阅读理解
第34篇
What do chicken pox, the common cold，the flu，and AIDS have in common? They're all disease caused by viruses，tiny microorganisms that can pass from person to person. It‘s no wonder1 that when most people think about viruses, finding ways to steer clear of2 viruses is what's on people's minds.
Not everyone runs from the tiny disease carriers, though3.In Cambridge，Massachusetts4, scientists have discovered that some viruses can be helpful in an unusual way. They are putting viruses to work，teaching them to build some of the world‘s smallest rechargeable batteries.
Viruses and batteries may seem like an unusual pair, but they're not so strange for engineer Angela Belcher, who first came up with5 the idea. At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge，she and her collaborators bring together different areas of science in new ways. In the case of the virus-built batteries，the scientists combine what they know about biology，technology and production techniques.
Belcher‘s team includes Paula Hammond，who helps put together the tiny batteries，and Yet-Ming Chiang, an expert on how to store energy in the form of a battery. "We're work ing on things we traditionally don‘t associate with nature," says Hammond.
Many batteries are already pretty small. You can hold A，C and D batteries6 in your hand. The coin-like batteries that power watches are often smaller than a penny. However，every year，new electronic devices like personal music players or cell phones get smaller than the year before. As these devices shrink，ordinary bakeries won‘t be small enough to fit inside.
The ideal battery will store a lot of energy in a small package. Right now，Belcher‘s model battery，a metallic disk completely built by viruses，looks like
a regular watch battery. But inside，its components are very small-so tiny you can only see them with a powerful microscope.
How small are these battery parts? To get some idea of the size，pluck one hair from your head. Place your hair on a piece of white paper and try to see how wide your hair is-pretty thin，right? Although the width of each person‘s hair is a bit different，you could probably fit about 10 of these virus-built battery parts，side to side，across one hair. These microbatteries may change the way we look at viruses7.
词汇：
chicken pox水痘collaborator n.合作者，协作者
microorganism n.微生物pluck v.拔，摘，采
metallic adj.金属的
注释：
1.no wonder：不足为奇的，难怪
2.steer clear of：避开，绕开
3.though：意思为―然而，可是‖。在句中使用时通常放在句末。
4.Cambridge，Massachusetts：马萨诸塞州的剑桥市。本文第三段提到的the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)in Cambridge即指坐落于剑桥市的麻省理工学院。麻省理工学院于1861年由著名自然科学家威廉·巴罗吉杰斯创立。这是美国的一所私立研究型大学，培养高级科技人才和管理人才，是以理工科为主的、世界一流的综合性大学。
5.came up with：提出
6.A，C and D batteries：A、C、D均为电池型号。
7.These microbatteries may change the way we look at viruses：这些微型电池可能会改变我们看待病毒的方式。作者想表达的意思是：人们一直认为病毒有害无益，现在病毒可用来制作电池，人们对病毒的看法可能会因此而发生变化。
练习：
1.According to the first paragraph，people try to
A.kill microorganisms related to chicken pox，the flu，etc.
B.keep themselves away from viruses because they are invisible.
C.stay away from viruses because they are causes of various diseases.
D.cure themselves of virus-related diseases by taking medicines.
2.What is Belcher‘s team doing at present?
A.It is finding ways to get rid of viruses..
B.It is mass-producing microbatteries.
C.It is making batteries with viruses.
D.It is analyzing virus genes.
3.What expression below is opposite in meaning to the word "shrink" appearing in paragraph 5 ?
A.Broaden.
B.Spread.
C.Extend.
D.Expand.
4.Which of the following is true of Belcher‘s battery mentioned in paragraph 6?
A.It is made of metal.
B.It is a kind of watch battery.
C.It can only be seen with a microscope.
D.It is a metallic disk with viruses inside it.
5.How tiny is one battery part?
A.Its width is one tonth of a hair.
B.It equals the width of a hair.
C.It is as thin as a piece of paper.
D.Its width is too tiny to measure.
答案与题解：
1.C 短文第一段的大致意思是，许多疾病都由病毒引起，诸如水痘、感冒和艾滋病，所以人们想尽办法躲避病毒。这是C所表达的意思。A不是正确选择，因为文章并没有说人们想方设法去杀死病毒。B的后半句的内容(病毒肉眼看不见)和D的内容(吃药治疗病毒引起的疾病)文中没有提到。
2.C短文的第二段明确提供了答案。
3.D 根据上下文，shrink在此的意思是―收缩"，即―缩小"。所以，它的反义词是expand(增大，扩张)。C不是正确选择，因为extend的意思是become longer，即―延伸‖或―加长"。A的意思是―加宽‖，也不是答案。B的意思是―伸展，展开"，在一定的上下文里也可以做shrink的反义词，但在第五段这个语境里，B不是最佳选择。
4.D 第六段第二句中提到的metallic disk是指―金属圆盘‖，它是微型电池的外形，其内部是由病毒构成的电池部件。微型电池不是由金属组成的，所以A 不是答案。本段提到，这种电池looks like a regular watch battery，与手表里电池外形相似，但并不等同手表电池，所以B也不是正确选择。文章只是说电池的部件(但并没有说整个电池)小到只能用显微镜才能看到，所以C也不是正确的选择。D才是第六段所要表达的主要内容，因此是答案。
5.A 短文最后一段的第四句(―you could probably fit about 10 of these virus-built battery parts，side to side，across one hair‖)提供了本题的答案。
译文：
病毒电池
水痘、普通感冒、流感和艾滋病有哪些相似之处呢？这些都是由病毒引起的疾病。病毒是能够在人与人之间传染的微生物。难怪大部分人一提到病毒，首先想到的是如何躲避病毒。
然而，并不是每个人都躲避这些病毒携带者。在马萨诸塞州剑桥市，科学家发现有些病毒能起到非同寻常的作用。他们使病毒开始工作，使病毒构成世界上最小的充电电池。
病毒和电池的搭档似乎并不常见，但这对于工程师安吉拉·贝尔彻来说却
并不陌生。安吉拉·贝尔彻最早产生了这一想法。在位于剑桥市的麻省理工学院，她和合作者一起用新方式融合了不同的科学领域。在由病毒构成的电池里，科学家融合了他们在生物、技术和生产工艺方面的知识。
贝尔彻的团队包括帮助组装微型电池的宝拉·哈蒙德和以电池形式存储能量的专家蒋业明。哈蒙德说，―我们现在从事的行业是传统中不会想到的。‖许多电池已经很小了。A型、C型和D型电池都可以握在手里。硬币形状的手表电池通常比分币还小。然而，个人音乐播放器和手机等新型电子设备变得越来越小。这些设备变小了，普通电池就无法安装进去了。
理想的电池应当体积小、储能多。，贝尔彻的电池模型是完全由病毒构成的金属圆盘，看起来就像普通手表电池。但里面的部件却非常小——小到用高倍望远镜才能看到。
这些电池部件到底有多小呢？从头上拔一根头发，把它放到白纸上，看看头发的宽度——是不是很细呢？尽管每个人的头发宽度不同，每个头发上可以并列排放大约10个病毒电池部件。这些为电池能会改变我们对病毒的看法。
第36篇
Listening Device Provides Landslide Early WarningA device that provides early warning of a landslide by monitoring vibrations in soil is being tested by UK researchers. The device could save thousands of lives each year by warning when an area should be evacuated, the scientists say. Such natural disasters arc common in countries that experience sudden, heavy rainfall, and can also be triggered by earthquakes and even water erosion.
Landslides start when a few particles of soil or rock within a slope start to move, but the early stages can be hard to spot. Following this initial movement, "slopes can become unstable in a matter of hours or minutes," says Nell Dixon at Southborough University1, UK. He says a warning system that monitors this movement "might be enough to evacuate a block of flats or clear a road, and save lives. "
The most common way to monitor a slope for signs of an imminent
landslide is to watch for changes in its shape. Surveyors can do this by measuring aside directly, or sensors sunk into boreholes or fixed above ground can be used to monitor the shape of a slope. Slopes can. however, change shape without triggering a landslide, so either method is prone to causing false alarms. Now Dixon's team has developed a device that listens for the vibrations' caused when particles begin moving within a slope.
The device takes the form of a steel pipe dropped into a borehole in a slope. The borehole is filled in with gravel around the pipe to help transmit high-frequency vibrations generated by particles within the slope. These vibrations pass up the tube and are picked up by a sensor on the surface. Software analyses the vibration signal to determine whether a landslide may be imminent.
The device is currently being tested in a 6-metre-tall artificial clay embankment in Newcastle2, UK. Early results suggest it should provide fewer false positives than existing systems. Once it has been carefully and thoroughly tested, the device could be used to create a complete early-warning system for dangerous Slopes.
" Locations with a significant risk of landslides could definitely benefit from a machine like this," says Adam Poulter, an expert at the British Red Cross. "As long as it doesn't cost too much, " But, Poulter adds that an early-warning system may not be enough on its own. "You need to have the human communication," he says. "Making systems that get warnings to those who need them can be difficult. "
41. What does "Such natural disasters" in the first paragraph refer to?
A Sudden, heavy rainfall.
B Earthquakes.
C Water erosion.
D Landslides.
42. Which of the following statements is true of landslides?
A The initial movement is hard to spot.
B They start with a movement of a few particles of soil or rock.
C They can be destructive in a matter of hours or minutes.
D All of the above.
43. Why do researchers develop a new device to monitor signs of landsides?
A Because the new device can measure the site directly.
B Because the new device can be sunk into boreholes or fixed above ground.
C Because the common methods .can cause false alarms.
D Because the common methods are useless.
44. Which of the following statements is NOT true of the device, according to Paragraph 4?
A It is filled in with gravel.
B It consists of a steel pipe.
C It is dropped into a borehole filled in with gravel.
D It is connected to a sensor on the surface.
45. According to the context, what does the word "positives" in the fifth paragraph mean?
A Positive electric charges.
B Evidences.
C Warnings.
D Predictions.
答案与题解:
1. D 短文第一段的第一句告诉我们，英国研究人员正在测试一种仪器，这种仪器可以通过监测土攘的振动来预警山崩。该段昀后一句说，这种灾难经常在一些遭受自然灾害的国家发生，这些自然灾害包括sudden heavy rainfall和earthquakes以及water erosion。所以D 是正确选择。
2. D A、B、C的内容都可在第二段中找到。所以D是正确答案。
3. C 第三段的第一和第二句告诉我们，昀为普通的监测山崩方法是对山披形状变化的观察，有两种观察方式：第三句说，因为山坡形状的变化不一定导致山崩，所以两种方法都会有虚假的预警。因此，C是正确答案。
4. A B、C、D所述内容都可在第四段中找到。The borehole is filled in with gravel around the pipe.在被凿出的洞里填充沙砾，围在钢管四周。不是在钢管里填充沙砾。所以A是错误的说法，是正确的选择。
5. B positives在此用作名词，意思是：被证实的因素或特点，可以理解为证据。
译文：
听觉仪器提供早期山崩预警
英国研究者们正在测试一种仪器，它可以通过监测土壤振动提供早期山崩预告。科学家们说，这种仪器通过警报某处有险情需要撤离，每年可以拯救成千上万的生命。经历过骤降大耐，地震甚至土壤侵蚀的国家，山崩这样的自然灾害是很常见的。
当同一个山坡上的一些土壤或石块开始移动时，山崩就开始了，但早期很难发现。接着这个初始运动，―山坡在数分钟或数小时内变得不稳定，‖英国拉夫堡大学尼尔·迪克森说。他说，一个监控这种运动的警报系统―足以疏散一个，街区的人或清出一条马路，拯救生命‖。
监视迫近的山崩，最常见的办法就是观察这座山形状的变化。研究者们可以直接测量，也可以在钻孔中或者地表面上探测山坡形状的变化。可是，山坡改变形状也未必就导致山崩。所以任何一种方法都可能导致误警。现在，迪克森的团队已发明了一种仪器，它在一个山坡内的颗粒开始移动时可以接收到振动。
这个仪器是钢管形状，探人山坡上的一个钻孔中。钻孔中仪器的四周填满沙砾，有助于传导山坡内颗粒产生的高频振动波。振动波顺着钢管上传，被地表传感器接收。通过软件分析振动信号，判断是否马上要发生山崩。
目前这种仪器正在英国纽卡斯尔一座6米高人造石灰大坝中接受测试。先期
结果显示它比现有的仪器提供较少的判断误差。一旦这种仪器通过了认真彻底的检测，它将成为—个完善的山崩早期预警系统。
―受山崩严重威胁的地区—一定会从这样的仪器中得益，‖英国红十字会的专家艾登·保特说，―只要它不是太贵。‖但是，保特又说一个早期预警系统本身并不足以防灾，―你需要建立人际交流，‖他说，―使系统发射的预警送达到需要的人群是不容易的事。‖
In what may be bad news for bars and pubs, an European research group has found that people drinking alcohol outside of meals have a significantly higher risk of cancer in the mouth and neck than do those taking their libations with food. Luigino Dal Maso and his colleagues studied the drinking patterns of
1,500 patients from four cancer studies and another 3,500 adults who had never had cancer.
After the researchers accounted for the amount of alcohol consumed, they found that individuals who downed a significant share of their alcohol outside of meals faced at least a 50 to 80 percent risk of cancer in the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus, when compared with people who drank only at meals. Consuming alcohol without food also increased by at least 20 percent the likelihood of laryngeal cancer. ―Roughly 95 percent of cancers at these four sites traced too smoking or drinking by study volunteers,‖ Da l Maso says. The discouraging news his team reports, is that drinking with meals didn‘t eliminate cancer risk at any of the sites.
For their new analysis, the European scientists divided people in the study into four groups, based on how many drinks they reported having in an average week. The lowest-intake group included people who averaged up to 20 drinks a week. The highest group reported downing at least 56 servings of alcohol weekly for an average of eight or more per day. Cancer risks for the mouth and neck sites rose steadily with consumption even for people who reported
drinking only with meals. For instance, compared with people in the
lowest-consumption group, participants who drank 21 to 34 alcohol servings a week at least doubled their cancer risk for all sites other than the larynx. If people in these consumption groups took some of those drinks outside meals, those in the higher consumption group at least quadrupled their risk for oral cavity and esophageal cancers.
People in the highest-consumption group who drank only with meals had 10 times the risk of oral cancer, 7 times the risk of pharyngeal cancer, and 16 times the risk of esophageal cancer compared with those who averaged 20 or fewer drinks a week with meals. In contrast, laryngeal cancer risk the
high-intake, with-meals-only group was only triple that in the low-intake consumers who drank with meals.
―Alcohol can inflame tissues. Over time, that inflammation can trigger cancer.‖ Dal Maso says. He suspects that food reduced cancer risk either by partially coating digestive-tract tissues or by scrubbing alcohol off those tissues. He speculates that the reason laryngeal risks were dramatically lower for all study participants traces to the tissue‘s lower exposure to alcohol.
―Don't Drink Alone”Gets New Meaning
课文讲解（1）～（2）题
1. Researchers have found that the risk of cancer in the mouth and neck is higher with people
A. who drink alcohol outside of meals.
B. who drink alcohol at meals.
C. who never drink alcohol.
D. who drink alcohol at bars and pubs.
「答案」：A
“Don't Drink Alone” Gets New Meaning
In what may be bad news for bars and pubs, an European research group has found that people drinking alcohol outside of meals have a significantly
（=considerably）higher risk of cancer in the mouth and neck than do those taking their libations（饮酒）with food.
2. Which of the following is NOT the conclusion made by the researchers about “drinking with meals”?
A. It has a lower risk of cancer than drinking without food.
B. It may also be a cause of cancer.
C. It increases by 20 percent the possibility of cancer in all sites.
D. It does not eliminate cancer risk at any of the sites.
「答案」：C
Luigino Dal Maso and his colleagues studied the drinking patterns of 1, 500 patients from four cancer studies and another 3,500 adults who had never had cancer.
After the researchers accounted for the amount of alcohol consumed, they found that individuals who downed a significant share of their alcohol outside of meals faced at least a 50 to 80 percent risk of cancer in the oral cavity（口腔）, pharynx（咽）, and esophagus（食道）, when compared with people who drank only at meals. Consuming alcohol without food also increased by at least 20 percent the likelihood of laryngeal cancer（喉癌）. “Roughly（=about/approximately）95 percent of cancers at these four sites traced to smoking or drinking by the study volunteers,” Dal Maso says. The discouraging news, his team reports, is that drinking with meals didn't eliminate（=get rid of）cancer risk at any of the sites.
account for: explain 解释
discourage: frustrate
课文讲解（3）～（4）题
3. Approximately how many drinks do the lowest-intake group average per day?
For their new analysis, the European scientists divided people in the study into four groups, based on how many drinks they reported having in an average week. The lowest-intake group included people who averaged up to 20 drinks a week.
3. Approximately how many drinks do the lowest-intake group average per day?
A. 3 drinks.
B. 8 drinks.
C. 20 drinks.
D. 50 drinks.
「答案」：A
4. Which cancer risk is the lowest among all the four kinds of cancer mentioned in the passage?
The highest group reported downing at least 56 servings of alcohol weekly for an average of eight or more per day. Cancer risks for the mouth and neck sites rose steadily with consumption even for people who reported drinking only with meals. For instance, compared with people in the lowest-consumption group, participants who drank 21 to 34 alcohol servings a week at least doubled their cancer risk for all sites other than the larynx（喉癌）. If people in these consumption groups took some of those drinks outside meals, those in the higher consumption group at least quadrupled their risk for oral cavity （口腔）and esophageal cancers（食道）.
People in the highest-consumption group who drank only with meals had 10 times the risk of oral cancer, 7 times the risk of pharyngeal cancer（咽癌）, and 16 times the risk of esophageal cancer（食道癌）compared with those who averaged 20 or fewer drinks a week with meals. In contrast, laryngeal cancer （喉癌）risk in the high-intake, with-meals-only group was only triple that in the low-intake consumption who drank with meals.
4. Which cancer risk is the lowest among all the four kinds of cancer mentioned in the passage?
A. Oral cancer
B. Laryngeal cancer
C. Pharyngeal cancer
D. Esophageal cancer
「答案」：B
课文讲解（5）题
5. According to the last paragraph, tissue's lower exposure to alcohol
“Alcohol can inflame tissues（组织）. Over time, that inflammation can trigger cancer.” Dal Maso says. He suspects that food reduced cancer risk either by partially
coating digestive-tract tissues or by scrubbing alcohol off those tissues. He speculates that the reason laryngeal risks（喉癌）were dramatically lower for all study participants traces to the tissue's lower exposure to alcohol.
5. According to the last paragraph, tissue's lower exposure to alcohol
A. explains why inflammation triggers cancer.
B. accounts for why food can coat digestive-tract tissues.
C. is the reason why food can scrub alcohol off tissues.
D. reduces the risk of laryngeal cancer.
「答案」：D
译文：
不要在就餐时间以外饮酒有了新含义
一定程度上，这对酒吧可能是一个坏消息，欧洲的一个研究小组发现人们在就餐时间以外饮酒会使患口腔和颈部癌症的机率比就餐时饮酒更高。Luigino Dal Maso和他的同事们研究了取自四项癌症研究的1,500个病例的饮酒习惯模式和另外3,500个从没患癌症的成年人的饮酒习惯模式。
在研究者分析了饮酒的总量后，他们发现和只在就餐时饮酒的人相比，在就餐时间以外灌下大量烈酒的人面临至少50%~80%的患口腔癌、咽癌和食道癌的危险。在就餐时间外饮酒也会使患喉癌的可能性增加至少20%。―被研究者的情况说明大约95%患以上四种癌症的原因就是抽烟或饮酒。‖Dal Maso说。他的研究小组提供的报告令人沮丧的消息是就餐时饮酒不会消除患以上任何一种癌症的危险。
为了进行新的颁，欧洲科学家根据每星期平均饮酒量将被研究者分为4组。饮酒量最少的一组包括每周平均饮酒量达20杯的人，饮酒量最高的一组每周饮酒至少56杯，平均每天8杯以上。患口腔癌和喉癌的危险随着饮酒量而稳定上升，即使是那些只在就餐时饮酒的人。例如，和低饮酒量的人相比，每周饮酒21~34杯的人患除喉癌以外其他部位的癌症的危险增加了一倍。如果这几组中的人在就餐时间以外饮酒，那些属于高饮酒量组的人会使他们患口腔癌和食道癌的危险至少增加3倍。
和每周只在就餐时平均饮酒至多20杯的人相比，高饮酒量组的人在就餐时间饮酒患口腔癌的危险是低饮酒量组的10倍，咽癌是其7倍，食道癌16倍。相反，酒精高摄入且仅在就餐时饮酒的人患喉癌的危险是酒精低摄入且仅在就餐时饮酒的人的3倍。
―酒精能使组织发炎，一段时间后，炎症可引发癌症。‖Dal Maso说。他认为食物降低了患癌症的危险，或是通过覆盖在消化道组织上或是通过将酒精从那些组织上擦牛。他推测所有被研究者患喉癌的机率比其他癌症低很多的原因是组织被酒精侵害到的部分少。
第39篇
Clone Farm
Factory farming could soon enter a new era of mass production. Companies in the US are developing the technology needed to "clone" chickens on a massive scale1. Once a chicken with desirable traits has been bred or genetically engineered2, tens of thousands of eggs, which will hatch into identical copies , could roll off the production lines every hour. Billions of clones could be produced each year to supply chicken farms with birds that all grow at the same rate, have the same amount of meat and taste the same.
This, at least, is the vision of the US's National Institute of Science and Technology, which has given Origen Therapeutics of Burlingame, California, and Embrex of North Carolina $4.7 million to help fund research4. The prospect has alarmed animal welfare groups, who fear it could increase the suffering of farm birds.
That's unlikely to put off5 the poultry industry, however, which wants disease-resistant birds that grow faster on less food. "Producers would like the same meat quantity but to use reduced inputs to get there," says Mike Fitzgerald of Origen. To meet this demand, Origen aims to "create an animal that is effectively a clone", he says. Normal cloning doesn't work in birds because eggs can't be removed and implanted. Instead, the company is trying to bulk-grow6, embryonic stem cells7 taken from fertilized eggs as soon as
they're laid. "The trick is to culture8 the cells without them starting to distinguish, so they remain pluripotent," says Fitzgerald.
Using a long-established technique, these donor cells will then be injected into the embryo of a freshly laid, fertilized recipient egg9, forming a chick that is a "chimera". Strictly speaking a chimera isn't a clone, because it contains cells from both donor and recipient. But Fitzgerald
says it will be enough if, say, 95 percent of a chicken's body develops from donor cells. "In the poultry world, it doesn't matter if it's not 100 percent," he says.
pluripotent /plua'ripetent/ adj.多能的embryo /'embrieu/ n.胚胎chimera /kai'miara/ n.嵌合体vaccine /'vaeksiin/ n.疫苗?
Another challenge for Origen is to scale up10 production. To do this, it has teamed up with11 Embrex, which produces machines that can inject vaccines into up to 50,000 eggs12 an hour. Embrex is now trying to modify the machines to locate the embryo and inject the cells into precisely the right spot without killing it.
In future, Origen imagines freezing stem cells from different strains of chicken13. If orders come in for a particular strain, millions of eggs could be produced in months or even weeks. At present, maintaining all the varieties the market might call for is too expensive for breeders, and k takes years to breed enough chickens to produce the billions of eggs that farmers need.
词汇：
clone/klaun/n.&v.克隆，无性繁殖implant /im丨pla:nt/ v.植入；移植embryonic / 丨embri 丨mnk/ adj.胚胎的fertilise /'f3:tilaiz/ v.使受精
注释：
1. on a massive scale:大规模
2. genetically engineered：经过基因改造。genetical engineering：遗传工程
3. hatch into identical copies：孵出如出一辙的（小）鸡
4. to help fund research：资助研究。fund用作动词，research是它的宾语。
5. put off：意为―discourage‖（使……气馁）。
6. bulk-grow：大量繁殖
7. stem cell：干细胞
8. culture：动词，意思是：培育。
9. a freshly laid, fertilized recipient egg:新产下的；已受精的；要接受细胞植入的鸡蛋
10. scale up：提高，按比例增加。
11. team up with：与合作。
12. up to 50,000 eggs：多达5 万只鸡蛋。
13. different strains of chicken：不同品种的鸡。
练习：
1. Which statement is the best description of the new era of factory farming according to the first paragraph?
A. Eggs are all genetically engineered.
B. Thousands of eggs are produced every hour.
C. Cloned chickens are bulk-produced with the same growth rate, weight and taste.
D. Identical eggs can be hatched on the production lines.
2. Which institution has offered $4.7 million to fund the research?
A. The US‘s National Institute of Science and Technology.
B. Origen therapeutics of Burlingame, California.
C. Embrex of North Carolina.
D. Animal welfare groups.
3. In the third paragraph, by saying ―Producers would like the same meat quantity but to use reduced inputs to get there.‖ Mike Fitzgerald means that he wishes
A. chickens‘ quality could be maintained but with less inves tment.
B) chickens' taste could be improved but at less costs.
C) chickens' growth rate could be quickened but with less inputs.
D) chickens could grow to the same weight but with less feed.
4. Which of the following statements about Origen and Embrex is correct according to the fifth paragraph?
A) Origen and Embrex will jointly invent machines to increase production.
B) Origen wants to purchase an efficient donor cells injecting machine.
C) Origen has joined hands with Embrex in producing cell-injecting machines.
D) Origen is the leading company in producing embryo-locating machines.
5. The technology of freezing stem cells from different strains of chicken can do all the following EXCEPT that
A) farmers can order certain strains of chicken only.
B) Origen can supply all the strains of chicken the market might need.
C) chicken farmers order certain strains of chicken for economic reasons.
D) chicken farmers can be supplied with whatever strain they need.
答案与题解：
1. c 第一段最后一句提供了直接的答案。 .
2. A 第二段共提到三个研究机构和一个民间组织。The US's National Institute of Science and Technology为研究提供了经费，被资助的研究机构是Origen Therapeutics of Burlingame, California 禾口Embrex of North Carolina.因此，
A 是答案。
3. D 原句的意思有两点是关键的，即每只鸡提供的肉量不变，但饲料（inputs)要减少。只有D符合原意。
4. C 该段第二个句子中which引导的从句表明，是Embrex生产疫苗注射装置，而不是两家研究单位共同研制。Embrex在此基础上将装置改造为细胞注射装置。所以，只有C最接近原意。
5. A 最后一段的大意是，如果能冷冻所有品种的鸡的干细胞，那么，无论需要什么品种的鸡或多少数量，都不是问题。但是，目前储备所有品种是非常昂贵的。
B、C、D从几方面表达了这层意思。因此，只有A是答案。
译文：
克隆农场
工业化农场很快会进入一个大产量的新领域。美国的公司正在开发一项需要大规模克隆小鸡的技术。一旦一个具有所期望特性的小鸡被孵化出来或被基因改造，每小时成千上万的鸡蛋会孵出如出一辙的小鸡滚下生产线。每年上百万的克隆小鸡能被孵化出来，从而为鸡场提供以相同比例生长，重量相同并且味道相同的小鸡。
这至少是美国国家科技院的梦想，科技院给OnrigenTherapeuticsofBurlinggame,California，以及EmbrexofNorthCaroling470万基金以资助研究。这个预想为担忧增加鸡场小鸡痛苦的动物福利组织拉响了警报。
那好像并没有让使家禽养殖业气馁，然而，他们想使抗痛小鸡吃得更少，长得更快，―养殖者希望减少投入但仍获得相同的产量，‖MikeFitzgeraldofOrigen说，为了达到这个要求，Origen致力于―制造一个有效克隆体的小鸡，‖他说，正常的克隆技术对鸟类无效，因为卵不能被移动或移植。然而，公司正试图大量繁殖刚产下的受精卵中提取的胚胎的干细胞。技巧是在细胞开始显示其差别前对其进行培育，这样它们还保持多能性。‖Fitzgerald说
运用早已形成的技术，这些干细胞会被注入刚孵出的，已受精的，要接受细胞植入的鸡蛋的胚胎中，形成一个嵌合体的小鸡。严格地说，嵌合体的小鸡不是克隆鸡，因为它既有植入的细胞又有本身的细胞。但Fitzgerald说，如果小鸡身体的95%是由被植入的细胞发展而来的就足够了。―在家禽界，不是100%也没关系。‖Origen面临的另一个挑战是提高生产量。为了做到这点，他和Embrex合作研制了一个可将疫苗注入50000个鸡蛋中的仪器。Embrex正试图改造那个仪器，从而使胚胎和注射的细胞落在准确的位置而不杀死它。
在将来，Origen设想将不同品种小鸡的干细胞冷冻，如果定单要某一种小鸡，成百万的卵能在几个月甚至几个星期被生产出来，目前，维持市场可能需要的各
种小鸡对养殖者来说太昂贵了，那要花数年的时间培育足够多的小鸡以生产出农民需要的上百万鸡蛋。
第40篇（2012新增）
Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety
In a new study about the way kids learn math in elementary school, the psychologists at the
University of Chicagol1 Sian Beilock and Susan Levine found a surprising relationship between what female teachers think and what female students learn:If a female teacher is uncomfortable with her own math skills, then her female students are more likely to believe that boys are better than girls at math.
"If these girls keep getting math-anxious female teachers2 in later grades, it may create a snowball effect on their math achievement3 said Levine. In other words,girls may end up learning math anxiety from their teachers4. The study suggests that if these girls grow up believing that boys are better at math than girls are,then these girls may not do as well as they would have if they were more confident.
Just as students find certain subjects to be difficult, teachers can find certain subjects to bedifficult to learn -- and teach. The subject of math can be particularly difficult for everyone.
Researchers use the word "anxiety" to describe such feelings: anxiety is uneasiness or worry.
The new study found that when a teacher has anxiety about math, that feeling can influence
how her female students feel about math. The study involved 65 girls,52 boys and 17 first- andsecond-grade teachers in elementary schools in the Midwest. The students took math achievement tests at the beginning and end of the school year, and the researchers compared the scores.
The researchers also gave the students tests to tell whether the students
believed that a math superstar had to be a boy. Then the researchers turned to the teachers:To find out which teachers were anxious about math,the researchers asked the teachers how they felt at times when they came across math, such as when reading a sales receipt5. A teacher who got nervous looking at the numbers on a sales receipt, for example,was probably anxious about math.
Boys,on average,were unaffected by a teacher's anxiety. On average,girls with math-anxiousteachers scored lower on the end-of-the-year math tests than other girls in the study did.Plus,on the test showing whether someone thought a math superstar had to be a boy,20 girls showed feeling that boys would be better at math -- and all of these girls had been taught by female teachers who had math anxiety.
"This is an interesting study,but the results need to be interpreted as preliminary and in needof replication with a larger sample6," said David Geary,a psychologist at the University of Missouri7 in Columbia.
词汇：
snowball /'sn?ub?:l/雪球；滚雪球式增长的事replication/repli'kei??n/ n ．重复，复现
superstar/'sju:p?sta:/ n．超级明星
练习：
1. University of Chicago：芝加哥大学。位于美国伊利诺伊州芝加哥市，是世界一流的私立大学，创建于1891 年。
2. keep getting math-anxious female teachers：一直由对数学有焦虑感的女教师教授数学。此处getting是having的意思，math-anxious指的是上文中提到的对数学没有自信的心理状态。另见第三段最后一句对anxiety的解释。
3. snowball effect on their math achievement：在数学成就上的雪球效应。其含义是：在数学上越来越没有信心。
4. end up learning math anxiety from their teachers：最后从老师那里获得的是对数学的焦虑。End up doing something：最终会做某事
职称英语阅读理解 文稿归稿存档编号：[KKUY-KKIO69-OTM243-OLUI129-G00I-FDQS58-MG129]
【经典资料，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可编辑修改】 【经典考试资料，答案附后，看后必过，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可修改】 第二十七篇Driven to Distraction Joe Coyne slides into the driver’s seat, starts up the car and heads1 to town. The empty stretch of interstate gives way to urban congestion2, and Coyne hits the brakes as a pedestrian suddenly crosses the street in front of him. But even if he hadn’t stopped in time, the woman would have been safe. She isn’t real. Neither is the town. And Coyne isn’t really driving. Coyne is demonstrating a computerized driving simulator that is helping researchers at Old Dominion University3 (ODU) examine how in-vehicle guidance systems affect the person behind the wheel.4 The researchers want to know if such systems, which give audible or written directions, are too distracting — or whether any distractions are offset5 by the benefits drivers get from having help finding their way in unfamiliar locations.6 “We are looking at the performance and mental workload of drivers,” said Caryl Baldwin, the assistant psychology professor lending the research, which involves measuring drivers reaction time and brain activity as they respond to auditory and visual cues7. The researchers just completed a study of the mental workload8 involved in driving through different kinds of environments and heavy
【英语】中考英语阅读理解经典题型带答案 一、初三英语阅读理解（含答案详细解析） 1．根据短文理解，选择正确答案。 A Some people think only school children do not agree with their parents, however, it is not true. Communication is a problem for parents and children of all ages. If it's hard for you to communicate with your parents, don't worry about it. Here are some suggestions for you to bridge generation gap（代沟）. Don't argue with your parents. Don't get to your parents when you are angry. Your parents probably won't consider your ideas if you are shouting at them You can't express（表达）yourself well if you are angry. Go to some place to cool off. Make sure you understand why you are unhappy. Then think about what you want to say to your parents. If you don't think you can speak to them at the moment, try writing a letter. Try to reach a compromise （和解）. Perhaps you and your parents disagree（有分歧） on something. You can keep your disagreement and try your best to accept each other. Michael's mother didn't agree with him about buying a car. They argued over it, but finally they came to a compromise. Michael bought the car, but only drove it on certain days. Of course your parents might refuse to compromise on something. In these situations, it is especially important to show love and respect （尊敬） to them. Showing respect will keep your relationship strong. Talk about your values. The values of your parents are probably different from those of your own. Tell your parents what you care about, and why. Understanding your values might help them see your purposes in life. A good relationship with your parents can make you a better and happier person. It is worth having a try. （1）From the passage we know_______ have a communication problem. A. parents and children of all ages B. children and other people C. parents and their school children D. teachers and their students （2）How many pieces of advice does the writer give us to bridge the generation gap? A. 5 B. 4 C. 3 D. 2 （3）The underlined phrase "cool off" in the passage means_______. A. make yourself happy B. make yourself quiet and relaxed C. become angry D. go away （4）If the values of your parents are different from those of yours, you'd better_______. A. argue with them B. keep away from them
第四十一篇 Too Little for Global Warming Oil and gas will run out1 too fast for doomsday global warming scenarios2 to materialize, according to a controversial new analysis presented this week at the University of Uppsala in Sweden. The authors warn that all the fuel will be burnt before there is enough carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to realize predictions of melting ice caps and searing temperatures. Defending their predictions, scientists from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change3 say they considered a range of estimates of oil and gas reserves, and point out that coal-burning could easily make up4 the shortfall. But all agree that burning coal would be even worse for the planet. The IPCC’s predictions of global meltdown pushed forward5 the 1997 Kyoto Protocol6, an agreement obliging signatory nations to cut CO2 emissions. The IPCC considered a range of future scenarios, from unlimited burning of fossil-fuels to a fast transition towards greener energy sources. But geologists Anders Sivertsson, Kjell Aleklett and Colin Campbell of Uppsala University say there is not enough oil and gas left even the most conservative of the 40 IPCC scenarios to come to pass7. Although estimates of oil and gas reserves vary widely, the researchers are part of a growing group of experts who believe that oil supplies will peak as soon as 2010, and gas soon after. Their analysis suggests that oil and gas reserves combined amount to the equivalent of about 3,500 billion barrels of oil considerably less than the 5,000 billion barrels estimated in the most optimistic model envisaged by the IPCC. Even the average forecast of about 8,000 billion barrels is more than twice the Swedish estimate of the world’s remaining reserves. Nebojsa akicenovic, an energy economist at the University of Vienna, Austria who headed the 80-strong IPCC team that produced the forecasts, says the panel’s work still stands8. He says they factored in9 a much broader and internationally accepted range of oil and gas estimates than the “conservative”Swedes. Even if oil and gas run out. “there’s a huge amount of coal underground that could be exploited.” He says that burning coal could make the IPCC scenarios come true, but points out that such a switch would be disastrous. Coal is dirtier than oil and gas and produces more CO2for each unit of energy, as well as releasing large amounts of particulates. He says the latest
中考英语英语阅读理解训练经典题目 一、英语阅读理解专项练习试卷 1．阅读理解 When I was about 12, I had an enemy, a girl who liked to point out my shortcomings (缺点). Sometimes she said I was thin. Sometimes she said I was lazy. Sometimes she said I wasn't a good student. Sometimes she said I talked too much, and so on. I tried to put up with(忍受) her as long as I could. At last, I became very angry. I ran to my father with tears in my eyes. He listened to me quietly, and then he asked, "Are the things she said true or not? Mary, didn't you ever wonder what you're really like? Go and make a list of everything she said and mark the points that are true. Pay no attention to the other things she said." I did as he told me and to my surprise, I found that about half the things were true. I brought the list back to my dad. He refused to take it. "That's just for you," he said. "You know better than anyone else the truth about yourself. When something said about you is true, you'll find it will be helpful to you. Don't shut your ears. Listen to them all, but hear the truth and do what you think is right. "Many years have passed. The situation often appears in my mind. In our life we often meet with some trouble and we often go to someone and ask for advice. For some advice you will treasure all your life! （1）How did the writer feel when her friend pointed out her shortcomings at first? A. Happy. B. Thankful. C. Unhappy. D. Nothing. （2）What did the writer's father do after he heard her complaints(抱怨)? A. He agreed with her "enemy". B. He let her continue to put up with her "enemy". C. He told her to write down all her "enemy" had said about her. D. He told her not to pay attention to what her "enemy" had said. （3）The writer felt _______ when she did the things as her father had told her. A. surprised B. angry C. disappointed D. sad （4）Which of the following can we know from the passage? A. The "enemy" thought the writer was pretty. B. The "enemy" thought the writer studied hard. C. The writer and her "enemy" became best friends at last. D. The writer is thankful to her father. （5）Which of the following can be the best title of the passage? A. My Parents B. A Good Friend C. An Enemy D. The Best Advice 【答案】（1）C （2）C
Stress Level Tied to Education Level 1.Stress level is closely related to. social status. 2.The1,031adults were interviewed. on a daily basis for 8 days. 3.Which group reported the biggest number of stressful days? People with college degrees. 4.The less advantaged people are, the greater. the impact of stress on their health is. 5.Less-educated people report fewer days of stress possibly because. Stress is too common a factor in their life. Medical Journals 1.The main readers of medical journals are. health professionals. 2.Which of the following statements is NOT true? Most medical journals publish only online. 3.How many major types of articls are mentioned in the passage? Five. 4.An article dealing with results from different studies on the same topic is called. A research article. 5.Letters to the editor enable readers of a medical journal to express comments on. Articles published in that journal. Need for Emphasis on Treatment 1.Which is true of many AIDS sufferers in developing countries? They are not receiving any treatment. 2.The WHO publishes its World Health Report. Once a year. 3.According to Lee, our response to the AIDS disease is. A matter of great significance. 4.AIDS treatment programs may also result in. more effective prevention. 5.How many people have died of AIDS so far? More than 20 million. Heat and Health 1.More than 600 people died from heat in Chicago. In 1995. 2.What can piople learn from the Mean Heat Index? The average temperature of an extrem ely hot day. 3.A heat wave is a period of time during which. The weather is much hotter than usual. 4.Muscle pain in hot weather means that. Y our body needs more water. 5.For people who are not in good health,heat can. Be deadly. Losing W eight 1.The study showed that most of the girls. Had a healthy body weight. 2.What percentage of the girls considered themselves overweight? Nearly 30 percent. 3.The survey participants were girls. Who were 10 to 1 4. 4.What kind of institution does the lead researcher work with? A hospital. 5.Unhealthy attitudes about weight,body image and food may. Lead to an eating disorder. Pushbike Peril 1.According to the passage, some engineers are trying to improve the handlebars because. they are not noble enough. 2.In paragraph 2, the author mentions a study of serious abdominal iniuries. To tell us why Kristy Arbogast began the projict. 3.Paragraph 3 mainly discusses. how serious injuries occur. 4.The passage implies that. It is not easy to persuade manufacturers to adopt the new design. 5.In which of the following ways the handgrip work? It reduces the dangerous forces in bicycle accidents. Aate-night Erinking 1.The author mentions “pick-me-up”to indicate that. coffee is a stimulant. 2.Which of the following tells us how caffeine affects sleep? Caffeine halves the body’s levels of sleep hormone. 3.What does paragraph 3 mainly discuss? Different effects of caffeinated coffee and decaf on sleep. 4.What does the experiment mentioned in paragraph 4 prove? Caffeine drinkers produce less sleep hormone. 5.The author of this passage probably agrees that. we should not drink coffee after supper. Attitudes to AIDS Now 1.What do activists worry about? People may stop worrying about AIDS. 2.According to the passage, people’s attitude toward the cure of AIDS is. realistic. 3.The Gallup Poll shows that the number of people. Who think AIDS is the country’s top health killer has fallen. 4.According to the Kaiser Poll, which of the following is NOT correct? More and more people die of AIDS now.
【英语】中考英语阅读理解真题经典1 一、初三英语阅读理解（含答案详细解析） 1．根据短文内容出选择正确答案。 B Do you want to live a happier, less stressful life? Try laughing for no reason at all. That's how thousands of people start their day at Laughter （笑声）Clubs around the world and many doctors now think that having a good laugh might be one of the best ways to stay healthy. The first Laughter Club was started in Mumbai, India, in 1995 by Dr. Madan Kataria. "Young children laugh about 300 times a day. Adults laugh between 7 and 15 times a day," says Dr. Kataria. "Everyone is naturally good at laughing-it's the universal language. We want people to feel happy with their lives." There are now more than 500 Laughter Clubs in India and over l,300 in the world. Many doctors are also interested in the effects （效果） of laughter on our health. According to a 5-year study at the UCLA School of Medicine in California, with laughing there is less stress in the body. Laughter improves our health against illness by about 40%. So what happens at a Laughter Club? I went along to my nearest club in South London to find out. I was quite nervous at the beginning of the class, to be honest, I wasn't interested in laughing with a group of strangers, and I was worried about looking stupid. Our laughter teacher told us to clap our hands and say “ho ho ho, ha ha ha.” while looking at each other. However, our bodies can't tell the difference between real laughter and unreal laughter, so they still produce the same healthy effects. Surprisingly, it worked! After ten minutes everybody in the room was laughing for real and some people just couldn't stop! At the end of the class I was surprised by how relaxed-and comfortable I felt. So if you're under stress, then start laughing. You might be very pleased with the results! （1）The first Laughter Club was started in __________. A. India B. America C. Britain D. China （2）How many Laughter Clubs are there in the world today? A. Over 300. B. Over 500. C. Over 800. D. Over l,300. （3）How did the writer feel at the beginning of the class? A. Surprised. B. Pleased C. Nervous. D. Tired. （4）When did the people in the club begin to laugh for real? A. After ten minutes. B. After ten hours. C. After ten seconds. D. After ten days.（5）The article mainly tells us __________.
Taking Pictures of the World Meet Annie Griffiths Belt,a National Geographic photographer.Belt has worked for National Geographic since 1978,and has taken pictures on almost every continent in the world.In fact,Antarctica is the only continent Belt hasn't seen yet. Belt's photographs are well known for their beauty and high quality.They also reflect very different cultures and regions of the world.Belt has photographed the ancient city of Petra, Jordan,as well as the green landscapes of the Lake District in England.Recently,her pictures appeared in a book about undeveloped natural places in North America. Everywhere that Belt goes,she takes pictures of people. Belt has found ways to connect with people of all ages and nationalities even when she does not speak their language." The greatest privilege of my job is being allowed into people's lives,"she has said."The camera is like a passport,and I am often overwhelmed by how quickly people welcome me!"
Topic Fifteen Literature and the Arts 文学与艺术话说中考 本话题是文学与艺术，使学生了解我国及世界不同地区的文学与艺术领域的特色、发展及创新等情况，并能尊重和接受不同的文学与艺术。中考阅读理解对本话题考查是通过阅读 小短文理解大意，从短文中分析、整理出文学或艺术的历史、特色、新闻人物、发展创新及 走向。目的是陶冶学生情操，提升文化素养以及培养学生欣赏和发展文学与艺术的能力。这就要求学生在日常生活中多关注当代文学与艺术的发展动向，多涉足文学与艺术领域，亲身去感受文学与艺术的魅力。 走近中考(四川乐山·2018) If you are a teenage boy，and you want to succeed in life，you'd better read this great book．From Boys to Men by an American writer， Michael Gurian，tells teenage boys that they are living through the best years of their lives．There is no reason for them not to love life． You may think that only your body is growing at the moment．But the book says your mind is growing，too．The book tells teenage boys that they need to help their bodies and minds grow．To do this，they should stop spending their time playing computer games and should start playing sports．Sports，the book says，keep you healthy and teach you important life skills．They teach you how to be a leader and how to work as part of a team． The book also tells boys how to love life if they're being bullied(被欺负)．It says boys have to stop being scared(害怕的) of such bullies．It is the only way they can become more successful people． To become the man you want to be，you have to think for yourself and believe in yourself．But，most importantly，the book says，you must always dream of success．Never be happy with what you've got，and always want more．根据短文内容，选择最佳答案。 ( ) 1．From Boys to Men is _______． A．a Chinese magazine
2013职称英语阅读理解英文及译文 2013年新增（一）阅读判断 1.第一篇：Taking Pictures of the world 2.*第十二篇：Starting a New Tradition （二）概括大意与完成句子 1.第五篇：US Signs Global Tobacco Treaty 2.第八篇：How We Form First Impression （三）阅读理解 1.第三篇：Shark Attack ！ 2.第五篇：The Travels of Ibn Battuta 12年新增的篇目：第1、8、10、11、16、19、20、26、30、33、34、35、37、38、47篇 13年新增的篇目：第3、5篇。 12年第8篇(C级)第33篇B级，第35篇A级2012年已考 职称英语阅读理解文章译文(参加综合A、B、C级考试需要掌握文章) 3 第一篇讲述关于人们的故事 Telling Tales about People 第二篇课外学习带来很大不同 4 Outside-the-classroom Learning Makes a Big Difference 5 第三篇小心鲨鱼 5 Shark Attack! 6 第四篇火鸡盛宴和感恩节的祝福 6 Feast on Turkey and Good Wishes at Thanksgiving 7 第五篇伊本白图泰游记7 The Travels of Ibn Battuta 8 第六篇看电视与长途汽车旅行9 TV Shows and Long Bus Trips 10 第七篇现代日光浴者10 Modern Sun Worshippers 11 第八篇变化中的中产阶级11 The Changing Middle Class 12 第九篇单亲幼儿最出色12 Single-parent Kids Do Best 13 第十篇艾伦的来信13 A Letter from Alan 14 第十一篇芭蕾舞的发展14 The Development of Ballet 15 第十二篇走私15 Smuggling 15 第十三篇芭比娃娃16 The Barbie Dolls 16 第十四篇睡眠17 Sleep 17
【英语】中考英语阅读理解测试题及答案经典 一、初三英语阅读理解（含答案详细解析） 1．阅读理解 Radio and television are very popular in the world today. Millions of people watch TV. Perhaps more people listen to the radio. The TV, of course, is more useful than the radio. On TV you can see and hear what is happening in the world. Now the radio is not disappearing. It's still with us. And the number of listeners is becoming larger. One reason for this is the invention of the transistor（晶体管）radio. The transistor radio is sometimes very small. It is very easy to carry. You can put one in your pocket and listen to it on the bus when you go to work. It is better for blind people. Many old people don't have good sight （视力）to watch TV. When people are working，they can't watch TV but they can listen to music or news over the radio. What's more，the radio is much cheaper than the TV. （1）After the television was invented，people ____. A. think it is unnecessary to use the radio B. don't want to use the radio any more C. are still using the radio D. find the radio is disappearing （2）One of the reasons for the larger number of listeners of the radio is that ____. A. the TV was invented B. the transistor radio was invented C. people don't like watching TV D. millions of people watch TV （3）____ listen to the radio more because their sight isn't good enough. A. Children B. Young people C. Old people D. Adults （4）Usually ____ can be used easily while people are moving or working. A. the radio B. the TV C. both the TV and the radio D. neither the radio nor the TV 【答案】（1）C （2）B （3）C （4）A 【解析】【分析】大意：本文讲述收音机和电视机在世界上的很受欢迎，电视与收音机比，电视更有用，然而收音机由于体积小便宜，便于携带，听众也越来越多，深受老年人喜爱。 （1）细节题。根据Perhaps more people listen to the radio.可知，电视发明后，人们依然使用收音机，故选C。 （2）细节题。根据One reason for this is the invention of the transistor（晶体管）radio. 可知，收音机听众的数量更多其中一个原因是晶体管收音机被发明，故选B。 （3）推断题。根据 Many old people don't have good sight（视力）to watch TV.可知，老年人由于视力不好听广播的人更多，故选C。 （4）细节题。根据When people are working，they can't watch TV but they can listen to music or news over the radio.可知，通常人们移动或者工作时可以听收音机，故选A。 【点评】考查阅读理解。细节题和推断题是阅读理解题中常考题型。细节题需要从文中寻