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美赛一等奖论文-中文翻译版

美赛一等奖论文-中文翻译版
美赛一等奖论文-中文翻译版

目录

问题回顾 (3)

问题分析: (4)

模型假设: (6)

符号定义 (7)

4.1---------- (8)

4.2 有热水输入的温度变化模型 (17)

4.2.1模型假设与定义 (17)

4.2.2 模型的建立The establishment of the model (18)

4.2.3 模型求解 (19)

4.3 有人存在的温度变化模型Temperature model of human presence (21)

4.3.1 模型影响因素的讨论Discussion influencing factors of the model (21)

4.3.2模型的建立 (25)

4.3.3 Solving model (29)

5.1 优化目标的确定 (29)

5.2 约束条件的确定 (31)

5.3模型的求解 (32)

5.4 泡泡剂的影响 (35)

5.5 灵敏度的分析 (35)

8 non-technical explanation of the bathtub (37)

Summary

人们经常在充满热水的浴缸里得到清洁和放松。本文针对只有一个简单的热水龙头的浴缸,建立一个多目标优化模型,通过调整水龙头流量大小和流入水的温度来使整个泡澡过程浴缸内水温维持基本恒定且不会浪费太多水。

首先分析浴缸中水温度变化的具体情况。根据能量转移的特点将浴缸中的热量损失分为两类情况:沿浴缸四壁和底面向空气中丧失的热量根据傅里叶导热定律求出;沿水面丧失的热量根据水由液态变为气态的焓变求出。因涉及的参数过多,将系数进行回归分析的得到一个一元二次函数。结合两类热量建立了温度关于时间的微分方程。加入阻滞因子考虑环境温湿度升高对水温的影响,最后得到水温度随时间的变化规律(见图**)。优化模型考虑保持水龙头匀速流入热水的情况。将过程分为浴缸未加满和浴缸加满而水从排水口溢出的两种情况,根据能量守恒定律优化上述微分方程,建立一个有热源的情况下水的温度随时间变化的分段模型,(见图**)

接下来考虑人在浴缸中对水温的影响。我们从各个方面进行分析:人的体温恒定在37℃左右,能量仅因人的生理代谢而丧失,这一部分数量过小可以不考虑;而人在水中人的体积和运动都将引起浴缸中水散热面积和总质量的变化,从而改变了热量的损失情况。因人的运动是连续且随机的,利用MATLAB生成随机数表示人进入水中的体积变化量,将运动过程离散化。为体现其振荡的特点,我们利用三角函数拟合后离散的数据,以频率和振幅的变化来反映实际现象。将得到的函数与上述模型相结合,作图分析其变化规律(见图**)。

利用以上温度变化的优化模型,结合用水量建立多目标优化模型。将热水浴与缸中水温差、浴缸水温偏离最适温度最值进行正向化和归一化再加权求和定义为舒适度。在流量维持稳定的情况下,要求舒适度越大而用水量越小。因该优化模型中的约束条件中含有微分方程,难以求解,则对其进行离散仿真,采用模拟退火算法求解全局最优解。最后讨论了加入泡泡剂后对模型的影响,求得矩形浴缸尺寸为长*宽*高=1.5m*0.6m*0.5m时,最优的热水温度、热水输入速率为T1= 63.4℃,f=0.33L/s。然后对浴缸形状体积和人的形状体积等影响因素进行灵敏性分析,发现结果受浴缸体积的影响最大。

?

问题回顾

这是一个关于能量变化的连续型问题。家庭中普通的浴缸无法像SPA的高端浴缸那样控制水温也没有热水喷射系统,泡澡的时间过长则会导致水变凉。因此只能打开水龙头让热水源源不断的流进来,但是当水满了之后就打开排水口使得水从排水口流出,按照此种办法使得浴缸中的水保持相对恒定的温度。Thisis acontinuous problem about energy changes. Households in the ord inary bathtub cannotbe like the SPA's high-endbathtub that control water temperature,there is no hot water injectionsystem, ba th toolong will cause the water cools.Thereforeonly open the faucettoletwater flow inasteady stream, butwhen thetub reaches its capacity,excesswater escapes t hrough an overflow drain, in accordance with such an approach makes thewater inthebathtubtomaintain a relatively consta nttemperature.

我们知道水的温度是随着时间的变化而变化的,但是当加入热水后,浴缸中的水温将会发生变化,他不可以看作是一个恒温物体,因此我们需要建立一个浴缸中的水温关于位置和时间的变化而变化的模型,确定一个最佳的策略,决定水龙头入水量的大小和入水量的时间等因素,使得整个浴缸从头到尾的水都能够保持温度,还要不能浪费太多的水。Weknowthat the water temperaturevariesover time,butwhen added to hot water, bath water temperature willchange,it cannot be seenas aconstant object, so we shoulddevelopa model of the temperature of thebath tub water inspaceand time to determine the best strategy the p erson in thebathtub can adopt to keep the temperature eventhroughout the bathtub and as closeaspossibleto the initial temperaturewithout wasting too muchwater.

为了详细考虑现实生活中可能发生的情况,我们还要考虑人对温度变化过程的影响。除了上述涉及到的因素外,浴缸的大小和形状、人的大小和形状、以及人在浴缸中的动作等。例如可以考虑因人的运动使得水蒸发速率加快,在第一次加水时加入了泡泡剂来帮助清洁的等因素对模型的影响。For a detailed consideration of real-life situations thatmayoccur, we have to consider the human impact on the process temperaturechanges. In addi tion to factors relatedtothe above,the size and shape of the tub,human size andshape,as well ashumanaction in t he tub.For example, consider theperson's movement sot hat the water evaporationrateaccelerated in the first addition of water is added to helpclean the bubble agentandother factors on the model

In addition to the required one-page summaryforyourMCMs

ubmission,your report must include aone-page non-technical explanation for users of the bathtubthat describesyourstrategy while explainingwhyit is so difficulttoget an evenly maintained temperature throughout thebath water.问题分析:

这个问题是一个连续型优化问题,我们应该从最基础的问题分析起,逐步完善和优化,得到最优解。最开始我们找到一些关于数据,包括一般情况下室温为25℃,洗澡的最适合的温度为39℃,浴缸取的是市面上发展较好的玻璃钢材料的中空保温的浴缸。

Thisproblem is a continuous optimization problem,we startfrom themost basic problemanalysis, and gradually improve andoptimize toget the optimal solution.Tostart,wecollected somedata, including general roomtemperature 25℃,the mostsuitabletemperature bath for 39 ℃, andthe bathtub is FRPmaterial.

首先我们考虑的是影响浴缸中水温度变化的因素。将浴缸中的热量损失分为两类情况,沿浴缸四壁和底面的热量丧失和沿水面因水的蒸发丧失,两类情况设计的计算方法不同。对于缸壁和底面丧失的热量,在水温达到恒定后,热量丧失主要是因浴缸上的热量向空气中散发,因此可以确定这一部分散发的热量。而沿水面蒸发的部分我们不能仅仅考虑热对流引起的热量损失,还应该考虑水由液态变为气态,发生了物态变化所吸收的热量,因此我们需要考虑焓变的因素。其中涉及到的变量过多,对于一些类似于相对湿度和大气压等值可以假定为定值,而对于一些随时间变化的值,因最终考虑的是温度与时间的关系,我们将各参数整合在一起,以一个关于时间的函数来表示。最后将得到的二者丧失的能量相加,获得丧失的总能量,结合水的质量和比热容,将能量的损失转换成温度的变化。限定浴缸尺寸大小,做出温度随时间的变化规律。同时我们也必须考虑空气的温度随时间的变化,而不是恒定在25℃,对模型优化加入阻滞因子,考虑环境温湿度升高对水温的影响。

First, we considered the factors affecting the waterinthe bathtub temperature. There aretwoforms of bathtub water heat loss,heat conduction alongthe wallsand bottom of bathtub and water evaporationalong surface of thewater. Fortheheat loss of heat conduction alongthewalls andbottomof bathtub, itis mainly due to the heat bath on thecirculated air, sowe candetermine this part of the heat. For the heatloss of waterevaporation along surfaceof the water,we notonly considered the heat losscausedby thermal convection,butalso theheatlosscaused by water phase change, which is fromaliquid toagaseousstate,so we consider theenthalpychange. Toobtain the relationshipbetweentemperatur

eand time,we sum the energy loss ofthe two together to ge tthetotal energy loss, combined with the massof waterandthe specific heatcapacity, the energy lossisconverted into a changein temperature,and draw temperature variation with timefigure.Atthesame time,we have toconsider the air temperature changes overtime,ratherthan constant at 25℃, and the environmental effects ofelevatedtemperature andhu midity onthe watertemperature, retardation factorwas added to the model,

因洗澡时可以一边洗一边加入热水,此时我们要考虑在有热源引入的情况下水温的变化。结合实际人泡澡时不可能一开始就将浴缸放满,我们假设已经放了80%的39℃的水,从此时考虑加热水的情况。因此此时情况要分为浴缸未加满和浴缸加满而水从排水口溢出的情况,利用能量守恒定律可得到热量流入流出的关系,建立微分方程,求解作图分析其变化规律。

Because the person addsaconstant trickleof hot waterfrom the faucet to reheat the bathingwater, we considerwatertemperature changes in thecaseof hot water introduced in. In re al life,thebathtubcan notbe filled outset, we assume th atit has beenput 80%of the 39℃water, from this pointconsiderthecase of add heating water.Therefore,theset wo situation areconsidered, bath tub isnot filled up and filled up and excess water escapes through an overflow drain,using theenergyconservation law to givethe heatflow in an dout of the relationship, the establishment of differential equatio ns,solvingand graphinganalyze the variation.

接下来需要考虑人在浴缸中对水温的影响。我们从以下方面进行分析:对于人的体温,因人的温度恒定在37℃左右,能量仅因人的生理代谢而丧失,这一部分数量过小可以不考虑;而人在水中人的体积和运动都将引起浴缸中水的体积的变化,这样将改变其散热面积,从而改变其热量的丧失。对于人运动的问题,这是一个连续且随机的变量,我们无法直接将他的影响引入温度方程,于是我们考虑将运动过程离散化,每20s为一个周期,利用MATLAB生成的随机数体现其随机性,结合生活实际将随机数与三角函数结合,考虑频率和振幅的变化来将离散的过程连续化,与以前模型相结合。规定具体条件作图分析其变化规律。

Next,we need toconsiderthe impact of peopleinthe bathtub on water temperature.Weanalyze thefollowing aspects:First, for thehuman body temperature, thehuman constanttemperature is around 37℃,theenergyloss comefromphysiological metabolism,which is toosmall andcan be ignored. Second,the volume of peopleand movements will cause achange inthe volume of water inthebathtub,which will changeits cooling area,thus affecting theheat loss. Third, for themotionsmade by the person in the bathtub,this is a continuousand random variables, wecan notdirectlyintroduce theaffect into temperature equation,sowe considerthe p

ersonmovements discrete,eachfor aperiod of 20s, using therandom number generated by MATLAB to reflectits randomness, combining the actual lifewith random numbers and trigonometric functions, considering the change in frequency and amplitu de of the personmotions.Finally, weplotand analyzethe variation.

为了考虑在浴缸中泡澡的最佳方式,需要建立多目标优化模型。保持温度的恒定实际上是为了使得人更加舒适,因此我们可以从舒适度的角度上来看温度条件,温度必须恒定在39℃左右,而且最大温度和最小温度不能相差过大。而用水量方面也必须越小越好,根据实际情况分配权重和确定约束条件,建立一个多目标优化模型。最后可以用离散仿真的方法将最优解求解出来。

To determine the best strategy,we need to establishamulti-objectiveoptimization model.Keeping the temperature constant aims to makepeoplemore comfortable. We canconsider the temperatureconditions in termsof comfort.Thetemperature mustbe constantat about 39 ℃.Thereare not too muchdifference between themaximum and minimumtemperatures. Thewater alsohave tobeas small as possible. Accor ding tothe actual situation and assigning a weight to determine the constraints,we established a multi-objective optimization model.Finally, weu se a discrete simulation method to get theoptimalsolution.

后面还有接上一段

用离散仿真的方法将连续问题离散化,利用模拟退火的办法求解最优解。最后分析各个因素对模型的影响:泡泡剂影响了水的蒸发速度和面积,而对于浴缸的大小体积、人的大小体积和人的运动等因素进行灵敏性分析,得到其影响程度,根据具体情况可以得到各种情况下的最优解。

模型假设:

这个优化模型考虑到了人的形状、体积以及人在浴缸中的运动,浴缸的形状、体积,是否添加泡泡剂,还有时间和空间等方面的因素,要探求保持浴缸中水的用量一定时,用水量最少的情况。同时考虑所有的约束条件问题复杂,而且有些问题条件我们可以事先作如下假设:

Theoptimizationmodel takes into account the factor ofthe shape and volume of the tub, the shape/volume/temperature of theper son in the bathtub, and the motionsmadeby the personin thebathtub, a bubble bath additive,space and time and so on. To ke ep the temperature even throughoutthe bathtub and as close as pos sible to the initial temperature withoutwasting too much water.Ifwe consider allthe constraints,problems become complex and difficult tosolve, sowe make thefollowing a ssumptions inadvance:

对于空气和水,因温度差异大时对流的速度会特别快,我们事先假设温度是分布均匀的,因此未考虑水的空间分布差异。

●For air andwater,when the temperature differenceis

large,convection speedparticularlyfast, so weassume that thetemperature is evenly distributed inadvance, that is, without considering the differences in the spatial distributio nofwater.

●我们知道温度达的情况下水蒸发的速度也是非常快的,此处我们需要根据水

的蒸发情况考虑能量损失,但是相对于整体来说损失的量是非常小的,可以仅仅忽略掉水质量的损失。

●Thehigher the temperature, thefasterevaporationofwa

ter, so we need toconsiderthe energy lossofwater ev aporation.Comparedto the amountofwater in thebathtub,thewater masslosscaused by evaporationis verysmall,so we ignore the lossof water quality.符号定义

Symbol Meaning

q单位时间下丧失的热量Heatloss per unit of time

Q 热量损失总量Total heatloss

T水体表面温度Water surface temperature

A1热传导散热面积Heat transfer area

A2蒸发散热面积Evaporation cooling area

β水面蒸发系数Water evaporationcoefficient

P水蒸气饱和分压力Water vapor saturation partial pr

essure

k定义的简化参数Defined reduced parameters

C水的比热容Specific heat capacity of water

m水的质量mass of water

c down浴缸底面周长Bottom circumference of bathtub

f热水流入的流量Flow of hot water

S down浴缸底面积Bottom area of bathtub

T1流入热水的温度temperature ofhot water flowing in

to

H浴缸高度Bath height

?T浴缸中温度与39℃差值的绝对值the absolute value of thedifference between thetemperatureof bath wa

ter and39 ℃

Co舒适度Comfort

t max浴缸中水开始溢出的时间the start timethat water in

the bathtuboverflow

w浪费的水量Waste water

z 温度和水量综合优化目标函数The optimization objective fu

nction of water temperature and waste water

4.1----------

这是一个关于控制水温的连续型问题,首先我们讨论没有热水输入的情况,分析其热量丧失的情况。热水水面向大气中丧失的方式有三种:对流散热、传导散热和辐射散热。由于辐射散发的热量很小,对于沐浴这一小段时间来说,辐射散发的热量可以忽略不计,我们先不考虑浴缸内水对流的情况,将热量损失分为两部分,分别是沿浴缸四壁和底面的热量丧失和沿水面因水的蒸发丧失。This isa conti nuous problem abouthow to controlthe water temperature, firstwe discuss withouthot water input, analyzingthe heatloss. There are three ways that hot water loss energyto the atmosphere:Convective heattransfer,heat condu

ction and radiation.Due to the heatcoming from theradiation is verysma

ll, for bath lasting ashort period oftime,the heatcoming from theradiation can be neglected,we won'tconsiderthe waters convection in of bathcrock,he

atloss can be divided into two parts, respectively is along the walls and the bottomof the bathtubheat loss andalong the surface ofthe water because of the evaporation loss ofwater.

Step one 沿缸壁和底面丧失的热量q1:Along the walls andthe bottom of the bath tub heat loss

对于此方面的热量,因其通过热传导的方式丧失,其与接触面积、材料的导热系数、温度差和浴缸厚度等因素有关,得到热量的计算公式为【】: As for thisHeat, becauseoftheloss by means of heatconductionwith the contact area. Itis

related to the contact area, the thermal conductivity ofthe material,the temperat

ure difference and thethickness of the bath tub.Get the calculating formu

la for heat:

q1=A1λT?θδ

式中:

A1—热传导散热面积;

λ—导热系数,取市面常见玻璃钢导热系数0.4W/(m·K);在此处我们应该考虑浴缸在制作时一般在制成中间夹层夹空气的情况,假设是两层玻璃钢之间夹一层空气,各层的厚度均相等,因此对于导热系数我们应该加以修正。空气一般的导热系数为0.023W/(m·K),修正后的导热系数为0.021W/(m·K)。

T—水体表面温度;

θ—空气干燥温度,取为室内常温25℃;

δ—缸壁厚度,取常见值1.5cm。

In this formula:

A1- Heat dissipationareainheatconduction;

λ-Thermal conductivity,take commonmarket玻璃钢s heetthermalconductivity 0.4K-1m-1 market;

T- Watersurfacetemperature

θ-Airdryingtemperature, taken asindoor ambient temperature25 ℃;

δ- Thethickness ofthe cylinder wall,take common val ues1.5cm

Step two沿水面随蒸发丧失的热量q2:Along with the evaporationo fthe water heatdissipated

沿水面热量的丧失是因为水和空气的对流引起的,水的蒸发携带热量的丧失,此处除了热量的变化外还存在物态的变化,因此在此需要考虑焓变的问题。晗是热力学中表征物质系统能量的一个重要状态参量,是具有能量的量纲,一定质量的物质按定压可逆过程由一种状态变为另一种状态,焓的增量便等于在此过程中吸入的热量,也就是焓变【】。除此之外能量损失还与散热面积和散热系数有关,因此得到丧失热量关于焓变的关系式【】如下: The loss ofheatfrom the surface of the water is caused by the convection of water and air, and the loss of heat from the evaporation of water.There is a change of matter’sstate in addition to the change of h

eat. So in theproblems needto considerthechange. Enthalpy inthermodynamicsis an important stateparameters to presentthe material systemenergy, is a dimension ofenergy, a certain mass ofmaterialaccordingto the constant pressure reversible processfrom onestate toanother state,th

eenthalpy increment is equal to the heat in the process of inhaled,namely ent

halpy change【】.Besides energylosses associatedwiththe cooling areaand the coefficient of heattransfer, resultinlossof heat on therelation between th

eenthalpychange【】as follows

q2=

P0

0.623L

β(?T??θ)A2=kA2

式中: In this formula:

P0—该地大气压The atmospheric pressure,取标准大气压Take the standard atmospheric pressure P0=101.325kPa;

L— 水的汽化热Heat of vaporization of water,其值为Its val ue is40.8kJ/mol,The sameas2260kJ/kg;

?T--和水温t相应的饱和空气焓;Corresponding saturated air enthalpy with temperature t

?θ--空气焓Air enthalpy;

A2—散热面面积Area of heatradiatingsurface;

β—水面蒸发系数;Evaporation coefficient of water surface

上述参量均不是固定值,它会随着时间、温度和其他一些因素的改变而改变,因此以下对各因素一一作分析。The above parametersare not afixed value,it willwith thechangeof the time,temperatureand other factors,so thefollowingmake analysis on the factors one byone

●水面蒸发系数β计算公式【】:Calculation formula ofwate

rsurface evaporation coefficientβ=[22+12.5W2+2(T?θ)]1/2 , T≥θ

W— 水面上的风速Windspeedonthe surface of thewater,Indoor bath W=0.2~0.5m/s

●对于?T,?θ的计算,查阅文献可得,湿空气焓值的计算有以下公式【】:For the

calculationof ?T,?θ, get from the literature available,wet airenth

alpy calculation with thefollowing formula

h=1.01T+(2500+1.84T)d

d—空气含湿量,可由相对湿度及水蒸气饱和分压力换算得到Air moisturecontent, relative humidity and thesaturated water vapor partialpressure conversion

d=622×op P0?op

式中:o—相对湿度,对于饱和水蒸气取为100%,对于浴室取常用湿度40%-70%中较大值70%。Relative humidity,for saturatedvapor was 100%, in the bathroom totake larger humidity40% to 70% of value of70%

P—水蒸气饱和分压力,它是一个与温度相关的值,为得到饱和分压力p与温度T的函数关系,我们从文献上得到0~100℃下各温度对应的饱和分压力【】,具

体数据见表**,将得到的数据绘制成散点图,进行一元线性回归分析。P - saturated water vapor partial pressure,it is a value associatedwith temperature, Inordertoget the functionrelation between the saturation pressure P and temperature T,We getfrom the corresponding literature thesaturatedpartialpressure at each temperature0~100 ℃【】,specific dataareshownin table**,d ata willbemapped intoa scatterplot,monadic linear regression analysis.

Fig.1 温度与水蒸气饱和分压力散点图Fig. 1 temperatureand watervapor saturat

ion pressure scatter plot

散点图图显示随着温度的增大,水蒸气饱和分压力也随着增大,大致可以看出成三阶幂函数分布规律。Scattertutu showed with the increaseoftemperature,wate rvapor saturatedwith partialpressure increases,which can be roughly into three order power function distribution.

因此对原始数据进行逐阶差分Stepwise difference,结果显示原始数据的三阶差分数据较接近,故可认为水蒸气饱和分压力与温度呈三次函数关系So Stepwisedifferencethe rawdata,results show that the originaldata of the third orderdifferential data is themost close to, Itcanbe considered saturated with water vapor partialpressure withtemperaturecubic function rel ationship我们采用三次函数P=at3+bt2+ct+d对原始数据进行拟合,计算

各各参数的最小二乘估计值,借助SPSS进行一元非线性回归分析,得到拟合曲线方程为:Weusecubic functionP=at3+bt2+ct+draw datawerefittedto calculatethe least squares estimatesofthe parameters of Calvary performed, by means of SPSS monovalent non-linearregression analysis, curve fittingequationas follows:P=1.59×10?4t3?8.674×10?3t2+0.285t?0.590

对得到的回归方程进行残差检验:残差平方和:SSE=23.226,已更正平方和:SST=76563.275,样本决定系数make the resulting regressionequationresidual tested: the sum of squaredresiduals: SSE =23.226, has been corrected sumof squares:SST =76563.275, the coefficient of sample decision

R2=1?SSE

SST

=1.000

因此该回归模型充分利用了指标量t的信息,拟合度很好。So the regression model makesfull use ofthe indexquantity t information, fitting is very good.

因计算公式过于复杂,此处我们主要关注热量散失随温度的的变化规律,因此我们定义一个函数:Becauseofitscomplex calculationformula,here we focus on heat losses with the temperaturechange rule, so we definea function:

k=

P0

0.623L

β(?T??θ)

运用MATLAB求解,得到k-t图像(见图**),并计算k在T为25℃~100℃时的值(见附件

表**)。Using MATLAB to solve,getting k-t image(see figure**),and calcul ate the value of k when T is20℃~100℃(seeannex table**)

Fig2 参数k随温度t的变化规律Fig2parameters k changing withthetempe

rature t

由图可以看出,k值随着时间的增加逐渐增大,增长率逐渐降低,最后趋近于直线,可以近似看作一条开口向下的抛物线的左侧部分。Bythe graph, you cansee that k valueis gradually increasing with the increase of time,growth rategradually re duced, finally tend tobelinear, can be approximatelyregardedas a country o peningto the left ofthe parabola.

由于k与T的函数关系式过于复杂,用它建立微分方程求解后面的问题不仅加大了算法的复杂度,而且不一定能找到可行解。因此我们采用其他的简单函数对其进行拟合。对k逐阶差分,结果表明二阶差分值基本相等,因此采用一元二次函数逼近原函数。借助SPSS,对T=1,2,3,…,100时的k值进行拟合,得到是拟合残差平方和最小的曲线方程Because of the function relation with T is too complex, and useit to establish differential equations tosolvethe problem not only increase thecomplexity of the algorithm, but also cannotfind afeasible solu tion. Sowe use othersimple function on thefitting. Tok linebyorderdifference, the result showed thatthe secondorder differential basic equal score, so usingayuan quadratic functionapproximationfunction. With the help of S PSS, T=1,2, 3... when 100 kvaluesforfitting,get is minimum residualsum of squares fitting curve equation

k=?15.3T2+5100T+16200

对拟合方程进行残差检验:残差平方和:SSE=0.023,已更正平方和:SST=37.259,样本决定系数Residual test was carried out on the fittingequation: thesumof squared residuals:SSE=0.023, has beencorrected sum ofsquares: SST = 37.259, thecoefficient of sample decision

R2=SSE

=0.999

因此该回归模型充分利用了指标量t的信息,拟合优度很好。Sotheregression model makes full use of the index quantity t information, goodnessof fit is very good.

为了使结果更加明显,我们将拟合得到的曲线和实际曲线绘制在一个图表内,观察二者的变化规律,如下所示:Inordertomaketheresults more obvious, we willgetthefitting curve and the actual curve painted inachart,observe the change rule, as shown below:

Fig3拟合k曲线与实际曲线对比图fitting kcurve andtheactual cu

rvecomparison chart

图中只列出了25℃-100℃范围内的曲线值,由图可以看出拟合程度非常好。虽然用二次函数拟合的k曲线对于T值远大于100℃时可能会偏离实际较大,但是洗浴用的水温基本只会在25~100℃范围内,故用拟合曲线代替实际曲线具有一

定可行性。Figure lists only25 ℃to100 ℃valueswithin the scope ofthe

curve, can be seen from figure fitting degreeis very good. Although the useofa q uadratic functioncurve fitting for the time T s is much larger than 100 ℃may deviate from the actuallarge, butbathing water temperaturebasic will only within thescopeofthe25 ~ 100℃, so the fittedcurve instead of theactualcurvehas certainfeasibility.

最终得到的单位时间散热量q的表达式为:Theresulting unittime expressio

ns of heat q areas follows:q=q1+q2=A1λT?θ

δ

+(?15.3T2+5100T+

16200)×A2

q=1.4×A1(T?θ)+(?15.3T2+5100T+16200)×A2

结合上述对公示的计算过程,我们分析可以得到,在静止状态和无热水输入的情况下,热量丧失情况和水与空气的温度差、相对湿度、大气压、接触面积、浴缸的材料、空气的风速等因素有关。Combiningwiththe calculating processof the public, we analysis canbe obtained, under the conditionofthestationary state andthere is no hot waterinput,heat lossand the water temperature and airtemperature, relativehumidity, atmosphericpressure,contact area,the materialof bath crock, air, wind speed andother factors.

我们已经得到的能量丧失的变化规律,但现实生活中是难以定量感受到能量的变化的,因此我们要将能量的变化转换为温度的变化,由能量守恒定律得:Variat ion ofenergy loss we've got,but in real life it is difficult to feel the energy of the quantitativechanges, so we have to change in energy is converted to temperature changes, by theenergy conservation law was

{dQ=qdt=?CmdT w?ile t=0,T=T0

Inthis formula:

Q— 损失的热量Loss of heat;

C—水的比热容; Specific heatcapacity of water

m—水的质量Water mass;

我们定义We define:a=?15.3A2

, b=5100A2+1.4A1,

c=16200A2?35A1。

And thenget:?1

Cm dt=1

aT2+bT+c

dT

验证此方程Verifythis equation:

b2?4ac=(5100A2+1.4A1)2+4×15.3A2(16200A2?35A1)

因此therefore

1

aT2+bT+c

dT=

1

√b2?4ac

|

2aT+b?√b2?4ac

2aT+b+√b2?4ac

|+C1 (1)

?∫1

dt=?

t

+C2 (2)

use(1)=(2) and get 得出水温T与时间t的关系式Therelationshipbetween water temperatureTand time t。

取一常见矩形底面浴缸尺寸长×宽×高=1.7m×0.8m×0.7m,设水深为浴缸深度的80%,即0.56m;水温为正常人体适宜的沐浴温度39℃,即T0=39。运用MATLAB可求解得该浴缸水温与时间的关系曲线:Take a rectangular botto mcommon bathtub size L×W ×H= 1.7m×0.8m×0.7m, set at 80%depth ofthebath depth,namely 0.56m; normal humanbodytemperatureis appropriate bathtemperature 39 ℃, that is T0=39. MATLABcanbe solved using thebathtub curve obtained temperature and time:

Table **静置浴缸内温度随时间变化规律

图像显示,水温由39℃降至25℃大约需要210秒。这比实际中浴缸水中的温度下降快得多,其原因有两个方面,第一,该模型中没有考虑随时间的变化,空气湿度将越来越大,蒸发散热的速率会降低;第二浴缸缸壁导热只能将热量传递给周围的空气和地面,随着时间的增加,周围物质温度降增加,缸壁热量输入将大于输出,缸壁自身将升温且热传导速率会下降。Image display, thewatertemperaturedropped to25℃from39 ℃takes about 210seconds. Thatdecline than the actual temperature of the bathwater ismuch faster. Whichfor two reasons.First, the mode ldoes not consider that:with thechanges over time, the air hu midity will increase and evaporation cooling rate will be reduced. Seco nd, cylinder wall thermal bath canonly transfer heat to the surroundingair and the ground. As time increases thetemperatureofthe surrounding materialdrop increases the cylinder wall heat input greater than the output, the cylinder wall itself will be raised temperature and theheattransfer rate will decline.

模型优化

随着时间的变化,空气湿度和环境温度也会发生变化,二者均使得蒸发散热速率变慢。为了将此因素考虑进模型中,得到更接近实际情况的降温模型。我们知道浴缸中水温度下降的下限应为室温为T0,当温度T= T0时,水温不再下降,即下降率为零。因此对温度下降速率加上阻滞因子(1-T0/T),显然温度T越小,水温下降速率越小,并逐渐趋近于0. Astime changes, theair humidity and ambient temperature willchange,so bothevaporation coolingrate slower.In order to consider this factor into themo

del to give mor e realisti c coo li ng mode l. We know t hat the b athtub wa ter temp era tur e dr op s lowe r lim it sh ould be room tem perature T 0 , when t he te mperature T=T 0, the wa ter temperatu re is n o long er decl ining , that d ecline rate i s zero. So the te mperat ure drop rat e pl us r etar dation fac to r (1- T 0/T), is clear ly s mal ler th e te mper atur e T the sm aller t he rate of fall i n tem perature a nd g ra dua lly ap pro aches zer o. {dT dt =?q Cm

×(1?T 0T )w?ile t =0,T =T 0

其它参数设置不变,得到浴缸水温与时间的关系曲线: O ther p arame ter settings u ncha ng ed , ge t t he r el ation c urve b etwe en bathtub water te mp er ature and t im e

Fig **优化后浴缸内温度随时间变化曲线 Time opt imization cu rve of te m

pera ture in the o ptimiz ed bath

由图像可以看出温度降低速度开始的时候快,后面速度越来越慢,最后趋近于室温25℃,可见若室温恒定在25℃,最后将达到一个平衡状态,温度将不再降低,而浴缸内水温的变化在10分钟内降低约为11℃,比较符合现实情况。

As can be seen by the i mage begins whe n the tempe ra tur e de creases fast spe ed th e back more slow ly at roo m temper at ur e fina lly r eac hi ng 25 ℃, when th e ro om seen i n a con st ant tem peratu re 25 ℃, and fi nally will re ach a st at e of eq uilibr ium the temperat ure wil l no t de crea se. Chang es i n t he b at h t ub wa te r temperature w ithi n 10 minutes down about 11 ℃, more in li ne with real ity.

4.2 有热水输入的温度变化模型

4.2.1模型假设与定义

接下来我们考虑在匀速加入热水的条件下温度随时间的变化。我们知道热水的流入是动态连续的随时间变化的函数,其温度和流量时刻影响着水的整体温度。在上文中静态水温度变化的模型基础上,我们继续考虑能量输入的情况。对此我们要做出几项合理的假设与定义:Next we consider underthe condition of uniformadd hotwater temperaturechangesover time. We know that hot water inflow isafunction of thedynamic continuous changesover time, its temperature and flowrateaffects the overall temperature ofthewater.In themodelbased on static watertemperature change inthis paper, we continue to considerthesituationof theenergy input.We are goingto have tomake several reasonable assumptions anddefinitions

●假设水从一开始就匀速地,连续不断地加入到浴缸中We assume that wa

ter fromthe beginning ofuniform, continuouslyadded to the bath,且水缸中水温在每一时刻都是一个常数,即忽略水温度的空间分布不均。Assumesthat thewaterfrom the start, uniform, continuously added to the bathtub, and water temperature in the tankin everymoment isa constant,which ignorethespatial distribution of water temperature.●同时在此我们也未考虑人在浴缸内的情况,仅考虑在注水情况下水温在有热

水注入的情况下随时间的变化规律。At the same time inthis we arenotconsidering the situationof people in the bathtub, consider only thewater temperature changes inthe case ofthe hot water injection over time.

●我们从上述模型中已经注入了80%的情况下开始讨论,前一段时间注入水而

水未溢出,后一段时间水超过容器则水溢出,两方面的热量丧失规律是不同的,应该分类讨论。根据人体要求,取39℃时人适合泡澡的时长20min。

From the above model, wehavestarted to discuss injected 80% ofcases, som etimeago waspouredinto waterand thewater does not overflow, the water over aperiod oftime after thewater overflows the container, the heat loss oftwo laws are differentand should be classified discussions. According to the requirements of thehuman body, whenpeople take 39℃bath for theduration20min

符号的定义:c down— 浴缸底面周长Bottom circumference ofbathtub

S down— 浴缸底面积Bottom area ofbathtub

f— 热水流入的流量Flow of hotwater

ρ—水密度waterdensity

T1—流入热水的温度temperatureof hot water flowing into

H—浴缸高度Bath height

?0—初始水位高度Initialheightof waterlevel

4.2.2模型的建立Theestablishment of themodel

由于浴缸内水温的下降不能保证人在浴缸中的舒适度,而浴缸又没有自身的加热系统,只能从外界加入热水以维持浴缸中水温的恒定。假设水从一开始就匀速地,连续不断地加入到浴缸中,且水缸中水温在每一时刻都是一个常数,即忽略水温度的空间分布不均。浴缸的体积是一定的,而热水是在源源不断地往浴缸里流,因此如果时间足够长,总能找到一个时间点使得浴缸装满水,缸中水开始溢出。所以讨论有热水输入的温度变化需要分时间段讨论,建立分段函数。Duetothe drop inthe temperature of thebath cannot guarantee thecomfort of people in thebathtub,And thebath tub has no heatingsystem of its own, only from the outside worldto join the hot water to maintainconstant watertemperature int he bathtub.Assumes that the water from the start, uniform, continuously added tothe bathtub, and water temperature in thetank inevery moment is a constant,which ignorethe spatial distribution of water temperature. The volumeof bath crock is certain,and hot water is in continuouslyflows intothe bathtub,so if thetime islong enough, will always find a point intime the tub filledwith water, waterin thetank began to overflow. So there was discussion of the hotwaterinput temperature variationneed time todiscuss,establish a piecewise functi on.

●水未溢出时,热水的加入将带来三方面的影响:热量的输入;水质量的增加;水

体积增加,即散热面积的增加。Whenthe water not overflow, theaddition of hot water will lead to three aspects: the influence of heat input,theincrease o fwatermass, the increaseof water volume increases, just the heatdissipation area A1.

●对于整体水而言,整体内部是满足能量守恒的,整体温度的变化率与其输入热

量与输出热量有关:For the wholewater, full interior is tomeet energyconse rvation,therateof change of the whole temperatureis related to theinput quantityofheatand the quantity of heat.

dT dt =

?q

Cm

×(1?

θ

T

), T t=0=T0

水的质量影响了水的整体温度和蒸发散热状况,因此我们需要考虑在水充满浴缸之前水质量的变化。Water mass affectthe overalltemperature andevaporation of watercoolingcondition,Therefore,weneed to consider changesin watermass ina bathtubbefore filledwith water.

dm

dt

=ρf

而能量的输入是以热水的输入的形式实现的,根据热学能量变化规律求得有如下规律:Andenergy input in the form ofhot water input, accordingtothe laws of the thermal energychange law obtained has thefollowing

dq

dt

=?ρfC(T1?T), ft≤S down(H??0)

因为此时我们是从浴缸中本来就含有80%体积的水的情况开始讨论的,加水

的量为ft ,应使其小于剩余20%体积量,即ft ≤S down (H ??0)。B ecau se we from al ready co nta ins 80% vo lum e of w ater in the ba thtub , began to discuss the amount of w ater for , s hould be le ss tha n 20% residual v olume, that i s ft ≤S down (H ??0)

我们知道水的通过热传导丧失的情况下与水域浴缸的接触面积有关,而随着水量的增加会增大散热的接触面积:We k no w th at unde r the con dition of water through h ea t co nduct ion loss as soci at ed wi th the co ntact area of wat er bath cr ock, and wit h the i ncr ease o f the amou nt o f water wi ll in crease the heat dis sipation of the contact area:dA 1dt =f A 2

c down 最终得到在注满浴缸之前温度随时间变化的模型如下:Be fore fina lly get f illed

bath te mperature cha nge wi th time a s a m odel { dT dt =?q Cm ×(1?θT ), T t=0=T 0 dq =?ρfC (T 1?T ), ft ≤S down (H ??0)dm dt =ρf dA 1dt =f A 2c down

水溢出时,不考虑水密度和体积随温度的变化,热水的加入将不再带来质量和

体积的改变,只有热量的进入,则以上一步中能量守恒和水量输入的条件下,质量和接触面积已经保持恒定,即ft 1=A 2(H ??0),T t=t 1=T 2为初始条件微分方程组: When w at er overfl ow, do es no t consider wat er d ens ity and volume c ha nges w ith tem pera ture , the addit ion of hot water will no longe r b ring mass and v olume chang e, o nl y the h eat int o the con servatio n. In the ab ove step inpu t c ondi tion s, the mass and the c onta ct ar ea is co nstant, i.e. ft 1=A 2(H ??0), di ffer enti al equations for the init ial con diti ons:

{

dT =?q ′×(1?θ), T t=t 1=T 2 dq dt =?ρfC (T 1?T ), ft >S down (H ??0)m ′=ρS down H A 1′=c down H +S down

4.2.3 模型求解

我们假设浴缸用的实际依旧是长×宽×高=1.7m×0.8m×0.7m的方形浴缸,热水放入的流速为0.5L/s ,约为是国家标准水平。但是如果按照此标准计算时将浴缸注满水需要的时间达到32min,在这种情况下结合上述散热规律,将热水放满后水温就已经冷却至一个偏冷的水平,不能够满足泡澡的要求。因此完善考虑浴缸的厚度,实际内部容积接近于长×宽×高=1.5m ×0.6m ×0.5m,因此内部容

积为450L。We assumethat the actualuse isstill a bathtub L×W ×H=1.7m × 0.8m× 0.7m square bathtub, hotwater into the flow rate of0.5L/s,is aboutthe national standard level.But if the bathtubfilledwith waterwhen calculatedaccordingtothis standardrequires time to32min,combined w ith the heat dissipation in this situation, whenthe hot water is filled,thewat ertemperatureis cooled toa levelof cold.Will not beable to meettherequirements of thebath.Therefore considerthethickness ofthebath, closetothe actual internalvolume L ×W× H = 1.5m×0.6m× 0.5m,so the internal volumeof 450L.

取流速f=0.6L/s,流入热水的温度T1=74℃运用MATLAB得到浴缸水温与时间的关系曲线Take The flowratef=0.15L/s, and thetemperature ofhot water flow in. UsingMATLABtoget the relationshipcurve between thewater temperatureandthe time of the bathtub

图**在有热水注入的条件下温度随时间变化规律Is hot waterinjection in f igure** under the conditionoftemperaturevariation with time

如上图所示,在加热水的情况下,水温随着时间的增加而显著增加,开始时增加速

度快,而后速度会有所降小。红色部分表示在水注满浴缸之前温度的变化规律,可见因散热面积的变化,其温度增大的较快,而后来考虑主要是室温影响的情况,最

后温度增长的速率减缓。此时是没有考虑人在浴缸中的变化规律,实际上是不满足人的舒适度的要求的。因此需要对模型进行进一步的完善。As shownin the

above, inthe case ofheating water, the water temperature isincreased with theincrease of time increasedsignificantly, thespeed increased at thebeginning, and speed willbereduce.Red part shows thechange in the lawbeforetop up the waterbath temperature, its temperature increases quick

ly,andthenconsidering the effectsofmainlyat roomtemperature, the tem

perature of the rateof growthslowed. Atthis point is not to consider people change rule in bath crock, actuallyit is notmeetthe requirements of human comfort. Therefore need to further improve the model.

美赛一等奖经验总结

当我谈数学建模时我谈些什么——美赛一等奖经验总结 作者:彭子未 前言:2012 年3月28号晚,我知道了美赛成绩,一等奖(Meritorus Winner),没有太多的喜悦,只是感觉释怀,一年以来的努力总算有了回报。从国赛遗憾丢掉国奖,到美赛一等,这一路走来太多的不易,感谢我的家人、队友以及朋友的支持,没有你们,我无以为继。 这篇文章在美赛结束后就已经写好了,算是对自己建模心得体会的一个总结。现在成绩尘埃落定,我也有足够的自信把它贴出来,希望能够帮到各位对数模感兴趣的同学。 欢迎大家批评指正,欢迎与我交流,这样我们才都能进步。 个人背景:我2010年入学,所在的学校是广东省一所普通大学,今年大二,学工商管理专业,没学过编程。 学校组织参加过几届美赛,之前唯一的一个一等奖是三年前拿到的,那一队的主力师兄凭借这一奖项去了北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校,学运筹学。今年再次拿到一等奖,我创了两个校记录:一是第一个在大二拿到数模美赛一等奖,二是第一个在文科专业拿数模美赛一等奖。我的数模历程如下: 2011.4 校内赛三等奖 2011.8 通过选拔参加暑期国赛培训(学校之前不允许大一学生参加) 2011.9 国赛广东省二等奖 2011.11 电工杯三等奖 2012.2 美赛一等奖(Meritorious Winner) 动机:我参加数学建模的动机比较单纯,完全是出于兴趣。我的专业是工商管理,没有学过编程,觉得没必要学。我所感兴趣的是模型本身,它的思想,它的内涵,它的发展过程、它的适用问题等等。我希望通过学习模型,能够更好的去理解一些现象,了解其中蕴含的数学机理。数学模型中包含着一种简洁的哲学,深刻而迷人。 当然获得荣誉方面的动机可定也有,谁不想拿奖呢? 模型:数学模型的功能大致有三种:评价、优化、预测。几乎所有模型都是围绕这三种功能来做的。比如,今年美赛A题树叶分类属于评价模型,B题漂流露营安排则属于优化模型。 对于不同功能的模型有不同的方法,例如评价模型方法有层次分析、模糊综合评价、熵值法等;优化模型方法有启发式算法(模拟退火、遗传算法等)、仿真方法(蒙特卡洛、元胞自动机等);预测模型方法有灰色预测、神经网络、马尔科夫链等。在数学中国网站上有许多关于这些方法的相关介绍与文献。

美赛优秀论文

The Design of Snowboard Halfpipe Abstract: Based on the snowboard movement theory, the flight height depends on the out- velocity. We take the technical parameters of four sites and five excellent snowboarders for statistical analysis. As results show that the size of halfpipe (length, width and depth, halfpipe slope) influence the in- velocity and out- velocity. Help ramp, the angle between the snowboard’s direction and speed affect velocity ’s loss. For the halfpipe, we established the differential equation model, based on weight, friction, air density, resistance coefficient, the area of resistance, and other factors and the law of energy conservation. the model’s results show that the snowboarders’ energy lose from four aspects (1) the angle between the direction of snowboard and the speed, which formed because of the existing halfpipe (2) The friction between snowboard and the surface (3) the air barrier (4) the collision with the wall for getting vertical speed before sliping out of halfpipe. Therefore, we put forward an improving model called L-halfpipe,so as to eliminate or reduce the angle between the snowboard and the speed .Smaller radius can also reduce the energy absorption by the wall. At last, we put forward some conception to optimize the design of the halfpipe in the perspective of safety and producing torsion. Key words:snowboard; halfpipe; differential equation model;L-halfpipe

美赛论文优秀模版

For office use only T1 ________________ T2 ________________ T3 ________________ T4 ________________ Team Control Number 11111 Problem Chosen ABCD For office use only F1 ________________ F2 ________________ F3 ________________ F4 ________________ 2015 Mathematical Contest in Modeling (MCM/ICM) Summary Sheet In order to evaluate the performance of a coach, we describe metrics in five aspects:historical record, game gold content, playoff performance, honors and contribution to the sports. Moreover, each aspect is subdivided into several secondary metrics. Take playoff performance as example, we collect postseason result (Sweet Sixteen, Final Four, etc.) per year from NCAA official website, Wikimedia and so on. First, ****grade. To eval*** , in turn, are John Wooden, Mike Krzyzewski, Adolph Rupp, Dean Smith and Bob Knight. Time line horizon does make a difference. According to turning points in NCAA history, we divide the previous century into six periods with different time weights which lead to the change of ranking. We conduct sensitivity analysis on FSE to find best membership function and calculation rule. Sensitivity analysis on aggregation weight is also performed. It proves AM performs better than single model. As a creative use, top 3 presidents(U.S.) are picked out: Abraham Lincoln, George Washington, Franklin D. Roosevelt. At last, the strength and weakness of our mode are discussed, non-technical explanation is presented and the future work is pointed as well. Key words: Ebola virus disease; Epidemiology; West Africa; ******

美赛一等奖论文-中文翻译版

目录 问题回顾 (3) 问题分析: (4) 模型假设: (6) 符号定义 (7) 4.1---------- (8) 4.2 有热水输入的温度变化模型 (17) 4.2.1模型假设与定义 (17) 4.2.2 模型的建立The establishment of the model (18) 4.2.3 模型求解 (19) 4.3 有人存在的温度变化模型Temperature model of human presence (21) 4.3.1 模型影响因素的讨论Discussion influencing factors of the model (21) 4.3.2模型的建立 (25) 4.3.3 Solving model (29) 5.1 优化目标的确定 (29) 5.2 约束条件的确定 (31) 5.3模型的求解 (32) 5.4 泡泡剂的影响 (35) 5.5 灵敏度的分析 (35) 8 non-technical explanation of the bathtub (37)

Summary 人们经常在充满热水的浴缸里得到清洁和放松。本文针对只有一个简单的热水龙头的浴缸,建立一个多目标优化模型,通过调整水龙头流量大小和流入水的温度来使整个泡澡过程浴缸内水温维持基本恒定且不会浪费太多水。 首先分析浴缸中水温度变化的具体情况。根据能量转移的特点将浴缸中的热量损失分为两类情况:沿浴缸四壁和底面向空气中丧失的热量根据傅里叶导热定律求出;沿水面丧失的热量根据水由液态变为气态的焓变求出。因涉及的参数过多,将系数进行回归分析的得到一个一元二次函数。结合两类热量建立了温度关于时间的微分方程。加入阻滞因子考虑环境温湿度升高对水温的影响,最后得到水温度随时间的变化规律(见图**)。优化模型考虑保持水龙头匀速流入热水的情况。将过程分为浴缸未加满和浴缸加满而水从排水口溢出的两种情况,根据能量守恒定律优化上述微分方程,建立一个有热源的情况下水的温度随时间变化的分段模型,(见图**) 接下来考虑人在浴缸中对水温的影响。我们从各个方面进行分析:人的体温恒定在37℃左右,能量仅因人的生理代谢而丧失,这一部分数量过小可以不考虑;而人在水中人的体积和运动都将引起浴缸中水散热面积和总质量的变化,从而改变了热量的损失情况。因人的运动是连续且随机的,利用MATLAB生成随机数表示人进入水中的体积变化量,将运动过程离散化。为体现其振荡的特点,我们利用三角函数拟合后离散的数据,以频率和振幅的变化来反映实际现象。将得到的函数与上述模型相结合,作图分析其变化规律(见图**)。 利用以上温度变化的优化模型,结合用水量建立多目标优化模型。将热水浴与缸中水温差、浴缸水温偏离最适温度最值进行正向化和归一化再加权求和定义为舒适度。在流量维持稳定的情况下,要求舒适度越大而用水量越小。因该优化模型中的约束条件中含有微分方程,难以求解,则对其进行离散仿真,采用模拟退火算法求解全局最优解。最后讨论了加入泡泡剂后对模型的影响,求得矩形浴缸尺寸为长*宽*高=1.5m*0.6m*0.5m时,最优的热水温度、热水输入速率为T1= 63.4℃,f=0.33L/s。然后对浴缸形状体积和人的形状体积等影响因素进行灵敏性分析,发现结果受浴缸体积的影响最大。 ?

2011年美赛真题优秀论文

中继站的协调方案 摘要(Abstract ) 中继站是将信号进行再生、放大处理后,再转发给下一个中继站,以确保传输信号的质量。低功耗的用户,例如移动电话用户,在不能直接与其他用户联系的地方可以通过中继站来保持联系。然而,中继站之间会互相影响,除非彼此之间有足够远的距离或通过充分分离的频率来传送。为了排除信号间的干扰,实现某一区域内(题中以40英里为半径的圆形区域)通信设备正常的发射和接收信号,需要利用PL 技术对中继站作合理的协调和分配。 首先本文结合香农理论的相关算法,考虑了信号供给系统的损耗、天线增益、信号的传播损耗、辐射效率因素的影响,得到中继站的辐射范围半径公式为: ,10,10log ( )37.2328 20 10 r out r in p P d -= 在供给对象为低功率消耗设备,查资料一般发射功率为3.2W ,中继站能接收到的最弱的信号1W μ,代入数据得到每个中继站的辐射半径为15.28m iles 。同时本文在不考虑其他因素(包括:地形、大雾、山川、建筑物等)对辐射范围和辐射强度的影响下,结合相关知识和题目中给出的条件,在不引入PL 技术时得出每个中继站所服务的用户数量为39个。 对于问题一, 我们首先定义了均衡覆盖、覆盖效率,在均衡覆盖中即用圆覆盖圆形区域,我们根据式子 2(2)n k n ππ -= ,得出(,)k n 的可能值有 (3,6),(4,4),三种,即等效三角形、正方形、正六边形覆盖,并通过覆盖效率的比较,最终得出正六边形覆盖是最好的覆盖方法,即蜂窝拓扑网络。在这种覆 盖情况下我们,我结合中继站覆盖半径15.28m iles ,根据式子 m i n 3(1)1,0,1,2,3,N K K K =++= ……,求出最少需要19个中继站,并在满足单位 面积覆盖同时在线人数的情况下引入PL 技术,得出此时中继站在该区域可同时 服务在限人数为1292人。 对于问题二,我们在问题一模型基础上从提高中继站服务人数和减少中继站半径两方面考虑,得出在将PL 分为18层,即中继站同时在线服务人数为702的情况下,结合单位面积同时在线服务人数,得出在中继站最少的情况下,中继站半径在[]11.094,,11.68范围内都可,我们为了让同时在线服务人数最大,取11.094英里,得出服务人数为11305。 问题三:对于山区地形,信号在传播过程中会有绕射和绕射损耗情况的出现,我们通过解析几何法寻找到发生绕射的山峰,通过菲涅尔积分和信号损耗理论 ,把山峰的损耗累加,最终算出信号由于绕射山峰而发生的功率损耗 。 关键词(Key Words):蜂窝拓扑网络,香农理论,容量和辐射半径,亚音频率层, 解析几何

2015年美赛B题论文

Where is the MH 370? Abstract Where is the crashed MH 370? This is an issue of global concern. In this article, the search work for the crashed aircraft is divided into three stages:determining the fall area, select the search location, arrange rescue equipment.To solve problems, we have set up three mathematical models. According to physics equations,we have established a differential equations model that can describe the crashed procedure of the aircraft.By combined maritime related cases,we have calculated the theoretical appeared area of the aircraft. Because of the large area of theory, it will be split into many small regions of equal area. With the limited search capability,we need to find a small piece where the aircraft is most likely to exist in.Then we use the conditional probability to establish a maritime search model and have got the actual search area and search paths. Each time a search is completed.We use a Bayesian probability formula to update the appearing probability of the aircraft in each small area if the crashed aircraft is not found.Besides,we resolve the model to acquire the actual search area and search paths. From an economic point of view, we have created a scheduling model of the search appliances with the existed search equipment. Then we made reasonable arrangements for personnel and equipment based on the results of the model. Keywords:Differential Equations Conditional Probability Bayesian Methods Nonlinear Programming

美赛论文翻译

方法 数学模型 沃尔泰拉方程式描述了一个针对竞争模拟的生态学方法(2010 Wolfman演示项目)。该方程式考虑多物种竞争同一种资源时的效果。在得到当下已注册汽车的数据初始值时(北美交通详细数据库2011),我们可以通过一个常微分沃尔泰拉方程组来表示在汽油量G(t)、电量E(t)和混合物量H(t)这三种因素共同作用下的汽车。 利用Cash-Karp方法推导出的系数,我们通过龙格库塔费尔伯格方法(the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method)来求解系统方程。这种方法能在不引入过多舍入误差的同时给出这个问题的有效解[Chapra and Canale 2002]. 由于数据有限,我们很难对模型做可靠的校准。所以,这个模型最适用于去运行多种场景和比较结果。 经济效应 通过竞争参数,燃料成本(包括汽油和电的成本)可以通过一个增长模型来表示。如果汽油价格升高,那么电动汽车就会更有竞争力;如果电力成本上升,那么汽油汽车就更占优势。 如果我们对充电或电池交换站、公共停车设备上的充电端口和改善技术的研究这三者加

大投资,就会导致大量BEVs出现。 近年来电池技术一直在迅猛发展。价格、生命周期、范围以及电池的效率都能决定BEV 数量上的优势。 现值模型 BEV和PHEV的经济生存能力可以被量化为一辆运输工具生命期内的所有权成本。我们可以将汽油价格和电力价格转化为汽车年平均行驶距离11,720英里下的费用[U.S. Energy Information Agency 2010]. 我们带入年度维护和维修成本Rt (Rt= 500美元/年)[Automotive. com 2011]). 利用Callaway [2011]和Penn [2011]给出的关于日产零排放聆风电动车和本田思域SI 的数据,我们可以比较两者的购入成本和每辆汽车运行八年的成本[Willis and Finney 2004]。即使在利率、资源消耗、维护成本、行驶距离、电池技术和转售价值这些因素发生改变时,也能很容易地调整模型来适应相应情形。 对环境的影响 同时充电100000辆电动汽车潜在的能源需求量为440GW。当充电量要求是最高充电量时(充满),就需要附加容量了。如果一个典型的燃煤电厂能供应236MW, 那么我们就需要1865多发电厂来满足这100000辆汽车的电力需求。

2015年美赛O奖论文A题Problem_A_35532.pdf

Team Control Number For office use only 35532 For office use only T1 ________________ F1 ________________ T2 ________________ F2 ________________ T3 ________________ Problem Chosen F3 ________________ T4 ________________ F4 ________________ A 2015 Mathematical Contest in Modeling (MCM) Summary Sheet Summary The complex epidemic of Zaire ebolavirus has been affecting West Africa. A series of realistic, sensible, and useful mathematical model about Ebola of spreading and medication delivery are developed to eradicating Ebola. 这个复杂的传染病,埃博拉,已经影响西非好久。一系列真实可信的关于抑制埃博拉传播和医药相关的数学模型正在建立。 First, we divide the spreading of disease into three periods: naturally spreading period, spreading period with isolation but without effective medications and spreading period with effective medications. We develop a SEIR (susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered) model to simulate the spread of the disease in the primary period. Then the model are improved to a SEIQR (susceptible-exposed-infectious-quarantined-recovered) model to adapt to the second and third period and to predict the future trends in 第一,我们把这个疾病划分为三个部分:自然传播过程,没有有效药物控制的独立传播过程和有有效控制的传播过程。我们建立了一个SEIR (易受暴露的感染性恢复)模型来模拟早期疾病的传播。接着我们又把模型升级为一个SEIQR (易受暴露性感染后的隔离恢复)来适应第二和第三阶段的传播同时也用来预测在Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia.的传播情况。 According to our plan, drugs are delivered to countries in need separately by air, then to medical centers by highway and be used for therapy of patients there. To solve the problem of location decision of medical centers , which belongs to a set covering problem , we developed a multi-objective optimization model . The model’s goal is minimizing the numbers of medical centers and total patients’ time cost on the road on the condition that all of patients can be sent a medical center in time. We solved the model with genetic algorithm, and get an approximate optimal solution with 7 medical centers. 根据我们的计划,运送药物的国家个别的需要空中运输,然后疾病中心通过高速公路将药物运送到患者手中。为了决定当地医疗中心位置的一个覆盖问题,我们建立了一个多元线性规划的选择模型。这个模型的目的是最小化医疗中心与主要患者之间在路上的距离使得所有患者能够被及时得送去医疗中心。我们用一个演变的算法解决了这个模型并得出一个最优化的结果----7个医疗中心。 Then we built a logistic block growth model to describe the changing speed of drugs manufacturing. Comparing it with the SEIIR model, we considered the two situations: one is in severe shortage of drugs, the other is relatively sufficient in drugs. We built two optimization models for the two situations. The optimization goal is minimizing the number of the infectious and minimizing of death cases and the number of infectious individuals, respectively. The decision variables is the drug allocation for every country, and the constraint conditions is drug production.

2013美赛A题一等奖论文

Team #17999 2013美赛A题一等奖论文 哈尔滨工业大学 杨宜蒙 李春柳 姜子木 【注:此页非正式论文页】

Contest 1.Introduction (1) 2.General assumption for all models (1) 3.What is the distribution of heat across the outer edge of a pan? (1) 3.1Model establishment (1) 3.1.1Model Ⅰ: Micro-point model (1) 3.1.2Model Ⅱ:Thermodynamics conduction model (3) 3.2Model solution and analysis (5) 3.2.1Model Ⅰ: Micro-point model (5) 3.2.2Model Ⅱ: Thermodynamics conduction model (6) 3.3Sensitivity analysis (11) 4.How to choose an optimal pan? (14) 4.1Model assumption (14) 4.2Model requirement (14) 4.3Model establishment (14) 4.4Model solution and analysis (20) 4.5Sensitivity analysis (21) 5.Superiority and weakness (22) 6.Further research (22) 7.Practical suggestions (23) 8.References (23) 9.ADS (24) 10.Appendix ...................................................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。

15年美赛B题一等奖论文

For office use only T1________________ T2________________ T3________________ T4________________ Team Control Number 32642 Problem Chosen B For office use only F1________________ F2________________ F3________________ F4________________ 2015 Mathematical Contest in Modeling (MCM/ICM) Summary Sheet (Attach a copy of this page to your solution paper.) Type a summary of your results on this page. Do not include the name of your school, advisor, or team members on this page. Searching a crashed plane in the sea is a hard job, while searching a lost plane presumed crashed in the open sea is much harder. To help find a lost plane, we restore the whole process, divide it into three periods and construct models respectively. The first model is a Stochastic Particle Simulation Model(SPSM), which describes the process that the plane loses contact with the ground and falls into the sea. Then we treat debris of the plane as separate particles and build a Drift Model based on Stochastic Particle Migration Model, which helps us to describe the motion of the debris of the plane and find the possible area containing the lost plane. Finally, we use BP-Artificial Neural Network Algorithm to choose the most suitable type of search planes and try to plan the optimal routine based on Time Homogeneous Markov Chain Model. In the first period, we break it down into two models: Fly Model and Fall Model. In the Fly Model, considering the great uncertainty on the plane crash, we use SPSM to find the distributions of the position where the plane lost power. Also, we get the distributions of flight speed, fight course and flight duration in that position. Then we divided the crashed plane into two types: with gliding function and without gliding function. Each type of the plane falls down in different way. In the second period, our goal is to simulate the motion of the debris in the water. We assume that the debris of the plane float on the surface, and it is small enough to ignore the affection of wave force. Based on the Leeway Model, we analyze its acceleration while considering the disturbance of environment at the same time. Then we check the model with data from National Oceanographic Data Center (NOAA) and get a good result. In the third period, we should choose the most suitable type of search plane and plan the optimal search routine. Using BP-ANNs Model, we determine the input layer as some factors on sea states and the output layer as several factors on the performance of a search plane. The outputs we get are the criterion by which we choose the most suitable plane. Then we try to find the optimal routine based on Time Homogeneous Markov Chain Model. We conduct Sensitive Analysis on the BP-ANNs and find that the model is robust. We also analyze our strengths and weaknesses and give a brief conclusion.

美赛论文格式要求

Your Paper's Title Starts Here: Please Center use Helvetica (Arial) 14 论文的题目从这里开始:用Helvetica (Arial)14号 FULL First Author1, a, FULL Second Author2,b and Last Author3,c 第一第二第三作者的全名 1Full address of first author, including country 第一作者的地址全名,包括国家 2Full address of second author, including country 第二作者的地址全名,包括国家 3List all distinct addresses in the same way 第三作者同上 a email, b email, c email 第一第二第三作者的邮箱地址 Keywords:List the keywords covered in your paper. These keywords will also be used by the publisher to produce a keyword index. 关键字:列出你论文中的关键词。这些关键词将会被出版者用作制作一个关键词索引。 For the rest of the paper, please use Times Roman (Times New Roman) 12 论文的其他部分请用Times Roman (Times New Roman) 12号字 Abstract. This template explains and demonstrates how to prepare your camera-ready paper for Trans Tech Publications. The best is to read these instructions and follow the outline of this text. Please make the page settings of your word processor to A4 format (21 x 29,7 cm or 8 x 11 inches); with the margins: bottom cm in) and top cm in), right/left margins must be 2 cm in). 摘要:这个模板解释和示范供稿技术刊物有限公司时,如何准备你的供相机使用文件。最好读这些指示说明并且跟随着这篇文章的大纲走。 We shall be able to publish your paper in electronic form on our web page if the paper format and the margins are correct. 如果论文的格式和页面设置是正确的,我们将能够将您的电子版论文登在我们的主页。 Your manuscript will be reduced by approximately 20% by the publisher. Please keep this in mind when designing your figures and tables etc. 当设计你的数字和表格等时,请铭记你的原稿将由出版商进行20%的删减。Introduction All manuscripts must be in English, also the table and figure texts, otherwise we cannot publish your paper. 所有原稿必须是英文,包括表格和数字内容,否则我们不会出版你的论文。

数模美赛论文常用词汇

exclusively专门 undobtedly毫无疑问的 notable 值得注意的 tremedous/significant极大的 notion概念 definition定义——define Interpret……as…… 理解……为 invoke(+模型援引,引用 equation方程式,等式 function因变量——提示符号的含义 matrix矩阵,模型 constant 常数,常量It requires I t o be a constant for …to be true algorithm演算方法——a general algorithm 通用算法simplify the algorithm 简化算法we have produced a general algrrithm to solve this tpye of problems. derivative微分,倒数antiderivative 不定积分 optimal results 最优结果 invesgate the problem from different point of view调查问题——investgation调查survey 调查 subproblem 子问题,次要问题——major problem 主要问题 metric 度量标准,指标 digit 数字delete some digits element /component 元素

解题思路seek/explore—— explore different ideas探索不同的想法 we seek to device a new model for solving the problem by exploring the new direction suggested by their investigations. 解决方案design/device ——develop/establish/conduct Based on our analysis, we design a model for the problem using integral linear programming(线性积分). We then devise a polynominal-time apprximation algorithm to produce near optimal https://www.doczj.com/doc/5113038118.html,ing integral linear programming.We then device a polynominal-time approximation to We conduct sensitivity analysis on…to find…xxx analysis is also performed. 解决结果tackle/solve We tackle the problem using the new technique we developed in the previous section.While it is difficult to solve the problem completely, we are able to solve a major subproblem. 计划与打算approach/propose We approach the problem using the proposed method. We propose a new approach to tackling the problem. 词组 Basedon…以……为基础 According to根据 Devide …into…——subdivide into细分 …is applied to…使用了……模型来……——we apply our model into将我们的模型运用于 Model proves to be efficient in other sports.模型被证明在其他方面有效 ….,which indicates that………反映了

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