上海大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析
It is no longer just dirty blue-collar jobs in manufacturing that are being sucked offshore but also white-collar service jobs,which used to be considered safe from foreign competition.Telecoms charges have tumbled,allowing workers in far-flung locations to be connected cheaply to customers in the developed world.This has made it possible to offshore services that were once non-tradable.Morgan Stanley's Mr.Roach has been drawing attention to the fact that the"global labor arbitrage"is moving rapidly to the better kinds of jobs.It is no longer just basic data processing and call centers that are being outsourced to low-wage countries,but also software programming, medical diagnostics,engineering design,law,accounting,finance and business consulting.These can now be delivered electronically from anywhere in the world,exposing skilled white-collar workers to greater competition.Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.
The standard retort to such arguments is that outsourcing abroad is too small to matter much.So far fewer than lm American
service-sector jobs have been lost to off-shoring.Forrester Research forecasts that by2015a total of3.4m jobs in services will have moved abroad,but that is tiny compared with the30m jobs destroyed and created in America every year.The trouble is that such studies allow only for the sorts of jobs that are already being off-shored,when
in reality the proportion of jobs that can be moved will rise as IT advances and education improves in emerging economies.
Alan Blinder,an economist at Princeton University,believes that most economists are underestimating the disruptive effects of
off-shoring,and that in future two to three times as many service jobs will be susceptible to off-shoring as in manufacturing.This would imply that at least30%of all jobs might be at risk.In practice the number of jobs off-shored to China or India is likely to remain fairly modest.Even so,the mere threat that they could be shifted will depress wages:
Moreover,says Mr.Blinder,education offers no protection. Highly skilled accountants,radiologists or computer programmers now have to compete with electronically delivered competition from abroad, whereas humble taxi drivers,janitors and crane operators remain safe from off-shoring.This may help to explain why the real median wage of American graduates hat fallen by6%since2000,a bigger decline than in average wages.
In the1980s and early1990s,the pay gap between low-paid, low-skilled workers and high-paid,high-skilled workers widened significantly.But since then,according to a study by David Autor, Lawrence Katz and Melissa Kearney,in America,Britain and Germany workers at the bottom as well as at the top have done better than those in the middle-income group.Office cleaning cannot be done by workers in India.It is the easily standardized skilled jobs in the middle,
such as accounting,that are now being squeezed hardest.A study by Bradford Jensen and Lori Kletzer,at the Institute for International Economics in Washington D. C.,confirms that workers in tradable services that are exposed to foreign competition tend to be more skilled than workers in non-tradable services and tradable manufacturing industries.
26.To off-shore services that were once non-tradable results from___________.
[A]the blue-collar job market
[B]the geographic location of the Underdeveloped world
[C]the fierce competition among skilled workers
[D]the dive of telecoms fee
27.Which of the following statements is the typical reply concerning off-shoring?
[A]Service-sector has sustained a great loss.
[B]White-collar workers will not have a narrow escape.
[C]Most economists underestimated the effects of off-shoring.
[D]Outsourcing abroad has no significant impact.
28.According to the text,Forrester Research Prediction might be different if___________.
[A]outsourcing abroad is large enough to matter much
[B]the proportion of jobs that can be moved will rise
[C]more comprehensive factors are taken into account
[D]education improvement in emerging economies plays a role
29.The narrative of the text in the last three paragraphs concentrates on___________.
[A]the standard retort to the arguments
[B]off-shoring and the resulting income
[C]the future off-shoring
[D]the counter-measures at hand
30.Which of the following could be the best title for the text?
[A]Business consulting.
[B]Blue-collar jobs.
[C]Non-tradable services.
[D]White-collar blues.
Text3
The mythology of a culture can provide some vital insights into the beliefs and values of that culture.By using fantastic and sometimes incredible stories to create an oral tradition by which to explain the wonders of the natural world and teach lessons to younger generations,a society exposes those ideas and concepts held most important.Just as important as the final lesson to be gathered from the stories,however,are the characters and the roles they play in conveying that message.
Perhaps the epitome of mythology and its use as a tool to pass on cultural values can be found in Aesop's Fables,told and retold during the era of the Greek Empire.Aesop,a slave who won the favor of the court through his imaginative and descriptive tales,almost
exclusively used animals to fill the roles in his short stories. Humans,when at all present,almost always played the part of bumbling fools struggling to learn the lesson being presented.This choice of characterization allows us to see that the Greeks placed wisdom on a level slightly beyond humans,implying that deep wisdom and understanding is a universal quality sought by,rather than steanning from,human beings.
Aesop's fables illustrated the central themes of humility and self-reliance,reflecting the importance of those traits in early Greek society.The folly of humans was used to contrast against the ultimate goal of attaining a higher level of understanding and awareness of truths about nature and humanity.For example,one notable fable features a fox repeatedly trying to reach a bunch of grapes on a very high vine.After failing at several attempts,the fox gives up,making up its mind that the grapes were probably sour anyway.The fable's lesson,that we often play down that which we can't achieve so as to make ourselves feel better,teaches the reader or listener in an entertaining way about one of the weaknesses of the human psyche.
The mythology of other cultures and societies reveal the underlying traits of their respective cultures just as Aesop's fables did.The stories of Roman gods,Aztec ghosts and European elves all served to train ancient generations those lessons considered most important to their community,and today they offer a powerful looking
glass by which to evaluate and consider the contextual environment in which those culture existed.
31.The author appears to view fables as______.
[A]the most interesting and valuable form of mythology
[B]entertaining yet serious subjects of study
[C]a remnant tool of past civilizations,but not often used in the modern age
[D]the primary method by which ancient values and ideas were transmitted between generations
32.The way that fables were used in the past is most similar to today's______.
[A]fairy tales that entertain children at home
[B]stories in children's school textbooks that reinforce the lesson
[C]science documentaries that explain how nature works
[D]movies that depict animals as having human characteristics
33.The main purpose of paragraph3is to______.
[A]examine how one of Aesop's fables sheds light on certain facets of Greek belief
[B]dissect one of Aesop's fables in order to study the elements that make up Greek mythology
[C]learn from the lesson presented in one of Aesop's most well-known fables
[D]illustrate a fable typical of Aesop's style,so as to examine
how one goes about studying the meaning behind it
34.The author names the Roman,Aztec and European cultures in order to______.
[A]identify other cultures in which fables were the primary method by which to pass on traditions and values
[B]explicitly name the various types of characters in those culture's fables
[C]stress that mythology was used by cultures other than the Greeks to convey societal morals
[D]establish them,in addition to the Greeks,as the societies most notable for their mythology
35.The main point of this text is______.
[A]Aesop's fables provide a valuable glimpse into early Greek thought and beliefs
[B]the most efficient and reliable way to study the values system of an ancient culture is through study of its mythology
[C]without a thorough examination of a society's fables and other mythology,a cultural study on that society would be only partial
[D]through the study of a culture's mythological tradition,one can discern some of the underlying beliefs that shaped those stories Text4
Much has been written about poverty but none of the accounts seem to get at the root of the problem.It must be noted that the debilitating effects of poverty are not only the result of lack of
money but are also the result of powerlessness.The poor are subject to their social situation instead of being able to affect it through action，that is，through behavior that flows from an individual's decisions and plans.In other words，when social scientists have reported on the psychological consequences of poverty，it seems reasonable to believe that they have described the psychological consequences of powerlessness.The solution to poverty most frequently suggested is to help the poor secure more money without otherwise changing the present power relationships.This appears to implement the idea of equality while avoiding any unnecessary threat to the established centers of power.But since the consequences of poverty are related to powerlessness，not to the absolute supply of money available to the poor，and since the amount of power purchasable with a given supply of money decreases as a society acquires a large supply of goods and services，the solution of raising the incomes of the poor is likely，unless accompanied by other measures，to be ineffective in a wealthy society.
In order to reduce poverty—related psychological and social problems in the United States，the major community will have to change its relationship to neighborhoods of poverty in such fashion that families in the neighborhoods have a greater interest in the broader society and can more successfully participate in the decision-making process of the surrounding community.Social action to help the poor should have the following characteristics：the poor should see
themselves as the source of the action;the action should effect in major ways the preconceptions of institutions and persons who define the poor;the action should demand much in effect or skill;the action should be successful and the successful self-originated important action should increase the feeling of potential worth and individual power of individuals who are poor.
The only initial resource which a community should provide to neighborhoods of poverty should be on a temporary basis and should consist of organizers who will enable the neighborhoods quickly to create powerful，independent，democratic organizations of the poor. Through such organizations，the poor will then negotiate with the outsiders for resources and opportunities without having to submit to concurrent control from outside.
36.By“powerless”(sentence2，Para1)，the author most probably means that the poor__________.
[A]have no right to make individual decisions and plans
[B]can not exercise control over other groups of people
[C]are not in a condition to change their present situation
[D]are too weak to resist any social situation imposed on them
37.The author expresses his opinion in the first paragraph that _________.
[A]the hopeless condition of the poor is caused by their powerlessness rather than lack of money
[B]great efforts should be made to help poor to secure more money
without changing present power relationships
[C]it is no use raising the incomes of the poor while not improve their state of powerlessness
[D]in helping the poor attention should be paid to avoiding any unnecessary threat to the established centers of power
38.According to the author，the primary role of the major community in helping the neighborhoods of poverty is_______.
[A]to provide long-term assistance from outside
[B]to offer necessary opportunities of securing more money
[C]to carry out more social programs in the neighborhoods
[D]to lend experienced advice in the formation of democratic self-help organizations
39.What does the word“concurrent”(Para.3)most probably mean?
[A]Following.
[B]Subsequent.
[C]Previous.
[D]Simultaneous.
40.The main purpose of the author in writing the passage is _______.
[A]to criticize the present methods employed to help the poor
[B]to analyze the social and psychological aspects of poverty
[C]to propose a way in which the poor can be more effectively helped
[D]to describe the attitude of the community towards the poor
本文由“育明考博”整理编辑
Reading Comprehension (35 minutes) Directions:There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Passage One Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage: When Kathie Gifford ’s face was splashed across the newspapers in 1996 after her lucrative line of Wal mart clothing was exposed as the work of underpaid laborers in New York City ’s Chinatown, the Department of Labor and the White House teamed up to condemn such practices. With much fanfare, President Clinton’s administration launched the “No Sweat” campaign, which pressured retailers and manufacturers to submit to periodic independent inspection of their workplace conditions.; This campaign urged manufacturers to sign the Workplace Code of Conduct, a promise to self regulate that has since been adopted by a handful of retailers and many of the nation ’s largest manufacturers, including Nike and L.L. Bean. However, the Department of Defense, which has a $ 1 billion garment business that would make it the country’s 14th largest retail apparel outlet, has not signed the Code of Conduct. In addition, it has not agreed to demand that its contractors submit to periodic inspections.; Because the Department of Defense has not agreed to adhere to the code, the job of stopping public sector sweatshops falls to the Department of Labor. Federal contractors that persist in violating wage laws or safety and health codes can lose their lucrative taxpayer financed contracts. But Suzanne Seiden, a deputy administrator at the Department of Labor, says that to her knowledge, the department has never applied that rule to government apparel manufacturers. “I just assume that they are adhering to safety and health requirements,” she says. According to records obtained by Mother Jones, through a Freedom of Information Act request, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration has cited Lion 32 times for safety and health violations in the past 12 years. 21.What is this passgage mainly concerned with? A)The functions of the Department of Labor in America. B)A serious problem threatening American economy. C)The successful attempt of regulating sweatshops in America. D)The seriousness of the problem of sweatshops in America. 22.According to the passage, Kathie Gifford ____. A) was one of the underpaid laborers in New York City’s Chinatown B) was one of the well paid laborers in New York City ’s Chinatown C) made much money from cheap laborers in New York City’s Chinatown D) wrote a newspaper article exposing the practice of employing cheap laborers 23.The underlined p hrase “to submit to” is closest in meaning to ____. A) to accept unwillingly B) to refuse coldly C) to welcome warm heartedly D) to blame strongly 24.Which of the following statements about the Department of Defense is true? A) It will become the count ry’s 14th largest retail apparel manufacturer. B) It hasn’t acted according to the Workplace Code of Conduct. C) It has demanded its contractors to sign the Workplace Code of Conduct. D) It has teamed up with the Department of Labor to launch a campaign. 25.What was the purpose of President Clinton’s administration launching the “No Sweat” campaign? A) To urge manufacturers to obey the Workplace Code of Conduct. B) To remind the manufacturers of the Workplace Code of Conduct. C) To urge the Department of Labor to take its responsibility. D) To urge the Department of Defense to inspect manufacturers. Passage Two Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage: The term investment portfolio conjures up visions of the truly rich-the Rockefellers, the Wal Mart Waltons, Bill Gates. But today, everyone-from the Philadelphia firefighter, his part time receptionist wife and their three children, to the single Los Angeles lawyer starting out on his own-needs a portfolio.; A portfolio is simply a collection of financial assets. It may include real estate, rare stamps and coins, precious metals and even artworks. But those are for people with expertise. What most of us need to know about are stocks, bonds and cash (including such cash equivalents as money market funds).; How do you decide what part of your portfolio should go to each of the big three? Begin by understanding that stocks pay higher returns but are more risky; bonds and cash pay lower returns but are less risky.; Research by Ibbotson Associates, for example, shows that large company stocks, on average, have returned 11.2 percent annually since 1926. Over the same period, by comparison, bonds have returned an annual average of 5.3 percent and cash, 3.8 percent.; But short term risk is another matter. In 1974, a one year $1000 investment in the stock market would have declined to $735.; With bonds, there are two kinds of risk: that the borrower won’t pay you back and that the money you’ll get won’t be worth very much. The U.S. government stands behi nd treasury bonds, so the credit risk is almost nil. But the inflation risk remains. Say you buy a $1000 bond maturing in ten years. If inflation averages about seven percent over that time, then the $1000 you receive at maturity can only buy $500 worth of today’s goods.; With cash, the inflation risk is lower, since over a long period you can keep rolling over your CDs every year (or more often). If inflation rises, interest rates rise to compensate.; As a result, the single most imortant rule in building a portfolio is this: If you don’t need
西安交通大学考博英语试题及其解析 I.In each question,decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET,(15points) EXAMPLE: I was caught_the rain yesterday. A.in B.by C.with D.at ANSWER:(A) l.Those two families have been quarrelling__each other for many years. A.to B.between C.against D.with 2.There are many things whose misuse is dangerous,bur it is hard to think of anything that can be compared___ A.in B.with C.among D.by 3."How often have you seen cases like this?"one surgeon asked another."Oh,__times,I guess,"was the reply. A.hundred of B.hundreds C.hundreds of D.hundred 4.Give me your telephone number__I need your help. A.whether B.unless C.so that D.in case 5.You sang well last night.We hope you'll sing__. A.more better B.still better C.nicely D.best 6.Those people__a general understanding of the present situation. https://www.doczj.com/doc/4a8739652.html,ck of B.are lacking of https://www.doczj.com/doc/4a8739652.html,ck D.are in lack 7.Alone in a desert house,he was so busy with his research work
复旦大学2003年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题（秋季） PartⅠListening Comprehension (15%) 略 PartⅡV ocabulary and Structure (10%) Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in the part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. 21. She her vacation so much that she didn?t want it to end. A. missed B. budgeted C. loathed D. relished 22. They tried to keep it quiet but eventually everyone learned about the meeting. A. intangible B. sedate C. impudent D. clandestine 23. Many citizens appealed to the city government for enacting laws to protect the consumers. A. rigorous B. equivocal C. stringent D. furtive 24. People who like to were red clothes are more likely to be talkative and . A. lucrative B. introverted C. vivacious D. perilous 25. This is but a of the total amount of information which the teenager has stored. A. faction B. friction C. fraction D. fracture 26. They were tired, but not less enthusiastic that account. A. on B. by C. for D. with 27. I think it is high time we the fact that environment pollution in this area is getting more serious than before. A. woke up to B. must wake up to C. wake up to D. are waking up to 28. So was the mood of the meeting that an agreement was soon reached. A. resentful
2017年北京清华大学考博英语真题 1. The leaders of the two countries feel it desirable to funds from armaments to health and education. A. derive B. deprive C. dispatch D. divert 2. To fund the event and also promote the marketing value of the National Games, the organizing committee set up the Marketing Development Department (MDD). A. beneficent B. expensive C. costly D. luxurious 3. Japanese workers still put in an impressive 42 hours each week, but they are by the South Koreans and Singaporeans who spend an average 46 hours at the grindstone. A. outdone B. outweighed C. outrun D. outrivaled 4. With the economy of the country going strong, the mood is optimism. A. presiding B. circulating C. floating D. prevailing 5. The hunter knows quite well that wild animals go seeking their in the jungle after dark. A. victim B. favorite C. prey D. sacrifice 6. The company, EDS, is smart enough to its 90,000-person workforce into independent micro teams that work directly with individual clients on creative business solutions. A. break out 、 B. break off C. break from D. break down 7. They agreed to take their disputes before the committee and by its decisions. A. stand B. observe C. abide D. precede 8. Very few people could understand the lecture the professor delivered because its subject was very . A. obscure B. indefinite C. dubious D. intriguing 9. Please don’t too much on the painful memories. Everything will be all right.
2015年考博 单选： 有少部分原题（出自曾建彬《研究生英语》《研究生高级英语》） 阅读理解： 第一篇：Education is one of the key words of our time. A man without an education, most of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances, deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities. Convinced of the importance of education, modern states "invest" in institutions of learning to get back "interest" in the form. of a large group of enlightened young men and women who are potential leaders. Education, with its cycles of instruction so carefully worked out, punctuated by textbooks—that purchasable wells of wisdom—what would civilization be like without its benefits? So much is certain: that we would have doctors and preachers, lawyers and defendants, marriages and births—but our spiritual outlook would be different. We would lay less stress on "facts and figures" and more on a good memory, on applied psychology, and the capacity of a man is to get along with his fellow-citizens. If our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the most democratic form. of "college" imaginable. Among tribal people all knowledge inherited by tradition is shared by all; it is taught to every member of the tribe so that in this respect every- body is equipped for life. It is the ideal condition of the "equal start" which only our most progressive forms of modern education try to regain. In primitive cultures the obligation to seek and to receive the traditional instruction is binding to all. There are no "illiterates"—if the term can be applied to peoples without a script—while our own compulsory school attendance became law in Germany in 1642, in France in 1806, and in England in 1876, and is still non-existent in a number of "civilized" nations. This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure that all our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the "happy few" during the past centuries. Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. All are entitled to an equal start. There is none of the hurry, which, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality. There, a child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parents' and therefore the jungles and the savannahs know of no "juvenile delinquency". No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children, and no father is confronted with his inability to "buy" an education for his child. (选自新概念) 第二篇：关于在Internet site上挂条幅广告销售商品的。第一题问：文章开头是什么意思，我选择了，和传统广告一样，互联网广告也是为了促使消费者冲动消费。有一题问：下列哪些选项作者没提及：我选了传统广告在较长的竞争中必然会战胜网络广告方式。有一题关于互联网广告的：我选择了需要做些change来保持他的竞争性什么的。最后一题问作者对互联网广告的态度：uncertain,objective,X,X.另两个记不清了，我选的客观的。 第三篇：关于脸书，推特等这些网络平台火的原因，强调以前的网络平台web1.只是让你看别人提供的content，而web 2.如这些社交平台是让你能跟别人交流自己creat content,而不是enjoy 别人提供的content.一题问：Myspace社交平台火的原因：我选了有content的那个选项。有题问下面哪个选项作者没提及：我选了大家怀念web1.那个选项。 第3篇This reading comprehension focuses on social networks. It's followed by key vocabulary
江南大学食品化学考博历年题收集资料收集食品化学 2004前有1套 2004年 春季博士学位研究生入学考试题(有) 秋季博士学位研究生入学考试题(有) 2005年 春季博士学位研究生入学考试题(有) 秋季博士学位研究生入学考试题(有) 2006年 春季博士学位研究生入学考试题(有) 秋季博士学位研究生入学考试题(有) 2007年 春季博士学位研究生入学考试题秋季博士学位研究生入学考试题(有) 2008年春季博士学位研究生入学考试题(有) 秋季博士学位研究生入学考试题(有) 2009年 春季博士学位研究生入学考试题(停) 秋季博士学位研究生入学考试题 2010年春季博士学位研究生入学考试题(停) 秋季博士学位研究生入学考试题(要 考;2010,3,21) 2004年前春季考博入学考试 1 如何采用食品化学原理解决一个食品加工和储藏中的实际问题。 2 蛋白质的水合作用取决于哪些因素。 3 举出一个食品中重要的含硫糖苷的例子，它具有什么重要的意义。 4 写出一种还原性的二糖和一种非还原性二糖的结构。 5 简述食品化学的定义。 6 简述疏水相互作用。
7 用乳糖酶水解牛乳中的乳糖，如果酶制剂中含有蛋白酶活力，那么肉眼可以观察到被处理的牛乳法生了什么变化，为什么, 8 测定米氏常数方程中的米氏常数有什么实际意义。 9 用反应式表示过氧化物酶催化的反应，并用化学结构式表示两种底物(各举 一例) 10 写出5个影响食品脂类氧化的因素。 11 为什么在面包改良剂中加入大豆粉(含脂类氧化酶) 12写出果胶物质的结构。 13 在矿物质强化方面哪一种元素受到关注，目前普遍使用的是哪一种化合物 以达到强化此元素的目的，还存在哪些问题, 14 在叶绿素酶作用下叶绿素发生什么变化,然而导致植物丧失绿色的原因肯可能是其它的因素，请简述。 15 动物被宰后，体内ATP转化成呈味核苷酸，请描述这个过程(不必写出每种物质的结构式) 16 写出5种食品防腐剂的结构。 17 小麦面粉中最重要的蛋白质是哪四类，哪两类蛋白质的变化影响面筋的结 构和性质。 18 写出甲基纤维素、羧丙基纤维素和羧甲基纤维素的结构(一个构成单元) 19 写出3种抗抗氧化剂(针对脂类氧化)的结构和两种助氧化剂的名称。 20 写出分子流动性(Nm)决定的5种食品性质。 2004年春季博士学位研究生入学考试题 考试科目:食品化学(共1页) 注意事项:共20题，每题5分。答题务必简明扼要，并注意书写整洁。 1 写 出纤维素(MC)、羟丙基纤维素(HPMC)和羧甲基纤维素分子片段的结构式。 2 写出β,环糊精的结构式，并简述它在食品中的应用。 3 指出5种有分子流动性(Mm)决定的食品性质。 4 写出食品水分活度的定义，并描述一种测定小试样水分活度的方法。 5 写 出四种影响商品脂肪稠度的因素。
General English Admission Test For Non-English Major Ph.D. program (Harbin Institute of Technology) Passage One Questions 1-7 are based on the following passage: According to a recent theory, Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems were formed over two billion years ago from magmatic fluids that originated from molten granitelike bodies deep beneath the surface of the Earth. This theory is contrary to the widely held view that the systems were deposited from metamorphic fluids, that is, from fluids that formed during the dehydration of wet sedimentary rocks. The recently developed theory has considerable practical importance. Most of the gold deposits discovered during the original gold rushes were exposed at the Earth’s surface and were found because the y had shed trails of alluvial gold that were easily traced by simple prospecting methods. Although these same methods still leas to an occasional discovery, most deposits not yet discovered have gone undetected because they are buried and have no surface expression. The challenge in exploration is therefore to unravel the subsurface geology of an area and pinpoint the position of buried minerals. Methods widely used today include analysis of aerial images that yield a broad geological overview, geophysical techniques that provide data on the magnetic, electrical, and mineralogical properties of the rocks being investigated, and sensitive chemical tests that are able to detect : the subtle chemical halos that often envelop mineralization. However, none of these high-technology methods are of any value if the sites to which they are applied have never mineralized, and to maximize the chances of discovery the explorer must therefore pay particular attention to selecting the ground formations most likely to be mineralized. Such ground selection relies to varying degrees on conceptual models, which take into account theoretical studies of relevant factors. These models are constructed primarily from empirical observations of known mineral deposits and from theories of ore-forming processes. The explorer uses the models to identify those geological features that are critical to the formation of the mineralization being modeled, and then tries to select areas for exploration that exhibit as many of the critical features as possible. 1. The author is primarily concerned with . A. advocating a return to an older methodology. B. explaining the importance of a recent theory. C. enumerating differences between two widely used methods D. describing events leading to a discovery 2. According to passage, the widely held view of Archean-age gold-quartz vein
清华大学2007年博士研究生人学考试 英语试题 Part I Listening Comprehension(15 points)(略） Part II Reading Comprehendon (40%) Directions ：There are 4 reading passages in this part Each passage is followed by some questions or unfin?ished statements. For each or them there are four choices marked A，B, C and D* You should decide on the best choice and then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet Questions 16 to 20 are based on the foUowing passage： Sometimes，over a span of many years，a business will continue to grow，generating ever-increasing a- mounts of cash，repurchasing stock，paying increased dividends，reducing debt，opening new stores，expan?ding production facilities，moving into new markets，etc.，while at the same tune its stock price remains stagnant (or even falls)* When this happens，the average and professional investors alike tend to overlook the company because they become familiar with the trading range. Take，for example，Wal-Mart Over the past five years，the retailing behemoth has grown sales by over 80% , profits by over 100%，and yet the stock price has fallen as much as 30% during that timeframe. Clearly, the valuation picture has changed An investor that read the annual report back in 2000 or 2001 might have passed on the security，deeming it too expensive based on a metric such as the price to earnings ratio. Today，however, the equation is completely different~despite the stock price,Wal-Mart is, in essence, trading at half its former price because each share is backed by a larger dividend, twice the earnings power, more stores，and a bigger infrastructure. Home Depot is in much the same boat，largely because some Wall Street analysts question how fast two of the world?s largest companies can continue to grow before their sheer size slows them down to the rate of the general economy. Coca-Cola is another excellent example of this phenomenon. Ten years ago，in 1996, the stock traded between a range of $36. 10 and $54. 30 per share. At the time, it had reported earnings per share of $ 1. 40 and paid a cash dividend of $ 0. 50 per share. Corporate per share book value was $ 2. 48. Last year, the stock traded within a range of $ 40. 30 and $ 45. 30 per share；squarely in the middle of the same area it had been nearly a decade prior! Yet，despite the stagnant stock price，the 2006 estimates Value Line In?vestment Survey estimates for earnings per share stand around $2. 16 (a rise of 54% )，the cash dividend has more than doubled to $ 1. 20, book value is expected to have grown to $ 7. 40 per share (a gain of nearly 300% )，and the total number of shares outstanding (未偿付的，未完成的）has actually decreased,from 2. 481 billion to an estimated 2, 355 billion due to the company's share repurchase program. 16. This passage is probably a part of ? A. Find Hidden Value in the Market B. Become Richer C. Get Good Bargains D. Identify Good Companies 17. The italicized word“ stagnant?，(line 3，Para. 1) can be best paraphrased as ? A. prominent B. terrible C. unchanged D. progressing Wal-Mart is now trading at a much lower price because . A. it has stored a large quantity of goods B. it has become financially more powerful C. it has been eager to collect money to prevent bankruptcy