Soul：ComfortFood Fights Loneliness1第一篇Inventor of LED1. Holonyak’s colleagues thou ght he would fail in his research on LEDs at the time when he started it. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned2. Holonyak believed that his students that were working with him on the project would get the Lemelson- MIT Prizesooner or later.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned3. Holonyak was the inventor of the transistor in the early 1950s.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned4.Holonyak believed that LEDs would become very popular in the future.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned5. Holonyak said that you should not do anything you are not interested in.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned6. Edith Flanigen is the onlyco-inventor of LEDs.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned7. The Lemelson-MIT Prize has a history of over 100 years.A RightB WrongC Not- mentioned 第二篇 El Nino1. The method used by the Columbia University researchers can predict El Nino a few months in advance. A RightB WrongC No mentioned2. The Columbia University researchers studied the relationship between the past EI Nino occurrences and sea-surface temperatures.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned3. The Columbia University researchers are the first to usesea-surface temperatures to match the past El Nino occurrences.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned4. Weare’s contribution in predicting El Nino, was highly praised by other meteorologists.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned5. According to a Chinese report, the flooding in China caused by El Nino in 1991 and 1997 affected 200 million Chinese people.A RightB WrongC Not- mentioned6. It takes about eight months for El Nino to reach its peak.A RightB WrongC Not- mentioned7. A special institute has bee n set up in America to study El Nino.A RightB WrongC Not- mentioned第三篇Smoking1. It is easy to determine whether smoking is hazardous. A Right B WrongC Not mentioned2. Smoking reduces one’s life expectancy. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned3. Smoking may induce lung cancer.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned4. There is evidence that smoking isresponsible for breast cancer.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned5. Male smokers have a lower deathrate from heart disease than femalesmokers. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned6. Nicotine is poisonous.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned7. Filters and low tar tobacco makesmoking safe.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned第四篇 Engineering Ethics1. Engineering ethics is a compulsorysubject in every institute of scienceand technology in the United States. ARight B Wrong C Not mentioned2. The number of students wishing totake the course of engineering ethicsis declining at Texas A&M University.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned3. The National Science Foundationinvolves itself directly in writing upmaterial about ethical issues. A Right BWrong C Not mentioned4. It seems that medical ethics andbusiness ethics are more mature thanengineering ethics. A Right B Wrong CNot mentioned5. Several engineering professors havequit from teaching to protest againstthe creation of a new course inengineering ethics. A Right B Wrong CNot mentioned6. Many engineering professors maynot have time to prepare material forclass discussion on professional ethics.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned7. It is likely that following thisintroductory passage, the author willprovide the necessary material relatedto the topic of engineering ethics. ARight B Wrong C Not mentioned第五篇Rescue Platform1. A rescue platform called the Eagle iscapable of moving vertically but notsideways.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned2. The four propellers are fittedhorizontally to the Eagle.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned3. With the help of jet engines, theEagle can fly at a speed of 100 milesan hour.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned4. In the third paragraph, the wordhelicopter refers to the Eagle.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned5. The mare jet engines are fitted tothe propellers, the more people theplatform can carry.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned6. In the wake of September 11, Mr.Metreveli has secured enough fundingto build up a small-scale model of theEagle to test his idea.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned7. Mr. Metreveli is designing for Israela more advanced form of rescueplatform than the Eagle or the Eaglet.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned第六篇Microchip ResearchCenter Created1. The country says that theinvestment of US $14 million is bigenough for dev eloping that country’schip industry.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned2. That country gives top priorities todeveloping chips for military purposes.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned3. Although the licensing fees are notvery high, that Far Eastern countrycannot afford to pay.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned.4. Many western countries ban theexporting of the most advancedchip-making technologies to thatcountry to prevent them from beingused for military purposes.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned5. Currently, almost all the flagshipchipmakers in that country are ownedby American investors.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned6. Mainstream chip productiontechnology develop rapidly. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned7. More than 10 chip plants being builtin that country are an example ofself-reliance.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned第七篇Moderate EarthquakeStrikes England1. During the April 28 earthquake, thewhole England was left without power.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned2. The Channel Tunnel was closed for10 hours after the earthquakeoccurred.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned3. It was reported that one lady hadgot her head and neck injured, but notseriously.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned4. France and several other Europeancountries sent their medical teams towork side by side with the Britishdoctors.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned25. The country’s strongest earthquake took place in London in 1580.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned6. Musson predicted that another earthquake would occur in southeast England sooner or later. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 7. It can be inferred from the passage that England is rarely hit by high magnitude earthquakes. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned.第八篇What Is a Dream?1．Not everyone agrees that dreams are meaningful.A RightB WrongC Not- mentioned 2．According to Freud, people dream about things that they cannot talk about.A RightB WrongC Not- mentioned 3．Jung believed that dreams did not help one to understand oneself.A RightB WrongC Not- mentioned 4．In the past, people believed that dreams involved emotions.A RightB WrongC Not- mentioned 5．According to Domhoff, babies do not have the same ability to dream as adults do.A RightB WrongC Not- mentioned 6．Men and women dream about different things.A RightB WrongC Not- mentioned 7．Scientists agree that dreams predict the future.A RightB WrongC Not- mentioned 第九篇Dangers Await Babies with Altitude1. According to the passage，one of the reasons why newborns in mountain communities are underweight is that their mothers are under-nourished.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned2. Giussani’s team members are all British researchers and professors from Cambridge University.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned3. Giussani did not expect to find that the weight of a baby had little to do with the financial conditions of the family he was born into.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned4. The weight of a newborn has to do with the supply of oxygen even when he was still in his mother’s womb.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned5. High-altitude babies have heads that are larger than their bodies. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 6. High-altitude babies have longer but thinner limbs than average.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned 7. Giussani has arrived at theconclusion that babies in high-altituderegions are more likely to have hearttrouble when they grow up. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned*第十篇The Biology of Music1．Humans, but not animals, can sing.A RightB WrongC Not- mentioned2．People can use music tocommunicate their emotions.A RightB WrongC Not- mentioned3．We use the same part of the brainfor music and language.A RightB WrongC Not- mentioned4．Geoffery Miler has done researchon music and emotions.A RightB WrongC Not- mentioned5．It’s hard for humans to composemusic.A RightB WrongC Not- mentioned6．Memory is not an important part insinging in tune.A RightB WrongC Not-mentioned 7．Scientists does notknow all the answers about theeffects of music on humans. ARight B Wrong C Not-mentioned第五部分补全短文第一篇Mobile PhonesMobile phones should carry a label ifthey proved1to be a dangerous sourceof radiation, according to Robert Bell,a scientist. And no more mobile phonetransmitter towers should be builtuntil the long-term health effects ofthe electromagnetic radiation theyemit are scientifically evaluated, hesaid. “Nobody’s going to drop deadovernight2but we should be asking formore scientific information,” RobertBell said at a conference on the healtheffects of low-level radiation. 1 “Ifmobile phones are found to bedangerous, they should carry awarning label until proper shields canbe devised,” he said.A report widelycirculated among the public says thatup to now scientists do not really knowenough to guarantee there are noill-effets on humans fromelectromagnetic radiation. Accordingto Robert Bell, there are 3.3 millionmobile phones in Australia alone andthey are increasing by 2,000 a day3. 2By the year 20004 it is estimated thatAustralia will have 8 million mobilephones: nearly one for every twopeople.As well, there are 2,000 transmittertowers around Austrnlia, many in highdensity residential areas5. 3 E Forexample, Telstra, Optus andVodaphone build their towers where itis geographically suitable to them anddisregard the need of the community.The electromagnetic radiation emittedfrom these towers may have alreadyproduced some harmful effects on thehealth of the residents nearby. RobertBell suggests that until more researchis completed the Government shouldban construction of phone towers fromwithin a 500 metre radius of schoolgrounds, child care centres, hospitals,sports playing fields and residentialareas with a high percentage ofchildren. 4 A He says there is emergingevidence that children absorblow-level radiation at a rate more thanthree times that of adults6.He addsthat there is also evidence that ifcancer sufferers are subjected toelectromagnetic waves the growth rateof the disease accelerates. 5 D Thenwho finances the research? Accordingto Robert Bell, it is reasonable for themajor telephone companies to fund it.Besides, he also urges theGovernment to set up a wide-ranginginquiry into possible health effects.第二篇The World’s LongestBridgeRumor has it that1a legendarysix-headed monster lurks in thedeep waters of the Tyrrhenian Seabetween Italy and the island ofSicily. 1 If true, one day youmight spy the beast while zipping(呼啸而过) across the MessinaStrait Bridge. When completed in2010, the world’s longest bridgewill weigh nearly 300,000 tonsequivalent to the iceberg thatsank the Titanic — and stretch 5kilomerers long. “that’s nearly 50percent longer than any otherbridge ever built,” saysstructural engineer Shane Rixon.2 What do the world’s longestbridges have in common? They’resuspension bridges, massivestructures built to span vastwater channels or gorges. Asuspension bridge needs just twotowers to shoulder the structure’smammoth weight, thanks to heftysupporting cables slung betweenthe towers and anchored firmly indeep pools of cement at each endof the bridge. The Messina StraitBridge will have two 54,00-ton34towers, which will support most of the bridge ’s load. The beefy cables of the bridge, each 1.2 meter in diameter, will hold up the longest and widest bridge deck ever built. When construction begins on the Messina Strait Bridge in 2005, the first job will be to erect two 370 meter-tall steel towers. 3 The second job will be to pull two sets of steel cables across the strait, each set being a bundle of 44,352individual steel wires. Gettingthese cables up will be something 2. It ’s not just their length — totally 5.3 kilometers — but their weight. 4 They will tip up the scales at 166,500 tons — more than-half the bridge’s total mass. After lowering vertical “suspender ” cables from the main cables, builders will erect a 60meter-wide 54,630-ton steel roadway, or deck — wide enough to accommodate 12 lanes of traffic. The deck ’s weight will pull down on the cables with a force of 70,500 tons. In return, the cables yank up against their firmly rooted anchors with a force of 139,000 tons — equivalent to the weight of about 100,000 cars. Those anchors are essential. 5 They ’re what will keep the bridge from going anywhere.第三篇 Reinventing the Table An earth scientist has rejigged theperiodic table 1to make chemistry simpler to teach to students. 1 There have been many attempts to redesign the periodic table since Dmitri Mendeleev drew it up in 1871.But Bruce Railsback from the University ofGeorgia 3says he is the first to create a table that breaks with tradition and shows the ions of each element rather than just the elements themselves. “I got tired of breaking my arms trying to explain the periodic table to earth students,”he says, criss-crossing his hands in the air and pointing to different bits of a traditional table. 2 Railsback has still ordered the elements according to the number of protons they have. But he has added contour lines to charge density, helping to explain which ions react with which. “Geochemists just want an intuitive sense of what’s going on with the elements,” says Albert Galyfrom the University of Cambridge 4. 3“I imagine this would be good for undergraduates.” 4 Railsback has listed some elements more than once. He explains that sulphur, for example, shows up in three different spots — one for sulphide, which is found in minerals, one for sulphite, and one for sulphate, which is found in sea salt, for instance. He has also included symbols to show which ions arc nutrients, and which are common in soil or water. 5 And the size of element’s symbol reflects how much of it is found in the Earth’s crust.第四篇 The Bilingual BrainWhen Karl Kim immigrated to the United States from Korea’s a teenager, he had a hard time learning English. Now he speaks it fluently, and he had a unique opportunity to see how our brains adapt to a second language.1 As a graduate student, Kim worked in the lab of Joy Hirsch, a neuroscientist in New York. 1Their work led to an important discovery. They found evidence that children and adults don’t use the same parts of the brain when they learn a second language. The researchers used an instrument called an MRI2 (magnetic resonance imaging) scanner to study the brains of two groups of bilingual people. 2One group consisted of those who had learned a second language as children. The other consisted of people who ， like Kim ，learned their second language later in life. People from both groups were placed inside the MRI scanner. This allowed Kim and Hirsch to see which parts of the brain were getting more blood and were more active. They asked people from both groups to think about what they had done the day before, first in one language and then the other. They couldn’t speak out loud because any movement would disrupt the scanning. Kim and Hirsch looked specifically at two language centers in the brain - Broca's area3, which is believed to control speech production, and Wernicke’s area3, which is thought to process meaning. Kim and Hirsch found that both groups of people used the same part of Wernicke's area no matter what language they were speaking. 3 But their use of Broca ’s area was different. People who learned a second language as children used the same region in Broca’s area for both their first and second languages. People who learned asecond language later in life used a dif ferent part of Broca’s area for their second language. 4 How does Hirsch explain this difference? Hirsch believes that when language is first being programmed in young children, their brains may mix the sounds and structures of all languages in the same area. Once that programming is complete, the processing of a new language must be taken over by a different part of the brain. A second possibility is simply that we may acquire languages differently as children than we do as adults. Hirsch thinks that mothers teach a baby to speak by using different methods involving touch, sound, and sight. 5 And that is very different from learning a language in a high school or college class.第五篇 The Magic of Sound Music is one of the most beautiful forms of artistic expressions ever invented. In movies and plays, music has an added function 1: it not only moves people but also can shock people. Is it true that an ordinarymusical instrument can be so powerful? Our eardrums can withstand sound within 20 to 80 decibels. Once sound exceeds this limit 2, even beautifulmusic will become car-splitting noise 3and harm health. A strong blast of high sound can twist and break a solid iron sheet. 1 High sound of 150 decibels can kill a healthy rat. The noise from a plane’s engine is over 140 decibels. However, the sound of a flute is at most a few decibels. 2 Therefore, the sound of ordinary musical instruments cannot harm your health. It has been proven that people who have worked in an environment with a high sound intensity for a long time suffer varying degrees of heart disease or altered brain waves. In movies, sometimes the hero can produce a sound that ordinary people can ’t hear and only those who have the same ability can feel. In nature, there is actually sound that is beyond our hearing. In physics, the sound that exceeds 20,000 Hz is called ultrasonic. 3 Dolphins, whales and bats can make suchhigh-frequency sound.It does no harm to health. Sound less than 20 Hz is called infrasonic waves. When we move, the air will vibrate. 4 The vibration of air can produce5infrasonic waves. As thefrequency of infrasonic waves is close to that of people ’s internalorgans 4, infrasonic wave may cause resonance in human bodies. As a result, people ’s vision may weaken and internal organs may rupture. However, whether an infrasonic wave can be used as a weapondepends on its intensity 5. If its intensity is very low, it won ’t damage internal organs or a person ’s health. 5 If the intensity of infrasonic wave exceeds 160 decibels, it is extremely harmful. When wind blows at a force of 3 or 4 over thesea 6, it will produce infrasonic waves of several decibels. Only typhoons can produce infrasonic waves of over 100 decibels. At present, scientists can only produce infrasonic weapons in the lab with the help of advanced scientific tools and powerful electric power.第六篇 Dung to Death 1Fields across Europe are contaminated with dangerous levels of the antibiotics given to farm animals. The drugs, which are in manure sprayed onto fields as fertilizers, could be getting into our food and water, helping to create a new generation of antibiotic-resistant“superbugs ”.2The warning comes from a researcher in Switzerland who looked at levels of the drugs in farm slurry. 1 His findings are particularly shocking because Switzerland is one of the few countries to have bannedantibiotics as growth promoters in animal fee .Some 20,000 tons of antibiotics are used in the European Union and the US each year. More than half are given to farm-animals to prevent disease and promote growth. 2 But recent research has found a direct link between the increased use of these farmyard drugs and the appearance of antibiotic-resistant bugs that infect people. Most researchers assumed that humans become infected with the resistant strains by eating contaminatedmeat.3But far more of the drugs end up in manure than in meat products, says Stephen Mueller of the Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science andTechnology in Dubendorf. 3 And manure contains especially high levels of bugs that are resistant to antibiotics, he says. With millions of tons of animals manure spread onto fields of crops such as wheat and barley each year, thispathway seems an equally likely route for spreading resistance,4he said. The drugs contaminate the crops, which are then eaten. 4 They could also be leaching into tap water pumped from rocks beneath fertilized fields.Mueller is particularly concerned about a group of antibiotics called sulphonamides. 5 They do not easily degrade or dissolve in water. His analysis found that Swiss farm manure contains a highpercentage of sulphonamides; each hectare of field could be contaminated with up to 1 kilogram of the drugs. This concentration is high enough to trigger the development of resistance among bacteria.5But vets are nottreating the issue seriously. There is growing concern at the extent to which drugs, includingantibiotics, are polluting the environment. Many drugs given to humans are also excretedunchanged and are not broken down by conventional sewage treatment. 第七篇 Time in the Animal World Rhythm controls everything in Nature. 1 It controls, for example, the flapping of birds’ wings, the beating of the heart and the rising and setting of the sun.The sun provides a basic time rhythm for all living creatures including humans. Nearly all animals are influenced by sun cycles and have developed a biological clock in their bodies following these cycles. The moon also exerts its force and influence on the sea. Its gravitational attraction causes the rising of the tide. 2 The tide goes out when the moon moves away and its attraction is weaker. When the moon is behind the Earth, centrifugal force causes the second tide of the day. Animals living in tidal areas must have the instinct of predicting these changes, to avoid being stranded and dying of dehydration. Since the time of the dinosaurs, the king crab has been laying eggs 1at the seaside in a set way 2. To avoid predator fish 3, the eggsare always far from seawater and protected by sand. In the following two months, the eggs undergo dramatic changes related to the cycles of the moon 4. When the second spring tide comes, the young king crabs have matured. 3 The second spring tide takes them back to the sea. Most of the mammals, either the giant elephant or the small shrew, have the same average total number of heart beats in their lifetime. Shrews live only for two and a half years, and spend their life at a high speed and high tempo. Animals like shrews with a pulse rate of 600 per minute have an average total of eight hundred million heartbeats 5throughout their life. The African elephant has a pulse rate of 25 beats per minute, and a life span 6of 60 years. The size of the body determines the speed of life. 4 The larger the animal is, the longer its life span is and the slower its life tempo is.As we get older, our sense of time is being influenced by the physiological changes of our body. The elderly spend more time resting, and do few sports. 5 For an adult, time goes fast year by year. For a child, a week is seen as a long time.第八篇 Watching Microcurrents FlowWe can now watch electricity as it flows through even the tiniest circuits. By scanning the magnetic field generated as electric currents flow through objects, physicists have managed 1 to picture the progress of the currents. The technology will allow manufacturers to scan microchips for faults, as well as revealing microscopic defects in anything from aircraft to banknotes. Gang Xiao and Ben Schrag at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, visualize the current by measuring subtle changes in the magnetic field of an object and 2 converting the information into a color picture showing the density of current at each point .Their sensor is adapted 1from an existing piece of technology that is used to measure large magneticfields in computer hard drives.2“We redesigned the magnetic sensor to make it capable of measuring very weak changes in magnetic fields,” says Xiao. The resulting device is capable of detecting a current as weak as 10 microamperes , even when the wireis buried deep within a chip, and it shows up features as small as 40 nanometers across. At present, engineers looking for defects in a chip have to peel off the layers and examine the circuits visually; this is one of the obstacles 3 to making chips any smaller. But the new magnetic microscope is sensitive enough to look inside chips and reveal faults such as short circuits, nicks in the wires or electro migration — where a dense area of current picks up surrounding atoms and move them along. “It is like watching a river flow,”explains Xiao. As well as scanning tiny circuits, the microscope can be used to reveal the internal structure of any object capable of conductingelectricity.3For example, itcould look directly at microscopic cracks in an aeroplane’s fuselage, 4 faults in the metal strip of a forged banknote or bacteria in a water sample.The technique cannot yet pick up electrical activity in the human brain because the current there is too small, but Xiaodoesn’t rule it out 4in the future.“I can never say never,” he says. Although the researchers have only just made the technical details of the microscope public,it is already on sale,5fromelectronics company Micro Magnetics in Fall River, Massachusetts. It is currently the size of a refrigerator and takes several minute to scan a circuit, but Xiao and Schrag arc working 5 to shrink it to the size of a desktop computer and cut the scanning time to 30 seconds .第九篇Heat Is KillerExtremely hot weather is common in many parts of the world. Although hot weather just makes most people feel hot, it can cause serious medical problems —even death. Floods, storms, volcano eruptions and other natural disasters kill thousands of people every year.１So does extreme heat.Experts say heat may be nat ure’s deadliest killer. Recently, extreme heat was blamed for killing more than one hundred people in India. It is reported that the total heat of a hot day or several days can affect health. ２Several hot days are considered a heatwave. Experts say heat waves oftenbecome dangerous when thenighttime temperature does not dropmuch from the highest daytimetemperature. This causes great stresson the human body.３Doctors say people can do manythings to protect themselves fromthe dangers of extreme heat. outof the sun, if possible. Drinklots of cool water. Wear lightcolored clothing made of naturalmaterials; avoid wearingsynthetic clothing. Make sure theclothing is loose, permittingfreedom of movement1. And learnthe danger signs of the medicalproblems, such as headache andvomiting that are linked to heat.Most people suffer only musclepain as a result of heat stress.４Most people suffer only musclepain as a result of heatstress.pain is a warning that thebody is becoming too hot2. Doctorssay those suffering headache ormuscle pain should stop allactivity3and rest in a cool placeand drink cool liquids. Do notreturn to physical activity for afew hours because more seriousconditions could develop: Doctorssay some people face an increaseddanger from heat stress.５Suchpersons have a weak or damagedheart, high blood pressure, orother problems of the bloodsystem.Hot weather also increasesdangers for people who must takemedicine for high blood pressure4,poor blood flow, nervousness ordepression.第十篇How Deafness Makes ItEasier to HearMost people think of Beethoven’shearing loss as an obstacle tocomposing music. However, heproduced his most powerful works inthe last decade of his life when he wascompletely deaf.This is one of the most glorious casesof the triumph of will over adversity1,but his biographer, Maynard Solomon,takes a different view. 1_ Solomonargues that Beethoven’s deafness“heightened”his achievement as acomposer. In his deaf worldBeethoven could experiment, freefrom the sounds of the outside world,free to create new forms andharmonies.Hearing loss does not seemto affect the musical ability ofmusicians who become deaf. Theycontinue to “hear” music with asmuch, or greater, accuracy than if theywere actually hearing it being played.2Michael Eagar, who died in2003,became deaf at the age of 21. Hedescribed a fascinating phenomenonthat happened within three months:“my former musical experiencesbegan to play back to me. I couldn’tdifferentiate between what I heardand real hearing.2 After many years, itis still rewarding to listen to these playbacks, to ‘ hear’ music which is new tome and to find many quietaccompaniments for all of mymoods. ”How is it that the world wesee，touch，hear，and smell is both“out there”and at the same timewithin us? There is no better exampleof this connection between externalstimulus and internal perception thanthe cochlear implant3. 3 Noman-made device could replace theability to hear. However, it might bepossible to use the brain’s remarkablepower to make sense of the electricalsignals the implant produces.WhenMichael Edgar first “switched on” hiscochlear implant, the sounds he heardwere not at all clear. Gradually, withmuch hard work, he began to identifyeveryday sounds. For example, “Theinsistent ringing of the telephonebecame clear almost at once.”Theprimary purpose of the implant is toallow communication with others.When people spoke to Eagar, he heardtheir voices “coming through like along-distance telephone call on a poorconnection.” But when it came to hisbeloved music, the implant was of nohelp.4 _ When he wanted toappreciate music, Eagar played thepiano . He said, “I play the piano as Iused to and hear it in my head at thesame time. The movement of myfingers and the feel of the keys giveadded ‘ clarity’ to hearing in myhead.5”Cochlear implants allow thedeaf to hear again in a way that is notperfect，but which can change theirlives. 5 Still, as Michael Eagardiscovered, when it comes to musicalharmonies, hearing is irrelevant. Eventhe most amazing cochlear implantswould have been useless toBeethoven as he composed his NinthSymphony at the end of his life.6。

职称英语新增文章（完型填空）无忧考网为大家整理了2014职称英语新增文章（完型填空）,仅供参考！！第十四篇 Young Adults Who Exercise Get Higher IQ ScoresYoung adults who are fit have a higher IQ and are more __1__ to go on to university， reveals a major new study carried out at the Sahlgrenska Academy and Sahlgrenska University Hospital. The results were recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). The study involved 1.2 million Swedish men doing military service who were born between 1950 and 1976. The research group analyzed the __2__ of both physical and IQ tests the youngsters took right after they started serving the army. The study shows a clear link __3__ good physical fitness and better results for the IQ test. The strongest links are for __4__ thinking and verbal comprehension. But it is only fitness that plays a __5__ in the results for the IQ test，and not strength. “Being fit means that you also have good heart and lung __6__ and that your brain gets plenty of __7__ ，” says Michael Nilsson, professor at the Sahlgrenska Academy and chief physician at the Sahlgrenska University Hospital. “This may be one of the reasons __8__ we can see a clear link with fitness, but not with muscular __9__. We are also seeing that there are growth factors that are important. ”By analyzing data for twins, the researchers have been __10__ to determine that it is primarily environmental factors and not genes that explain the link between fitness and a __11__ IQ. “We have also shown that those youngsters who __12__ their physical fitness between the ages of 15 and 18 increase their cognitive performance,” says Maria Aberg, researcher at the Sahlgrenska Academy and physician at Aby health centre. “This being the case6, physical __13__ is a subject that has an important place in schools, and is an absolute must if we want to do well in maths and other theoretical subjects.”The researchers have also compared the results from fitness tests __14__ national service with the socio-economic status of the men later in __15__. Those who were fit at 18 were more likely to go into higher education, and many secured more qualified jobs.词汇：proceedings n.学报，论文集comprehension n.理解Swedish adj.瑞典的muscular adj.肌肉的注释： 1. IQ:智商。

2014年职称英语C级完形填空在2014年教材中，完形填空一共有15篇，1-5为理工C级，C级考试重点第1、2、4第一篇Captain Cook Arrow Legend 库克船长箭传说It was a great legend while it lasted，but DNA testing has (1) finally ended a two-century-old story of the Hawaiian arrow carved from the bone of British explorer Captain James Cook(2) who died in the Sandwich Islands’in 1779.“There is (3) no Cook in the Australian Museum，’’museum collection manager Jude P hilip said not long ago in announcing the DNA evidence that the arrow was not made of Cook’S bone.But that will not stop the museum from continuing to display the arrow in its(4) exhibition，“Uncovered：Treasures of the Aust ralian Museum,” which(5) does include a feather cape presented to Cook by Hawaiian King Kalani’opu’u in 1778.Cook was one of Britain’s great explorers and is credited with(6) discovering the“Great South Land，"(7) now Australia, in 1 770.He was clubbed to death in the Sandwich Islands，now Hawaii。

So Many 'Earths'The Milky Way （银河）contains billions of Earth-sized planets that could support life that‘s the finding of a new study. It draws on date that came from NASA’s top planet-hunting telescope.A mechanical failure recently put that Kepler space telescope out of service. Kepler had played a big role in creating a census of planets orbiting some 170，000 stars. Its data have been helping astronomers predict how common planets are in our galaxy. The telescope focused on hunting planets that might have conditions similar to those on Earth.The authors of a study，published in The Proceedings of the National Academy of sciences，conclude that between 14 and 30 out of every 100 stars，with a mass and temperature similar to the Sun，may host a planet that could support life as we know it.Such a planet would have a diameter at least as large as Earth‘s，but no more than twice that big . The planet also would have to orbit in a star’s habitable zone. That‘s where the surface temperature would allow any water to exist as a liquid.The new estimate of how many planets might fit these conditions comes from studying more than 42，000 stars and identifying suitable worlds orbiting them. The scientists used those numbers to extrapolate （推算）to the rest of the stars that the telescope could not see .The estimate is rough，the authors admit. If applied to the solar system，it would define as habitable a zone starting as close to the Sun as Venus and running to as far away as Mars. Neither planet is Earthlike （although either might have been in the distant past）。

2014职称英语教材理工类补全短文新增文章第15篇-职称英语考试2014职称英语教材理工类补全短文新增文章第15篇：A Memory Drug?（A级）第十五篇：A Memory Drug?(A级)It’s difficult to imagine many things that people would welcome more than a memory- enhancing drug. 1 Furthermore, such a drug could help people remember past experiences more clearly and help us acquire new information more easily for school and at work. As scientists learn more about memory, we are closing in on this tantalizing goal. 1 __________Some of the most exciting evidence comes from research that has built on earlier finding,, linking LTP2 and memory to identify a gene that improves memory in mice. 2 __________Mice bred to have extra copies of this gene showed more activity in their NMDA receptors, more LTP, and improved performance on several different memory tasks -- learning a spatial layout3, recognizing familiar objects, and recalling a fear-inducing shock.If these basic insights about genes, LTP, and the synaptic basis of memory can be translated to people- and that remains to be seen -- they could pave the way for memory-enhancing treatments. 3__________ As exciting as this may sound, it also raises troubling issues. Consider the potential educational implications of memory-enhancing drugs. If memory enhancers were available, children who used them might be able to acquire and retain extraordinary amounts of information, allowing them to progress far more rapidly in school than they could otherwise. How well could the brain handle such an onslaught of information? What happens to children who don't have access to the latest memory enhancers? Are they left behind in school -- and as a result handicapped later in life?4__________ Imagine that you are applying for a job that requires a good memory, such as a manager at a technology company or a sales position that requires remembering customers' names as well as the attributes of different products and services. Would you take a memory-enhancing drug to increase your chances of landing the position? Would people who felt uncomfortable taking such a drug find themselves cut out of lucrative career opportunities?Memory drugs might also help take the sting out of disturbing memories that we wish we could forget but can't. The 2004 hitmovie Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind told the story of a young man seeking just such freedom from the painful memories of a romantic breakup. As you will see in the section on persistence later in the chapter, emotionally arousing events often create intrusive memories, and researchers have already muted emotional memories with drugs that block the action of key hormones. Should emergency workers who must confront horrifying accident scenes that can burden them with persisting memories be provided with such drugs? Should such drugs be given to rape victims who can't forget the trauma? Memory drugs might provide some relief to such individuals. But could they also interfere with an individual's ability to assimilate and come to terms with a difficult experience? 5 __________注释：1.As scientists learn more about memory，we are closing in on this tantalizing goal.随着科学家们对记忆了解增多，我们正接近这一诱人的目标。

2014年职称英语(理工类)教材新增文章第二部分阅读判断﹡第8篇What Is a Dream?（B级）For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others, however, think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact., many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person's mind and emotions.Before modern times,many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It Was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way.The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud, was probably the first person to Study dreams scientifically. In his famous book, The interpretation of Dreams ( 1900) , Freud wrote that dreams are an expression of a person's wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings , thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life.The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung was once a student of Freud's. Jung,however,had a diffent idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer.He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams.For example,people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand,people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves.Modem-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example,psychologist William Domhoff from the University of Califoria, Santa Cruz, believes that dreams are tightly linked to a person's daily life, thoughts, and behavior. A criminal, for example, might dream about crime.Domhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop.He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. For example, the people in men's dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of women's dreams. Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from ll cultures around the world,including both modern and traditional ones.Can dreams help us understand ourselves? Psychologists continue to try to answer th is question in different ways. However,one thing they agree on is this :If you dream that somethingterrible is going to occur,you shouldn't panic. The dream may have meaning,but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. It's important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world.词汇：psychologist [saɪˈkɔlədʒɪst] n．心理学家psychiatrist [saɪˈkaɪətrɪst]，2．精神病学家（医生）Austrian[ˈɔstrɪən] adj奥地利的 gender[ˈdʒendə] n．性别注释：Sigmund Freud：西格蒙德·弗洛伊德（1856一1939），犹太人，奥地利精神病医生及精神分析学家。