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The interaction between tourism and FDI in real estate in OECD countries
Hassan Gholipour Fereidouni a
& Usama Al-mulali
b
a
School of Management, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang,Malaysia
b
Economic Programe, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia Published online: 30 Oct 2012.
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CURRENT ISSUES IN TOURISM LETTER
The interaction between tourism and FDI in real estate in OECD countries
Hassan Gholipour Fereidouni a ?and Usama Al-mulali b
a
School of Management,Universiti Sains Malaysia,Penang,Malaysia;b Economic Programe,Universiti Sains Malaysia,Penang,Malaysia
(Received 17July 2012;?nal version received 5September 2012)
The purpose of this article is to investigate the empirical link between foreign direct investment (FDI)in real estate sector (FDIRE)and international tourism (TOUR).Panel co-integration and panel Granger causality techniques are applied to analyse both long-and short-run relationships for the case study of selected OECD countries.Our empirical results show the existence of the long-run and a bi-directional causal relationship between FDIRE and TOUR.The results provide some implications for policy-makers.Keywords:FDI in real estate;tourism ?ows;panel cointegration;OECD countries
Introduction
In recent years,there has been a growing interest in analysing the relationship between foreign direct investments (FDI)and tourism (Craigwell &Moore,2007;Kundu &Con-tractor,1999;Sanford &Dong,2000;Selvanathan,Selvanathan,&Viswanathan,2009;Tang,Selvanathan,&Selvanathan,2007).This literature proposes several explanations for the links between these variables.
On the one hand,the relationship by which tourism affects FDI can be explained as follows.International tourism (TOUR)allows potential investors to experience ?rst-hand the environment of the country being visited and to obtain information about the available investment opportunities.By experiencing the country’s goods and services,opportunities for investment may be identi?ed (Sanford &Dong,2000).Moreover,?rms’FDI decisions require detailed information about the host country’s competitors,regulatory environment,work ethic,and culture.Tourism improves on existing research into FDI and as a result it can contribute to the expansion of new FDI in host country (Sanford &Dong,2000).On the other side,the causality nexus in the sense FDI causes tourism can appear since foreign investors provide the tourism capacity that the country is lacking,by building more hotels and tourism attractions (such as theme park)and improving the transport facilities,which then stimulates or allows the country to accommodate a larger number of visitors (Craigwell &Moore,2007;Tang et al.,2007).Another link from FDI to tourism is through business tourists.Business tourists are entrepreneurs and managers from other countries who,while looking for opportunities to invest in host country as well as to promote and sustain business in host country,visit several tourist destinations (Selvanathan et al.,2009).In fact,more FDI in?ow could generate a cyclical effect of investigative business and holiday travel,resulting in greater tourism (Tang et al.,2007).
Current Issues in Tourism ,2014
V ol.17,No.2,105–113,
https://www.doczj.com/doc/4b15671406.html,/10.1080/13683500.2012.733359
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While there has been a series of articles that examined the relationship between tourism and aggregate FDI,very few empirical studies have examined the relationship between FDI in real estate (FDIRE)and tourism.In fact,the question of the relationship between tourism and FDIRE has only recently started to be addressed in the empirical
literature.For example,Gholipour and Masron (2011)and Rodr?
′guez and Bustillo (2010)found that tourism agglomeration in a host country is a signi?cant and major determinant of FDIRE.In another study,Sanford and Dong (2000)showed that tourism has a positive and signi?cant impact on new FDI.However,no empirical studies have examined the direction of causality between FDIRE and tourism.To address the knowledge gap,this study investigates the short-run and the long-run dynamic interactions between FDREI and TOUR in OECD countries using cointegration and Granger causality tests.OECD countries have been chosen for the present study due to the availability of data for FDIRE and low restriction on foreign investment in real estate sectors.In addition,OECD countries are among the most important tourism des-tinations in the world.
There are two ways that tourism can cause FDIRE.First,investment in real estate by foreigners in a host country is in?uenced by the acquisition of information about the attrac-tiveness of host country as a holiday destination.Thus,tourism can be considered as the ?rst
step before acquiring a property abroad (Rodr?
′guez &Bustillo,2010)because foreign investors may identify property investment opportunities that could lead to property trans-actions in following periods.Second,FDI in real estate development and investment follows their customers (international tourists)when choosing locations for investments (He,Wang,&Cheng,2009).On the other hand,the increased FDIRE (in particular foreign investment in residential properties)raises tourism in the host countries because
tourism is the next step after acquiring a property in a foreign country (Rodr?
′guez &Bus-tillo,2010).Moreover,foreign real estate foreign investors provide tourism capacity such as hotels and tourism attractions and improve the transport facilities,which then stimulates or allows the country to accommodate a larger number of visitors (Craigwell &Moore,2007;Tang et al.,2007).
The analysis of the relationship between tourism and FDIRE is relevant for at least two reasons.First,recent research ?nds that FDIRE and tourism have encouraged the economic development in many countries (Cortes-Jimenez &Pulina,2010;Ning &Yu,2009).For that reason,the study of the potential complementary relationship between ?ows of investments in real estate and TOUR is of major interest,as it can promote economic growth.Second,this relationship is of particular relevance for policy-makers since several observers suggest that one of the main requirements of real estate recovery after 2008?nancial crisis is tourism recovery (Jones Lang LaSalle,2009).Our article also contributes to the literature in two ways.First,although several articles provide evidence supporting a relationship between FDIRE and tourism,these articles focus their analyses on FDIRE in?ows (FDIREI).However,there are no articles that study this relationship considering FDIREI,FDIRE out?ows (FDIREO)and tourism arrival and departure at the same time.Second,previous studies used time-series analyses to investigate the causality between FDIRE and tourism.In the present study,we apply panel cointegration techniques to study the short-and long-run nexus between two ?ows.
The article is organised as follows.Section 2presents some facts for the tourism and FDIRE in OECD countries.Section 3explains the data and the source of data.Section 4discusses the methodology and presents the empirical results.Finally,in Section 5,some 106H.G.Fereidouni and U.Al-mulali
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Tourism and FDI in real estate in OECD countries
This section presents some facts for the tourism and FDIRE in OECD countries.Tourism is a key component of the service economy,which is growing in most OECD countries as these societies become more mobile and prosperous.During the period from 1995to 2009,the number of international tourist arrival and departure increased across much of the OECD countries.Figures 1and 2illustrate the evolution of international tourist arrival and departure for a set of OECD countries.In terms of revenues,OECD countries generate about 70%of
world tourism activity (Santana-Gallego,Ledesma-Rodr?
′guez,&Pe ′rez-Rodr?′guez,2011).Moreover,tourism GDP accounts for up to 11%of GDP and even more in terms of employment in 2010in the OECD area (OECD,2010).
Table 1shows the evolution of FDIRE (FDIREI and FDIREO)for a set of OECD countries.The last two decades have witnessed a growth in FDIRE across much of OECD countries.It is largely due to the regional and international economic integration,continued privatisation,liberalisation of investment regimes,protection and promotion of FDI as well as maturity of their real estate markets (in terms of higher levels of liquidity,superior return,and diversi?cation).The growth is more apparent in less-developed OECD countries such as South Korea,Turkey,Hungary,and Poland.Data
The analysis comprises the period 1995–2009for a sample of 24OECD countries.OECD countries have been chosen for the present study due to the availability of data for
FDIRE
Figure 1.Evolution of tourist arrivals,1995–2009(millions).Source:World Development Indicators of the World
Bank.
Figure 2.Evolution of tourist departures,1995–2009(millions).Current Issues in Tourism 107
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and low restriction on foreign investment in real estate sectors.Moreover,OECD countries are among the most important tourism destinations in the world.The choice of the sample period and country is mainly conditioned by the availability of FDI in real estate data.We use annual data for the following countries:Austria,Belgium,Czech,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France,Germany,Greece,Hungary,Japan,Luxembourg,Mexico,Netherland,Norway,Poland,Slovakia,Slovenia,South Korea,Spain,Sweden,Turkey,UK,and USA.Data relating to the FDI in real estate in?ows and out?ows are obtained from the OECD Inter-national Direct Investment Database.Tourism data (annual international tourist arrivals and departures)are obtained from World Development Indicators of the World Bank.Methodology and results
The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between FDI in real estate (FDIRE),FDIREI and FDIREO and international tourist (TOUR),international tourist arri-vals (TOURA)and international tourist departures (TOURD)amongst the OECD countries.With this objective,?rst we analyse cointegration and then the short-run causality between variables is explored using the Granger causality test.The speci?cation for the variables can be written as follows:
FDIRE it =a it +b 1TOUR it +1it ,(1)TOUR it =a it +b 2FDIRE it +1it ,(2)FDIREI it =a it +b 3TOURA it +1it ,(3)TOURA it =a it +b 4FDIREI it +1it ,(4)FDIREO it =a it +b 5TOURD it +1it ,(5)TOURD it =a it +b 6FDIREO it +1it ,
(6)
Table 1.Evolution of FDIREI and FDIREO a (millions of US$).Country
1997
2002
2007
FDIREI
FDIREO FDIREI
FDIREO FDIREI FDIREO France 3849.76367.601724.622407.1220,091.7118,590Germany 2596.8076.652125.341088.493849.4121867.21Japan
398.345611.57232.321403.531440.23156.25South Korea 4193.11108.7n.a.729.81355.91Netherland 1059.52823.452186.411991.3321107.46533.88Spain 445.45254.541456.97303.452042.436403.83UK 2131.042321.042180.01127.512590.351600.96USA
3962257
1987
2276
2669
4160
a
“Negative values of FDI net in?ows for a particular year show that the value of disinvestment by foreign investors was more than the value of capital newly invested in the reporting economy.Negative values of FDI net out?ows show that the value of direct investment made by domestic investors to external economies was less than the value of repatriated (disinvested)direct investment from external economies”.Retrieved from:https://www.doczj.com/doc/4b15671406.html,/esa/sustdev/natlinfo/indicators/methodology_sheets/global_econ_partnership/fdi.pdf.Source:OECD International Direct Investment Database.
108H.G.Fereidouni and U.Al-mulali
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where FDIRE is the sum of in?ows and out?ows of FDI in and to real estate,1FDIREI is FDI in?ows to real estate,FDIREO is FDI out?ows to real estate,TOUR denotes the total number of international tourists,TOURA represents the international tourist arrival,and TOURD is the international tourist departure.b 1,b 2,b 3,b 4,b 5,and b 6are the slope coef?cients of the model,t is time,i is the cross-sectional unit (i th country)and a is a scalar.
Panel unit root tests
Panel unit root tests are a generalisation of the augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF)individual country unit root tests to a common panel unit root test.The basic panel unit root test regression can be written as follows:
y it =r i y it ?1+X it d i +1it ,
(7)
where i ?1,2,.....,N cross-section units or series that are observed over periods t ?1,2,....,T i .
The X it is the exogenous variables in the model,including any ?xed effects or individual trend,r i are the autoregressive coef?cients,and the error 1it are assumed to be mutually independent of individual disturbance.
Two types of panel unit root tests,namely Im,Pesaran and Shin (IPS)and the ADF–Fisher chi-square are used in this study.IPS devised a testing method based on the aver-aging individual unit root test ADF test statistics.The null hypothesis of this test is that each series in the panel contains a unit root test,while the alternative hypothesis allows for some of the individual time series to have unit roots.The ADF–Fisher chi-square pro-posed by Wu and Choi combines the p -values from unit root tests.In this way,the cross-section dimension N can be either ?nite or in?nite.Each group can have different types of non-stochastic components.The time-series dimension T can be different for each I ,and the alternative hypothesis would allow some groups to have unit roots while others would not (Baltagi,2009).Both unit root tests work on the assumption that allows r i to vary freely across cross-section.
Table 2shows the panel unit root test results for the IPS and ADF–Fisher chi-square.The results reveal that all the variables are not stationary at levels but they are stationary at the ?rst difference,rejecting the null hypothesis indicating that the variables contain a panel unit root.
Panel cointegration test
Similar to the panel unit root test,the panel cointegration tests became popular among researchers due to its high power compared to the individual time-series cointegration tests.It can also work with data sets with short T and short span because the panel models add the cross-sectional variation to the data which in turn increases the power of the panel cointegration tests.In the present study,the Kao panel cointegration test is employed to examine the long-run relationship between variables.Kao transformed the Engle and the Granger cointegration test from individual time series to a panel.The idea of this test is to examine two I (1)series and see if the residuals of the spurious regression involving these I (1)series are I (0).If this is so,then the series are cointegrated.If the residuals are I (1)then the variables are not cointegrated.The null hypothesis of no coin-Current Issues in Tourism 109
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Table 3summarises the Kao cointegration test results,which clearly show that the t -stat-istics for the ADF test for each model are signi?cant rejecting the null hypothesis of no cointegration,indicating the bi-directional long-run relationship between the variables is present.
Panel Granger causality test
Since the variables are cointegrated,the Granger causality based on the vector error cor-rection model is employed to show the short-run causal relationship based on the F -test and x 2test as well as the long-run causal relationship based on the error correction term ect(21).The Granger causality equations can be speci?ed as follows:
Table 3.Kao panel cointegration test results.
FDIRE TOUR
TOUR FDIRE
t -Statistic Prob.t -Statistic Prob.
22.0567??
0.0199 1.2968?
0.0973
FDIREI TOURA TOURA FDIREI 3.1504
???
0.0008 1.3806?
0.0837
FDIREO TOURD TOURD FDIREO
2.8297
??
0.0023
3.1394???0.0009
Note:We use the automatic selection based on the Schwarz to choose the optimal lag length.
???
Denotes signi?cance at 1%.??
Denotes signi?cance at 5%.Table 2.Panel unit root test.Variable
IPS W -stat
Level
First difference
Intercept
Intercept and trend
Intercept Intercept and trend
FDIRE 0.317880.70937
2.04497??0.61645TOUR 1.51399 1.80361 2.57142??0.17099FDIREI 1.918320.87679
3.50118??? 1.91984??TOURA 0.657250.53258 2.64277?? 5.56077???FDIREO 0.017550.11395 3.88952??? 1.78136??TOURD 0.98339 1.59002 2.30652?? 5.30863???ADF–Fisher chi-square FDIRE 40.767428.985260.4870???46.1109??TOUR 41.792338.669678.6036???48.4624??FDIREI 35.720723.649588.7331???65.1952???TOURA 46.60034
4.309376.0384???119.846???FDIREO 4
5.128222.374397.3892???81.6640???TOURD 44.9581
41.9769
77.6100???
122.448???
Note:We used the Schwarz automatic selection of the lag length for the unit root test.???
Donates statistical signi?cance at 1%level.??
Donates statistical signi?cance 5%level.
110H.G.Fereidouni and U.Al-mulali
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D FDIR
E it =a it +b it ect it ?1+
l i =1
j it D FDIRE it ?1+
l i =1
w it D (TOUR)it ?1+m it ,(8)
D TOUR it =a it +b it ect it ?1+
l i =1
j it D TOUR it ?1+
l i =1
w it D (FDIRE)it ?1+m it ,
(9)
D FDIREI it =a it +b it ect it ?1
+
l i =1
j it D FDIREI it ?1+
l i =1
w it D (TOURA)it ?1+m it ,
(10)
D TOURA it =a it +b it ect it ?1
+
l i =1
j it D TOURA it ?1+
l i =1
w it D (FDIREI)it ?1+m it ,
(11)
D FDIREO it =a it +b it ect it ?1
+
l i =1
j it D FDIREO it ?1+
l i =1
w it D (TOURD)it ?1+m it ,
(12)
D TOURD it =a it +b it ect it ?1
+
l i =1
j it D TOURD it ?1+
l i =1
w it D (FDIREO)it ?1+m it ,
(13)
where D is the difference,a it is the constant term,b it ,j it ,and w it are the parameters,ect is
the error correction term,and m it is white-noise error.
Table 4.Panel Granger causality test results.
Short-run causal relationship Long-run causal
relationship
The independent variables
The independent variables
D FDIR
E D TOUR ect (21)D FDIRE – 1.2558 1.8552??D TOUR 1.9856– 1.9202??D FDIREI
D TOURA ect(21)D FDIREI – 2.6209??
2.8158??D TOURA
3.4115???–0.7805D FDIREO
D TOURD ect(21)D FDIREO – 2.1807??
0.7947D TOURD
0.8743
–
1.6282?
Note:The null hypothesis is that there is no causal relationship between variables.Values in parentheses are p-values for Wald tests with a x 2distribution.D is the ?rst difference operator.ect(21)represents the error correction term lagged one period.???
Denotes signi?cance at 1%.??
Denotes signi?cance at 5%.Current Issues in Tourism 111
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As can be seen in Table 4,the Granger causality test results show the existence of bi-directional causal relationship between FDIRE and TOUR in the long-run based on the error correction term (ect).On the other hand,there is no evidence of the short-run causal relationship between FDIRE and TOUR.
In addition,TOURA has a long-run and a positive short-run causal relationship with FDIREI,while there is only a positive short-run causal relationship from FDIREI to TOURA.Thus,there is a bi-directional causal relationship between FDIREI and TOURA.Moreover,it is found that TOURD has a short-run positive causal relationship with FDIREO,while TOURD has a long-run causal relationship with FDIREO.Therefore,there is a bi-directional causal relationship between FDIREO and TOURD.These results suggest that the development of a tourist industry in a destination country could increase FDI in?ows to real estate.On the other hand,greater amount of FDI in?ows to real estate could promote the tourism industry.
In summary,our results provide strong empirical support for the complementarity
between FDIRE and TOUR argument (He et al.,2009;Rodr?
′guez &Bustillo,2010).Conclusion
This study investigates the relationship between FDIRE and TOUR in a set of OECD countries over the period 1995–2009.Panel co-integration and panel Granger causality techniques are applied to analyse both long-and short-run relationship between ?ows.The empirical results show the existence of the long-run and bi-directional causal relation-ship between FDIRE and TOUR,FDIREI and TOURA,and between FDIREO and TOURD.
These ?ndings are signi?cant since they mean that a complementary link seems to exist between FDIRE and tourism.The relevance of these results for policy-makers is clear because this complementary association between ?ows of FDIRE and international tourism could promote economic growth in OECD countries.In particular,policy-makers need to pay more attention to their tourism sector and try to attract more inter-national tourists in order to develop and recover their real estate sectors which were hit by the recent global ?nancial crisis.For example,it is needed to make appropriate policies to provide information about existing property investment opportunities through property site visits for international tourists as well as international property exhibitions.To achieve this goal,the role of travel agents and conference organisers would be very crucial and signi?cant because they have a direct interaction with international tourists.
On the other hand,OECD countries should attract more international real estate inves-tors to develop their property sectors which can result in higher number of international tourist inbound.The successful example is Singapore.This country could increase the number of international tourist inbound by developing their residential and commercial property sectors through foreign real estate developers such as Las Vegas Sands Corporation.
Finally,the ?ndings of this article should be considered in light of its limitations,which also point to some issues for future studies.First,in this study we test our hypothesis using data from OECD countries.For future research,it may be useful to examine the inter-relationship between tourism and FDIRE using data from developing or fast-growing econ-omies.Second,the present study only considered the aggregate FDIRE for analysis.For future research,it may be interesting to investigate the relationship of FDIRE–tourism by using disaggregate data for various types of properties such as residential,commercial,112H.G.Fereidouni and U.Al-mulali
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Note
1.
The ?gures are in millions of US dollars.
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D o w n l o a d e d b y [B e i j i n g N o r m a l U n i v e r s i t y ] a t 23:54 13 M a r c h 2015
第二讲 原句：I seized the largest brush and fell upon my wretched victim with wild fury. 译文：我抓起那支最大的画笔，势不可挡扑向那全无招架之力的画布。 原文：There is a definite link between smoking and lung cancer. But this doesn’t make you too uncomfortable because you are in good company. 译文：吸烟肯定与肺癌有关，但这并不能使你感到太不舒服，因为吸烟的人不止你一个。 原文：Derek fancies himself as a ladies' man, but he spends too much time admiring himself in the mirror for my liking. 译文：德里克自以为是个讨女人喜欢的人，可是我不喜欢他花那么多的时间在镜子面前自我欣赏。 He is the last man to come. He is the last man to do it. He is the last person for such a job. He should be the last (man) to blame. 原文：John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game. 译文：约翰为人可靠，他既忠诚又正直。 Literal translation takes sentences as its basic units and the whole text into consideration at the same time in the course of translation. It strives to reproduce both the ideological content and the style of the entire literary work and retain as much as possible the figures of speech. 死译：one-to-one translation: each SL word has a corresponding TL word. 硬译：word-for-word translation: Transfers SL grammar and word order, as well as the primary meanings of all the SL words, into translation. It is normally effective only for brief simple neutral sentences. Literal translation goes beyond one-to-one translation, ranges from one word to one word, through group to group, collocation to collocation, clause to clause, to sentence to sentence. Literal translation is the basic translation procedure both in communicative and semantic translation, in that translation starts from there. ---by Newmark Liberal Translation mainly conveys the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence pattern or figures of speech. 原文：我们的朋友遍天下。 错译：Our friends are all over the world. 译文: We have friends all over the world. 单词
浙江广播电视大学 英语专业(开放本科) 《翻译理论与实践》期末复习 题型： 一、选择题（每小题2分，共20分） 二、翻译句子。（每小题3分，共30分） 三、篇章翻译（每小题40分，共40分） 四、案例分析题（每小题10分，共10分） 一、选择题（每小题2分，共20分） 1.美国语言学家罗曼.雅各布森把翻译分成__________。 A. 语内翻译 B. 语际翻译 C. 符际翻译 D. 以上选项都正确 2. 下面哪个选项是错误的？_________。 A. dry goods：纺织品B．white goods：白色的货物 C．white wine：白葡萄酒D．toilet water：花露水 3. “This is a special offer and is not subject to our usual discounts” 请问下面哪个译文最合适？________。 A. 这是特殊报盘，不以我方通常折扣为条件。 B. 这是特惠报盘，我方通常折扣不适应于此盘。 C. 此系特惠报盘，不另加我方通常折扣。 D. 这是特殊报盘，不局限于我们通常折扣。 4．下面哪句话的描述是错误的？________。 A．美国著名翻译理论家奈达提出了“动态对等”原则。 B．“动态对等”原则是指，运用交际理论和信息论的原理，将焦点从传统的译文与原文两个文本的比较转移到两个过程的比较，使人们注意到影响信息接收的各种语言和文化因素。C．奈达曾将“动态对等”的提法改成了“功能对等”原则。 D．翻译求的是“形式对等”，而非”动态对等”。
5．_________提出了“美化之艺术，创优似竞赛”的翻译理念。 A．尤金.奈达B．泰特勒 C．许渊冲D．鲁迅 6. 下面哪个配对是错误的？_____。 A．赤脚医生：barefoot doctor B．纸老虎：paper tiger C．to show one’s cards：摊牌D．大海捞针：look for a needle in sea D B C D C D 7.哪句话的描述是正确的？______。 A. 严复提出的翻译是：重神似不重形似 B. 傅雷的翻译标准是：信、达、雅 C. 许渊冲的翻译标准是：美化之艺术，创优似竞赛 D. 泰特勒的翻译标准是：通顺 8. 下面哪个选项是错误的？_________。 A. dry State：实行禁酒的州B．white goods：白色的货物 C．dry white wine：涩白酒D．toilet water：花露水 9. 泰特勒(Tytler)提出的著名翻译原则是：_______。 A. 译文应完整地再现原文的思想内容。 B. 译文的风格、笔调应与原文的性质相同。 C. 译文应像原文一样流畅自然。 D. 以上选项都正确。 10．下面哪个选项是正确的？________。 A．bring down the house 翻译为：“推倒房子” B．pull up one's socks 翻译为：鼓起勇气 C．think a great deal of oneself 翻译为：“为自己想得很多” D．an apple of love 翻译为：“爱情之果” 11．A book, tight shut, is but a block of paper.下面哪个译文是最合适的？_____。A．一本书，紧紧合上，只是一叠纸。 B．一本书，如果紧紧合上不读，只是一叠纸。 C．一本书，如果紧紧合上不读，只是一叠废纸。 D．闲置之书只是一叠废纸。
谈严复翻译 翻译，作为一种实践活动，在人类文化的交流中一直在广泛进行着。丰富的翻译活动，有利于我们科学系统地对翻译进行研究，也有利于我们形成独特的中西文化观。严复就是中国近代第一个学贯中西的人，他的翻译对中国近代思想有着深远的影响。 严复曾在福州马尾船厂船政学堂学习了五年，他学习了英文，几何，代数，电磁学，光学等新科学知识，到过新加坡，日本等地考察，后又到英国学习考察政治，经济，法律和社会制度，“了解中西政教，风俗之差异，关心世界大事。”回国后，他翻译了向国人敲起危亡警钟的《天演论》。揭示了自然界和人类社会“物竞天择，适者生存”的客观规律，宣传了进化思想。 下面研究一下严复的翻译思想和特点。在词法和句法结构中，他模仿先秦文体的词法句法结构，桐城派古文的优点，其他文体的积极因素，在此基础上进行创造性转化，创造了独具个人特色的新型文体。在《天演论》的手稿初稿中，他直接引用先秦散文中的句子并标明出处，虽然后来他觉得译作中放入中国古书的名字，中国古人的名字明显不妥，使读者感到彷徨，于是在改稿过程中将正文中出现的中国特色的专有名词尽皆删去，但导言仍保留部分如《导言十三》中的“以其所爱，及其所弗爱”一句系取自《孟子》；《导言十二》中的“诱然
皆生，而不知其所以生；同然皆生，而不知其所以得”系庄子所云，“自营为私”是韩非所言，“人之性恶”出自《荀子》。译文中多用单音节词，双音节词很少。而且他的翻译话语中有很多词类活用的范例。 1. 辨物穷微，明揭天道必不可知说。（《天演论·论六》） 2.不见夫业真者乎？（《原富》） 微是形容词，在句1中活用为动词。句2的业本来为名词，但在句中担任动词职务。同时，严复话语中疑问代词宾语前置，否定句中代词宾语前置的例子也不少。如： 何以明之？（《天演论·人群》） 人弗之觉也，觉亦弗之异也。（《天演论·能实》） 其少见的被动句主要采用先秦的“见”字句结构，如： 特在人者，每为气禀所拘。（《天演论·论八》） 而为是幻且虚者之所主。（《天演论·论九》) 若是物特为天下只所厚而择焉以存也者，夫是之谓天择。（《天演论·导言一》） 为了追求群内达旨，他用了很多排偶句： 小之极于跂行倒生，大之放乎日星天地；隐之则神思智识之所以圣狂，显之则政俗文章之所以沿革。（《天演论·导言二·广义》） 人，动物之灵者也，与不灵之禽兽鱼鳖昆虫对；动物者，生类之有知觉运动者也，与无知觉之指植物对；生类者，有质之物而具支体官理者也，与无支体官理之金石对。（《天演论·导言三·趋异》） 严复的翻译使用最多的策略当推意译，为了启发民智，在翻译过程中
Lecture 3 Diction Better late than the late. (原文为美国高速公路上矗立的安全警示牌） Tension is building up. (l) This war is becoming the most important story of this generation. (2) It is quite another story now. (3) Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the story. (4) He’ll be very happy if that story holds up. (5) The Rita Haywoth’s story is one of the saddest. (6) A young man came to Scotti’s office with a story. (7) Last Dec. the Post first reported that probes were being made in each of those cities, but officials refused to confirm the story. (8) The story about him became smaller and by and by faded out from the American TV. 3.1 Methods to Discriminate the Original Meaning of an English Word 3.1.1 Judging from the Word Formation pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 3.1.2Judging from the Part of Speech Right，open your mouth，let me have a look． He hoped to be absolutely right about this issue． I must answer that phone，but I’ll be back right away． The ship righted itself after the big wave had passed． In England，we drive on the left side of the road，not the right side． He exercised his legal right as President to halt the investigation． 3.1.3 Judging from the References 1. I hate blue shirt; white shirt suits me but gray is the most preferable. 3.1.4 Judging from the Context and Collocation 1．Symptoms of SARS developed． 2．We had hopes of developing light industry on quite a large scale．
荆楚理工学院 《翻译理论与实践》教学大纲 一、课程名称：翻译理论与实践 二、课程代码： 三、课程管理：外国语学院(部)英语本科教研室 四、教学对象：09级英语（本科）专业 五、教学时数：总时数72节，其中课堂讲授36节，教学实践36节。 六、课程性质：专业、必修、基础课 七、教学目的与要求： （一）教学目的 《翻译理论与实践》课的教学目的是让学生初步了解有关翻译的基础理论知识，系统讲解基本的翻译方法和技巧，指导翻译实践，把学生掌握的语言知识和技能技巧转化为翻译表达能力。通过反复实践加强翻译基本功，深化对英汉文化的领悟，提高学生的百科知识、文化再现能力、译文对比分析和鉴赏能力。 （二）教学要求 1．课堂教学要求：在理论知识讲授的同时，辅以充分、典型的译例分析，通过活跃的课堂师生互动，把枯燥的理论课变得成生动活泼、妙趣横生而受学生喜欢。分不同文体选择适量单、长句练习和语篇练习，口头翻译课课做，书面实践周周做，练习反馈时时做。实行课后作业全批、全改、全讲解，有针对性检查指导学生实际翻译实践活动。 2．学生能力培养的要求：掌握基本的翻译理论知识，能较熟练地运用各种翻译技巧，利用文体分析法分析和识别汉英两种语言在遣词造句、文体文化等方面的差异，初步进行忠实通顺的英汉互译实践。从而能在毕业以后能较快适应在政治、经济、文化等领域的工作，在各行各业的英汉翻译中发挥积极的作用，以更好满足社会主义市场经济对翻译人才的要求。 八、相关课程衔接： 《语法》、《英汉文化对比》等 九、考核方式：笔试 十、教学纲目： 第一章绪论 一、教学目标：通过本章的学习，让学生了解中西翻译理论简史，明确翻译的定义和翻译的目的，熟悉翻译标准和译者的素质与条件。 二、教学重点及难点： 教学重点：纠正学生认为翻译就是一一对应的英汉转换和翻译课就是死板枯燥的理论教授的错误观念，使其认识到翻译是一种文化交流。 教学难点：介绍翻译的标准和译者的素质与条件，使学生改变翻译课枯燥难学的观念，同时感受到翻译的乐趣。 三、教学时数：4学时。
PART I: I. 原文(Source Text) 水桥 在巴拿马，有一座世界闻名的“水桥”，那就是巴拿马运河。去年暑假，我跟着爸爸妈妈去巴拿马运河游览观光，至今还记忆犹新。 我们乘机抵达巴拿马城，然后搭上了一艘游轮，从巴尔博亚港进入运河。船行13公里后，便到了运河的第一组水闸1。巴拿马运河就是通过水闸的关与开，让船舰跨越陆地的一座“水桥” 2。 我们开始“上桥”了。船驶进闸池之后，厚2米，高、宽各20米，重数百吨的钢闸门便缓缓地关闭，闸池里开始注水。几分钟后，水涨船高3。游轮在两岸电力机车的牵引下缓缓前进。这样连升两级之后，船已经升高了16米。出闸后，再驶过一个小湖，又到了第二组水闸。经过这座水闸，船又升高了9.5米。这样，船已高出海平面26米，进入“桥顶” 4。我们的游船驶进了长达13公里的主航道，只见5两岸山6如刀削，绿树红花，景色十分秀丽7。 游船出了峡谷，驶入了宽阔的加通湖。湖水倒映着远山白云，美丽的小岛时隐时现8。在湖中悠悠航行38公里之后，船来到了加通水闸，从此进入了“下桥”段。这座水闸共有三级，犹如三个巨大的台阶。游船经过加通水闸后，已经降到了与大西洋水面相同的高度。当船驶入利蒙湾时，美丽的加勒比海便出现在眼前9。 我们从太平洋来到大西洋10，彼此隔离的大洋因为有了巴拿马运河而相通。运河全长公里，宽度由150米到304米不等。5万吨级的巨轮，日夜畅通无阻。它无愧于“世界桥梁”的称誉。我由衷地赞美人类改造自然的智慧和勇气!我敬佩你，巴拿马人民! 导游告诉我们，巴拿马人民是有志气的。他们一方面正在改造现在这条运河；另一方面，还准备新建一条更长的运河，预计工程需要10年才能完成，它将成为人类有史以来最大的工程11。我们期待着它早日完成。 II. 理解难点提示(Suggestions for Comprehension) 1. 这里的“水闸”指什么参考下文的“进闸池”、“出闸”。
廉洁的遗嘱 1925年2月24日，国父孙中山病逝时，留下一段《家事遗嘱》：“余因尽瘁国事，不治家产。其所遗之书籍、衣物、住宅等均付吾妻宋庆龄，以为纪念。余之儿女已长成能自立，望各自爱，以继余志。此嘱。” 中山先生艰苦奋斗40年，功勋卓然。但终生廉洁，从未为自己和子女亲属置办过田地遗产。他任过国家临时大总统，官可谓高矣，然而从不追求俸禄。临终留下的遗物只有生前的一些衣物、2，000多本书籍杂志，还有一所旅居加拿大的华侨为他募捐的住宅。 A Testament of Probity On February 24 1925, Sun Yat-sen, the founder of the Republic of China, passed away out of disease, leaving a testament to his families. “For a full commitment to the country cause, I left no savings for you. All my belongings of books, clothes and an apartment will be given to my wife Soong Qing-ling as a commemoration. As for my son and daughter who are already grown-up enough for self independence, my entire wish is your self-respects. ” Mr. Sun Yat-sen devoted himself to China’s revolution cause for 40 years with remarkable contributions, during which never had he purchased any property for himself or his family members. Nor did he ever chase for the emolument in quite a high-rank position as the temporary president of the Republic of China. All he left before death were several clothes, 2000 books and an apartment coming from donations of a chinese resident in Canada. 分析：“国父孙中山”不能照字面翻译，国父特制“中华民国的创始人”。“国家临时大总统”要译成“中华名过临时大总统”才确切。要适当解释孙中山先生艰苦奋斗四十年是为了什么目的。从“从未为自己和子女”到“从不追求俸禄”这几句话在英文的表述中应体现一定的强语势，从“临终留下的遗物”至结束这一句译文挺体现与前面内容在逻辑霍桑的关联性。
一、词语翻译选择（1分*15） 练习一： 1. 姜汁皮蛋: Preserved Eggs in Ginger Sauce 2. 凉拌金针菇: Golden Mushroom with Vegetable 3. 五香牛肉: Spiced Beef 4. 盐焗鸡:Salt Baked Chicken 5. 素鸭: Dried Tofu 6. 电脑盲: computer illiterate 7. 翻两番:quadruple 8. 光谷:optical valley 9. 黑客:hacker 10. 排外主义: exclusivism 练习二： 1. 我打算买辆汽车，可心里一直犹豫不定，不知道买那个牌子的好。 I’m thinking of buying a car, but I’m still of two minds. I can hardly decide as to which brand I should take. 2. 老板这几天沉默寡言，看起来好像是心事重重的。 The boss is quite down these days. He seems to have something weighing heavily on his mind. 3. 千万别得罪他，他会对你怀恨在心的。 Take care not to offend him, or he’ll bear you a grudge. 4. 当老板问起是谁把消息说出去的时候，他们两个人相互推卸责任。 When the boss was asking who had disclosed the news, the two of them began to pass the buck to each other. 5. 这几天不知是什么事把我搞得心烦意乱的。 I don’t know what has set my nerves on edge these days. 6. 火上浇油。To add fuel to the fire. 7. 混水摸鱼。Fish in troubled waters. 8. 小题大做。Make a mountain out of a molehill. 9. 口是心非。Say yes and mean no. 10. 胸有成竹。To have a well-thought plan before doing something.
班级：2011英研 ：金美 学号： 英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。常用的翻译
技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、倒置法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。 一、增译法： 指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或"There be…"结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。 如： 1）You could be mad as a mad dog at the way things went. 你可以像疯狗那样对周围的一切愤愤不平．（出处：电影《返老还童》 2） A she sailed into it. 在他航行中找到的。（出处：电影《加勒比海盗4》） 3）Spanzurati it! Place the neck and lathe! 吊死她！用绳子勒死她！（出处：电影《加勒比海盗4》）
翻译理论与实践试题 一、选择题（在四个选项中选择一个正确答案）：20% 1.中国古代佛经翻译家------提出了“既须求真，又须喻俗”的翻译思想。 A. 鸠摩罗什 B. 玄奘 C．安世高D。释道安 2.严复说的“一名之立，旬月踟躇”是指---------------------。 A.翻译一部书要化一个月时间作准备 B 翻译一个术语往往要考虑很久 C. 只有化苦功才能翻译成一部名著 D. 书名的翻译颇费思量 3..下列四句，----句的表述是不正确的。 A.鲁迅提出过“宁信而不顺”的翻译观点。 B. 马建忠主张“善译”的翻译标准。 C. 钱钟书认为文学翻译的最高标准是“化”。 D. 傅雷认为文学翻译的最高境界是“形似”。 4.下列四位翻译家中，英译《红楼梦》的是------。 A.林语堂 B. 杨宪益 C. 杨必 D. 鲁迅 5.英国语言学家M.A.K.Halliday提出的构成语境三要素中，fields of discourse指---------------------------。 A.交际内容 B. 交际方式 C. 交际风格 D. 交际地点 6.多用被动语态是----------的一个比较明显的语法特点。 A.广告英语 B. 科技英语 C. 新闻英语 D. 法律英语 7.“意译”是指译文从意义出发，要求将原文的意义正确表达出来，不必拘泥于------的形式。 A.词句 B. 词句和比喻 C. 各种修辞手段 D. 词、句、以及各种修辞手段 8.. ------翻译了莎士比亚的全部戏剧作品。 A.朱生豪 B. 卞之琳 C. 梁实秋 D. 林语堂 9.fast, firm, secure三个同义词中，firm的正规程度介于前后两者之间，由此可以判定，它最有可能源自------。 A.法语 B. 拉丁语 C. 盎格鲁-撒克逊语 D. 德语 10.下列四种“语体”中，--------的语言最为正规。 A.广告英语 B. 法律英语 C. 新闻英语 D. 科技英语 二、问答题：30% 1.为什么严复要在他的翻译标准中加上一个“雅”字？你认为现在我们应该怎样理解这个“雅”字？
第一部分---老龄化产业 随着中国老龄化快速到来，如何养老已经成为各方关注的焦点话题。演员吴秀波最近成为媒体的焦点倒不是演什么新片或有什么绯闻，而是居住在养老院的母亲想儿子，抱怨来的次数太少，老太太每次都要用笔记录双方见面甚至是通话时间。是居家养老还是去养老院，记者随机采访了身边的人。 “如果夫妻双方都健在，我还是愿意居家养老。毕竟，一切都是熟悉的，有感情，也方便。”一位现年近50岁的朋友表示。 调查显示，愿意居家养老的占大部分。理由如下：一般家庭目前居住都是成熟社区，医疗、购物、交通等都比较方便，这些都是老年人最需要的服务设施。 其实，各地政府已经采取相关措施，应对老龄化的到来。如上海是全国老龄化程度最高的城市，每五个人中就有一个60岁以上的。最近，上海静安区提出了“床位不离家，服务送到家”的居家养老模式。即上海静安区委、区政府结合区域内居家养老的实际，将本区餐饮、医疗、商业、家政、服务等公共资源进行整合，给予适当经济补贴，成立了15个助老服务站，使老年人享受到社区居家养老服务。 上海静安区模式的好处在于：第一，能够为空巢老人提供“量体裁衣”式服务，服务站上门服务，基本上做到了人性化；第二，能够减轻老人思想压力，使老人安心静养。老人们待在家里静心休养，而不再为吃饭、就医、保健、洗澡、理发等犯愁；第三，能够减少子女的负担，促进家庭和谐。 成都这个休闲城市，也在居家养老上成效明显。全市有10126名“空巢老人”享受政府购买的居家养老服务，有22000余名志愿者、1000余个社会组织、5000余名专业人员为老年人提供居家养老服务。 “过去是养儿防老，现在不同了，估计独生子女的父母们早有思想准备”，一位受调查者告诉记者。 根据国务院日前印发《中国老龄事业发展“十二五”规划》，“十二五”时期，随着第一个老年人口增长高峰到来，我国人口老龄化进程将进一步加快。从2011年到2015年，全国60岁以上老年人将由1.78亿增加到2.21亿，平均每年增加老年人860万；老年人口比重将由13.3%增加到16%，平均每年递增0.54个百分点。 更为重要的是，老龄化进程与家庭小型化、空巢化相伴随，与经济社会转型期的矛盾相交织，社会养老保障和养老服务的需求将急剧增加。未来20年，我国人口老龄化日益加重，到2030年全国老年人口规模将会翻一番，老龄事业发展任重道远。 调查显示，有部分人群选择去养老院或者是老年公寓养老。也不是喜欢不喜欢的问题，而是可以和同龄人在一起，各种服务设施齐备，万一出现问题，也能得到及时救助。只是，远离自己熟悉的家庭环境，对亲情的渴望显得极为迫切。 再看吴秀波将自己母亲送进北京西城区老年公寓的事情。一个月4000元，30多平方米，卫生设备齐全。电视冰箱洗衣机等家电用品一应俱全。 “现在很多老年公寓或养老院，都建立在远离市区的郊区，这很不方便，尤其是医疗等。毕竟，老年人一般都有些身体上的毛病，对医疗服务的需求更为迫切”。一位长期从事医疗卫生事业的人士告诉记者，她认为把老年公寓或养老院孤零零地建在郊区，不太合
作业讲评： The Founders of Modern Science The men who founded modern science had two merits which are not necessarily found together: immense patience in observation, and great boldness in framing hypothesis. The second of these merits had belonged to the earliest Greek philosophers; the first existed, to a considerable degree, in the later astronomers of antiquity. But no one among the ancients, except perhaps Aristarchus, possessed both merits, and no one in the Middle Ages possessed either. Copernicus, like his great successors, possessed both. He knew all that could be known, with the instruments existing in his days, about the apparent motions of the heavenly bodies on the celestial sphere, and he perceived that the diurnal rotation of the earth was a more economical hypothesis than the revolution of all the celestial spheres. 创立近代科学的那些人有两种不一定并存的长处：作观察时十分耐心，设假说时有大无畏精神。其中第二种长处最早期的希腊哲学家先前曾有过，第一种长处在古代晚期的天文家身上也有相当程度的表现。但是在古代人中间，也许除亚里士达克外，没有人同时具备这两种长处，而中世纪的时候，更无人具备任何一种。哥白
《英汉翻译理论与实践》教学大纲 一、课程名称：英汉翻译理论与实践（English-Chinese Translation Theory and Practice） 二、课程编号：11012010 三、学时与学分：68/4 四、考核方式：考试 五、先修课程：基础英语1-4 六、适用学科专业：英语 七、教学目的与要求： 本课程为本科三年级学生开设。学生在一、二学年里打好了较为牢固的英语基础，具备了较强的汉语驾驭能力，并掌握了英汉两种文化的一般性背景知识，进而修读这门课程。本课程理论与实践相结合，根据学生实际探讨基本翻译理论。上学期通过分析英、汉语语言及文化方面的差异，向学生介绍常用翻译技巧，并要求学生做大量的有关练习，提高学生处理词、句层次的水平，使其具备基础的翻译能力。下学期则引入篇章翻译。 通过对不同文体文本的篇章特点及其翻译的讲评和实践练习，培养学生针对不同文体进行翻译的能力及其篇章意识。要求学生修完本课程后，能熟练运用基本翻译技巧对较宽体裁的文本进行较为准确、流畅的翻译，每小时译速为250—300词/字。 八、基本教学内容与学时安排： 教学内容分为两部分。第一部分介绍词、句层次上的相关翻译技巧：词语的增译、减译，词类转换，句子中的语态变换，正说反译与反说正译的运用，词序调整，分译与合译等。第二部分针对各种常见体裁的文本进行篇章翻译的讲授，培养学生文体意识，对新闻、广告、商贸信贷函、法律、科技等不同文体的篇章特点进行分析，评述篇章翻译对忠实传达原文风格的重要性。与此同时，向学生介绍一些基本翻译理论知识，如翻译标准，翻译原则，奈大的功能对等理论，文化差异对翻译等值的影响以及语言差异对翻译的影响。 具体学时分两个学期安排。 第一学期共17周，每周二学时，安排如下： 第1周翻译的基本知识 2—3周英汉语言对比 第4周直译、意译及混合运用 5—14周翻译技巧：选择词义，词类转换，增译减译，重复译法，正说反译，否定转译，语态变换，词序调整，分译合译等 第15周定语及定语从句 第16周英汉主语的表达 第17周长句的翻译 第二学期共17周，每周二学时，安排如下： 1—2周：介绍文体的翻译 3—4周：人物、景象描写的翻译 5—6周：散文的翻译
翻译理论与实践 （以《英语翻译教程》南开大学出版社为基础） 第一讲翻译概述 一、翻译的概念 1．广义的翻译指语言与语言、语言与非语言等代码转换和基本信息的传达。它包括不同语言间的翻译（如英汉互译）语言变体间的翻译（如古今语言、不同方言的互译）、语言与其他交际符号的转换（如把交通规则画成交通标志）。他对翻译的内容只强调“基本信息”，不强调“完全的忠实”。也有翻译家提出“理解也是翻译”的理论，这就把语言与思维也包括在广义的翻译里了。 2．狭义的翻译指语言活动，是把一种语言所表达的内容中式地用另一种远表达出来。这个定义强调“是一种语言活动”，表明它是人类多种交际方式中语言交际的沟通；强调“一种语言到另一种语言”，排除了同一语言间各变体的互译；强调“忠实地”，避免了翻译与释义或改写的混淆。 奈达（Eugene Nida）“Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and second in terms of style.”(Nida & Taber: The Theory and Practice of Translation) 我们的翻译课讲的就是狭义的翻译，并专指“书面表达内容”，以区别于有独特之处的口译（interpretation）。 二、翻译的分类 1．从所涉及的代码性质看，可分为语内翻译（intralingual translation）、语际翻译（interlingual translation）和语符翻译（intersemiotic translation）。语内翻译是同一种语言见不同语言变体的翻译，如把古汉语译成现代汉语，把黑话译成一般语言（雷子，一方）；语际翻译是不同语言间的翻译，是狭义翻译研究的对象；语符翻译是用非文字符号解释文字符号，如图画、手势、音乐符号等。 2．从方向上看，我国的翻译可分为外译汉、汉译外。 3．从手段上看，翻译可分为口译、笔译和机器翻译。 4．从题材，即所译资料的性质上看，可分为文学翻译（literary translation）,如小说、诗歌、戏剧等，和实用翻译（pragmatic translation）,科技资料、法律文件、新闻、公文等。当然两者都可以进一步再分。如小说翻译、新闻翻译等。 5从翻译的模式上看，可分为全译、编译、缩译（节译）、摘译、改译。 a)编译是翻译与编订的结合，是指把所需材料选编、翻译过来，一般不加如译者的观点，所据材料 可以是一种也可以是多种，常用于实用性资料的翻译中，如说明书，介绍。 b)缩译也叫节译，是翻译与缩写的结合，近似于编译，但一般要求原材料是一种。（如金教授《尤利 西斯》的节译与选译之争） c)摘译是翻译与摘录的结合，是比缩译更简约的一种获取资料的方法。 d) 改译，是翻译和创作的结合，如文学作品可以增删一些情节（迦因小传），体裁也可有所改动，如 原文是戏剧可改译成小说（如朱生豪把莎士比亚的诗体译成散文体）。 补充资料：口译 口译依进行的方式，可分为同声传译以及交替传译两大类。 ●同声传译 所谓同声传译（Simultaneous Interpreting），是指译员以几乎与讲者同时的方式，做口语翻译，也就是在讲者仍在说话时，同声传译员便“同时”进行翻译。由于同声传译员必须一边接收来自讲者的讯息，一边将讯息尽快传递给听者，因此“一心多用”这样的分神能力（Multi-tasking），是译员的训练重点。 同声传译经常应用于一般的正式国际会议中，通常口译员会坐在位于后方的“口译室”（Booth）中，透过耳机以及视线或视讯接收讲者的讯息，然后对著麦克风进行翻译，而坐于会场中的听众，
《翻译理论与实践1》课程教学大纲 英文名称：Translation Theory and Practice 1 课程编号：06120360 课程类别：专业课，必修 总学时数：32（理论学时：16 实践学时：16） 学分：2 开课单位：外国语学院 适用专业：英语（师范） 一、课程的性质、目的和任务 《翻译理论与实践1》是为英语（师范）专业开设的必修专业课。本课程是《翻译理论与实践2》的基础，旨在使学生较系统地掌握中外翻译理论，并在理论学习的同时进行各种类型的翻译实践，通过理论与实践相结合的方式，加深对理论的理解，同时掌握翻译技巧，增强翻译技能，进一步提高英语语言的综合运用能力，同时也为《翻译理论与实践2》的学习做准备。 二、课程教学内容及教学要求 第一章翻译概述 1．教学内容 翻译的基本原理（定义、类型、标准）；翻译的过程（理解、表达、审校）；翻译的条件 2．重点、难点 重点：翻译的定义和标准 难点：翻译的标准（中西方著名翻译家提出的翻译标准比较和探讨）3．教学基本要求 了解翻译的发展历史和定义；掌握翻译活动的基本过程；理解中西方著名翻译家提出的翻译标准。 第二章英汉语言对比 1．教学内容 英汉语言不同点对比（印欧语系与汉藏语系；主语句与主题句；形合与意合； 树状与竹状；静态与动态） 2．重点、难点 重点：主语句与主题句；形合与意合；树状与竹状的不同点对比 难点：树状与竹状的不同点对比 3．教学基本要求 通过例句分析，了解英汉语言在语系、句法、语义、词法等方面的不同点，在练习的基础上，加深差异理解，提高英汉语言差异的敏感度。 第三章英汉思维和文化对比 1．教学内容 英汉思维和文化对比
作业讲评： 那年, 我患了严重的精神疾病, 住进医院。第五星期结束时, 丈夫陪我去看院内医生。精神病科主任问了几个问题后, 告诉我说: “你进步很快, 很可能再过一星期, 就可以出院了。”丈夫和我相视而笑。 出院后的一年半, 丈夫陪我每六个月去一次本地的心理卫生中心接受检查。每去一次, 我的药量就减少了一些, 最后医生告诉我说，不必再服药了。这段时间, 我逐渐恢复了精神失常前的生活。我很幸运, 因为这类精神病多半可以治愈, 患者中80%以上可以完全痊愈。 现在, 折磨我很久的病痛已经一扫而空, 我获得了新生, 婚姻又和以前一样美满了。而我的丈夫在那段可怕痛苦的日子里忠贞不渝的爱令我永生难忘。 That year I suffered from a serious mental illness and was taken to hospital. Accompanied by my husband I went to see the doctor at the end of the fifth week. After asking me a few questions, the director of the psychiatry department then said, “You’ve been doing quite well. Perhaps you can go home in a week’s time.” M y husband and I couldn’t help grinning at each other on hearing this. In the following 18 months after I was discharged from hospital, my husband would accompany me to the local mental health centre for examinations every six months. With each visit, the dose of medicine prescribed to me was progressively reduced until one day the doctor told