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英语句子中的省略

英语句子中的省略
英语句子中的省略

一、省略句的概说

省略句是我们在学习英语过程中能不断体验收获和趣味的一种惯用手法,无论是说话还是写作,都要求生动活泼,简明扼要。按照语法的分析, 有时句子应具备的成分出于修辞上的需要, 会缺少一个或几个句子语法结构所必要的语言成分,但在一定语境中可独立存在,仍能表达其意义完整并发挥交流功能的句子则被称为省略句。省略的结果不仅能使句子结构更加精练,而且可起到连接上下文并使相邻词语达到强调的作用。

英语省略句用词简练, 表意简练, 往往收到一定的修饰效果, 句中的某些成分因上下文已提供了充分明确信息或前文已出现过的某些成分,为了避免不必要的重复,也不会引起言语上的误解,并可突出中心词,从而使整文紧密连接的一种修辞手法,其语法现象就是省略。举个例子:Glad to see you. 这是个简单句,主语I和谓语am可以省略。省略的形式从单词、短语到分句等都可省略, 而且各有其一定的衔接关系。

二、省略句的分类

(一)句中成分的省略

1. 主语的省略

Beg your pardon. (我)请你原谅。(Beg前省略了主语I)

Come on! 得了吧(你)!(Come前省略了主语You)

2. 谓语的省略

John is a lawyer,his wife (is) a cleaner.

Some of us study Japanese,others (study) English.

3. 表语的省略

She was a lover of sports as(因为) she had been in her youth(在她年轻的时候).(had been后面省略了a lover of sports)

4. 宾语的省略

Let’s do the cases. I’ll read and you’ll type.(read和type后面省略了宾语cases)

5. 定语的省略

I spent part of the money, and the rest I gave.(the rest后面省略了定语of the money)

6. 状语的省略

She wasn’t cry. Strange! (Strange前面省略了状语how)

7. 词的省略

1)名词、冠词、物主代词或介词如果与前文重复时,可以省略,如:

I like red wine better than white (wine).

The lightning(闪电) flashed and (the) thunder crashed.

Please take good care of these flowers and (these) plants.

We lived in Beijing and (in) Shanghai for some time.

2)重复出现的形容词,省略后边的;两个或两个以上被形容词修饰的同一名词,前边的则常被省略。

We are young boys and (young) girls.

There were middle-aged (women) and elderly women to attend the meeting;

8. 英语中一些固定特殊的省略结构

1)在回答一般疑问句的简略答语中,或回答用陈述句,祈使句表示要求、命令的简略回答中,常用Yes /No+主语+助动词,而省略主动词或其它成份,但助动词应和原句的助动词和时间概念须保持相应的一致。

—Could I borrow your dictionary?

—Yes, of course you can. (句中could表示委婉语气,并不是过去式,因此答语用can,其后

省略borrow my dictionary.)

—Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.

—I won't. (祈使句原含有未来的意味,再加上有tomorrow的限制,因此答语用won't,其后省略forget to go you’re your birthday party tomorrow.)

2) 同时省掉句子几个部分有时好几个句子成分都被省掉,除了对疑问句的简略回答外,也出现在反意疑问句中。如:You are a superman,aren’t you (a superman) ?

3)在以know, forget, remember等动词结尾的简答句后的子句通常也可省略,以避免重复。—Who won the football match last night?

—Sorry, I don’t know (who won the football match last night.)

4)在以if, when,though,as,as if 等连词引导的从句中,如从句中主要动词是be,可将主语和动词be省掉。

He is very good at dancing, though (he is) very old.

The boy looked as if ( he were ) afraid of nothing.

5)so,nor/neither 用来表示“……也一样”时的省略结构

—I am a student.

—So am I (a student).

—We haven't been there.

—Neither (Nor) have we (been there).

(二)句中结构的省略

1. 简单句的省略

1)名词所有格之后的省略

He is going to his uncle’s (house).

2) 含there be结构中的省略

(Is there) Anything wrong?

3) 独立主格结构中的分词如为being或having been时的省略

The examination (being) over, we all left the school.

4) 不定式的省略

(1)并列的不定式

Her job is to take care of the elders and (to) wash their clothes.

(2)为避免重复, 作某些动词hope, want等宾语或tell, order, ask的宾补时,省略不定式短语, 只保留不定式符号to.

The child wanted to play in the street, but her mother told her not to.

(此句中not to 后省略了和上文相重复的play in the street.).

(3)感官动词see, hear, feel, notice, hear或使役动词let, make, have,等后跟不定式作宾补时省略to.

I saw the girl cross the street.

I had my father repair my bike.

注意:当感官动词与使役动词用于被动时,需恢复to的省略! 如:The girl was seen to cross the street.

(4)有had better, would rather, can’t but 或Why not等句型后面直接跟动词原形,实际上是接省to的不定式。

You had better tell me the truth.

I could not but (to) laugh at him.

Why not go and ask the teacher for help?

(5)在回答问句及其它形式的答语中,如有和上文重复的不定式时,在答语中只保留其不定式符号to,而把动词和其它部分省略。

—Would you like to come to dinner tonight?

—I'd like to. But I'm too busy. (此句中的I'd like to 后省略了come to dinner tonight.)

5) 介词(或介词短语)的省略

(1)动名词前面的介词in在一定条件下常被省略

We spent a large sum of money (in) building the mansion.

而当spend money in doing sth. 结构用于被动语态时in不能省略

A large sum of money was spent in building the mansion.

(2)near或opposite作形容词表示“在…的附近”或“在…对面”时后接的介词to可省略It is near (to) the airport, opposite (to) the supermarket.

(3)of +形容词+名词作补语表示大小、年龄、形状、颜色或价格时of常被省略

We are(of)the same age, I suppose.

(4)含有side, height, length, size, shape等惯用语前介词on有时可被省略

Try to keep your discourse(on)this side of 3000 words.

(5)有些动词、名词、形容词习惯搭配介词短语, 在以what, when, how, whether, that出现的从句或不定式短语之前有时被省略介词短语as to.

Be careful (as to) how you do that.

6) 同源宾语的省略

同源宾语的修饰语是形容词最高级或含有最高级意义时可以省去该同源宾语

During the football match, the fans all shouted their loudest (shout).

She sang her sweetest (song).

7) 英语中惯用的省略句型

即,What/How about后只跟名词、代词或动名词(短语),以及感叹句中的省略现象。How about the two of us taking a walk down the garden?

What a beautiful view (it is)!

2. 并列句中的省略

1) 并列句的省略是最常见的,一般说来,在后一并列句中凡是与上文相同的成分通常都会被省略。

To some smile is very easy, and to others (smile is) so hard.

2) 简单句的并列结构中也常有省略的做法

We may go there by train or (by) air.

3)并列平行结构有时会出现在状语从句中

As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.

(此句中,前一个分句带一个As引导的状语从句,状语从句中move away from 后为并列平行结构,their…,their…,their…在and后的分句中,the confidence后省略了is cut off.)3. 复合句中的省略

1)复合句中从句的句尾和主句相重复时从句的句尾部分可省掉

Mary is going to sweep the floor because Alice won't (sweep the floor).

2)含有定语从句的复合句

(1)定语从句中可以省略作宾语的关系代词;非正式文体中,也可省略关系副词when或why.

I shall never forget the day (when) I entered TV University.

I like the film for the very reason (why) you dislike it.

(2)关系代词as后面的主谓结构也可省略

He gave the same answer as (he had given) before.

3)含有宾语从句的复合句

(1)在两个并列的that从句如主动词及其宾语、表语、状语等都一样时可将第二个that从句的主动词及随带成份省略。

I guess Lisa will dance in the party but Jane won't (dance in the party).

(2)在两个并列的that从句如主语相同,而谓语不同,可把第二个that从句的连词和主语一起省略。

Tell Peter that I'll call to see him and (that I 'll ) have talk with him.

(3)在两个并列从句如连词不同而其它成份相同时,可省略第一分句和第二分句相同的部分,只把两个连词连接起来。

Her parents don't know when (she was born) and where she was born.

(4)在以某些形容词或过去分词,如:sure, glad, certain, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied的词所引导的宾语从句中,连词that可省略。

We aren’t sure which the best is.

I was very pleased my friend had passed the exam.

(5)在以which, when, where, how和why引导的宾语从句中,其谓语与主句谓语相同时省略全部谓语,有时甚至主语也可省略,只保留一个w h~的词。

He can’t go to school, but I don’t know why (he can’t go to school).

4)含有状语从句的复合句

状语从句中的省略原则是,如主语与主句主语一致,或主语是it,可省略从句的连接词、主语和be助动词,只保留分词和其它成分,从而使语言更加简洁明了。

(1)时间状语从句中的省略

I favor English when (I was) a pupil.

(2)地点状语从句中的省略

The river is clean where (it is) deep.

(3)让步状语从句中的省略

Although (she was) the youngest of the group, she won all the prizes.

(4)方式状语从句中的省略

The baby closed his eyes as if ( he were ) to sleep.

(5)条件状语从句中的省略

She won’t come unless (she is) invited.

(6)原因状语从句中的省略

(If we were) Given more attention, the plants could have grown better.

(7)比较状语从句中的省略

You can play the game just as wonderfully as I (do).

在以than和as引导的比较结构的状语从句中,省略某些与主句相同的成分或在特定上下文中有某些不言而喻的成分,可省掉整个as/than从句。

The pianos in the other shop will be cheaper. (than those in this shop), but (they are) not as good (as those in this shop).

(8)状语从句中并列结构的省略

在复合句中,如两个并列的状语从句只是从属连词不同,其它相同时,则可省略一个状语从

句,而把两个从属连词连接起来。

They will be arriving either before (the film begins) or after the film begins.

5)虚拟语气条件句中if的省略.

与If引导的条件从句中含有were, had时,可将if省略, 并用倒装结构。

Were I you , I wouldn’t go with him.

三、结论

“省略”不仅是一种以无为有的表达方法, 更是一种简便至极, 虽无胜有的修辞手段。大文豪莎士比亚有句名言:Brevity is the soul of wit. 意为:“言以简洁为贵”。尤其对学习语言并以此为乐的英语学员们来说甚有同感!“简洁”二字并非简洁,而真要做到“简”得恰到好处、“洁”得恰如其分,省略法的研究与掌握是势在必行且乐在其中的事。

英语中省略现象

高中英语语法之省略 英语中省略现象较为普遍,对省略的考查已成为高考中的热点。句子成分的省略,可分为以下几种情况: 为了使话说得简明扼要,英语句子中某个单词、短语甚至从句或主句都可以省去。Ⅰ、状语从句中的省略用法 一、如果从句的主语和主句的主语一致,且从句的谓语含有be动词的某种形式 (am/is/are/was/were),可同时省略从句的主语和be动词的某种形式。 1、when,while引导的时间状语从句 e.g. Do be careful when (you are) crossing the street. When/While (I was) on my way to work, I met her. 2、if,unless,once引导的条件状语从句 e.g. If (it is) properly treated, waste will do no harm to the environment. I’ll not go to the party unless (I am) invited. Once (you are) caught stealing in a supermarket, you will be punished. 3、though,although,whether,no matter whether/what/how/who等引导的 让步状语从句 e.g. He was happy, though/although (he was) poor. Whether (she is) sick or well, she is always cheerful. No matter how/However hard the task (is), we must fulfill it in time. (注:从句的主语和主句的主语不一致时,只省略从句中的be动词形式) 4、as if,as though引导的方式状语从句 e.g. He rubbed his eyes and yawned as if/though (he was) waking up after a long sleep. He stood up as if/though (he wanted) to leave.(as if/though + to do表示一个将来的动作) 二、than,as引导的比较状语从句中的省略用法:当不同的主语进行比较时, 一般省略从句中的谓语;当从句中的主语与谓语(be动词除外)和主句中的主语与谓语相同时,通常省略从句中的主语和谓语,只保留比较部分。 e.g. He is taller than his brother (is).

英语省略句的用法

省略句的基本情况总结 省略句的基本情况分为以下三个方面: 1.为避免重复而进行的省略。 当一个句子中有两个或更多相同的词、短语出现时,其中的第一个须保留,其余的往往省略,以达到避免重复、使句子简练的目的。高考中尤其要注意的情况是:当时间状语从句、地点状语从句、方式状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句等状语从句中的主语与主句的主语一致并含有be时,往往将该状语从句中的主语和be一同省略。例如:He hurt himself while (he was) playing basketball.他在打篮球时受了伤。// He works very hard though (he is) still rather weak.他虽然身体还很虚弱,但他非常努力地工作。 2.语法上的省略。 有些成分的省略是出于语法上的原因——使表述更为简明,例如:He got up at six (o’clock).他六点钟起床。// He is twelve (years old).他十二岁。// I walked (for) ten miles.我走了十英里路。 3.习惯用法上的省略。 有些省略句的情况是出于习惯用法,尤其是在口语中。例如,在问句中be常常省略,有时连主语一起省略:Very easy?很简单吗?// Feeling unwell? 感觉不舒服吗? 又如以what, how或why开头的某些问句:What (happened) next?下面要发生什么?// Why not?为什么不?// Why so?为什么这样? [考题1]He has made a lot of films, but ____ good ones. A. any B. some C. few D. many [答案] C [解析]下划线处之前的but决定了只能选择具有否定含义的选项C。题干中的“few good ones”为省略句形式,单独看起来不好理解,应联系上文理解为“He has made few good films.” 1. ____ and I’ll get the work finished. A. Have one more hour B. One more hour C. Given one more hour D. If I have one more hour

高中英语语法大全

(1)表语从句 1.定义:用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。 2.构成:关联词+简单句 3.引导表语从句的关联词的种类: (1) 从属连词that。如: The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。 (2) 从属连词whether, as, as if。如: He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。 The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。 注:从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句,但as if却可引导表语从句,如: All this was over twenty years ago, but it's as if it was only yesterday. gh能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be, seem, look等。如: It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起来天要下雨了。 连接副词 where, when, how, why。 如:The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。 The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。 That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。 解释: 1.连词because可引导表语从句。如: I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想这是因为你做得太多。 2.在一些表示“建议、劝说、命令”的名词后面的表语从句中,谓语动词用虚拟语气。should+动词原形表示,should可省略。如: My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。(2)主语从句 1.定义:用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。 2.构成:关联词+简单句 3.引导主语从句的关联词有三类: (1) 从属连词that。如:That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them. 很明显,她们确是亲姐妹,她们的脸型很相似。 (2) 从属连词whether。如: Whether he’ll come here isn’t clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。 (3) 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 连接副词 where, when, how, why。如: What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。 How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的,谁也不清楚。 Whoever comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎。 Wherever you are is my home ---- my only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家----我唯一的家。 解释: 1.主语从句能用it作形式上的主语。常以it作形式主语的句型有: A. It+be+形容词(obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.)+that从句。如: It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。 It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告诉她了。 B. It+be+名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.)+that

高中英语省略句讲练.

高中英语省略句讲练 为了使话说得简明扼要,英语句子中某个单词、短语甚至从句或主句都可以省去。这种省去句子某些成分而保持句子意思不变的现象,称为省略(ellipsis) 种类例句说明 主语的省略 Beautiful day (= It is a beautiful day, isn’t it? Pity we live so far from the sea. (It is a pity we live so far from the sea. 有时也可省略整个句子的 主语和谓语,只保留次要 成分。 She was poor but (she was honest. --Did you know anything about the accident? --Not until you told me. (= I didn’t know anything about it until you told me. 谓语的省略 --what do you think made Mary so upset?

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