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人教版八年级上英语语法总结

人教版八年级上英语语法总结
人教版八年级上英语语法总结

人教版八年级上英语语法总结

八年级上册内容,形容词和副词的比较级和最高级,句子成分,类型,简单句的五种基本句型,宾语从句,各种时态包括一般现在时,现在进行时,一般过去时,一般将来时,情态动词和动词不定式等,具体内容如下:

一、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级

1) 单音节形容词的比较级和最高级形式是在词尾加 -er 和 -est 构成。 great (原级) greater(比较级) greatest(最高级)

2) 以 -e 结尾的单音节形容词的比较级和最高级是在词尾加 -r 和 -st 构成。 wide (原级) wider (比较级) widest (最高级)

3)少数以-y, -er, -ow, -ble结尾的双音节形容词的比较级和最高级是在词尾加 -er 和 -est 构成。 clever(原级) cleverer(比较级) cleverest(最高级)

4) 以 -y 结尾,但 -y 前是辅音字母的形容词的比较级和最高级是把 -y 去掉,加上 -ier 和-est 构成. happy (原形) happier (比较级) happiest (最高级)

5) 以一个辅音字母结尾其前面的元音字母发短元音的形容词的比较级和最高级是双写该辅音字母然后再加 -er和-est。 big (原级) bigger (比较级) biggest (最高级)

6) 双音节和多音节形容词的比较级和最高级需用more 和 most 加在形容词前面来构成。 beautiful (原级)? difficult (原级) more beautiful (比较级) more difficult (比较级) most beautiful (最高级) most difficult (最高级)

形容词比较级的用法: 形容词的比较级用于两个人或事物的比较,其结构形式如下: 主语+谓语(系动词)+ 形容词比较级+than+ 对比成分。也就是, 含有形容词比较级的主句+than+从句。注意从句常常省去意义上和主句相同的部分, 而只剩下对比的成分。形容词最高级的用法: 形容词最高级用于两个以上的人和物进行比较, 其结构形式为: 主语+谓语(系动词)+the+形容词最高级+名词+表示范围的短语或从句。

二、句子成分

1、主语主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物,一般由名词,代词,数词,不定式

等充当。

2、谓语谓语说明主语的动作,状态或特征。一般可分为两类: 1),简单谓语由动词(或短语动词)构成。可以有不同的时态,语态和语气。 2),复合谓语:情态动词+不定式

3、表语

4、宾语宾语表示动作行为的对象,跟在及物动词之后,能作宾语的有名词,代词,数词,动词不定式等。有些及物动词可以带两个宾语,往往一个指人,一个指物,指人的叫间接宾语,指物的叫直接宾语。有些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语,意思才完整,宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。

5、定语在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语。用作定语的主要是形容词,代词,数词,名词,副词,动词不定式,介词短语等。形容词,代词,数词,名词等作定语时,通常放在被修饰的词前面。但副词,动词不定式,介词短语等作定语时,则放在被修饰的词之后。

6、状语修饰动词,形容词,副词以及全句的句子成分,叫做状语。用作状语的通常是副词,介词短语,不定式和从句等。状语一般放在被修饰的词之后或放在句尾。副词作状语时可放在被修饰的词前或句首。

三、句子类型:

1、简单句的基本形式是由一个主语加一个谓语构成。

2、复合句(Complex Sentence)由一个主句(Principal Clause)和一个或一个以上的从句(Subordinate Clause)构成。

3、两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词连在一起构成的句子,叫做并列句,其基本结构是“简单句+并列连词+简单句”。

四、简单句的五种基本句型基本句型一: S V (主+谓)基本句型二: S V P (主+谓+表)基本句型三: S V O (主+谓+宾)基本句型四: S V o O (主+谓+间宾+直宾)基本句型五: S V O C (主+谓+宾+宾补)

五、宾语从句在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句.宾语从句分为三类:动词

的宾语从句,介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句.

1. 由that引导的宾语从句。That只有语法作用,没有实在的意义,在口语和非正式文体中可以省略。

2. 由连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which和连接副词when, where, why, how 引导的宾语从句。这些连接代词和连接副词在宾语从句中充当某个成分。if或whether引导的宾语从句。If和whether在句中的意思是“是否”。初二上册学的宾从就是这些。

六、时态:

(一)一般现在时:

(1)表示现在的状态, 例如:He’s twelve.

(2)表示经常性的或习惯性的动作,例如:I go to school every day.

(3)表示主语具备的性格和能力, 例如:She likes apple.常与often, usually, sometimes, always, every day等表示经常性的或习惯性的时间状语连用.

1. 肯定句结构: (1) 行为动词:

a. 第一、二人称,复数人称: They/We/You+动词原形... 例如:They go to school every day.

b.第三人称单数: He/She/It+动词-s/es…例如:Lily often likes singing. (2)系动词(be): I am... They/We/You are… He/She/It is…

2.否定句结构: (1) 行为动词: a. 第一、二人称,复数人称: They/We/You+don’t+动词原形... 例如:They don’t go to school every day. b.第三人称单数:He/She/It+doesn’t +动词原形…例如:Lily doesn’t like singing. (2)系动词(be): 在is/am/are后加not 例如:I am not a worker.

3. 一般疑问句结构: a. 第一、二人称,复数人称: Do+they/we/you+动词原形... 例如:Do they go to school every day? (Yes, they do. No, they don’t.) b.第三人称单数: Does +he/she/iIt+动词原形…例如: Does Lily often like singing? (Yes, she does. No, she doesn’t.) (2)系动词(be):把is/am/are提在主语前. 例如:Are you a worker? (Yes, I am. No, I’m not.)

(二)现在进行时: 表示现在正在进行的动作或发生的事情.常与now, look…, listen …等表示现在状态的时间状语连用.

1.肯定句结构: 主语+is/am/are+动词-ing…例如: The boys are playing football now.

2.否定句结构: 在is/am/are后加not 例如: The boys aren’t playing football now.

3. 一般疑问句结构: 把is/am/are提在主语前. 例如: Are the boys playing football now? (Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.)

(三)一般过去时:表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态.常与yesterday …, last…, …ago, in1990等表示过去状态的时间状语连用.

1. 肯定句结构: (1) 行为动词: 主语+动词的过去式…例如: The twins went to school two hours ago. (2) 系动词(be): I/ He/She/It+was … They/We/You+were…例如: I was at home last night.

2.否定句结构: (1) 行为动词: 主语+didn’t+动词原形…例如: The twins didn’t go to school two hours ago. (2)系动词(be): 在was/were后加not 例如: I wasn’t at home last night.

3. 一般疑问句结构: (1) 行为动词: Did+主语+动词原形…? 例如: Did the twins go to school two hours ago? (Yes, they did. No, they didn’t.) (2)系动词(be): 把was/were提在主语前. 例如: Were you at home last night? (Yes, I was. No, I was’t.)

(四)一般将来时: 表示将来某时将要发生的动作或存在的状态,也表示将来经常或反复发生的动作.常与tomorrow…, next…等表示将来状态的时间状语连用. 1. 肯定句结构: (1)用于书面语: 主语+will+动词…例如: We will come to see you tomorrow (2)用于口语: 主语+am/is/are going to+动词…例如: Tom is going to see his uncle next Sunday.

2.否定句结构: (1)用于书面语: 在will后加not 例如: We won’t come to see you tomorrow. (will not=won’t) (2)用于口语: 在is/am/are后加not. 例如: Tom isn’ going to see his uncle next Sunday.

3. 一般疑问句结构: (1)用于书面语: 把will提在主语前. 例

如: Will you come to see you tomorrow? (Yes, we will. No, we won’t.) (2)用于口语: 把is/am/are提在主语前. 例如: Is Tom going to see his uncle next Sunday? (Yes, he is. No, he isn’t.)

七、情态动词: can(能,会), may(可以,可能,也许), must(必须,一定,应该) have to(必须,不得不)

1. 肯定句结构: 主语+can/may/must+动词…例如: I must go now.

2.否定句结构: 在can/may/must后加not. 例如: I mustn’t go now.

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busy→busier→busiest happy→happier→happiest (5)其他双音节词和多音节词,比较级在前面加more,最高级在前面加most。 beautiful→more beautiful→most beautiful different→more different→most different easily→more easily→most easily (6)有少数形容词、副词的比较级和最高级是不规则的,必须熟记。 good→better→best well→better→best bad→worse→worst ill→worse→worst old→older/elder→oldest/eldest many/much→more→most little→less→least far →further/farther→ furthest/farthest

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large→larger→largest nice→nicer→nicest able→abler→ablest (3)以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节(即:辅音+元音+辅音)单词中,先双写末尾的辅音字母,比较级加-er,最高级加-est。 big→bigger→biggest hot→hotter→hottest fat→fatter→fattest (4)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词,把y改为i,比较级加-er,最高级加-est。 easy→easier→easiest heavy→heavier→heaviest busy→busier→busiest happy→happier→happiest (5)其他双音节词和多音节词,比较级在前面加more,最高级在前面加most。

beautiful→more beautiful→most beautiful different→more different→most different easily→more easily→most easily (6)有少数形容词、副词的比较级和最高级是不规则的,必须熟记。 good→better→best well→better→best bad→worse→worst ill→worse→worst old→older/elder→oldest/eldest many/much→more→most little→less→least far →further/farther→furthest/farthest 2. 形容词和副词比较级的用法 (1)“甲+be+(倍数)+形容词比较级+than+乙”表示“甲比乙…”或“甲比乙…几倍”。 Tom is taller than Kate. 汤姆比凯特高。

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