Part Three
The Period of the English Bourgeois Revolution
Chapter 1
The English Revolution and the Restora tion
1. The Weakening of the Tie between Monarchy and Bourgeoisie
The T udor Dynasty: harmony (interests in commo n →collaboration)
The end of Elizabe th’s reign: conflict (quarrels)
2. The clashes between the King and Parliament
Monopolies on merchandies
Charles I dissolved it in 1629.
3. The Outburst of the English Revolution
(1) broke out in 1642 and lasted till 1649.
(2) T wo camps:
The royalists: conservative gentry, big landlords, monopolists
The opposition leaders in Parliament: the merchants, artisans and apprentices, the peasants (Oliver Cromwell) (3) Result:
Monarchy was abolished.
England was declared a commonwealth (a republic)
4. The Split within the Revolutionary Camp
The middle bourgeoisie (Independents)
The big bourgeoisie (Presbyterians)
The petty bourgeoisie
“The Movement of the Diggers” (掘地运动)
1.The Bourgeois Dictatorship and the Restoration
(1)The big bourgeoisie made a compromise with the feudal remnants.
(2)After the death of Cromwell, the Parliament recalled Charles II to England in 1660.→the Restoration
Period
(3)The Bourgeoisie invited William to be King of England in 1688.→the “Glorious Revolution” (bloodless, no
revival of the revolutionary demands)
(4)The state structure of England was settled→Capitalism could develop freely.
2.The Religious Cloak of the English Revolution
(1)the English Revolution≈the Puritan Revolution
(2)Puritanism:①②③④
Puritan literature is different from the literature of Elizabethan Period（1558-1625）in the following three aspects：1) Elizabethan literature had a marked unity and the feeling of patriotism and devotion to the Queen, but in the Revolution Period，all this was changed, the king became the open enemy of the people, and the country was divided by the struggle for political and religious liberty. So literature was as divided in spirit as were the struggling parties. 2) Elizabethan literature was generally inspiring. It throbbed with youth and hope and vitality．Literature in the Puritan Age expressed age and sadness. Even its brightest hours were followed by gloom and pessimism.
3) Elizabethan literature was intensely romantic．The romantic spirit sprang from the heart of youth．People believed all things, even the impossible．But in literature of the Puritan period, we cannot find any romantic ardor.
3.Literature of the Revolution Period
(1)concerned with the tremendous social upheavals of the time
(2)Major Writers: John Milton, John Bunyan
Chapter 2
John Milton
1. Life: 1608-1674
(1) strongly condemned the subjects and methods of study at college
(2) defined the true aim of knowledge as making the spirit of man
(3) his personal beauty, strictness of life, nicknamed “the lady of Christ’s”
2. Early Poems
On t he Morning of Christ’s Nativity（his first important work）
L’Allegro《欢乐颂》
II Penseroso《沉思颂》
Comus
Lycidas
3. Major Works
(1) Paradise Lost
(2) Paradise Regained
(3)Samson Agonistes
4. Brief Summary
(1) a great revolutionary poet of the 17th century (influence on later E. poetry)
(2) wrote the greatest epic in E. L., (a grand style)
(3) a master of the blank verse (in non-dramatic works); rich in every poetic quality and never monotonous
(4) a great stylist; poetry noted for sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.
(5) style with frequent inversions and complicated sentence structure;
lines are long and rich in the variations of rhythm and pause.
Chapter 3
John Bunyan
1. Life: 1628-1688
(1) son of a poor tinker, never drunk
(2) a man of singular innocence, sensitive imagination
(3) religious fervour→terrible day-dreams
(4) enlisted in the Parliamentary army
(5) against social abuses and the oppressors of the poor
(6) was put into the prison (12 years), making shoes, characteristic diligence
2. The Pilgrim’s Progress
(1) a religious allegory, telling of the spiritual pilgrimage of Christian
(2) characters, real places, conversations (language)
(3) remarkable passages: Vanity Fair, the persecution of Christian and his friend Faithful
(4) a deep hatred of both the king and his government
(5) his prose is admirable: It is popular speech ennobled by the solemn dignity and simplicity of the language
of the English Bible.
Chapter 4
Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poets
1.Metaphysical Poets
“Metaphysicals” (by Samuel Johnson, 18th C. writer): a school of poet in 17th C., mysticism in content, fantasticality in form)
（1）John Donne (1572-1631):
Status: the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry
Theme: secret love-making, elopement, imprisonment, lawsuit of marriage
Works: Songs and Sonnets (youthful love lyrics)
Holy Sonnets (rich in religious thought)
Devotions upon Emergent Occasions (sacred verse) 《突变引起的诚念》
Features: a. extravagance, preposterous dimensions
b. sensuality blended with philosophy, passion with intellect, and contraries are ever moving one into
the other.
c. seeking complex rhythms and strange images→“conceit” (奇思妙喻)
※ A comparison between two unlike objects (“outrageous metaphor”)
※Usually developed at length, comparing and contrasting two different aspects of the two objects to make their meaning clear.
所谓奇思妙喻，指的是一种悖论性的隐喻，通过喻体和喻指之间的非相似性给读者的心灵带来震撼。
The Flea
（by John Donne）
Mark but this flea, and mark in this,
How little that which thou deniest me is;
Me is sucked first, and now sucks thee,
And in this flea our two bloods mingled be;
Thou know’st that this cannot be said
A sin, or a shame, or loss of maidenhead,
Y et this enjoys before it woo,
And pampered swells with one blood made of two,
And this, alas, is more than we would do.
……
?该诗通篇是以跳蚤的形象为链接的。爱情本是甜美而浪漫的，它是人们心目中一幅美丽而隽永的画面。而跳蚤却是令人避之唯恐不及的。但在《跳蚤》诗中，诗人却把相爱双方大胆地以两滴血的形象结合在跳蚤体内。
?初读此诗会让人觉得匪夷所思，可仔细品来却别有一番滋味。相爱的双方经过婚姻结合为一个整体，而跳蚤在你的身上吸一滴血，在你所爱的人身上吸一滴血，这两滴代表相爱双方的血在跳蚤体内融合为一个整体。跳蚤便成了婚姻的殿堂。
（2）George Herbert (1593-1633):
（3）Andrew Marvell (1621-1678):
（4）Henry Vaughan(1622-1695):
（5）Richard Crashaw (1612-1649):
2.Cavalier Poets
（1）Often knights and squires who sided with the King against the Parliament and Puritans
（2）mostly dealt in short songs on the flitting joys of the day, but underneath the lightheartedness lies some foreboding of impending doom.
（3）Robert Herric (1591-1674): Gather Ye Rose Buds While Ye May《趁早采摘玫瑰花朵》
To Daffodils 《致水仙》
https://www.doczj.com/doc/5110105256.html,mon Features:
A similar awareness of mortality, which is expressed as an intense melancholy by the former, and by the latter as a bitter consciousness of the transitoriness of human glory and joy.
Chapter 5
Some Prose-Writers
1.Feature:
devoted to political and religious controversies
2.Representatives:
(1)Robert Burton (1577-1640): The Anatomy of Melancholy《忧郁的解剖》
※may be counted among the most learned of English writers.
※paid great attention to the style of his English, making it colloquial and sonorous.
※assumes the tone of a seriocomic monologue with a peculia humour of his own.
(2)Thomas Browne (1605-1682): The Religion of a Doctor
Hydriotaphia, or Urn-Burial《瓮葬》
※One of the first English prose-writers who wrote in a magnificent, poetic style and revealed self-consciously his own personality in his writing.
※Connected with religion, expressed from a distinctly personal viewpoint.
※His religious belief is a curious blend of reverence and scepticism.
(3)Jeremy T aylor (1613-1667):
(4)Izaak Walton (1593-1683):
Chapter 6
Restoration Literature
1.Features:
(1)a period of reaction and degeneration.
(2)The Restoration comedy was often witty and clever, but on the whole cynical and immoral.
(3)selfish pleasure-seeking of the court rakes and roguish cavaliers
(4)notorious for its licentiousness, being full of love intrigue, seduction and promiscurity, thus providing
amusement for the dissolute upper class.
(5)Was modelled on the French literature where classicism was then prevailing. (drama, poetry, and prose should
all be controlled by some fixed rules.)
2.Representatives:
(1)Samuel Butler (1612-1680): Hudibras《讽刺》， a pungent political satire on Puritanism as synonymous with
hypocrisy.
(2)John Dryden (1631-1700):
①Life:
a. Poet Laureate
b. Raising English literary criticism to a new level
c.The forerunner of the English classical school of literature in the next century
②Major works:
a. The Hind and the Panther《牝鹿与豹》（a didactic poem）
b. All for Love《一切为了爱》(a tragedy)
c. Absalom and Achitophel (a long poem, in heroic couplet and on contemporary thems)
d. An Essay of Dramatic Poesy《论戏剧诗》(a prose which established his position as the leading critic of the day)
③Style:
a. following the standards of classicism
b. establishing the heroic couplet as one of the principal English verse forms
c. clarifying the English prose and making it precise, concise and flexible
.. ;.. 一．中古英语时期 Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language, and the most important specimen (范例、典范)of Anglo-Saxon literature, and also the oldest surviving epic in the English language. The romance is a popular literary form in the medieval period（中世纪）. It uses verse or prose to sing knightly a dventures or other heroic deeds. Geoffrey Chaucer, one of the greatest English poets, whose masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales（《坎特伯雷故事集》）,was one of the most important influences on the development of English literature. Chaucer is considered as the father of English poetry and the founder of English realism. 二．文艺复兴Renaissance Renaissance r efers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It marks a transition(过渡) from the medieval to the modern world. It started in Italy with the flowering of painting, sculpture（雕塑）and literature, and then spread to the rest of Europe. Humanism is the essence of Renaissance -----Man is the measure of all things. This was England’s Golden Age in literature. Queen Elizabeth r eigned over the country in this period. The real mainstream of the English Renaissance i s the Elizabethan drama. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance E ngland are Christopher Marlowe and W illiam Shakespeare. The greatest of the pioneers of English drama was Christopher Marlowe. Francis Bacon was the best known essayist of this period. “Of Studies” is the most popular of Bacon’s 58 essays. Thomas More ——Utopia Edmund Spenser——The Faerie Queene 相关练习 1. Which is the oldest poem in the English language? A. Utopia B. Faerie Queene C. Beowulf D. Hamlet 2. _____ is the father of English poetry. A. Edmund Spenser B. William Shakespeare C. Francis Bacon D. Geoffrey Chaucer 3. ____ is not a playwright during the Renaissance period on England. A. William Shakespeare B. Geoffrey Chaucer C. Christopher Marlowe D. Ben Johnson 三．莎士比亚William Shakespeare “All t he world 's a stage, a nd all the men and women merely p layers.”——William Shakespeare William Shakespeare is considered the greatest playwright in the world and the finest poet who has written in the English language. Shakespeare understood people more than any other writers. He could create characters that have
I. Each of the following below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would bet complete the statement. 1. The long poem ______ in Anglo-Saxon period was termed England’s national epic. A. The Canterbury Tales B. Paradise Lost C. The Song of Beowulf D. The Fairy Queen 2. Romance, which uses verse or prose to describe the adventures and life of the knights, is the popular literary form in ______. A. Romanticism B. Renaissance C. medieval period D. Anglo-Saxon period 3. Among the great Middle English poets, Geoffrey Chaucer is known for his production of____. A. Piers Plowman B. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight C. Confessio Amantis D. The Canterbury Tales 4. _______ is regarded as the father of English poetry. A. Geoffrey Chaucer B. Edmund Spenser C. John Milton D. W. Wordsworth 5. It is _____ alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life. A. Geoffrey Chaucer B. Martin Luther C. William Shakespeare D. John Gower 6. One of Chaucer’s main contributions to English poetry is ______. A. he introduced the rhymed stanzas from France to English poetry B. he created striking brilliant panorama of his time and his country C. he wrote in blank verse D. he was the first to write sonnet 7. During the Renaissance, _______ was the first one to introduce the sonnet into English poetry. A. Chaucer B. John Donne C. Thomas Wyatt D. Earl of Surrey 8. During the Renaissance, _______ wrote the first English blank verse. A. Chaucer B. Edmund Spencer C. Thomas Wyatt D. Earl of Surrey 9. Which of the following historical events does not directly help to stimulate the rising of the Renaissance Movement？ A. The rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman culture B. The new discoveries in geography and astrology C. The Glorious revolution D. The religious reformation and the economic expansion 10. The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events. Which one of the following is NOT such an event? A. The rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture. B. England’s domestic rest C. New discovery in geography and astrology. D. The religious reformation and the economic expansion. 11. Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between ______ and ______ centuries. A. 14th...mid-17th B. 14th...mid-18th C. 16th...mid-18th D. 16th...mid-17th 12. Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is_______. A. science B. philosophy C. arts D. humanism 13. _______ frequently applied conceits in his poems. A. Edmund Spenser B. John Donne C. William Blake D. Thomas Gray 14. _______ is known as “the poet’s poet”. A. William Shakespeare B. Christopher Marlowe C. Edmund Spenser D. John Donne 15. Romance，which uses narrative verse or prose to tell stories of____ adventures or other heroic deeds，is a popular literary form in the medieval period. A. Christian B. knightly C. pilgrims D. primitive 16. ________ and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanism. A. Edmund Spenser, Christopher Marlowe B. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe
《英美文学》（03119）复习大纲 第一部分英国文学 一、课程简介 本课程简要介绍英国各个历史断代的主要文学文化思潮,文学流派,主要作家; 本课程要求学生掌握英国文学史上各个时期的文学特点，出现的文学流派以及该时期一至两位重要作家的文学生涯,创作思想,艺术特色及代表作品；并要求学生做到在掌握有关知识理论的基础上使之转换这能力，即能用有关知识和理论来分析英国文学中的相关问题。 二、课程重点章节简介： 第一章:古代与中世纪英国文学 1. <<贝尔武夫>> 2. 乔叟及其代表作 第二章: 文艺复兴时期 1. 文艺复兴的定义 2. 萨士比亚的戏剧及十四行诗 3. 培根的代表作 第三章: 十七世纪英国文学 1.弥尔顿的代表作<<失乐园>>、诗剧<<力士参孙>>的主要内容及<<
失乐园>>选短
第四章: 启蒙运动时期 1.新古典主义 2.伤感主义 3.笛福及代表作 4.蒲伯及代表作 第五章: 浪漫主义时期 1.浪漫主义时期文学的特点 2.彭斯的创作特点及代表作 3.华兹华斯的创作特点及代表作 4.拜伦诗歌的特点及代表作 第六章: 维多利亚时期 1.维多利亚时期的文学特点 2.布朗蒂姐妹的代表作 第七章: 现代时期 1.现代主义文学 2.汤姆斯.哈代创作特点及代表作 3. D.H.劳伦斯创作特点及代表作 三、本课程重点和难点内容简介 第一章:古代与中世纪英国文学： 1．<<贝尔武夫>>简介及在英国文学史上的意义。
2．乔叟及其代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》对英国文学做出的贡献。3．名词解释“骑士抒情诗” 第二章: 文艺复兴时期： 1.文艺复兴时期的时间界定 2.“文艺复兴”的名词解释 3.“人文主义” 的名词解释 4.莎士比亚的“Sonnet 18”的主题 5.哈姆雷特的性格分析 6.英语解释《论学习》中的句子 第三章: 十七世纪英国文学： 1.英语解释弥尔顿《失乐园》选段中的句子 2.《失乐园》的主要内容和意义 3.《失乐园》中撒旦的人物分析 第四章: 启蒙运动时期： 1.启蒙运动时期的界定 2.新古典主义的基本主张和特色 3.伤感主义的名词解释 4.《鲁滨逊漂流记》中鲁滨逊的人物分析 5.蒲伯的《论批评》的主题
英国文学发展史一览 1.English Literature of Anglo-Saxon Period Time: about 7th century Features: verse literature （唱诗） two groups: pagan （非宗教性的）and religious Main works: “Beowulf” poetry by Caedmon and Cynewulf 2.English Literature of Middle Centuries Time: mid 11th Century – 15th Century Features: 1.influence of the Norman Conquest 2.Main works and writers: 3.the Romances （骑士文学） 4.Chaucer’s “The Canterbury Tales” 3.English Literature of Renaissance Time: early 16th Century—mid 17th Century Features: the first glori ous period of English literary history, “ A nest of singing birds …” （百家争鸣，百花齐放） Main writers: 1.Thomas More 2.Edmund Spencer 3.Francis Bacon 4.Shakespeare 4.English Literature during the Bourgeois Revolution Time:1625—1688 The English Bourgeois Revolution begins from 1642 Features: Puritan age represented by John Milton Main literary form: Poetry Main writers: John Milton 1608--1674 5.English Literature of the 18th Century Features: Also as the Enlightenment Movement Period （启蒙时期） It is divided into 3 stages: 1.“Glorious revolution” to the end of 1730’s; 2.The mature period (1740’s—1750’s); 3.The last period covers the rest decades of the 18th century. Main authors: （小说家）Daniel Defoe，Jonathan Swift, Henry Fielding （诗人）Alexander Pope 6.Romanticism in England Time: 1798--1832 Features:
一．中古英语时期 ?Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language, and the most important specimen (范例、典范)of Anglo-Saxon literature, and also the oldest surviving epic in the English language. ?The romance is a popular literary form in the medieval period（中世纪）. It uses verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds. ?Geoffrey Chaucer, one of the greatest English poets, whose masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales（《坎特伯雷故事集》）,was one of the most important influences on the development of English literature. ?Chaucer is considered as the father of English poetry and the founder of English realism. 二．文艺复兴Renaissance ?Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It marks a transition(过渡) from the medieval to the modern world. ?It started in Italy with the flowering of painting, sculpture（雕塑）and literature, and then spread to the rest of Europe. ?Humanism is the essence of Renaissance -----Man is the measure of all things. ?This was England’s Golden Age in literature. Queen Elizabeth reigned over the country in this period. The real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England ? ?“Of Studies” is the most popular of Bacon’s 58 essays. ?Thomas More ——Utopia ?Edmund Spenser——The Faerie Queene 相关练习 ? 1. Which is the oldest poem in the English language? ? A. Utopia B. Faerie Queene ? C. Beowulf D. Hamlet ? 2. _____ is the father of English poetry. ? A. Edmund Spenser B. William Shakespeare ? C. Francis Bacon D. Geoffrey Chaucer ? 3. ____ is not a playwright during the Renaissance period on England. ? A. William Shakespeare B. Geoffrey Chaucer ? C. Christopher Marlowe D. Ben Johnson 三．莎士比亚William Shakespeare ?“All the world 's a stage, and all the men and women merely players.”——William Shakespeare ?William Shakespeare is considered the greatest playwright in the world and the finest poet who has written in the English language. Shakespeare understood people more than any other writers. He could create characters that have
考试课程：英国文学史及选读考核类型：A 卷 考试方式：闭卷出卷教师: XXX 考试专业：英语考试班级：英语xx班 I.Multiple choice (30 points, 1 point for each) select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. 1._____，a typical example of old English poetry ,is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. A.The Canterbury Tales B.The Ballad of Robin Hood C.The Song of Beowulf D.Sir Gawain and the Green Kinght 2._____is the most common foot in English poetry. A.The anapest B.The trochee C.The iamb D.The dactyl 3.The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, which one of the following is NOT such an event? A.The rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture. B.England’s domestic rest C.New discovery in geography and astrology D.The religious reformation and the economic expansion 4._____is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. A.The Pilgrims Progress B.Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners C.The Life and Death of Mr.Badman D.The Holy War 5.Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is _____. A.science B.philosophy C.arts D.humanism 6.“So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,/So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.”(Shakespeare, Sonnets18)What does“this”refer to ? A.Lover. B.Time. C.Summer. D.Poetry. 7.“O prince, O chief of my throned powers, /That led th’ embattled seraphim to war/Under thy conduct, and in dreadful deeds/Fearless, endangered Heaven’s perpetual king”In the third line of the above passage quoted from Milton’s Paradise Los t, the phrase“thy conduct”refers to _____conduct. A.God’s B.Satan’s C.Adam’s D.Eve’s
一：The Eighteenth Century(1688---1798)-----The Age of Reason/Enlightenment 1)Pope 18世纪被称为是Pope的时代，18世纪最伟大的诗人，其诗多用 “heroic couplet” 1)16岁Pastorals《田园诗》 2)1711 Essay on Criticism《批评论》—heroic couplets and didactic poem 3)1714 The Rape of the Lock《卷发遇劫记》—a mock-heroic poem 4)The Dunciad《群愚史诗》 5)Essay on man《人论》—philosophical poem in heroic couplets 6)Imitation of Horace《仿贺拉斯》 7)Epistle to Dr.Arbuthnot《致阿勃诺斯特医生书》 2)Swift 讽刺作家 1)1704 A Tale of a Tub《木桶的故事》—parable寓言 2)1704 The Battle of the Books《书站》 3)1708 Bickerstaff Almanac《比克斯塔福历书》 4)1708 Elegy of Mr.Partridge《帕特里奇挽歌》 5)1708 Vindication of Isaac Bickerstaff《艾萨克·比克斯塔福的辩护》 6)1726，10 Gulliver’s Travels《格里佛游记》 7)Pamphlets on Ireland(小论文) 关于爱尔兰的小册子 （1）The Drapier’s Letters《布商的书信》 （2） A Modest Proposal《一个小小的建议》 8)Tragic love affairs: Candenus and V anessa《坎迪纳斯和文莎》、Journal to Stella《给斯拉特的信》—love-letters 9)1745 On the Death of Dr. Swift 3)Defoe “the pioneer novelist of England”英国现实主义小说开创人， 1)1701 Trueborn Englishman—A Satire《纯血统英国人》---- pamphlet 2)1702 The Shortest Way with the Dissenters《铲除新教徒的途径》 3)1703,5 Hymn to the Pillory《木枷颂》 4)The Review《评论报》—a political and literary magazine 5)代表作Robinson crusoe《鲁比逊漂流记》 Captain Singleton 《辛格顿船长》 Moll Flanders 《莫尔·弗兰德斯》 Colonel Jacque《雅克上校》 4. Richardson 1)1740 Pamela《帕米拉》或者Virtue Rewarded:In a Series of Familiar Letters from a Beaytiful Y oung Damsel to Her Parents—书信体形式 Epistolary novels，a long tale 2)1747-1748 Clarissa《克拉丽莎》—the best one 3)1753-1754 Sir Charles Grandison《查尔斯·格兰迪森爵士的历史》5. Fielding “ father of English Novel”英国小说之父
英国文学简史笔记 一．早中世纪文学：Early and Medieval English Literature（约5世纪-1485) The ancestor: Celts(凯尔特人）. Life style: Primitive life(原始生活）. Language: Celtic（凯尔特语）(Britons 大不列颠语). 最早的英国史：1. Roman Conquest. (55BC--410AD)---Julius Caesar. 2. Anglo-Saxon Conquest. (450--1066)---Anglos, Saxons, Jutes(朱特人). 3. Norman Conquest. (1066--1350). 中期英国史：1.Romance(罗曼史): love, chivalry(骑士精神), religion; 2.3 major themes: (1).Matter of France; (2).Matter of Greece and Rome; (3).Matter of Britain. https://www.doczj.com/doc/5110105256.html,nguage: 3 language. 文学作品：1.Geoffrey Chaucer (杰弗里。乔叟): Chaucer's works: (1) . The Canterbury Tales( 坎特伯雷故事集); (2). The Wife of Bath (巴斯夫人）； (3). Romance of the Rose (玫瑰传奇); (4).The House of the Fame (声誉殿堂); (5).The Parliament of Fowls (百鸟会议); (6).Troilus and Cressie (特洛伊斯和克莱西德）. Chaucer's contribution to the English language: (1). The " father of English poetry"; (2). He introducer from France and Italy the rhymed (押韵的)stanzas of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter ( heroic couplet) (抑扬格、五音步诗), instead of the Old English alliterative( 头韵的) verse; (3). For the first time in English literature, he presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture( 现实主义）of the English society of life in his masterpiece " The Canterbury Tales( 坎特伯雷故事集)"; (4). He was the first English poet who wrote in English, thus establishing English as the literature language; (5), He did much in making the London dialect(方言) the foundation for modern English language. Chaucer's social significance: (1). Influenced by the early Italian Renaissance, Chaucer affirmed man's right to pursue earthly happiness and opposed asceticism, praised man's energy, intellect, and love of life; (2). Meanwhile, he also exposed and satirized the social evils, esp.,the religious abuses. 2.The Song of Beowulf (贝奥武甫，a hero） 3.The English Ballads (大众民谣): a story told in song.; in various English
Instructions： This examination consists of 5 parts， and the total time for the examination is 2 hours. All the answers should be entered onto the Answer Sheet. Part I：Multiple Choices （10%） Choose the best answer to the following sentences. 1.Which of the following is NOT a feature of Beowulf？ A. Alliteration B. Anglo-Saxons’ early life in England C. Germanic language D. The national epic of Anglo-Saxon people 2.English Renaissance Period was an age of. A. prose and novel B. poetry and drama C. essays and journals D. ballads and songs 3.The main literary form of the early 17th century was poetry. John Milton was acknowledged as the greatest. Besides him， there were two groups of poets. They were the Cavalier poets and. A. the lake poets B. the university wits C. the Metaphysical poets D. the Romantic poets 4. Pamela is widely considered to be the first novel and was written by ___________. A. Thomas Hardy B. James Joyce C. Samuel Richardson D. Henry Fielding 5.The publication of， which was the joint work of William Wordsworth and Samuel T. Coleridge， marked the beginning of the Romantic Age in England. A. Don Juan B. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner C. Lyrical Ballads D. Queen Mab 6.Among the most famous realistic novelists of the Victorian age are， W. M. Thackeray， Bronte sisters， etc. A. Joseph Conrad B. Henry Fielding C. Charles Dickens D. D. H. Lawrence 7.In James Joyce’s ____________ the story “Eveline” paints a portrait of a young woman from Dublin deciding whether or not to leave her hometown. A. Ulysses B. Orlando C. Dubliners D. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man 8.In the 18th century England， satire was much used in writing. Literature of this age produced some excellent satirists， such as Jonathan Swift， Henry Fielding and.
英国文学名家名著 《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）是英国盎格鲁·撒克逊时期的一首英雄史诗，古英语文学的最高成就，同时标志着英国文学的开始。史诗的第一部分讲述瑞典青年王子贝奥武甫来到丹麦，帮助丹麦国王赫罗斯加杀死了12年来常来进行夜袭的巨妖格伦德尔及他的母亲；第二部分简述了贝奥武甫继承王位，平安统治50年。后来，他的国土被一条喷火巨龙蹂躏，老当益壮的贝奥武甫与火龙交战，杀死火龙，自己也受了致命伤。 杰弗里·乔叟(Geoffrey Chaucer ，1340-1400)是英国文学之父亲和前最杰出的作家。主要作品有《坎特伯雷故事集》等。作品的主要特点是主题、题材、风格、笔调的多样性及描写人对生活的追求的复杂性。他的代表作品是《坎特伯雷故事集》（The Canterbury Tales）不仅描绘了31位朝圣者的各个社会阶层，而且也反映了他们各自叙述故事的不同风格，读者广泛，对后世影响很大。 威廉·莎士比亚(William Shakespeare ，1564-1616)是文艺复兴时期英国著名的剧作家和诗人。他创作了大量的作品，其中包括喜剧、悲剧和历史剧。他的剧本至今仍在许多国家上演，并为人们所普遍阅读。莎上比亚的作品文才横溢，创造的喜、怒、哀、乐场面使人印象深刻，历久难忘。主要作品有四大悲剧：《奥赛罗》(Othello)、《哈姆雷特》（Hamlet）、《麦克白》(Macbeth),《李尔王》(King Lear)；四大喜剧：《仲夏夜之梦》(A Midsummer Night’s Dream)、《威尼斯商人》(The Merchant of Venice)、《无事生非》(Much Ado about Nothing)和《皆大欢喜》(As You Like It)等。此外，历史剧《亨利六世》(Henry VI)三部曲，爱情悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》（Romeo and Juliet）也都很受欢迎。《哈姆雷特》叙述了丹麦王子哈姆雷特替父报仇，杀死篡夺王位的叔父的故事。《哈姆雷特》里“to be or not to be, that is the question”的成为经典台词。《罗密欧与朱丽叶》描写了一对青年男女因家族间的世仇而不能联姻结果自杀的故事，揭露了封建制度的残酷无情，同时，歌颂了青年男女纯洁坚贞的爱情。 济慈（Keats, 1795一1821）是英国浪漫主义诗人。他出身贫苦，作过医生的学徒，后来才以写诗为业。他对当时英国社会的现实不满，希望在一个“永恒的美的世界”中寻找安身立命之处。他的诗歌以文辞声调之美著称，在艺术上对后代的英国诗人影响很大。主要作品有《伊沙贝拉》(Isabella)、《夜莺颂》(Ode to a Nightingale)和《秋颂》(To Autumn)等。 雪莱（Shelley ，1792一1822）是英国浪漫主义的重要诗人。他生于贵族家庭。他既创作了富于政治思想性的诗，也写了很多优美的抒情诗，特别是爱情诗，显示了不羁的想象，瑰丽的色彩和动人的音韵，这些使他成为英国文学史上最有才华的抒情诗人之一。他的主要作品有《麦布女王》(Queen Mab)、《致英国人民之歌》(Song to the Men of England)、《解放了的普罗米修斯》(Prometheus Unbound)和《西风颂》(Ode to the West Wind)等。《西风颂》里的名句“冬天来了，春天还会远吗？”（If Winters comes,can spring be far behind）成为妇幼皆知的诗文。 华兹华斯（Wordsworth，1770-1850），18-19世纪之交英国浪漫主义运动最伟大和最有影响的诗人。他和克勒律治（Samuel Taylor Coleridge）、骚塞(Robert Southey)三人组成“湖畔派诗人(the Lake Poets)”其作品的主题是人与大自然的关系。1813年他接受政府长期津贴，1843年又被封为桂冠诗人。他的主要作品有《抒情歌谣集》(Lyrical Ballads)、《水仙》(Daffodill)和《序曲》(The Prelude)等。 笛福（Daniel Defoe,1661-1731）是英国小说之父。59岁时发表的成名小说《鲁滨逊漂流记》（Robinson Crusoe）出版后立即成为家喻户晓的畅销书。随后，他又写了《辛格顿船长》(Captain Singleton)、《摩尔·弗兰德》(Moll Flanders)、（大疫年日记）(a Journsl of the Plagure Year)等小说。《鲁滨逊飘流记》是根据苏格兰水手亚历山大·塞尔扣克的航海遇险、流落在荒岛上并独居4年才获救的真实故事，经过艺术加工而成的作品。主人公鲁滨逊是笛福理想中的英国资产阶级的代表人物。他富于冒险精神，依靠个人的劳动和智慧力量克服自然界的种