词汇认知
1. 词汇概述
考试大纲要求认知3000个单词，认知即能根据上下文猜测词义，但有1800个单词及其搭配要求熟练掌握，认知词汇多在阅读或完型中出现，熟练掌握的一般在词汇结构，翻译和作文中体现。
2．词汇认知的办法
.2.1．构词法
英语词有词根，前缀，后缀，可根据这些构词方法猜测词义，词性。
前缀放在词首，经常改变词义，举例：
dis- 不dislike , disagree, dismiss
in- 里面income, indoors , inside ,
im- 不impossible , impractical , impatient
un- 不uncomfortable , unnecessary , unemployment
sub- 底下subway, subzero
post –在。。。之后postwar ,postgraduate
pre- 在。。。之前preview , prepare , prearrange
over- 超过overtake , overgrow , .overcook , overtime , overactive super- 在。。。之上，优于supermarket superman , supernatural , superpowers , superheated
en- 使。。变的enable , enrich , endanger , enlarge , enslave ,
de.- 减少decrease, degrade devalue
mis- 错误地mistake , misunderstand
co- 共同coexist , combine. coauthor
后缀放在词尾，经常改变词性，可从后缀决定词的用法。举例
名词后缀：
-er, or. –ar 做。。。的人或机器computer , recorder, editor , liar , beggar
-tion,-ation, 表抽象概念examination , condition, education ,
-ology, 。。。学biology , zoology , climatology
-ist 。。。主义者socialist , terrorist
形容词后缀：
-able,-ible,-ble 能做。。。的portable , capable , movable , readable , reliable
--less 不。。。的sleepless, careless , counteless , doubtless
-ful wonderful , beautiful ,
动词后缀：
-fy 。。。化uglify , unify , bautify
-en 使。。。变。。。widen , deepen, quicken
- ize 使。。。化realize , modernize ,
词根决定词的意思，词根的辨别是认知词汇的关键举例
-cycle- 园bicycle , cyclist
-port- 运载porter, portable
-tele- 远television telecommunication
-phone- 听得到的telephone earphone
. 复合词
复合词是由两个词组成，前后词意思和在一起，就是新词的意思。
举例：blackboard 黑板, thanksgiving 感恩, afternoon 下午, birthday 生日,, basketball 篮球, bookshop 书店‘classroom 教室,policeman 警察, homework,家庭作业mobile phone
专项练习
根据以上学的构词法，迅速说出下列词的中文意思；
writer 作家statement 陈述,
everything 每件事knowledge 知识
, successful , 成功的international 国际的personal , 个人的development 发展
, advertisement , 广告government 政府
,Internet , 英特网carefully 仔细地
, healthy , 健康的friendship , 友谊
, calssmate , 同班同学dangerous 危险的
, intelligence , 智力information 信息
, reality , 现实communicate , 通讯，交流comfortable 舒适的roomate 室友
, passenger , 乘客movement 运动
, touist , invitation , 邀请
, advantage , 优势package , 打包commercial 商业的relationship 关系
,, professor , 教授disadvantage 劣势
, appointment , 任命background 背景
2.2. ．上下文猜测法
很多的词是在语境中习得而来的，前后句子连贯考虑，有些词的意思就很清楚举例
I removed the book from the shelf and began to read .拿下来的是书，可以猜出是书
架上拿下来的
．Harvey is a thief, for he wouod steal the gold from his grandmother .因为偷金子，可以猜出是个小偷
Unlike his brother, who is truly a handosome person. Haogartty is quite ugly.他兄弟英俊，但他和兄弟不一样，可猜出他很丑
But surely everyone knows that if you step on an egg, it will break. .踩在蛋上，蛋肯定会碎掉
Tom got a new car for his birthday. It is a sports model. 他生日得了一部新车，是运动型的
2007年第2期俄语语言文学研究2007, №2 总第16期Russian Language and Literature Studies Serial №16 俄罗斯的认知语言学研究 赵国栋 （黑龙江大学，哈尔滨150080；解放军外国语学院，洛阳471003） 提要：俄罗斯学者在继承本国心理学、语言学研究传统的基础上，积极引介西方认知研究成果，形成了具有俄罗斯特色的认知语言学研究版本。俄罗斯认知语言学在语言与知识、语言与感知、语言的世界图景、概念与概念化等问题的解决上做出了很大贡献。除此之外，它对认知语言学的性质以及诸多传统语言学问题也提出了独特的阐释。 关键词：认知；知识；感知；世界图景；概念 中图分类号：H0-06 文献标识码：A 诞生于20世纪80年代的美国和欧洲的认知语言学，成为当今语言学的重要研究内容。各国语言学家在积极学习研究这些新理论、新成果的同时，还结合本国的语言学研究传统，形成了各具特色的认知语言学研究版本。本文主要对俄罗斯的认知语言学研究进行概述。 1 认知语言学在俄罗斯的形成与发展 1.1 认知思想在俄罗斯传统研究中的体现 В.З.Демьянков, Е.С.Кубряков指出：认知语言学将语言看作在信息编码和转化中起重要作用的认知机制来研究。（Е.С.Кубрякова 1996：53—55）尽管认知语言学形成的历史并不长，但认知语言学的研究对象——语言辅助下信息的获得和处理——早在19世纪初俄罗斯学者就有所描述。 А.А.Потебня在研究洪堡特的民族精神理论时就承认，语言的起源问题实际上就是关于发生在语言之前的精神生活的现象问题，就是关于语言的形成、发展问题，关于语言对之后的精神活动的影响问题，也就是纯粹的心理学问题。（А.А.Потебня1993：38）他已经认识到语言在认知新内容、形成和发展关于世界的人类知识中的作用。 И.А.Бодуэн де Куртенэ似乎将认知语言学的研究对象表达得更为清楚。他指出：透过语言思维，可以阐明存在和非存在的领域中所有有关世界表现的完整独特的语言知识，这其中不仅包括物质世界的知识，而且还包括个体世界、社会世界的知识。（И.А.Бодуэн де Куртенэ 1963：312） 如果以上两位学者的观点仅仅是认知思想的早期萌芽，那么维果斯基关于思维的基本理论则促进了认知语言学的形成和发展。他创立了“文化历史发展理论”，用以解释人类心理在本质上与动物不同的高级心理活动。他最早提出了外部动作“内化”为智力活动的理论，认为符号的运用使心理活动得到根本改进。没有语言的心理活动是“直接的，不随意的，低级的，自然的”，只有掌握语言后才能转变为“间接的、任意的、高级的、社会历史的”。他
《英语词汇学教程》参考答案 Chapter 1 1. The three definitions agree that lexicology studies words. Yet, they have different focuses. Definition 1 focuses on the meaning and uses of words, while definition 2 on the overall structure and history. Definition 3 regards lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focuses on the semantic structure of the lexicon. It is interesting to note that the three definitions use different names for the object of study. For Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2 the vocabulary of a language, and for Definition 3 the lexicon. 2. (1) They can go into the room, and if they like, shut the door. (2) You boys are required to give in your homework before 10 o’clock. (3) I watch the football match happily and find it very interesting. 3. (1) W hen it follows ‘-t’ and ‘-d’, it is pronounced as [id]; (2) When it follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as [t]; (3) When it follows voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as [d]. 4. (1) They are words that can be included in a semantic field of “tree”. (2) They represent the forms of the verb “fly” and have a common meaning. (3) They belong to a lexical field of “telephone communication”. (4) They are synonyms, related to human visual perception. Specifically, they denote various kinds of “looking”. 5. (a) 'blackboard: a board with a dark smooth surface, used in schools for writing with chalk (the primary stress in on black); 'blackbird: a particular kind of bird, which may not necessarily be black in color (the primary stress in on black); 'greyhound: a slender, swift dog with keen sight (the primary stress in on black); 'White House: the residence of the US President in Washington (the primary stress in on black). (b) 'black 'board: any board which is black in color (both words receive primary stress); 'black 'bird: any bird which is black in color (both words receive primary stress); 'grey 'hound: any hound that is grey in color (both words receive primary stress); 'white 'house: any house that is painted white (both words receive primary stress). 6. There are 44 orthographic words, i.e. sequences of letters bounded by space. There are 24 open class words and 20 closed class words. 7. (a) The ‘bull’ is literal, referring to a male bovine animal. (b) ‘Take the bull by the horn’is an idiom, meaning (having the courage to) deal with someone or something directly. (c) ‘Like a bull in a china shop’is an idiom, meaning doing something with too much enthusiasm or too quickly or carelessly in a way that may damage things or upset someone.
哈尔滨商业大学2009-2010学年第二学期《词汇学》期末考试试卷 装 题 订 线 内 不 答 要 一、单项选择题（本大题共40小题，每小题1分，共40 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. 1. Argot generally refers to the jargon of _______. Its use is confined to the sub-cultural groups and outsiders can hardly understand it. A. workers B. criminals C. any person D. policeman 2.________ are words used only by speakers of the dialect in question. A. Argot B. Slang C. Jargon D. Dialectal words 3. Archaisms are words or forms that were once in _________use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use. A. common B. little C. slight D. great 4. Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on ______meanings. A. new B. old C. bad D. good 5. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as_________ words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals. A. functional B. notional C. empty D. formal 6. In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian , Bengali, Hindi, Romany, the last three of which are derived from the dead language,_______. A. Sanskrit B. Latin C. Roman D. Greek 7. Greek is the modern language derived from _______. A. Latin B. Hellenic C. Indian D . Germanic 8. The five Romance languages , namely, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Romanian all belong to the Italic through an intermediate language called _______. A. Sanskrit B. Latin C. Celtic D. Anglo-Saxon 9. The ________family consists of the four Northern European Languages: Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. A. Germanic B. Indo-European C. Albanian D. Hellenic 10. By the end of the _______century , virtually all of the people who held political or social power and many of those in powerful Church positions were of Norman French origin. A. 10th B.11th C.12th D. 13th 11. The prefixes in the words of ir resistible, non classical and a political are called _______. A. reversative prefixes B. negative prefixes C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes 12. The prefixes contained in the following words are called ______: pseudo-friend, mal practice, mis trust. A. reversative prefixed B. negative prefixes C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes 13. The prefixed contained in un wrap, de-compose and dis allow are _________. A. reversative prefixed B. negative prefixes C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes 14. The prefixes in words extra-strong, overweight and arch bishop are _____ . A . negative prefixes B. prefixes of degree or size C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes
《英语词汇学教程》（2004 年版）练习答案 Chapter 1 7. Choose the standard meaning from the list on the right to match each of the slang words on the left. a. tart: loose woman b. bloke: fellow c. gat: pistol d. swell: great e. chicken: coward f. blue: fight g. smoky: police h. full: drunk i. dame: woman j. beaver: girl 8. Give the modern equivalents for the following archaic words. haply = perhaps albeit = although methinks = it seems to me eke = also sooth = truth morn = morning troth = pledge ere = before quoth = said hallowed = holy billow = wave / the sea bade = bid 12. Categorize the following borrowed words into denizens, aliens, translation loans, and semantic loans. Denizens: kettle, die, wall, skirt, husband Aliens: confrere, pro patria, Wunderkind, mikado, parvenu Translation loans: chopstick, typhoon, black humour, long time no see Semantic loans: dream Chapter 2 1. Why should students of English lexicology study the Indo-European Language Family? The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. Knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately. 2. Make a tree diagram to show the family relations of the modern languages given below.
认知语言学 认知科学囊括：认知心理学、认知社会学、认知语言学、认知人类学、认知行为学、认知考古学，等等。认知语言学包括：认知音位学、认知词汇学、认知词典学、认知语法、认知语义学、认知语用学、认知语篇学、认知诗学，等等。认知语言学中虽然有不同的理论方法，但具有共同的理论原则。认知语言学的核心假说是，语言能力是人的认知能力的一部分，是一个结构有序的由有意义的语言构式组成的清单库，与社会、文化、心理、交际、功能相互作用。 标签：认知科学认知语言学认知语言学研究 认知语言学是一门研究语言的普遍原则和认知规律之间关系的语言学流派。认知语言学的研究已经渗透到语言的各个层面，渗透到语言学的各个分支领域。认知语言学是认知取向、解释取向、语义取向、共性取向，这是语言研究史上的重大发展，有利于揭示语言的本质和奥秘，向实现语言理论最终追求的目标又迈进了一步。 认知语言学分为认知语义和认知语语法两大领域。这两个领域互相支持，相辅相成。认知语义学注重研究语义的理据性，强调语言意义的体验性，以体验哲学为它的哲学基础。认知语法注重研究句法的理据性。 一、认知科学 20世纪50年代，在欧美国家爆发了一场认知革命，诞生了一门新兴学科——认知科学。认知科学是综合哲学、心理学、人类学、语言学、脑科学、神经生理学和计算机科学的新兴学科，其主要学术任务和目标是探究人脑的信息加工及处理机制，了解人脑的工作原理和运行规律。认知科学的主要指导原则是将人脑看成类似于计算机处理符号和加工信息的系统。（卢植，2006：2） 认知（cognition）一词源自拉丁语，是指人们获得知识或学习的过程。《辞海》（1999年版）释义为：“认知就是认识，指认识客观事物，获得知识的活动。”认知科学是关于心智或智能跨学科的研究与探讨。 1.认知科学是要全方位地揭示人的认知能力的形成和发展，要对认知活动的原理、机制作出理论概括，以期揭示人的心智活动的本质。 2.认知科学要研究认知系统的构成。一般认为，认知系统主要包括感觉知觉范畴系统、抽象概念范畴系统、意象形象范畴系统和语言符号范畴系统。认知能力是在这四个认知分系统的发育和协调中发展起来的。这一假说意味着语言能力是人的整体认知能力的一部分。 3.认知科学认为，认知活动是人的大脑同外部世界以互动形式进行信息加工的活动，人的认知不是对外部事物纯粹的、客观的、直接的反映；大脑有认知图
2012词汇学复习资料 The development of the English Vocabulary 1.Indo-European Language Family The Indo-European Language Family is considered as one of the most important language families. It includes most languages of Europe, the Near East, and India. Those languages, which are believed to have originated from this language family and developed alone different lines, show various degrees of similarity to one another. They fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern Set东部诸语族: Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语, Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语族, Armenian 亚美尼亚语族and Albanian阿尔巴尼亚语族; a Western Set: 西部诸语族Celtic凯尔特语族, Italic 意大利语族, Hellenic希腊语族, Germanic日尔曼语族. All the languages in both sets shed some influence on English to a greater or lesser extent because each has lent words into the English vocabulary. Prussian普鲁士语 Lithuanian立陶宛语 Polish波兰语 Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语Czech捷克斯洛伐克语 Bulgarian保加利亚语 Slovenian斯洛文尼亚语 Russian Albanian阿尔巴尼亚 Persian波斯语 Hindi北印度语 Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语系Bengali孟加拉语 Romany，吉卜赛语 Armenian亚美尼亚语 Portuguese Spanish Italic意大利语族Italian Roumanian罗马尼亚语 French Indo-European Language Family Irish Celtic凯尔特语Breton Scottish Norwegian挪威语 Icelandic，冰岛语 Danish丹麦语 Germanic Swedish瑞典语 日尔曼语言English Dutch Flemish German Hellenic，古希腊语- Greek
《英语词汇学教程》参考答案 (注：参考答案仅供参考。有些题目的答案并非是唯一的) Chapter 1 1. The three definitions agree that lexicology studies words. Y et, they have different focuses. Definition 1 focuses on the meaning and uses of words, while definition 2 on the overall structure and history. Definition 3 regards lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focuses on the semantic structure of the lexicon. It is interesting to note that the three definitions uses different names for the object of study. For Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2 the vocabulary of a language, and for Definition 3 the lexicon. 2. (1) They can go into the room, and if they like, shut the door. (2) Y ou boys are required to give in your homework before 10 o‘clock. (3) I watch the football match happily and find it very interesting. 3. (1) when it follows ?-t‘ and ?-d‘, it is pronounced as [id]; (2) when it follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as [t]; (3) when it follows voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as [d]. 4. (1)They are words that can be included in a semantic field of ―tree‖. (2)They represent the forms of the verb ―fly‖ and have a common meaning. (3)They belong to a lexical field of ?telephone communication‘.. (4)They are synonyms, related to human visual perception. Specifically, they denote various kinds of ―looking‖. 5. (a) ?blackboard: a board with a dark smooth surface, used in schools for writing with chalk (the primary stress in on black) ; ?blackbird: a particular kind of bird, which may not necessarily be black in colour (the primary stress in on black); ?greyhound: a slender, swift dog with keen sight (the primary stress in on black), ?White House: the residence of the US President in Washington (the primary stress in on black). 0 (b) black ?board: any board which is black in colour (both words receive primary stress); black ?bird: any bird which is black in colour (both words receive primary stress); grey ?hound: any hound that is grey in colour (both words receive primary stress); ?white ?house: any house that is painted white (both words receive primary stress). 6. There are 44 orthographic words, i.e. sequences of letters bounded by space. There are 24 open class words and 20 closed class words. 7. (a) The ?bull‘ is literal, referring to a male bovine animal. (b) ?Take the bull by the horn‘ is an idiom, meaning ?(having the courage to) deal with someone or something directly.
收稿日期:2009-03-09;修订日期:2009-11-23 基金项目:重庆社会科学规划基金项目/构造语法研究0(2008-YY10);四川外语学院社会科学规划基金项目/基于多重压制观的现代汉语新词语研究0的阶段性成果 作者简介:刘玉梅(1972-),女,陕西汉中人,四川外语学院副教授,四川大学博士研究生,研究方向为认知语言学、构式语法和认知词汇学。 /吧0族词形成的认知机制研究 * 刘玉梅 (四川大学外国语学院,四川成都610064/四川外语学院英语学院,重庆400031) 摘 要:本文以认知构式语法为视角,以溯因推理的方式探讨/吧0族词形成的认知机制。研究表明:酒吧及/吧0族词的形成受到多重构式的压制;/吧X 0与/X 吧0构式能产性差异与该构式的频率、统计先用权及包容度有关;不同构式中的/X 0受到的制约因素不同,并在音节、语义、句法属性上表现出较大差异;/吧0族词的高频使用使/吧0具有获得基本范畴词地位的倾向。 关键词:认知构式语法;构式压制;酒吧;/吧0族词;认知机制 中图分类号:H 13611 文献标识码:A 文章编号:10022722X (2010)0120010206 0.引言 /吧0是现代汉语中一个特殊的具有范畴化功能的语素,并具有独立成词的倾向,其来源可追溯到由英语bar 翻译来的/酒吧0。近几年,/吧0显出较强的能产性,形成了不少新词语,构成了一个使用频率较高、以/吧X 10/X 2吧0为主的/吧0族词构式,其语义及语法性质受到语言学界的关注。目前,/吧0族词的研究主要关注/吧0的意义、/吧0的词缀化或词汇化倾向以及影响/吧0族词形成的社会、文化和心理因素(如范玲,2002;高燕,2000;童盛强、孙晓雯,2005)。但对/吧0族词形成的认知机制的探索尚付阙如,也未见基于语料的系统分析。本文利用/现代汉语新词语库0、5新词语词典6(亢世勇,2003)、因特网等资源建立/吧0族词封闭语料库,拟以认知构式语 法(CCxG)1 为视角,以溯因推理(abducti o n )的方式探讨其形成的认知机制。 1./酒吧0形成的认知机制 根据CCxG ,构式是约定俗成的形式与意义(或功能)的配对体,一切形义配对的语言单位均可视为构式。其中,词素、词、复合词以及具体的短语或句子可归为具体构式,而半固定短语以上的形义配对体则视为抽象构式,二者构成一个连续统,其间的差别仅在于复杂程度和抽象程度的不同 而已。(Goldberg ,1995;2006;Croft ,2001;M ichaelis ,2004)从构式的范畴和属性看,目前,bar 和/酒 吧0均已成为各自语言系统中的具体构式。那么,/酒吧0构式形成的认知机制是什么?为什么bar 在汉语中表达为/酒吧0而非/吧0呢?下面以溯因推理方式进行讨论。 首先,/名以物出,词随事来0。随着新事物、新观念和新思想的出现,为表达和思维的需要,人们需借助原有语言知识对这类现象进行概念化、范畴化和语符化,从而产生出新的表达。这些社会文化语用因素是/酒吧0形成的初始动因。 其次,一个具体表达式或话式(construct)的形成是几个或多个构式整合的结果。构式作为语言的心理表征形式,通过/原型-引申0(prototype 2extension)、/图式-例示0(sche ma 2i n stance)、/传承0(i n heritance)、/范畴化0等关系形成/层级性构式网络0,以一般知识的组织方式存储于大脑中。比如,D i d you dri n k t w o beers ?是由4个具体构式(you 、dr i n k 、t w o 、beers 、d i d )、疑问构式、主语-助词倒装构式、VP 构式、NP 构式和复数构式等多个抽象构式共同作用的结果。除了社会文化语用因素的影响外,/酒吧0表达式的产生也会受到心智中业已存在的构式的压制(coerc i o n)。 1)从跨语言接触的角度来看,/酒吧0的形成 #10# 解放军外国语学院学报 Journa l of PLA Un i ve rs i ty of F oreign Languages 第33卷 第1期2010年1月
英语词汇学论文(中文版) 单词记忆法细谈 一，读音规则记忆法 它就是按照元音字母、元音字母组合、辅音字母及辅音字母组合在开音节和闭音节的读音规律记忆。例如：ea，ee，er，ir，ur，or分别能发［i：］［：］［：］等。还有些固定的字母组合，例如：ing发［i］，ly发［li］，ty发［ti］和各种前缀、后缀，例如：a-，re-，un-，dis-，im-；-ed，-ing，-ly，-er，-or，-ful，-y等都有其比较固定的发音。掌握了这些规则，记单 词时就不必一个字母一个字母地记忆了。 二.字母变化记忆法 英语单词中以某个单词为基础，加、减、换、调一个字母就成了另一个新单词。具体方法 如下： 1.前面加字母。例如：is/his，ear/near/hear，read/bread 2.后面加字母。例如：hear/heart，you/your，plane/planet 3.中间加字母。例如：though/through，tree/three，for/four 4.减字母。例如：she/he，close/lose，star/tstar 5.换字母。例如：book/look/cook，cake/lake/wake/make/take 6.调字母（即改变字母顺序）。例如：blow/bowl，sing/sign， from/form 三.联想记忆法
在日常生活中可以根据所处的环境，所见到、所摸到的事物，联想相关的英语单词。例如： 打球时联想到：ball，(play)basketball，(play)football，(play)volleyball，playground等等；吃饭时联想到：dining-room，(have)breakfast，(have)lunch，(have)supper等等；睡觉 时联想到：bed，bedroom，gotobed，sleep，gotosleep，fallasleep等等。如果长期坚持下支，效果就会很好。 四.归类记忆法 众所周知，单词本身、单词与单词之间都存在着或多或少的联系，英语词汇中 有许多单词有着其近义词、反义词、一词多义、一词多音、同音词或形音形似词等内 在或外在的联系。因此，记忆单词的主要方法是把单词之间存在的这种联系挖掘归纳 出来，通过对比、对照的方式把学过的单词从各个方面进行归类 1.按词的构造归类 按词跟、前缀、后缀、合成词归类，找出词与词最本质 的联系。这种联系不仅使新词记得快、记得牢、记得久，而 且也同时复习了大量的旧词。合成词，如： schoolbag,school-boy,classroom,football,blackboard,etc. 前缀后缀词，如：unhappy,unhealthy,unfriendly,unlucky,worker,writer,visitor,us
《英语词汇学》期末考试试卷附答案 I.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers．Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket．(45％) 1．There are two approaches to the study of polysemy．They are_____. A．primary and secondary B．Central and peripheral C．diachronic and synchronic D．Formal and functional 2．Which of the following is NOT a stylistic feature of idioms? A．Colloquial B．Slang C．Negative D．Literary 3．Synonyms can be classified into two major groups，that is：_____. A．absolute and relative B．Absolute and complete C．relative and near D．Complete and identical 4．In the early period of Middle English，English，____existed side by side， A．Celtic and Danish B．Danish and French C．Latin and Celtic D．French and Latin 5． A monomorphemic word is a word that consists of a single_______morpheme． A．formal B．Concrete C．free D．bound 6．Which of the following groups of words is NOT onomatopoeically motivated? A，croak，drum B．squeak，bleat C．buzz，neigh D．bang，trumpet 7．LDCE is distinctive for its____. A．Clear grammar codes B．usage notes C．language notes D．all of the above 8．From the historical point of view, English is more closely related to A．German B．French C．Scotttish D．Irish 9．Which of the following is NOT an acronym? A．TOEFL B．ODYSSEY C．BASIC D．CCTV 10. In the course book，the author lists____types of context clues for inferring word meaning． A．eight B．Six C．seven D．five 11．Sources of homonyms include____. A．changes in sound and spelling B．borrowing C．shortening D．all of the above
《英语词汇学教程》（2004年版）练习答案 【Chapter1】 7．tart:loose woman bloke:fellow gat:pistol swell:great chicken:coward blue:fight smoky:police full:drunk dame:woman beaver:girl 8.haply=perhaps albeit=although methinks=it seems to me eke=also sooth=truth morn=morning troth=pledge ere=before quoth=said hallowed=holy billow=wave/the sea bade=bid 12. Denizens Aliens Translation loans Semantic loans kettle die wall skirt husband confrere pro patria Wunderkind mikado parvenu chopstick typhoon black humour long time no see dream 【Chapter2】Ex.1
The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world.It is made up of most of the languages of Europe,the Near East and India.English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary.A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately. 2.Indo-European Language Family Balto-Slavic Indo-Iranian Celtic Italian Hellenic Germanic Roumanian Hindi Breton Spanish Greek English Lithuanian Persian Scottish French Swedish Prussian Irish Italian German Polish Portuguese Norweigian Slavenian Icelandic Russian Danish Bulgarian Dutch 6.