Chapter 5 LIB Materials Market Bulletin (10Q3)
As ever, the newspapers and other media are buzzing with news and editorials based on expectations for the LIB market for future automotive and ESS. IIT has been calmly analyzing the facts of the current state and future prospects of this market, and the fact that the second and third applications for LIB are far from beginning in earnest can be confirmed from the state of the materials market as well. LIB for non-portable devices still accounts for less than a 5% share of the materials market.
Materials businesses targeting future applications provide some scope for developing those new materials, but most of the materials for LIB for portable devices, and materials mixes for first-generation automotive batteries, are currently dedicated entirely to cost reduction. In materials supply, performance realization, stable supply and quality assurance are all givens, and price is the most important factor for competition. Of course, engineers have their preferences in cell design and development, and there are compatibility issues between materials, so it is not simple to switch materials over price alone. Nevertheless, it is certainly true that cell development primarily based on cost reduction is becoming increasingly common. The properties of basic materials have not changed greatly, so the only options are to change the source of the raw materials, change the process, or look for suppliers in other countries with lower costs1. In this chapter, we will recheck the cost breakdown of LIB bare cell costs, and take a general look at pricing trends in the metals for the cathodes, which have a large weight within the bare cell cost.
1. Cost breakdown and metals markets
We described the latest trends in cell prices in Chapter 4, but the data we present here on price movements go back a little further (Figure V-1).
Figure V-1 Movements in Prices of 18650 Cells of Each Capacity
1For graphite anodes, the only options for NG base are to change the natural graphite source, change the subsequent battery grade processes (washing, crushing, granularity adjustment), change the pitch coating method, or bring in material from Chinese manufacturers. The situations for other materials and components are largely similar. If the basic material properties change, which means, if there is a switch from graphite to Si-type materials, the price for capacity could fall even if the absolute price rises, but the use of Si-type materials in LIB for
Note) The data are the same as in Figure IV-8 in Chapter 4, with the addition of data for 1Q06-4Q08.
LIB suppliers, frustrated over major price rises in the Co market, linked metal price movements to their LIB bare cell and pack prices in 07Q2, and bare cell prices have been rising since then. The turning point was 08Q4. The slump in device and equipment markets which was triggered by the worldwide recession2extended its impact to LIB demand. After that, as we have reported before, the LIB market expanded again, but bare cell prices have been falling ever since.
It was Sanyo and the other Japanese manufacturers that propelled the introduction of the metals price linkage system for LIB prices in around 07Q1. At the time, the supply of 18650 cell was extraordinarily tight, emboldening the cell suppliers. The South Korean manufacturers followed their Japanese counterparts, taking the step of raising prices. That was the first time in the long history of the secondary cell market that price rises had been tolerated. With hindsight from today’s perspective, we have to conclude that being released from part of the cost pressure on them risked causing the Japanese manufacturers to slacken off on their own cost reduction efforts. They made the shift from LCO to NMC for cathodes, but for anodes they stopped at using NG base from Japanese manufacturers and did not go as far as using South Korean and Chinese-made materials throughout. As we have described before, cell assembly line speeds among Japanese manufacturers are 4.5-5M cells/month, while those of South Korean manufacturers reach 8-10M cells/month. At that time, SDI were still in third place behind Sanyo and Sony, and the South Koreans were very keen to cut costs in their push for the top. They enjoyed the boost of the cheap Won after that, but in any case, SDI have succeeded in overtaking Sanyo to reach the top. SDI are now in the position of being benchmarked by all the other companies in the industry. Figure V-2 shows the cost breakdown for an 18650 cell from SDI.
Figure V-2 Estimated Cost Breakdown for an 18650 Cell from SDI (10Q3)
2The precise beginning was on September 15, 2008 (about 2 years ago), when Lehman Brothers
Note) 28A= LCO version of a 2.8Ah cell, 26F =NMC/LCO version of a 2.6Ah cell, 22F =NMC version of a 2.2Ah cell. The costs for equipment depreciation, labor, sales
and general administration (SGA) are other costs (R&D, royalties, etc.) are
common to all cell types. Materials costs other than cathode active materials are
under “Other materials”.
It is amazing that the 22F cell, priced at under USD1.7, does not lose money. Even LGC are in the red at USD1.7, and Sanyo cannot make a profit at USD1.75. Now that the Japanese manufacturers are also hit by the strong Yen, they have no way to reach such prices. Naturally, all the companies use 100% NMC or NMC as the main ingredient for their 2.2Ah cells, and SDI have switched to material from BTR of China for anodes as well. With the weak Won, they are at a disadvantage buying materials from Japan, so they urgently need to source materials from the local South Korean market or from China. For the 26F, which is currently the mainstream model, they secure an operating income of 14%, even with tight pricing, and their profit margin on the 28A, which attracts a pricing premium, is over 20%. For the 26F, they have moved ahead of Sanyo and Panasonic to cut Co usage even at the 2.6Ah level, so they used a mixed NMC/LCO cathode to promote that move. The really impressive thing is that they have decided to switch to NMC/LCO even in the LCO version of their 28A. They are always working towards more cost reductions, and it is amazing that they have been able to develop and launch products with equal performance to the LCO versions in such a short time. As far as possible, SDI use common components and designs across all their products, from the 22F to the 28A/30A, so they are well able to adapt to fluctuations in demand, and it is easy for them to benefit from economies of scale.
Calculating from Figure V-2, the share of the Cost Of Goods Sold (COGS) taken by cathode active materials is 35% in the 28A, 32% in the 26F, and 26% in the 22F, which is very high. Of course, cathodes have the highest cost of all the materials. It is possible to use 100% NMC for the cathode active materials in cells of up to 2.4Ah, but an increasing share of LCO is unavoidable in cells of 2.6Ah or more. In the 2.6/2.8/3.0Ah cells that are the mainstream high-capacity products in the current 18650 cell market, competitive success depends on finding a way to switch the cathode active materials to NMC. In cost terms, LNO would also be an option, but the fact that Panasonic are the only source is a problem, as is the way it reduces voltage even as it raises capacity (Ah). Figure V-3 shows movements in prices of cathode active materials. Up to 2006, there was a price gap between LCO, NMC and LNO, but it was small, because of the synthesis costs of NMC and LNO. There was no incentive to rush into Co reduction. In 2007 and beyond, Co prices surged up, causing the LCO price to rise sharply. However, as mentioned above, the cell suppliers were able to pass on the cost increase, so even as the LCO price rose to nearly JPY8,000/kg (over USD70/kg), they could price a 2.2Ah cell at around USD2.4, as shown in Figure V-1. After the Lehman Shock, however, metal prices also fell (Figure V-4), and from 09Q2, in particular, all the prices of active materials were stable, but the LCO price still did not fall below JPY3,000/kg. It makes sense to shift to NMC and LNO, for which process costs have been falling, to achieve even a minor cost reduction.
Figure V-3 Movements in Prices of Cathode Active Materials
Figure V-4 Movements in Prices of Main LIB-related Metals
2. Markets for semi-main LIB materials and components
IIT’s LIB-related study programs usually deal with the four main constituent materials; cathode active materials, anode active materials, separators and formulated electrolyte solution; as in the next section. As a special feature for this report, we have gathered market data for other materials and components as well, and will present the data with some comments on trends. It is extremely difficult to collect figures for the global market, and there are many unknowns in the volumes used by Chinese LIB manufacturers and supplied by Chinese materials manufacturers. On the other hand, the volumes produced by manufacturers of LIB for non-portable devices are facts, and they point to a situation that cannot be described as fully under way.
1) Cathode current collectors
The global market for LIB cathode collectors in CY10 was 8,156 tons. Traditionally, Al foil 15-20 microns thick was used for LIB cells (with 30 microns for some cells for power tools), and the specifications emphasized strength and uniformity over purity.
There are four Japanese suppliers3of cathode collectors, with a combined share of 43%. Japanese LIB manufacturers use almost only Japanese-made materials. Nippon Foil Mfg. are marketing relatively aggressively in China, but other than that, only Sumikei Aluminum Foil and Toyo Aluminum ship small amounts to LIB manufacturers in the Europe and North America, and in Taiwan4. South Korean LIB manufacturers use almost only South Korean-made materials. The two big suppliers there are Sam-a Aluminium Co., Ltd. and Lotte Int’l, while DaiHan Eunpakgy Co., a general aluminum foil manufacturer in South Korea5, are moving into this field but have yet to make any major deliveries. Sam-a Aluminium have SDI as a customer and are the worldwide leader. In China, Alcoa Shanghai (which merged in 2009 with YunNan XinMeiLu Aluminum Foil Co.) ships to several companies, and there are three or four local suppliers.
Figure V-5 Shares for Each Supplier of LIB Cathode Collectors
(recorded and expected for CY10)
3In Japan, Al foil as cathode collector was produced by the foil departments or foil subsidiaries of all the big six light pressing companies (Sumitomo Light Metal Industries, Furukawa-Sky Aluminum Corp., Nippon Light Metal, Mitsubishi Aluminum, Kobe Steel and Showa Denko), but Sun-Aluminium Ind, Ltd, under the umbrella of Kobe Steel, have withdrawn from the market, and Showa Denko have also withdrawn, apart from high-purity foil for Al electrolytic condensers.
Their reason is that Al foil for LIB use does not demand as high a purity specification as for condensers, so it is difficult to derive added value.
4Some manufacturers may order Japanese products because they are concerned over the amount of residual oil in materials from local Al foil manufacturers.
5Other than for condensers, Al foil is mainly used as the everyday product for cooking and other household uses, and in the food and pharmaceuticals fields, for packaging foods and drugs. The total output of South Korean Al foil manufacturers is 169,000 tons, of which the top three, Lotte,
Figure V-6 Supply and Demand Relationships for LIB Cathode Collectors
(recorded and expected for CY10)
Note) Items that have "auto" after the manufacturer name are the automotive battery production of suppliers of cells for portable devices.
2) Anode current collectors
Compared to cathode collectors, the Cu foil used for anode collectors is often a topic of interest as a LIB material. The first reason is its price. The price setting mechanism is the same for both Al and Cu foil, namely metal price plus processing price, but at present the Cu foil is more expensive, costing JPY105-125/m2for 9 micron foil, while Al foil costs JPY35-45/m2 for 18 micron foil. The cost is closing in on that of separator, which is non-metallic but is also sold by area (JPY135-200/m2), and is remarkably high. The second reason is that it is a heavy component in LIB cell designs. Particularly in HEV cells, which have large electrode areas relative to their capacities, the Cu foil stands out as a heavy component. It would be very difficult to make it much thinner than the 8-10 microns that is the mainstream range. The third reason is the relationship with the expansion-contraction problems of Si-type anodes. In some cases, the Cu foil which serves as the substrate may be asked to provide more strength than usual, and the development factors could change6. Switching to 6Japan Metal News carried an unusual feature on LIB Cu foil on June 8th, 2010, which we quote
here verbatim.
copper foil / Alloying to maintain strength / Substitute materials to increase capacity? / Tin-copper alloy foil from Nippon Mining and Metals”
Domestic copper foil manufacturers have started to compete in development related to next-generation large-capacity LIB cells. Copper foil will be the collector on the anode side. It is said that in next-generation cells, the active materials coated onto the collectors will change from carbon-based materials to silicon alloys, and copper foil will be expected to provide more tensile strength and better bonding with the active materials than it has before. In a market where electrolytic copper foil has a high share, rolled-foil manufacturers are looking to complete with alloy foils.
* Foil strength to suppress swelling
Hitachi Cable say that “80% is electrolytic copper foil” within the anode collectors used in commercial LIB cells. Compared to rolled foil that is made from slabs, electrolytic foil, for which the copper is deposited on the surface of a metal drum, has the advantage in producing thinner and wider foil. Its properties also vary less on heating, due to the differences in crystalline structure.
Copper foil for collector use has been made increasingly thin, to meet demand for smaller cells with higher capacities. In order to roll more active materials into cells, collectors have been thinned from 15-18 microns to 8-10 microns in recent years, and the process of increasing capacity by thinning the foils is “nearing its limit” (Hitachi Cable). Therefore, a search has begun for alternative electrode materials.
Silicon alloy active materials, which is viewed as the leading option for the anode side, has a larger volume change on charging and discharging than the current carbon-type materials. With repeated cycles of charging and discharging, the cell expands by several times and the active material separates from the collector, shortening cell lifespan.
Current development is moving towards strengthening copper foil to suppress the swelling. It will be given the property of retaining tensile strength even if it is heated to 100-200°C in the electrode manufacturing process. Foil surfaces will be treated against peeling active materials. * Rolled copper foil is shifting towards alloys
Hitachi Cable, a manufacturer of rolled copper foil, is promoting an alloyed foil produced by adding 0.02% zirconium to oxygen-free copper. Even in an environment at 300-350°C, it has a tensile strength of 400-450N per mm2. Nippon Mining and Metals, the largest manufacturer of rolled copper foil, is offering a tin-copper alloy foil. It has a tensile strength of over 500N/mm2 at 300°C.
Pure copper foil is heat treated to 100-150°C, which reduces its tensile strength from around 400N to 150-200N/mm2. With that treatment the foil suffers plastic deformation (which does not return to the original shape) when the cell is first charged, and that is thought to lead to active materials dropping off. Rolled copper foil can handle that problem if it is alloyed.
Alloying has the drawback of reducing conductivity, but the choice of alloy composition is based on the tradeoff between strength and conductivity. The alloy itself is nothing special, and it is already widely in used in applications such as lead frames.
* Is electrolytic copper foil at a disadvantage?
“Mechanical properties which were not needed before are starting to be demanded of the collectors themselves” (Hitachi Cable), and there are a number of moves under way to extend the share for rolled copper foil. Electrolytic copper foil cannot be alloyed, so the strength of the pure foil must be increased by existing manufacturing methods. Such methods would use additives or change electrolysis conditions at the foil production stage.
That would appear to be a disadvantage at first sight, but the thermal variation of properties is smaller in electrolytic foil than in rolled foil, and products with tensile strength of 300-500N have already been developed. While the increase in cell capacity is not large, the potential of pure copper foil appears adequate and even high. Nippon Mining and Metals, who produce both rolled and electrolytic foils, take a cautious view, saying “the foil to use changes according to the structural design of the cell. The application methods for active materials also change”. They are developing electrolytic foils.
The same is true of surface treatments to enhance bonding performance with active materials. The most promising method appears to be “roughening treatment”, which sticks copper particles to the foil surface, but Hitachi Cable say “there are methods other than roughening.
alloy to meet that demand could also be an opportunity for rolled foil to make a comeback.
The current volume of the global market in CY10 was 18,276 tons, of which electrolytic foil has a 91% share. There are six Japanese materials manufacturers in this field. The largest electrolytic producers are Furukawa Electric and Nippon Denkai, while the largest rolled foil producers are Nippon Foil Mfg. and Hitachi Cable. Fukuda Metal Foil and Powder are now a minor player in this field, but a long-established brand. JX Nippon Mining & Metals have recently entered the market (they have both rolled and electrolytic products and are shipping to EnerDel, apparently the rolled product), to complete the lineup. The intricacies of choosing between rolled or electrolytic foil include the personal preferences of electrode and cell designers, so the automotive batteries now being newly developed are a mix, with some using each type. The dominance of electrolytic foil for portable devices is largely due to its provision of wider foils and its earlier reduction of thickness. In Japan, rolled foil is available in widths up to 600-650mm, while electrolytic foil can be provided up to one meter wide7. Local Chinese rolled foil manufacturers cannot supply foil wider than 300mm at best, so electrolytic foil, which they can produce at 450-600mm wide, is used for mass production.
Looking at the current figures, Furukawa Electric are still in top place worldwide, not the South Koreans. Iljin ship considerable volumes not just to SDI, LGC and SK, but also to Sanyo and Maxell, and to Tianjin Lishen, but they were impacted by having to share the volumes of SDI and LGC with LSMtron, the South Korean number two. In China, the largest and most famous supplier appears to be United Copper Foils (Huizhou) Ltd.. As a general Cu foil manufacturer, Kingboard Copper Foil Holdings Ltd. are also well known and have a large production scale, but United Copper Foils appear to be ahead in the LIB field.
Figure V-7 Shares for Each Supplier of LIB Anode Collectors
(recorded and expected for CY10)
Metal Foil and Powder are shipping samples of electrolytic copper foil with improved corrosion resistance and better bonding with active materials.
There are also some completely different approaches. Mitsui Metals, a major producer of electrolytic copper foil, are developing foil that is perforated with countless holes at the micron level. The active material coated onto both sides of the foil pass through the holes to link the two sides, so it can better keep up with rapid volume changes during charging and discharging.
7Incidentally, all the manufacturers of LIB for portable devices have meter-wide coating processes, but for automotive use, all the Japanese manufacturers and even LGC have 600mm-wide coating processes. With coating speeds having accelerated to 30-45m/minute, meter-width processes appear to have been moved to the next phase of investment. Chinese automotive LIB uses 300mm width for development and prototypes, and 600mm for mass
Figure V-8 Supply and Demand Relationships for LIB Anode Collectors
(recorded and expected for CY10)
3) Cylindrical cases
Most cylindrical cells have steel cases with Ni plating. The global market in CY10 is for 1,893M cases. The supplier-based supply volume forecast for LIB cylindrical cells for portable devices was 1,726M cells, and the equivalent application-based forecast was 1,737M cells, but once cells for Chinese E-bikes and cars are added and yield factored in, the figures are consistent. Production by Chinese local manufacturers amounts to about 10%, and the rest of the market is very well defined. Ishizaki Press Industrial supplies cases for 900 million cells a year, followed by Power Seimitsu, and internal production by Sanyo and Panasonic. In South Korea, the only suppliers are local manufacturers raised by SDI and LGC as second sources. They manage and guarantee dimensions and strength with press precision, and particle contamination, including contamination of plating, but it is very difficult to keep on maintaining constant quality within a cost structure that is pushed to the edge. The small number of suppliers in the market8is a sign of that difficulty. The concentration of sizes into 18650 cells is one reason why companies that are not very large, such as Ishizaki and Power Seimitsu, are able to go on supplying most of the volume. 8Another factor is that back in 2000-2001, when demand for cylindrical cells was slumping, and NEC Moli Energy and ATB, as they then were, withdrew from the market, their case suppliers
Chinese pressing manufacturers are interested in entering the market, anticipating future expansion of the market, but we have heard of almost no other new entrants. It will be very interesting to see how Ishizaki Press Industrial go about dispersing their production centers with a view to maintaining stable supplies.
Figure V-9 Supply and Demand Relationships for LIB Cylindrical Cases
(recorded and expected for CY10)
Figure V-10 Shares for Each Supplier of LIB Cylindrical Cases
(recorded and expected for CY10)
4) Prismatic cases
Most of the cases for prismatic cells used in portable devices are made of Al alloys, while those for use in vehicles are evenly divided between AL alloys and SUS. The latter is particularly used in large-capacity cells of 40Ah and above, using LFP cathodes and produced by LEJ and Chinese manufacturers, for its resistance to internal pressure increases, but next-generation development will shift to Al prismatic cases. In contrast to cylindrical cases, there is a very large number of suppliers of prismatic cases for portable devices. The market appears to have moved beyond its growth phase already, so it is bizarre that suppliers have not begun to thin out. Of course, the pressing manufacturers of existing prismatic cases are pinning their hopes on automotive batteries. However, the LIB manufacturers affiliated with
manufacturers as their second sources. One example is the way PEVE/Toyota have already started placing orders with Kyoho Machine Works after starting development with Fuji Exceed.
The global market in CY10 was 1,814M cases. The top supplier is Sangshin EDP of South Korea, main supplier for SDI, and the second is Ilwang CanTech, main supplier for LGC. Fuji Exceed, main vendor for Sanyo, had a strong position in the Japanese market, but Sanyo are increasing their internal production, and Toshiba Shomei Precision / Shenzhen Shenzhi Precision Parts (their Chinese production company) are catching up in volume terms. In China, the main suppliers are a group of manufacturers raised by Tianjin Lishen and BYD, of which Wuxi Kinyo are the largest.
Figure V-11 Supply and Demand Relationships for LIB Prismatic Cases
(recorded and expected for CY10)
Figure V-12 Shares for Each Supplier of LIB Prismatic Cases
(recorded and expected for CY10)
5) Packaging materials for pouch cells
The outlook for shipments of LIB pouch cells for portable devices is 655M cells, only around 40% of the 1,653M figure for prismatic cells. There are four major suppliers of pouch cells, Sony, ATL, SDI and LGC, but there are countless small and medium pouch cell manufacturers in China, making a components market of some size. Even so, there are effectively only two suppliers of laminate packaging materials. One is Showa Denko, producer of dry laminate materials. They have long been supporting Sony, the venerable brand of pouch cells, and ATL. The other is Dai Nippon Printing, producer of heat-sealed laminates. They support small and medium manufacturers in China and South Korea, and have been working hard on the practical development of automotive pouch cells for AESC/Nissan and for LGC. Recently, a stream of new companies have moved into this field, perhaps looking forward to the future market for automotive batteries9. They include Toppan Printing, Fujimori Kogyo, Okura Industrial, Mitsubishi Aluminum and Sumikei Aluminum Foil from Japan. However, we hear of almost no new entrants to this market in South Korea and China. The demand is not that large, compared to the time and effort it would take for development, production and quality control, and most of the Chinese companies started out with development of prismatic cells for automotive LIB, and have only just 9The properties of the product for automotive cells from Showa Denko, which was assessed in 2004-05, were extremely poor, leaving Dai Nippon Printing as the only option. Of course, Showa Denko are now preparing a new product to make a comeback. Dai Nippon Printing have developed superior laminated packaging materials, structures and production methods, and have been able to keep up with the demands of the leading companies, such as AESC/Nissan, LGC and EnerDel. There are often concerns over the durability of laminated materials, but they have extensive field test data that adequately verify the material properties. While the market remains an oligopoly, the increasing production volume is gradually bringing prices down. That point contrasts with Sumitomo Electric Industries, who monopolize tab films for pouch cells, and maintain high prices. Nevertheless, even if Dai Nippon Printing have superior technology, their technology and industry will not evolve adequately in the absence of competing manufacturers.
It will be particularly interesting to see what AESC/Nissan and LGC, who are desperately trying
started on pouch cells.
Figure V-13 Supply and Demand Relationships for LIB Pouch Cell Pouches
(recorded and expected for CY10)
Figure V-14 Shares for Each Supplier of LIB Pouch Cell Pouches
(recorded and expected for CY10)
3. Markets for main LIB materials
1) Cathode Active Materials
Demand for LIB cathode active materials stood at 45,530MT in CY10, with growth of 50% or more from the preceding year (Figure V-15). The share for LCO has been dropping gradually, but the robust increase in prismatic and pouch cells and the shift to 2.6Ah 18650 cells have maintained the LCO share at 47% overall. In future there will basically be a progression to NMC, and the move away from LCO among Chinese manufacturers, who still have it as their main material, will certainly reduce LCO usage further. All the Chinese manufacturers who aspire to produce automotive LIB have opted for LFP, but such batteries are still rare in the real market. As ever, the Japanese manufacturers are highly interested in olivine-type materials, but their assessment of the future potential of LFP itself is not favorable. They have greater
of the LVP with added vanadium (LiVPO4) that GS Yuasa recently announced.
Figure V-15 Demand for Each Type of LIB Cathode Active Material
Umicore and Nichia Chemical are still in their first and second places (Figure V-16). Umicore appear to be making steady progress with their plan to build a factory in Kobe, looking to a combination of supplies to Sanyo and a future recycling business. Nichia and Umicore have a friendly relationship, including trading raw materials, so even if they start supplying Sanyo, there will be no problems.
Toda Kogyo, in third place, have been well behind the top two in volume, and their business with Sony has almost entirely ended, so they are keen to change direction to automotive battery materials. They have expanded the equipment at their Onoda factory, and hope to expand shipments of LNO to AESC/Nissan and of LMO to LGC. The NMC from their Michigan factory is for EnerDel, and in China they are investing in Itochu and the Shanshan Group, with the aim of expanding globally. While the top two suppliers for portable devices are far ahead, they see that they cannot catch up with conventional tactics10, and aim instead to time their business development just right to catch the startup of the automotive battery field.
10Umicore and Nichia Chemical can produce over 10,000MT per year, but Toda Kogyo aim to establish a system at least as good, with 4,800MT of capacity in Japan, 4,000MT in the USA and 7,000MT from a Chinese joint venture. They have certainly made a lot of announcements of cathode-related expansions recently, as seen below, but the capacity of their production system is no more than 3,000MT. It is doubtful whether these efforts will win over the leaders on cost. Recent announcements include the following: (1) Investment in a wet-type production system for 2,500MT/year by CY12, with Sud-Chemie and Phostec Lithium of Canada, (2) Expansion of the production capacity of their Niigata branch to 2,000MT by 2011, with JGC Catalysts and Chemicals, (3) Expansion of the production capacity of their Mizushima branch by 1,600MT in October 2010, to a total of 2,200MT, with Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, (4) Expansion of NMC production capacity at their Isohara factory to 2,500MT, with JX Nippon Mining & Metals, has been brought forward to CY12, (5) LMO capacity will be doubled within 2010, with SMM, probably from 600MT to 1,200MT, although the volume has not been announced, (6) Established a JV with Chisso and HC Stark to enter the cathode materials field
Figure V-16 Supplier Shares for LIB Cathode Active Materials (CY10)
Figure V-17 Supply and Demand Relationships for LIB Cathode Active
Materials (CY10)
2) Anode active materials
Demand for anode active materials in CY10 also increased by over 50% on the preceding year, to reach 26,650MT. The situation is unchanged, with graphite as the main material used in cells for portable devices, while natural graphite (NG core) is encroaching on artificial types, with a current cost advantage. MAGE, which is the main product from Hitachi Chemical, is selling well for high-capacity products. Showa Denko are aggressively developing their business with SCMG, which offers cycle properties and other advantages in addition to capacity. JFE Chemical have added artificial graphite to their lineup, alongside meso-type material. Natural graphite is the first choice for automotive use, particularly for BEVs, with the right balance of capacity and cost, but if cycle properties and stability are taken into consideration, with the reuse market in mind, artificial graphite is still in the competition. In any case, considering the market price of MAGX and the like, SCMG should also aim for JPY1,000 per kilo.
Figure V-18 Supplier Shares for LIB Anode Active Materials (CY10)
In cells for portable devices, Maxell have developed a blend of 10-20% SiOx/C from Shin-Etsu Chemical with graphite, and appear to have put it on the market11. The Si-type materials, in order of capacity, are metal Si>SiM (an alloy) > SiOx (an oxide from Shin-Etsu Chemical) > Si/C (amorphous-type material from Toray Dow Corning). They also have characteristics in their voltage profiles. Generally-speaking, the non-reversible capacity that is the problem is larger in materials with more O and C, while the swelling and contraction that occurs at the Li alloy stage is greater in materials with less O and C. SiOx is an intermediate material, and SDI’s use of it in their 18650 cells is believed to be the based on the same electrode design approach as Maxell. However, the alloys that Sony and Panasonic aim to develop, and the product from Toray Dow Corning, which is attracting increasingly good reviews for higher capacity and reduced expansion and contraction, are on the way, so the lineup of products and technologies is likely to expand in 2011-12. For BEVs, there are some battery and car manufacturers who are seriously considering using Si-type materials for their next-generation batteries in 2015-2020, and there are expectations for the maturation of that technology for cells for portable devices.
Hard Carbon (HC) from Kureha has a deep-rooted popularity as one option for first-generation automotive batteries. In July 2010, Kureha announced the first expansion in a long time at their Iwaki center, taking the equipment from 600MT to 1,600MT (scheduled for CY12), as well as a final treatment process in the US for supplies to EnerDel. EnerDel use it for BEV batteries, so if they use 24kg per vehicle, they would consume 720MT in 30,000 vehicles per year. Other than that, LGC use 100%
Kureha material in their V4 HEV cells, and a mix of around 20% Kureha material in their P1 cell for PHEV/BEVs. In Japan, BEC, HVE and AESC are all users of Kureha HC for HEV batteries, and Kureha’s investment in Carbotron P over a period of more than 10 years can be seen as supported by a sound prospect of demand.
Figure V-19 Supply and Demand Relationships for LIB Anode Active
Materials (CY10)
On the other hand, expansions by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation (from 3,000MT to 5,000MT by December 2010 and 2,000MT more in the next phase), by Showa Denko for SCMG (from 1,000MT to 3,000MT by CY12), by Nippon Power Graphite (from 250MT to 2,000MT/year within a few years), and others, are investments planned with the expectation of expanded demand from PEVE/Toyota, LEJ, and others. Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation have established a JV in China to produce spheroidal graphite12, and they have gone as far as trying the Kawakami Process, strengthening their cost and quality management. The BEV anodes for AESC/Nissan, who are seen as the largest user in the automotive field, are from Hitachi Chemical. Nissan assemble cells in England, France and Portugal, but their electrodes will continue to be made in Japan by NEC for the time being, so it is unclear how the comprehensive collaboration with Hitachi Chemical and the German SGL Group will tie in.
3) Separators
Separator demand in CY10 grew rapidly by 45% YOY, as might be expected, to reach 369M m2. Among the leaders, Asahi and Polypore (= Celgard) are chasing Toray Tonen Specialty Separator. Sanyo are not dispersing their procurement, so Asahi have increased by that amount. Supplies to SDI and LGC, which are growing very rapidly, are dispersed between the top three and SK, but as SK are strengthening their LIB production for vehicular batteries, it is not clear whether they will keep on expanding their supplies of separator to rival companies. At present, SK separator is helping both companies to cut the costs of their LIB cells for portable devices13.
12There are a number of processing companies in Japan as well, such as Chuetsu Graphite Works, who use processes such as oxidation and sphericalization to supply NG core. Chuetsu Graphite appear to have shipped around 1,000MT/year to Hitachi Chemical, Hitachi Powdered Metals and Sumitomo Metal Industries (now a business of Chuo Denki Kogyo). Their policy on NG sources is apparently to escape dependence on China by opening up new sources in India and Madagascar.
The volumes of three Chinese local manufacturers, who are now getting into production, are added in, so the combined share for the top three is no more than around 70%. The second group consists of Ube, SK and Entek. The third group are the “Big Three” of Chinese separators, namely Foshan (a joint venture with BYD), Senior and Green. Foshan Jinhui Hi-Tech are gradually increasing their shipments to BYD, and their first target is to expand their production system to an annual capacity of 45M. Shenzhen Senior Technology Material were established in 2003 to develop a separator business, and they have been going through many years of development, with investment from the 863 Program and elsewhere. Their specialized factory was completed in September 2010, with capacity for 50M m2/year. Xinxiang Green New Energy have an unknown amount of capacity, but they appear to be a manufacturer of battery materials, mass producing cathode LMO.
Figure V-20 Supplier Shares of LIB Separators (CY10)
With the industrialization and diffusion of BEVs and PHEVs in China, the country aims, as an national effort, for nationalization of the LIB industry that BEVs and PHEVs will require, and for domestic procurement of their materials and components. These Big Three companies have probably begun production, and their startup was triggered by the boom in spot demand in China. Polypore, who are steadily expanding capacity, will not immediately be able to keep up with that demand, and if users turn to the Ube product, Ube are prioritizing their automotive users, such as PEVE and Sanyo. In the Chinese market, the dry-type suppliers Polypore and Ube have been in an intense but good-natured struggle to capture market share, while the three local companies will try to fill in any gaps that open up where the dry-type materials cannot support everyone.
Other than the volume, IIT has not directly confirmed the quality and other attributes of these Chinese separator manufacturers. Therefore, we do not know whether they will be able to expand their production volumes without problems. Other than these Big Three, a stream of new companies are moving into the separator market. BenQ Materials of Taiwan (the world’s fourth largest film manufacturer of polarizing plates for LCDs) and Wuhu Chery Engineering, under the umbrella of the native Chinese automaker Chery, have established a joint venture to develop and produce separator. They will start factory construction in 2011 and aim to start mass production in 2012. That speed might be possible if they bring in the technology from somewhere, but even SK took a long time to start full-scale operation, so it will be difficult to achieve in practice. In Japan, Chisso have begun sample work on dry single-layer film. They aim to start pilot production in March 2011 and mass production in 2012. It is not clear who their customers would be, but they are clearly targeting users of laminated materials. Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, Mitsubishi Plastics and Teijin have not given up on developing a business. We do not know whether they can really get to the start line, but they are likely to throw the state of competition in the industry into
年终奖个人所得税计算方法及其税率表和公式 我国年终奖个人所得税征收方法的规定: （一）全年一次性奖金是指行政机关、企事业单位等 扣缴义务人 根据其全年经济效益和 对雇员全 年工作业绩的综合考核情况， 向雇员发放的一次性奖金。上述一次性奖金也包括年 终加薪、实行年薪制和绩效工资办法的单位根据考核情况兑现的年薪和绩效工资。 （二） 纳税人取得全年一次性奖金， 单独作为一个月工资、 薪金所得计算纳税， 并按以下 计税 办法，由扣缴义务人发放时代扣代缴： 1.先将雇员当月内取得的全年一次性奖金，除以 12个月，按其商数确定税法规定的适用税 率；然后以其商数及适用税率计算出应纳税额后，再乘以 12个月，即为全年一次性奖金的 应纳税额。除上述计算方法外，也可以按照本规定第十四条规定的计算方法， 直接计算应纳 税额。 2?如果在发放年终一次性奖金的当月，雇员当月工资、薪金所得低于税法规定的费用扣除 标准，应将全年一次性奖金减除 雇员当月工资、薪金所得与费用扣除标准的差额 ”后的余额, 按上述办法确定全年一次性奖金的适用税率。 （三） 在一个纳税年度内，对每一个纳税人，该计税办法只允许采用一次。 （四）实行年薪制和绩效工资的单位，个人取得年终兑现的年薪和绩效工资按本条第 （二 ） 款、第（三）款的规定执行。 47】号公告年终奖个人所得税新计算方法，经国家税务总局声明 年终奖个人所得税率与计算方法没有改变。 下面就是现年终奖个 年终奖适用税率标准表 应税所得1 应税所得2税率 速算扣除数 级数 0-1500 0 3% 0 1 1500-4500 1500 10% 105 2 4500-9000 4500 20% 555 3 9000-35000 9000 25% 1005 4 35000-55000 35000 30% 2755 5 55000-80000 55000 35% 5505 6 前段时间网上传的【 澄清【47】号公告系伪造, 人所得税税率及计算方
经典大学毕业演讲致辞经典大学毕业演讲稿毕业季又如期而来，大学毕业生如何做好演讲致辞呢?以下是由关于经典大学毕业演讲致辞的内容，希望大家喜欢! 尊敬的领导、来宾，亲爱的老师、同学们： 大家好! 我是厦门大学人文学院哲学系XX届博士毕业生，曾永志。非常荣幸能够作为XX届毕业生代表在此发言，请允许我代表人文与艺术学部的全体毕业生向亲爱的母校致以崇高的敬意，向辛勤培育我们的老师以及家长表示由衷的感谢! 身为厦大人，我们是幸福的。本科四年，硕博五年，我在厦大度过了最美好的时光。最美丽的校园、最具魅力的老师们、最可爱的同学们，定格为此刻的记忆，一笔一划镌刻在心中，成为永恒的纪念与财富。凌晨，南普陀寺的钟声还声声在耳;清早，芙蓉湖畔结伴读书的画面还历历在目;夕阳西下，上弦场上，挥汗踢球、轻松漫步、依山看海的种种也犹在昨日。美丽的母校依然美丽，而我们，在各自的三年、四年、七年、九年，亦或十年里，悄然成长。 身为厦大人，我们是富足的。从九年前的集美中学到现在的厦门大学，陈嘉庚先生的精神，始终照耀着我的求学生涯。九年里，每当我漫步校园，身边的一砖一瓦无不镌刻着创校先贤们的痕迹：嘉庚先生的民族大义，倾资办学;罗扬才烈士的革命精神，奋不顾身;萨本栋校长的迁学闽西，自强不息;王亚南校长、陈景润教授的刻苦钻研，科学至上，无不让我身怀感慨。
九年里我见证了母校的点滴变化：从“421”住宿环境到米饭，我们的学习没有了后顾之忧;从湖畔咖啡到校长早餐有约活动，我们更广泛地参与学校事务的决策;从优博培育工程到国际交换生项目，我们以更积极的姿态迈向世界。有此历史，有此文化，有此校园，我们厦大人青春与幸福同行。 身为厦大人，我们是广博的。我们的厦大是一所校门向大海敞开的大学。她用海纳百川的胸襟包容、尊重每个学生，让每个独立的存在都具有无可取代的价值;她用春暖花开的气度培育、锻造每位青年，让每个人都拥有自己独立的空间、绝对的人格;她用感恩、责任、奉献的情怀熏陶、感染每名学子，让每一个充满个性的灵魂同时具备深深的社会责任感，肩负起时代使命。宽容与大爱，是我们厦大的品格，更是我们厦大人永远的精神品质。 身为厦大人，我们是幸运的。我们专业的老师们，以他们严谨的治学态度、前沿创新的学术思想、开拓进取的科研精神，引领我们在科学研究的道路上大步向前。仍记得，在博士论文完成之际，正值厦大90周年校庆，我的导师百忙之中仍为我三易初稿，细致到甚至是对“方面”与“部分”这两个概念的区分。那本先生在旅途的车上用铅笔注得密密麻麻的论文，已成为我毕生的珍藏。我们的政工、行政及后勤等老师们，他们与我们相互理解，相互尊重，分享彼此的经历与思考，指引我们获得更积极健康的思想情怀与人生经验。 或许，我们无以回报，唯有谨记。但我相信，在座的每一位毕业生同学都将与我一样，带着母校的关爱，带着厦大人自强不息的精
中英文资料对照外文翻译 一、英文原文 A NEW CONTENT BASED MEDIAN FILTER ABSTRACT In this paper the hardware implementation of a contentbased median filter suitabl e for real-time impulse noise suppression is presented. The function of the proposed ci rcuitry is adaptive; it detects the existence of impulse noise in an image neighborhood and applies the median filter operator only when necessary. In this way, the blurring o f the imagein process is avoided and the integrity of edge and detail information is pre served. The proposed digital hardware structure is capable of processing gray-scale im ages of 8-bit resolution and is fully pipelined, whereas parallel processing is used to m inimize computational time. The architecturepresented was implemented in FPGA an d it can be used in industrial imaging applications, where fast processing is of the utm ost importance. The typical system clock frequency is 55 MHz. 1. INTRODUCTION Two applications of great importance in the area of image processing are noise filtering and image enhancement [1].These tasks are an essential part of any image pro cessor,whether the final image is utilized for visual interpretation or for automatic an alysis. The aim of noise filtering is to eliminate noise and its effects on the original im age, while corrupting the image as little as possible. To this end, nonlinear techniques (like the median and, in general, order statistics filters) have been found to provide mo re satisfactory results in comparison to linear methods. Impulse noise exists in many p ractical applications and can be generated by various sources, including a number of man made phenomena, such as unprotected switches, industrial machines and car ign ition systems. Images are often corrupted by impulse noise due to a noisy sensor or ch annel transmission errors. The most common method used for impulse noise suppressi on n forgray-scale and color images is the median filter (MF) [2].The basic drawback o f the application of the MF is the blurringof the image in process. In the general case,t he filter is applied uniformly across an image, modifying pixels that arenot contamina ted by noise. In this way, the effective elimination of impulse noise is often at the exp ense of an overalldegradation of the image and blurred or distorted features[3].In this paper an intelligent hardware structure of a content based median filter (CBMF) suita ble for impulse noise suppression is presented. The function of the proposed circuit is to detect the existence of noise in the image window and apply the corresponding MF
大学毕业典礼发言稿 大学只有短短的四年的时间，终究会随着时光的步伐走到毕业的那 一天。 曾经是多么的盼望着早些离开校园、离开宿舍、离开课堂、离开书本、离开学生的称呼，但到了真正不得不离开的那一刹那，才知道，自 己对这片土地是多么的留念。在这里，留下了我最最美好的回忆和记 忆。 几年的课堂，老师们或滔滔不绝，或循循善诱，或旁征博引的风格，为我们展现了知识的无限魅力。如果黑板就是浩淼的大海，那么，老师 便是海上的水手。铃声响起那刻，你用教职工鞭作浆，划动那船只般泊 在港口的课本。课桌上，那难题堆放，犹如暗礁一样布列，你手势生动 如一只飞翔的鸟，在讲台上挥一条优美弧线——船只穿过……天空飘不 来一片云，犹如你亮堂堂的心，一派高远。 许还有一些遗憾吧，那么多精彩的讲座，我们已经来不及聆听;那 么多精彩的活动，我们已经来不及参与。也许还有一些愧疚吧，面对慈 父严母般的老师，我们总能杜撰出各种逃课的理由。面对认真批改作业 的各科老师，我们很多时候都只能拿出一个版本。 大学毕业典礼发言稿 怀着梦想和激情走进大学的校门，开始一段新的人生旅程。转眼离 别的时候就要到了，真希望时间慢些走，让我再多点时间好好享受下大 学里的生活，友谊。大学的生活真好，回忆起来诸多辛酸苦辣。
那是因为您，亲爱的母校。是您包容了我们的懂无知，是您孕育 了我们的睿智果断，是您给了我们如此优越的学习环境和展示自我的舞台。我们在教室留下刻苦学习的身影，在球场上留下顽强拼搏的精神， 在舞台上秀出个性自我，在通宵晚会里变换角色体味人生。我们沉浸在 知识的海洋，徜徉在落英缤纷的林荫道，醉心于同学间的欢声笑语。在 您的怀抱中，我们心怀梦想，放飞梦想。 最近，我常常考虑一个问题：假如我可以再度过一次大学生活，又 会选择怎样的生活方式?会努力地追求些什么?放弃些什么?有些问题真 的会有和当时不一样的答案。 首先我想谈谈我在大学的收获。其实原先没有想到这个问题，上回 应聘主考官问我这，记得当时为了求职说了些冠冕堂皇的话，现在觉得 大学我的收获并不是学到了多少知识，也并不是受到了那个教授，老师 的熏陶，点拨，而是学会了怎么去为人处世，怎么去独立，怎么去快乐 的生活，怎么去正确的看待，分析社会的一些问题。这也许就是所谓的 成熟吧，我觉得这些应该比知识还要重要些。 在中学同学印象中我也许是个勤奋，刻苦努力的人，但是在大学同 学印象中，他们原话是你活的比较悠闲，其实意思是懒散，呵呵。确实，大学我包过夜，挂过科，顶撞过老师，逃课，抄作业是很正常的事，但 是我并不认为这就是所谓的堕落，一方面因为我觉得初中是身体上累， 高中是精神上累，大学有时只是想让自己随心所欲的生活一下，但还是 有些人说看见你天天开开心心的，一定能长寿的，很高兴我大学里学会 了怎么去让自己快乐的生活，也带给身边的人快乐。另一方面我还是知
附录一英文原文 Illustrator software and Photoshop software difference Photoshop and Illustrator is by Adobe product of our company, but as everyone more familiar Photoshop software, set scanning images, editing modification, image production, advertising creative, image input and output in one of the image processing software, favored by the vast number of graphic design personnel and computer art lovers alike. Photoshop expertise in image processing, and not graphics creation. Its application field, also very extensive, images, graphics, text, video, publishing various aspects have involved. Look from the function, Photoshop can be divided into image editing, image synthesis, school tonal color and special effects production parts. Image editing is image processing based on the image, can do all kinds of transform such as amplifier, reducing, rotation, lean, mirror, clairvoyant, etc. Also can copy, remove stain, repair damaged image, to modify etc. This in wedding photography, portrait processing production is very useful, and remove the part of the portrait, not satisfied with beautification processing, get let a person very satisfactory results. Image synthesis is will a few image through layer operation, tools application of intact, transmit definite synthesis of meaning images, which is a sure way of fine arts design. Photoshop provide drawing tools let foreign image and creative good fusion, the synthesis of possible make the image is perfect. School colour in photoshop with power is one of the functions of deep, the image can be quickly on the color rendition, color slants adjustment and correction, also can be in different colors to switch to meet in different areas such as web image design, printing and multimedia application. Special effects production in photoshop mainly by filter, passage of comprehensive application tools and finish. Including image effects of creative and special effects words such as paintings, making relief, gypsum paintings, drawings, etc commonly used traditional arts skills can be completed by photoshop effects. And all sorts of effects of production are
2011年最新个税税率表及EXCEL计算公式 概述：从今年9月1日起，修改后的个税法将正式实施，个税起征点将从现行的2000元提高到3500元，税率由九级改为七级，为3%至45%。(税率如下文所示) 9月1日起调整后的7级超额累进税率： 原个税9级超额累进税率： 最值得注意的一点是，适用25%税率的起征点从此前的20000元至40000元调整至9000元至35000元，范围明显扩大。
在新的个税法中，应纳税收入3.86万元成为个税增减临界点，即月应纳税收入低于3.86万元缴纳的个税将减少，高于3.86万元则将多缴税。而在一审草案中，临界点是1.9万元。 EXCEL公式： =ROUND(MAX((A1-3500)*5%*{0.6,2,4,5,6,7,9}-5*{0,21,111,201,551,1101,2701},0),2)公式解释： 5%*{0.6,2,4,5,6,7,9}这部分为税率，分别为：3%，10%，20%，25%，30%，35%，45% 5*{0,21,111,201,551,1101,2701}这部分为速算扣除数，分别为： 0，105，555，1005，2755，5505，13505 MAX((A1-3500)*5%*{0.6,2,4,5,6,7,9}-5*{0,21,111,201,551,1101,2701},0)这一部分是个人工资减去起征点3500后分别乘以7个税率，再减去对应的速算扣除数，将最后得到的七个数据取最大值。
最外层的函数=ROUND(MAX((A1-3500)*5%*{0.6,2,4,5,6,7,9}-5*{0,21,111,201,551,1101,2701},0),2) 是将前面得到的最大值四舍五入，保留两位小数，就是说分以下的数四舍五入。 X
毕业生就业演讲稿 各位老师，各位同学： 大家晚上好！ 大学生毕业找工作，是人生中一件非常重要的事情！ 一、作为即将毕业的大学生，应该敢于主动去找工作，敢于主动去寻找机会就业。 主动寻找就业，是职业生涯中一个非常关键的技巧，而不是等待家庭的安排或者是等待机会的到来；什么是就业？我的理解和新东方的总裁俞敏洪先生理解的几乎一样，就是找上一份工作，不管喜欢不喜欢，能有工作干，能通过自
己的努力得到一份薪水，不再需要花父母的钱，这就是就业。 二、工作都需要持之以恒、都需要认定工作是不分贵贱的。 一个人在工作岗位上，作为领导者，不是来看你今天跳槽明天跳槽的，他需要看见自己招聘的工作人员能安心守份地上班。 三、只有在寻找就业的时候放下自己，那么才能在工作中开心。 你可以让自己起点高，这是一个充分有自信的表现。但是能给你的岗位，也许并不是如你意的，或者还是与你专业背道相弛的，这个时候，要沉下心来，坚持你的岗位，坚持就业的方向。跳槽是允许的，但是一定要条件成熟。 初期的工作，一定要放下自己，调整好心态，这就是就业。 说了找工作，我们说说大学生应不应该一开始就创业。我的个人主张是，大学生不适合一走出校门就去创业，而
是要找了工作，得到锻炼并且有一定机会时候，再开始创业。当然，如果一直找不到工作，或者找了工作又无法忍受的时候，可以考虑创业，但是不要沉沦，一定要在任何时候，都要坚强地站起来。 我想告诉大家几点： 一、有知识，更应该适应社会环境的发展，使自己融入到社会大家庭中来；有知识，也要沉下心来，先找好工作，再展示能力，最后追求自己的理想； 二、不管是工作，还是自己创业，一定要建立在国家的稳定繁荣的基础上。我们要感谢我们稳定强大繁荣的祖国，给了我们这样的生存环境，我们更应该珍惜，更应该找好工作岗位，为国家的稳定繁荣做出自己的贡献！ 三、学会分享！不管是就业还是创业，与人分享，与人交往，是当代大学生适应社会的一种技能！所以，大家毕业后就赶快行动起来，为自己的就业去寻找机会吧！ 相信：天生我材必有用，千金
Algebraic operation 代数运算一种图像处理运算，包括两幅图像对应像素的和、差、积、商。 Aliasing 走样（混叠）当图像像素间距和图像细节相比太大时产生的一种人工痕迹。Arc 弧图的一部分；表示一曲线一段的相连的像素集合。 Binary image 二值图像只有两级灰度的数字图像（通常为0和1，黑和白） Blur 模糊由于散焦、低通滤波、摄像机运动等引起的图像清晰度的下降。 Border 边框一副图像的首、末行或列。 Boundary chain code 边界链码定义一个物体边界的方向序列。 Boundary pixel 边界像素至少和一个背景像素相邻接的内部像素（比较：外部像素、内部像素） Boundary tracking 边界跟踪一种图像分割技术，通过沿弧从一个像素顺序探索到下一个像素将弧检测出。 Brightness 亮度和图像一个点相关的值，表示从该点的物体发射或放射的光的量。 Change detection 变化检测通过相减等操作将两幅匹准图像的像素加以比较从而检测出其中物体差别的技术。 Class 类见模或类 Closed curve 封闭曲线一条首尾点处于同一位置的曲线。 Cluster 聚类、集群在空间（如在特征空间）中位置接近的点的集合。 Cluster analysis 聚类分析在空间中对聚类的检测，度量和描述。 Concave 凹的物体是凹的是指至少存在两个物体内部的点，其连线不能完全包含在物体内部（反义词为凸） Connected 连通的 Contour encoding 轮廓编码对具有均匀灰度的区域，只将其边界进行编码的一种图像压缩技术。 Contrast 对比度物体平均亮度（或灰度）与其周围背景的差别程度 Contrast stretch 对比度扩展一种线性的灰度变换 Convex 凸的物体是凸的是指连接物体内部任意两点的直线均落在物体内部。Convolution 卷积一种将两个函数组合成第三个函数的运算，卷积刻画了线性移不变系统的运算。 Corrvolution kernel 卷积核1，用于数字图像卷积滤波的二维数字阵列，2，与图像或信号卷积的函数。 Curve 曲线1，空间的一条连续路径，2 表示一路径的像素集合（见弧、封闭曲线）。 Deblurring 去模糊1一种降低图像模糊，锐化图像细节的运算。2 消除或降低图像的模糊，通常是图像复原或重构的一个步骤。 Decision rule 决策规则在模式识别中，用以将图像中物体赋以一定量的规则或算法，这种赋值是以对物体特征度量为基础的。 Digital image 数字图像 1 表示景物图像的整数阵列，2 一个二维或更高维的采样并量化的函数，它由相同维数的连续图像产生，3 在矩形（或其他）网络上采样一连续函数，并才采样点上将值量化后的阵列。 Digital image processing 数字图像处理对图像的数字化处理；由计算机对图片信息进
大学毕业生代表演讲稿 大学毕业生代表演讲稿 我们一定还记得刚入校时你我所立的雄心壮志,一定还记得在教室,图书馆和实验室中你我孜孜不倦学习的身影,一定还记得老师的谆谆教诲,一定还记得在运动场上你我生龙活虎的锻炼场景..太多太多的情景值得我们去回忆. 在四年半里,我们更进一步学会了分析与思考,学会了丰富与凝练,学会了合作与竞争,学会了继承与创新,也进一步学会了如何不断超越,突破自己的极限而成长.如今我们就要毕业了,所有这些温暖的记忆都 将铭刻在我们内心深处,那是我们生命中最难忘的日子.喜欢好友常说 的一句话: 我们都是只有一只翅膀的天使,只有互相拥抱才能飞翔. 四年半的同窗友谊,让我们学会了彼此相信并依赖.四年半的生活,我们都有过低谷,但我们相互扶持,鼓励,朋友温馨的笑容,班级温暖的气氛,让我们都走了过来,让我们学会去爱,去坚持,去相信阳光总在风雨后 . 我敬爱的老师,您用您辛勤的汗水,无私的奉献,无数夜的伏案耕耘,给 了我们一个清醒的头脑,一双洞察的眼睛和一颗热忱的心灵,再华丽的 辞藻也无法表达我们对您既是老师,又是朋友,更是亲人的尊敬和爱戴.学生即将远行,请允许我们深情地道一声: 老师,您辛苦了!谢谢你们的关怀和教育 毕业是一首久唱不衰的老歌,是散场之后的余音绕耳,所有甜美或 者苦涩的故事,定格为热泪盈眶的欣悦,依然真诚直率的目光,依然奔流激荡的热血,正牵引着我们再一次传唱,传唱那飘逝的日月春秋. 乘风 破浪会有时,直挂云帆济沧海. 让时间作证,承载着我们学院领导,老师
们的殷切期望和深情嘱托,我们一定会做拥有智慧并富有激情的人,做胸怀大志并脚踏实地的人,做德才兼备并勇于创新的人,做富有责任并敢挑重担的人!同学们,临别之际,让我们立下誓言:今天,我们以作为技师学院的毕业生为荣;明天,学院将会以我们祖国的栋梁,为荣!我们要走了,学院的老师们为我们所做的一切,我们暂时无以回报,我们06电气j 4.5班毕业生送上我们深深的祝福祝:学院欣欣向荣,蒸蒸日上 我的发言完毕,谢谢大家. 第二篇： 大学毕业生代表发言演讲稿 尊敬的各位领导、老师、同学们： 大家上午好! 很荣幸我能在这里代表毕业生向辛勤培育我们四年的母校表达最诚挚的谢意! 青春是人生最美好的时光，而在海大度过的这一段青春岁月无疑将成为我们人生中最为宝贵的记忆。四年时光，弹指一挥间，但很多记忆将成为我们生命中最为珍重的收藏，还记得四年前刚入校时你我所立下的雄心壮志吗，还记得在教室、图书馆中你我孜孜不倦学习的身影吗，还记得导师的谆谆教诲和小有收获时你我那种发自内心的喜悦吗太多太多的情景值得我们去回忆。海大四年，我们学会了分析与思考，学会了丰富与锻炼，学会了合作与竞争，学会了继承与创新，也学会了如何不断超越、突破自己的极限而成长。如今我们就要毕业了，所有这些温暖的记忆都将铭刻在我们心灵的最深处，那会是我们生命中最难忘的岁月。
( 演讲稿 ) 单位：_________________________ 姓名：_________________________ 日期：_________________________ 精品文档 / Word文档 / 文字可改 大学毕业生坚持梦想演讲稿Speech for college graduates to stick to their dreams
大学毕业生坚持梦想演讲稿 当高中的莘莘学子们踏入高考教室的那天，也正是我到公司报到的日子，那是一个值得纪念的日子，六月八日。 有的时候，人生就是一次又一次的选择所组成的，选择学校，选择专业，选择工作，是在大城市发展还是在小城市发展等等。特别是作为一个欲在外打拼的人来说，脱离父母，就意味着很多东西，比如说独立。 蓦然回首，我才发现，我已在六月的30天中悄然地度过了自己的职场生活，自己在新的环境中翻开了人生中新的一页。其间，有困惑，也有改变;有茫然，也有洒脱。更是自我的成长。 成长，包含了太多太多。成长，你珍重他，他便在你的身后长出绿茵，结出沉甸甸的果实;你漠视他，他就化成轻烟，消散的无影
无踪。正因为你是试着走出第一步，而不是跟着走出第一步，所谓的“成长”才显得尤为的重要。有时短暂的一瞬间会成为永恒，这是因为他把脚印深深地留在了人们的心里，如刹那间的烟火那样驻留人心;有时，漫长的岁月会成为一瞬，这是因为浓雾和风沙湮没了他的脚印，如同烟消云逝归于平静。这正是因为你的或行或止。一粒不起眼的种子，也可以破土而出，最终绽放美丽的花朵;一条平凡的小溪，也可夺路而下成为壮观的瀑布;一座缄默的火山，也可刹那间喷发，豪情四射。也许我，也许你，就是一粒种子，一条小溪，一座火山，只要你我愿意接受蜕变。刚来时，上级领导就曾经反复强调，公司已经为我们提供了平台，究竟在台上舞出怎样的风采，关键在于我们自己。个中涵义也许就是这样吧。 “逝者如斯夫，不舍昼夜。”风吹万叶婆娑，湖水漾起万千涟漪，生命萌芽破土，岁月静默流淌。时间在流逝，岁月在积淀。新的历史起点上，征途漫漫，时不我待。谁也无法描绘出成长的面目，但世界上处处都能听到他的脚步。 知道父母的不易，懂得生活上勤俭节约，知道他人的不易，懂
关于大学毕业生演讲稿 尊敬的各位领导、各位老师，亲爱的同学们，早上好！ 我怀着无比喜悦和激动的心情，参加广东工业大学成人高等教育20XX年第二批本、专科生毕业典礼，现在，请允许我代表20XX届第二批本、专科毕业生向本校全体教职员工表示深深的感谢，感谢您们这些年来对我们的栽培和厚爱；感谢您们传授我们知识与技能；感谢您们教会我们学习、工作和做人；更要感谢您们引导我们生活的信心，启迪我们的生活智慧，让我们的生活更自信，更精彩，让我们的工作更加沉着有力。 曾经，有一个朋友对我说：在广州这个地方，只要你勤奋，肯吃苦，你就一定不会挨饿！我相信，只要我们够勤奋，肯学习，会思考，我们不但不会饿着，而且能过得更好，还能对社会负更多的责任。我非常荣幸和这么多勤奋的同学同窗四年。大家通过不断的努力，印证了我们强劲的生命力和进取心；我们这强烈的进取心，让我们在这四到八年里，留下深深的奋斗的痕迹，取得喜人的成绩；这喜人的成绩，充分说明广东工业大学、继续教育学院的优越性，以及她丰硕的教学成果、严谨的办学风范。在广东工业大学这美好的校园里，在全体教职员工营造的这个平台上，大家的勤奋得以延伸，大家的能力得以提升。 今天，我们毕业了！这是个喜庆的日子！回想过去这一
千五百来个日日夜夜，所有情景历历在目！我们下了班，来不及坐下吃口好饭，就勿勿赶往广工，穿梭在这暮色渐浓的城市；当我们回到家时，已是深夜，我们勿勿地吃点东西，疲惫的身体已经把我们困在座椅上，我们不知何时睡着了。我们无论是在生活的轮转中，还是在工作的竞争里，还是在和睦的家庭生活下，每每到下午七点钟，我们都会聚到一个共同的地方，那就是广工，我们的校园，我们的教室。这深深说明，我们爱学习，我们肯努力，我们爱我们的学校我们的老师、我们的同学！我们为自己是广工的学子，是广工人而自豪！ 今天，我们毕业了!我深深记得，四年前，黄花岗剧院的开学典礼，多么的振奋人心。今天，我们毕业了，却对广工恋恋不舍。深深记得，四年前，就在今天这个地方，我们上的第一堂《学分制》的课上，杨锐院长提到的一个情景：她看到继续教育学院的学生领到毕业证那一刹的情景，同学们沉醉了，沉醉在奋斗这么多年所取得的成果中，手拿毕业证那忘我的表情，痴痴的表情，让在场的老师感动！今天，我想说，我内心相当激动，我也陶醉在这一情景里！这是导师们的悉心教导和我们共同努力的结果！过去，继续教育学院所培养出来的学友们，今天正在社会的各个岗位上做出优秀的成绩，他们有的身担重任，有的出国深造，无论如何，在广工继续教育学院学习后，他们对社会释放更多的能量，
数字图像处理英文翻译 （Matlab帮助信息简介） xxxxxxxxx xxx Introduction MATLAB is a high-level technical computing language and interactive environment for algorithm development, data visualization, data analysis, and numeric computation. Using the MATLAB product, you can solve technical computing problems faster than with traditional programming languages, such as C, C++, and Fortran. You can use MATLAB in a wide range of applications, including signal and image processing, communications, control design, test and measurement, financial modeling and analysis, and computational biology. Add-on toolboxes (collections of special-purpose MATLAB functions, available separately) extend the MATLAB environment to solve particular classes of problems in these application areas. The MATLAB system consists of these main parts: Desktop Tools and Development Environment This part of MATLAB is the set of tools and facilities that help you use and become more productive with MATLAB functions and files. Many of these tools are graphical user interfaces. It includes: the
大学毕业生演讲稿 四年时间，不知不觉已到尽头，记忆中留下了太多的片段，有太多的不舍、太多的留恋。下面是小编为你整理的几篇大学毕业生演讲稿，希望能帮到你哟。 大学毕业生演讲稿篇一同学们： 今天的典礼标志着你们圆满结束了学业，即将开启崭新的人生旅程。首先，我代表学院，向你们致以热烈的祝贺和深情的祝福!同时，向所有教育、帮助、关心你们的老师、亲人和朋友们，致以诚挚的敬意和亲切的问候! 在中青院不大却精致的校园里，你们度过了人生中最宝贵的一段时光。你们志存高远、胸怀祖国、关注社会，你们风华正茂、勤勉苦读、砥砺思想，你们脚踏实地、热心公益、投身实践。这里留下了你们的成长足迹，镌刻了你们的青春乐章。我相信，你们必将永远铭记这段洋溢激情与希望的校园岁月，必将永远传承这种追求光荣与梦想的奋斗精神。 毕业典礼后，你们将奔赴五湖四海，拼搏奋斗在祖国各地各条战线上。正如毛泽东同志所讲，“同学们毕业出去，好像撒入河水里去一样，可能有若干人会被潮水卷去”。如何做到“战胜潮水，朝着总的方向，达到预定的目的”，是你们必须面对、必须思考的人生重大课题。 今年五月四日，参加“实现中国梦、青春勇担当”主题团日活动
时，深刻指出“中国梦是我们的，更是你们青年一代的”，希望青年一代坚定理想信念，练就过硬本领，勇于创新创造，矢志艰苦奋斗，锤炼高尚品格。团xx大闭幕后，在同团中央新一届领导班子集体谈话时强调，青年时代树立正确的理想、坚定的信念十分紧要，不仅要树立，而且要在心中扎根，一辈子都能坚持为之奋斗。我想，高举理想信念的旗帜，认真践行提出的五条希望，正是回答如何“战胜潮水”、“实现梦想”这一人生课题的满意答案。希望你们用心学习、真正践行的重要讲话，把未来的人生道路越走越宽广。 作为院长，在大家即将毕业之际，与大家分享些什么?最近两部热映的青春题材电影给了我一些启发。一个是《中国合伙人》。三位追梦人的成功，有发现机会的敏锐嗅觉，有精诚合作的团队精神，有经受挫折的坚韧意志，但最不可忽视的还有改革开放这一支撑他们干事创业的宏观时代背景。另一个是《致我们终将逝去的青春》。将来你们回忆青春，当然希望看到诚挚的友情，看到青涩的爱情，但更重要的应该还有奋斗的激情。因为，任何一代青年追梦圆梦、有所作为，都离不开时代主题，都缺不得奋斗精神。你们这一代青年尤其如此。 希望你们在追梦圆梦、干事创业中，识大势、知大局、行大道。深刻指出，全党全国各族人民正在为实现党的提出的奋斗目标而奋发努力，正在朝着实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦而奋勇迈进。这是党和国家工作大局，也是中国青年运动的时代主题。我想，这更是你们这一代青年练本领、展身手、有作为的广阔舞台。你们的人生，注定与实现中国梦的征程同行。再过7年，正当你们积累人生阅历、步入
大学毕业生代表演讲稿 尊敬的领导,老师,各位同学: 大家好! 今天,我站在这里,代表06电气j4.5班的毕业生向我们的母校道别,向学院的师长道别,向朝夕相处的同窗们道别,也向这段不能忘怀的岁月道别! 岁月匆匆,四年半转瞬即逝.我们将离开我的学生生活.走过楼兰,走过荒滩,只是为了那句"路在脚下,明天会更好". 这四年半的路,我们走的辛苦而快乐,四年半的生活,我们过的充实而美丽,我们流过眼泪,却伴着欢笑.四年半的岁月,多少个日日夜夜,听起来似乎是那么的漫长,而当我们今天面对离别,又觉得它是那么的短暂.四年半的时光,弹指一挥间,但很多记忆将成为我们生命中最为珍重的收藏:宽阔的操场,明亮的教室,甜蜜的欢笑......我们一定还记得刚入校时你我所立的雄心壮志,一定还记得在教室,图书馆和实验室中你我孜孜不倦学习的身影,一定还记得老师的谆谆教诲,一定还记得在运动场上你我生龙活虎的锻炼场景.....太多太多的情景值得我们去回忆. 在四年半里,我们更进一步学会了分析与思考,学会了丰富与凝练,学会了合作与竞争,学会了继承与创新,也进一步学会了如何不断超越,突破自己的极限而成长.如今我们就要毕业了,所有这些温暖的记忆都将铭刻在我们内心深处,那是我们生命中最难忘的日子.喜欢好友常说的一句话:"我们都是只有一只翅膀的天使,只有互相拥抱才能飞翔."四年半的同窗友谊,让我们学会了彼此相信并依赖.四年半的生活,我们都有过低谷,但我们相互扶持,鼓励,朋友温馨的笑容,班级温暖的气氛,让我们都走了过来,让我们学会去爱,去坚持,去相信"阳光总在风雨后".我敬爱的老师,您用您辛勤的汗水,无私的奉献,无数夜的伏案耕耘,给了我们一个清醒的头脑,一双洞察的眼睛和一颗热忱的心灵,再华丽的辞藻也无法表达我们对您——既是老师,又是朋友,更是亲人的尊敬和爱戴.学生即将远行,请允许我们深情地道一声:"老师,您辛苦了!谢谢你们的关怀和教育" 毕业是一首久唱不衰的老歌,是散场之后的余音绕耳,所有甜美或者苦涩的故事,定格为热泪盈眶的欣悦,依然真诚直率的目光,依然奔流激荡的热血,正牵引着我们再一次传唱,
2020大学生毕业典礼演讲稿5篇 【篇一】2020大学生毕业典礼演讲稿 尊敬的老师、亲爱的同学们： 大家好！ 眨眼间，又一批熟悉的面孔将带着大学四年的回忆离开校园。四年时光匆匆，大一的青涩懵懂，大二的奋起拼搏，大三的勤学苦练似乎都还在眼前，还未好好享受，却要轻轻挥手，告别哭过、笑过、闹过的兄弟姐妹，告别迷惘过、奋斗过的校园青春。 大学里最值得骄傲的事情也许是坚持并实现了自己的梦想，也许是收获了甜蜜的爱情，也许是结识到了知己。有无悔，也有遗憾。比赛的失力，考试的挂科，同学间的小摩擦等等，也在调剂着大学这碗五味杂陈的汤。当然，还会有不少感悟。新闻学院大四的邹佼向记者畅谈道：“我认为大一到大四都要坚持努力学习，劳逸结合，学和玩都不能少。大一做到适应大学生活，学会独立，多阅读、多交朋友，打下优良基础。大二思考一下自己想做什么，确定大体的方向，并做初步准备。大三可以根据之前所学去实践一下，并为自己选择的道路做最后的冲刺。在大四，一方面要淡定地等待努力的结果，另一方面可以去做自己以前没时间做的事情。”这些感悟都为学弟学妹们提供了优良的参考，促进他们主动向上，创造一个多彩无悔的大学生活。 我始终相信，告别是为了下一次更好的相见。步入竞争激烈的社会，才真正的见识到拥挤的招聘大厅，或是切实地
感受到考研的重重压力，遇到了以前从未碰到的难题，拉开了另一个生活场景的帷幕。据了解，这一年全国毕业生数量达到xx万人，被戏称为“最难就业年”，竞争压力可想而知。与此同时，在收入等严峻的实际问题驱使之下，众多大学生竟相信花x万就能进银行、国企或事业单位等骗局，不仅打碎了“铁饭碗”梦，也将自己推入更深的渊谷。这其中虽然有许多社会急待解决的问题，但仔细想想许多大学生的观念更是亟须纠正，走后门、托关系的投机取巧心理是万万不可行的，既危害个人，又败坏社会风气。 要想出人头地，大学毕业生不应该嫌弃职位的高低贵贱，三百六十行，行行出状元，只要脚踏实地，做好手头工作，多积累经验，终有出头日。 又到了要说再见的时候了，可是再见是为了再一次的相见。等到几年、十几年、几十年之后，等到大家都接受了社会和生活的磨炼，等到每个人都变得成熟优秀，等到各自都有了全新的生活，再次相见，微微一笑，大家仍然是朋友，仍然有拥抱的理由，因为友谊地久天长，因为青春值得我们去追忆。 毕业离歌渐响，还未离开，却已开始怀念。青春终究是会逝去的，不必伤感，不必慌张，它将永刻在岁月里，化成一股温暖的力量，让前行的路因回忆而充满无限阳光。 我的演讲完毕，谢谢大家！【篇二】2020大学生毕业典礼演讲稿 尊敬的各位领导、老师、亲爱的同学们：