自考 00832 英语词汇学-笔记(根据考纲标记重点)

《英语词汇学》（课程代码： 00832 ）试卷结构Chapter 5 Word Meaning （词的意义）Reference （所指关系）is the relati on ship betwee n Ian guage and the world.Concept 概念），which is beyond Ianguage, is the result of human cognition n. 认识； 知识； 认识能力 ,reflecting the objective world in the human mind.Sense （语义）de no tes the relati on ship in side the Ian guage. Every word that has meaning has sense （not every word has referen ce ）Motivation （词义理据 ）account for the connection between the linguistic （word ） symbol and its meaning. Onomatopoeic motivation （拟声理据）words were created by imitating the nature sounds or noises.Morphological motivation （形态理据）compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meanings of many are the sum total of the morphemes comb in ed.彳艮多合成词和派生词都是这类，Semantic motivation （语义理据）refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It expla ins the connection betwee n the literal sense a nd figurative sense of the word.（ 由字面义派生出来的弓丨申义） Etymological motivation （词源理据）the meaning of many words often relate directly to their origins. In other words the history of the word explain the meaning of the word.Grammatical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relati on ships. Conceptual meaning also known as denotative meaning （夕卜延意义 ）,is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-mea ning.Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning.Connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associati ons suggested by the con ceptual meaning, traditi on ally know as connotations .Stylistic meaning refers to stylistic features, which make them appropriate for differe nt con texts.语法意义Types of Meaning词义的分类Affective meaning indicates the speaker' attitude towards the person or thing in question .（appreciative or pejorative）. Collocative meaning is that part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussi on. Stylistic meaning and affective meaning are revealed by means of collocatio ns.Chapter 6 Sense Relations and Semantic Fiel语义关系和语义场）6.1 Polysemy （多义关系）1. 多义关系的形成：Polysemy is a com mon feature peculiar to all n ature Ian guage that a word has more tha n one sense.An overwhelming majority of words are polysemous. When a word is first coined, it is always monosemic. But in the course of developme nt, the same symbol must be used to express more meanin gs. The result is polysemy.2. Two approaches to polysemy（多义关系的两种研究方法）:diachronic approach（历时角度）and synchronic approach共时角度）.3. Two process of developme nt（词义发展的两种模式）1）Radiation 梓畐射型）is a sema ntic process in which the primary meaning sta nds at the cen ter and the sec on dary mea nings proceed out of it in every direct ion like rays. The mea nings are in depe ndent of one ano ther. But can all be traced back to the centre meaning .2）Concatenation（连锁型）,meaning linking together ：is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive adj.连续的；继承的；依次的；接替的shi fts.6.2 Homonymy （同形spelling 同音sound 异义meaning 关系）6.2.1Types of homonyms1. Perfect homonyms（完全同形同音异义词）are words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning.2. Homographs（同形词）are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning .3. Homophones（同音词）are words ide ntical only in sound but differe nt in spell ing and meaning. Homoph ones con stitute the largest nu mber and are most com mon.6.2.2 Origi ns of Homonyms1. Change in sound and spell ing.2. Borrowi ng.3. Shorte ning.6.2.3 Differe ntiation of hom on yms and polysema nt s（同形同异义词与多义词的区别）6.2.4 Rhetoric features of homonyms（同形同音异义词的修辞特色）6.3 Synonymy(同义关系)一2类型+4来源+3区分1. Definition of synonyms(同义词的定义):words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning.2. 同义词的2个分类"absolute synonyms完全同义词)also known as complete synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects.2)relative synonyms (相对同义词) also called near-synonyms are similar or nearly the same in denotation,embrace differe nt shades of meanings or differe nt degree of a give n quality.3. 同义词的4个来源1) Borrowing.(外来词)2) Dialects and regional English.(方言和区域性的英语)3) Figurative and euphemistic use of words.(词的引申义和委婉语用法)4) Coincidenee with idiomatic expressions.(与习惯表达巧合一致)4. 同义词的辨析(3个区分)1) differenee in denotation .(外延意义)2) differenee in connotation.(the stylistic and emotive colouring of words) (内涵意义)3) differenee in application .应用上(differenee in usage. different collocations )6.4 Antonymy 反义关系一semantic opposition (语义相反关系)1. 反义词的分类：矛盾反义词、对立反义词和关系反义词1) Con tradictory terms (exclusive and non-gradable)--opposite ness2) Contrary terms. (a scale between two poles or extremes, gradable and one exists in comparison with the other.) — sema ntic relativity3) Relative terms.(interdependent 相互依存)—relational opposites2. 三类反义词的特点和区别Some of the characteristics of antonyms1) Antonyms are classified on the basic of semantic opposition.(adj. v. nJthere are more synonyms thanantony ms.2) A word which has more tha n one meaning can have more tha n one antonym.3) Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion. Pairs of antonyms are seen as marked and unmarked terms respectively.4) Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intensity, so each has its own corresponding opposite.Some words can have two differe nt types of antonyms at the same time, one being the n egative and the otheropposite.3. 使用：解释词义。

《英语词汇学》复习资料以下是我整理的英语词汇学的资料。

我在考的时候主要就是靠这个东东。

希望对还没有过的人有所帮助。

大家请注意：笔记中大多数是以名词解释的形式出现的，这些是绝对的基础，应该一字不漏的背下来。

其实不少简答题也就是几个定义的汇总，再加上个例子就可以拿满分了。

区分两个词的区别，主要还是指明其各自的定义。

第一章1. Word —— A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.2. There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional. E.g. “woman” means ’Frau’ in German，’Femme’ in French and ’Funv ’in Chinese. On the other hand， the same sound /rait/ can mean right， rite and write，though denoting different things， yet have the same sound.3. The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors.（At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns）a）. the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language.b）. Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spellingc）. Influence of the work of scribes/printing freezes the spelling of words in 1500d）. Borrowing of foreign language4. Vocabulary —— Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect， a given book， a given subject and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history.The general estimate of the present day English vocabulary is over 1 million words.5.Classification of Words—by use frequency， by notion， by origin1）. Basic word stock – the foundation of the vocabulary.1. all national character （most important）– natural phenomenamost common things and phenomena of the human body and relations world around us names of plants and animalsaction， size， domain， statenumerals， pronouns， prep. ，conj.2. stability – they donate the commonest thing necessary to life， they are like to remain unchanged. Only relative， some are undergoing some changes. But the change is slow.e.g. arrow， bow， chariot， knight – pastelectricity， machine， car， plane —— now3. productivity – they are mostly root words or monosyllabic words，they can form new words with other roots and affixes.e.g. foot – football， footage， footpath， footer4. polysemy – often possess more than one meaning. Become polysemous.e.g. take to move or carry from one place to anotherto remove5. collocability – quite a number of set expressions， idiomatic usages，proverbial saying and otherse.g. heart – a change of heart， a heart of goldNon-basic vocabulary ——1. terminology – technical termsphotoscanning， hepatitis， indigestion， penicillin， algebra，trigonometry， calculus2. jargon – specialized vocabulary in certain professions.Bottom line， ballpark figures， bargaining chips， hold him back， hold him in， paranoid3. slang —— substandard words often used in informal occasionsdough and bread， grass and pot， beaver， smoky， bear， catch，holler， Roger， X-rays，Certain words are labeled slang because of their usage.4. argot – words used by sub-cultured groupscan-opener， dip， persuadercant， jargon ， argot are associated with， or most available to，specific groups of the population.5. dialectal words – only by speakers of the dialectbeauty， chook， cocky， station， auld， build， coo， hame，lough， bog6. archaisms – words no longer in common use or restricted in use. In older poems， legal document and religious writing or speech.7. neologism – newly created words with new meaning e.g. microelectronics， futurology， AIDS， internet， E-mailold meaning acquired new meaning e.g. mouse， monitor2）. Content word （notional word）– denote clear notions.Functional word （empty word， form word）– do not have notions of their own， express the relation between notions， words and sentences.a. Content words constitute the main body of the English vocabulary are numerous.Functional words are in a small number.b. Content words are growing.Functional words remain stable.c. Functional words do far more work of expression than content words.3）. Native words – are words brought to Britain in the 15 century by the German tribes. Ango-Saxon Words， 50，000-60，000What is true of the basic word stock is also true of native world. More are1. neutral in style （not stylistical specific ）2. 2.frequent in use （in academic fields and science French， Latin or Greek are used）（usage 70-90%）Borrowed words （loan words， borrowing）– words taken over from foreign language. 80%According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing， we can bring the loan words under 4 classes.1.Denizens – words borrowed early and now are well assimilated into English language.e.g. port from portus（L） shift， change， shirt， porkcup from cuppa（L）2.Aliens – retained their original pronunciation and spellinge.g. décor（F） blitzkreeg（G） emir， intermez， rowtow， bazaar，rajar， status quo3.translation loans – formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language.1）. Word translated according to the meaninge.g. mother tough from lingua maternal（L）black humor from humor noirlong time no see， surplus value， master piece2）. Words translated according to the sounde.g. kulak from kyrak（Russ）lama from lama（Tib）ketchuptea4. Semantic loans – their meaning are borrowed from another languagee.g. stupid old dumpnew sassydream old joy and peacepioneer old explorer/person doing pioneering worknew a member of the young pioneerfresh old impertinent， sassy， cheeky第二章Indo-European language family （Europe， the Near East， India）Balto –Slavic Indo-Iranian Italic GermanicPrussian Persian Portuguese NorwegianLithuanian Hindi Spanish IcelandiePolish Italian DanishBulgarian Roumanian SwedishSlovenian French EnglishRussian GermanAlbanian Armenian Celtic HellenicIrish GreekBretonScottish2. History （时间，历史事件，特征）1） Old English （450-1150） totally 50，000-60，000 wordsThe 1st people known to inhabit England were Celts， the language was Celtic.The second language was the Latin of the Roman Legions.The Germanic tribes called angles， Saxons and Jutes and their language， Anglo-Saxon dominated and blotted out the Celtic. Now people refer to Anglo-Saxon as old English.At the end of 6th century， the introduction of Christianity has a great impact on the English vocabulary.The common practice was to create new words by combining two native words.In the 9th century， many Scandinavian words came into English. At least 900 words of Scandinavian are in modern English， our daily life and speech.特点： highly inflected languagecomplex endings or vowel changes （full ending）2） Middle English （1150-1500） English， Latin， FrenchUntil 1066， although there were borrowings from Latin， the influence on English was mainly Germanic. But the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English.By the end of the 13th century， English gradually come back into public areas.Between 1250 and 150 about 9000 words of French origin come into English. 75% of them are till in use today.As many as 2500 words of Dutch origin come into English.特点： fewer inflectionsleveled ending3） Modern English （1500-up to now） early modern English （1500-1700）late modern English（1700-up to now）The Renaissance， Latin and Greek were recognized as the languages of the Western world’s great literary heritage.The Industrial Revolution was in the mid-17 century. With the growth of colonization， British tentacles began a stretching out of to every corner of the globe， thus enabling English to absorb words from all major languages of the world.After World War II， many new words have been created to express new ideas， inventions and scientific achievements.More words are created by means of word-formation.thousands and thousands of new words have been entered to express new ideas inventions， and scientific achievements.more words are created by means of word-formation.in modern English， word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions English has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language.science and technology terms make up about 45% of new words. words associated with life-style constitute of 24% and social and economic terms amount to over 10% .mention should be made of an opposite process of development i.e. old words falling out if use.特点： ending are almost lost.3. Three main sources new words1.The rapid development of modern science and technology2.Social， economic and political changes3.The influence of other cultures and languages4. Three modes of vocabulary development1. Creation – the formation of new words by using the existing materials， namely roots， affixes and other elements. （This is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.）2. Semantic change - an old form which take on a new meaning to meet the new need.3. Borrowing – to take in words from other languages.（particularly in earlier time）4. （Reviving archaic or obsolete）French 30%， Latin 8%， Japanese Italian 7%， Spanish 6%， German Greek 5%， Russian Yiddish 4%第三章1. Morpheme —— A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. （The smallest functional unit in the composition of words.）2.Morph—— A morpheme must be realized by discrete units. These actual spoken minimal carriers of meaning are morphs.3.Monomorphenic words – morphemes are realized by single morphs.4.Allomorph——Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position. Such alternative morphs are allomorphemes. E.g. the morpheme of plurality （-s） has a number if allomorphemes in different sound context， e.g. in cats/s/， in bags/z/， in matches/iz/.5. Free morphemes or Free root —— The morphemes have complete meaning and van be used as free grammatical units in sentences， e.g. cat，walk. They are identical with root words. morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free.6. Bound Morphemes —— The morphemes cannot occur as separate words. They are bound to other morphemes to form words， e.g. recollection （re+collect+ion） collect – free morpheme re-and –ion are boundmorphemes. （include bound root and affix） Bound morphemes are found in derived words.7. Bound root —— A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root， it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example：it conveys the meaning of “say or speak” as a Latin root， but not as a word. With the prefix pre-（=before） we obtain the verb predict meaning “tell beforehand”。

(英语词汇学)00832自考重点试卷（一）pletethefollowingstatementorpassagewithproperexpressions.〔每题1分，共10分〕1.Archaismsarewordsnolongerin_________useor_______inuse.2.Awordwhosemeaningwasborrowedfromanotherlanguageiscalled_________.3.TheIndo-Europeanlanguageismadeupofmostofthelanguagesof_____；_______；_____.4.Aboundrootisthatpartofthewordthatcarriesthe_______meaningjustlikea________.InEnglish，boundrootsareeither_______or_________.5.Affixesareformsthatare________towordsorwordelementstomodifymeaningorfunction.Wecanputthemintotw ogroups：________and________.6.TheexpansionofvocabularyinmodernEnglishdependschieflyon______.Themostproductiveare_________，________and________.7.Acompoundisaunitconsistingofmorethanonestemandfunctioningboth________and______asasingleword.8.Whenawordisfirstcoined，itisalways______.Butinthecourseofdevelopment，thesamesymbolmustbeusedtoexpressmoremeanings，theresultis________.9.SynonymscanbedefinedasoneoftwoormorewordsintheEnglishlanguagewhichhavethesameorverynearlythesam e_______meaning.10.Synonymscanbeclassifiedintotwomajorgroups：________and_________.II.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.〔每题1分，共10分〕1.OldEnglishwasahighlyinflectedlanguage.〔〕2.ModernEnglishisconsideredtobeananalyticlanguage.〔〕3.Themostimportantmodeofvocabularydevelopmentinpresent-dayEnglishiscreationofnewwordsbymeansofwor dformation.〔〕4.MiddleEnglishabsorbedatremendousnumberofforeignwordsbutwithlittlechangeinwordendings.〔〕5.Themeaningofacompoundisusuallythecombinationofthestems.〔〕6.Acompoundfunctionsasasinglegrammaticalunit，sotheinternalstructurecannotbechanged.〔〕7.Suchwordsasthepoorer，thedeparted，aRepublicanareallexamplesofpartialconversion.〔〕8.Wordsmainlyinvolvedinconversionarenouns，verbsandadverbs.〔〕9.Semanticunityandstructuralstabilityaregeneralfeaturesofidioms，buttherearemanyexceptions.〔〕10.Idiomsarecharacterizedbyterseness，expressivenessandvividness.〔〕III.Fillineachblandwithawordcontraryinmeaningtothewordgiveninthebracket.〔每题2分，共20分〕1.Beadsandshellsare________formsofmoney.〔modern〕2.Ihavefinishedalltheexercises，Iam______done.〔partly〕3.Onahumidday，thereisalotof________intheair.〔dryness〕4.Mosquitoeswon'tbitejustanyone.Theylookforsomeone________.〔ordinary〕5.Ifyouwanttodrive，itis______tohaveadriver'slicense.〔unnecessary〕6.Thereisagreat_____inourpoliticalbeliefs.Weagreeonmostthings.〔difference〕7.Themansaid，“Iam________.Ididn'tdoit！”〔guilty〕8.Thesoldierstoodina______positionwhilethegeneralwalkedpasthim.〔relaxed〕9.Youwillhaveto______thestringinordertoopenthebox.〔tighten〕10.Noonelivesinthat______house.〔inhabited〕IV.Explainthefollowingterms：〔每题5分，共20分〕1.word2.affixes3.concept4.hyponymyV.Fillintheblankswiththefollowingverbalphrasesintheirsuitableforms：〔每题1分，共20分〕takeon；breakinto；biteinto；goabout；letout；drawup；setdown；holdonto；bringup；makeout；dryup；putout；livethrough；setoff；callfor；tearapart；buyoff；buildin；counton；sinkin1.1848wasayearofrevolutioninEurope；KarlMarxandFrederickEngelspublishedtheCommunistManifesto，andpoliticaldemonstration______thegreatcitiesofParis，Vienna，NaplesandBerlin.2.Withliberaldosesofcalomel，rhubarbandcastoroil，heslowlyimproved，andafterthreeweeks，he______histrousersandwaseagertoescapefromhisbed.3.Hetravelledtofoundlinghomes，prisonsandlunaticasylumsinhissearchforpeople.4.We________attopspeedthroughthenarrowstreetsofHiroshima.5.Iwasjustabouttomakemylittlebowofassent，whenthemeaningoftheselastwords_______，joltingmeoutofmysadreverie.6.Noonetalksaboutitanymore，andnoonewantsto，especially，thepeoplewhowerebornhereorwho______it.7.DuringdinnerMr.ChurchillsaidthataGermanattackonRussiawasnowcertain，andhethoughtthatHitlerwas______enlistingcapitalistandRightWingsympathiesinthiscountryandtheU.S.A.8.MyhusbandandIfindstrongsmokeoffensive.Wouldyoukindly_______that_______？9.Assumingthehotelmanwas______，theironlychance-aslimone-layinremovingthecarquickly.10.Whenrailroadsbegan______thedemandforsteamboatpilotsandtheCivilWarhaltedcommerce，MarkTwainleftthecountry.11.BythetimethetrialbeganonJuly10，ourtownof1500peoplehad_______acircus.12.AmongthemwasJohnButler，whohad_______theanti-evolutionlaw.13.Thenthecourt______astormofapplausethatsurpassedthatforBryan.14.Thefirst-andessential-stepinthestudyofanylanguageisobservingand______preciselywhathappenswhenn ativespeakersspeakit.15.By1976，theslumphadbegunto_______thebulk-carriertrade.16.Thekeytacticbehinditsstrategyof_______therichestsliceofthetradehasbeentomoveup-market-togowher etheThirdWorldcannotfollowintohigh-technologyinvestment.17.Sailorsandofficers______theirchoresasusualontheseships，amidpipingandloudspeakersquawks.18.Mr.Hopkinshas_______yourname.Heappearsimpressed，andthePresidenttoo，byyourexpertiseonlandingcraftandsoforth.19.He_________aSouthernwarwhoop.Inaflash，John，MckeanandFranklincrowdedaroundhim.20.Mr.Jefferson，Ican'tquite________whatitisyou'retalkingabout.VI.Questionsandanswers：〔每题10分，共20分〕1.Whatisextra-linguisticcontext？2.Whatisback-formation？本资料由广州自考网收集整理，更多自考资料请登录下载考试必看：自考一次通过的秘诀！。

Chapter 2 The development of the English Vocabulary The Indo-European Language Family comprise 8 branchesEastern set: Balto-Slavic , Indo-lranian, American and Albanian , Western set : Celtic , Italic, Hellenic, Germanic.The major modern languages of each branch(常见选择，填空)：Armenian Albanian each the only languageBalto-Slavic : Prussian, Lithuanian , Polish , Czech , Bulgarian , Slovenian and Russian, Hellenic:GreekItalic: Portuguese, Spanish , French z Italian , Romanian ( five Romance language ) Germanic : Norwegianjcelandic, Danish , Swedish . (Scandinavian Languages) Celtic: Scottish , Irish , Welsh , Breton A History Overview of the English VocabularyThe formation of English words (常见简答，填空)Old English (450-1150):CelticLatin of the Roman Legions (55-54B.C)Anglo-Saxon of theGermanic tribes (now people generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as Old English )-religious terms brought by the introduction of Christianity (6th century) ----Scandinavian words of Norwegian and Danish vikings (the 9th century )Middle English (1150-1500): French of Normans (1066) --English came back (13th century).Modern English (1500-up to now ): Early Modern English (1500-1700) ：Latin and Greek were borrowed in the time of Renaissance .Late Modern English ( after 1700); absorbing words from all major language s of the world with the growth of colonization ( Mid-seventeenth)--- new words created about science and technology (after World War II)Characteristics of Old English (常见填空题)Old English was a highly inflected language , language of full endings .Characteristics of Middle English (常见填空题)Middle English is alanguage of leveled endings .Characteristics of Modern English (常见填空题)English has evolved froma synthetic language ( Old English) to the present analytic language .2.1Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary The main reasons for the development of Present-day English vocabulary are:(常见简单 , 选择)Generally, there are three main source of new words : the rapid development of modern science and technology; social , economic and political changes ; the influence of other cultures and languages.2.2Modes of Vocabulary Development The Main Modes of Vocabulary Development(常见填空，简答题)Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels : creation , semantic, change , borrowing.(1)Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existing materials , namely roots ,affixes and other elements . In modern times , this is the most important way of vocabulary expansion .(2)Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet he new need . This does not increase the number of word forms but increases many more new usages of the words, thus enriching the vocabulary .(3)Borrowing has played a vital role in the development of vocabulary , particularly in earlier times. Though still at work now, it can hardly compare with what it did in the past.。

00832⾃考英语词汇学⾃考试卷（答案全⾯）⾃考综合测验英语词汇学试卷（课程代码 00832 ）⼀、选择题I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers.You are to make the best choice and write the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the blank. （1%×30=30%） 1.Which of the following CANNOT be defined as a word? ____A. forB. fortuneC. ibleD. misfortune2.Words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use are____ . A. slangB. argotC. neologismsD. archaisms3. Words like foot or dog can each be used alone, and at the same time can form new words with other roots and affixes, e.g. footage and dogfight. This shows that the basic word stock has the characteristics of_____ . A. productivity B. polysemy C. collocability D. stability4. After the Romans, the Germanic tribes called Angles, Saxons, and Jutes came and dominated the British Isles. Now people generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as ____English.A. oldB. NewC. MiddleD. Modern 5.Which of the following is NOT true?A. English is more closely related to German than French.B. Old English was a highly inflected language.C. Modern English is considered to be an analytic language.D. In early Middle English period, English, Latin and Celtic existed side by side.6.In the early Modern English, Europe saw a new upsurge of learning ancient Greek and Roman classics. This is known in history as ____.A. IndustrializationB. Elizabethan AgeC. RenaissanceD. Victorian Age7.Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as ____.A. stemsB. allomorphsC. free morphemesD. bound morphemes 8.Among the following words, ____ does NOT have inflectional affixes. A. liked B. children's C. Happier D. it's9.The basic form of a word which can't be further analyzed without total loss of identity is a ____ . A. Morph B. allomorph C. root D. stem 10.The following words have number prefixes EXCEPT ____.A. BilingualB. multi-purposeC. tricycleD. post-election 11.The following words are the results from blending EXCEPT ____ . A. Bicycle B. motel C. smog D. hamburger12.The process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms is called ____.A. PrefixationB. acronymyC. blendingD. conversion13.The ____of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationship with other expressions in the language. A. Reference B. concept C. sense D. motivation 14.Which of the following statements is NOT true? A. Collocation can affect the meaning of words.B. Motivation explains why a particular form has a particular meaning.C. By etymological motivation, we mean that the meaning of a particular word is related to its origin.D. The connotative meaning is also known as connotations, which are generallyfound in the dictionary.15.In the phrase "the tongues of fire", the word tongues is ____motivated.A. OnomatopoeicallyB. morphologicallyC. semanticallyD. etymologically16.Words like dear that means a loved person and deer that means a kind of animal are called ____. A. Synonyms B. homographs C. homophones D. antonyms 17.Which of the following deals with the relationship of semantic opposition? A. Synonymy. B. Antonymy. C. Polysemy. D. Hyponymy.18.Which of the following groups of words shows difference of synonyms in connotation? A. increase-expand B. unlike-dissimilar C. work-toil D. empty-vacant19. The word disease once meant discomfort, but now means illness. This is an example of ____of word-meaning. A. generalization B. degradation C. elevation D. specialization20. The word silly used to mean happy, but now means foolish. This serves as an example of ____of word-meaning. A. Extension B. narrowing C. elevation D. degradation21. The associated transfer of meaning is often due to ____factors, as is shown in such words as angel, martyr and paradise, whose meanings are elevated because of the influence of Christianity. A. Class B. scientific C. historical D. psychological22.Grammatical context refers to the context where the meanings of a word may be influenced by the ____in which it occurs.A. meaning groupB. structureC. conversationD. culture23.That trade union means differently in western countries and in China shows that ____context has some effect on the meaning of words.A. GrammaticalB. lexicalC. linguisticD. extra-linguistic 24. Ambiguity of ten arises due to ___, as is shown in the sentence “He is a hard business”. A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. antonymyD. homonomy25.The idiom Jack of all trades means the same as Jack of all trades and master of none. This example shows idioms may vary by means of ____.A. shorteningB. additionC. replacementD. position-shifting26.The noun phrase pepper and salt in "His hair is pepper and salt" functions as an idiom ____ in nature. A. Nominal B. verbal C. adverbial D. adjectival27. The rhetorical feature of idioms, ____, is used in such idioms as "chop and change", "bag and baggage". A. Rhyme B. alliteration C. reiteration D. juxtaposition28. Dictionaries that are medium-sized ones containing words ranging from 50,000 to 150,000 are ____. A. unabridged dictionaries B. desk dictionaries C. pocket dictionaries D. specialized dictionaries29.The definitions in ____are all in full sentences and the definition itself throws light on the grammatical use of the word in question.A. Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary (1987)B. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, New Edition (1987)C. Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, 3rd Edition (1980)D. Webster's New World Dictionary, 2rd Collage Edition (1980)30.One can only find the English equivalents for its Chinese items such as 黄梁美梦，吃软不吃硬in ____. A. CCELD B.CEDC.LDCED.NECD 第⼆部分⾮选择题Ⅱ. Complete the following statements with proper words according to the course book. You are to fill each blank with ONE appropriate word on the blank. (1.5%×10=15%)31.A word is a ________ that stands for something else in the world, and there is no logical relationship between the sound and the meaning.32.The introduction of ________into England marked the beginning of Modern English period. 33.The morpheme is the________functioning unit in the composition of words.34.To shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead is called ________. 35.________, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.36.A ________field is a meaning area where words share the same concept.年级班级准考证号姓名37. Extension of meaning is found in many ________terms, as is shown in the word feedback, which originally is a term in computer science, but now is generalized to mean "response".38. The word paper has a number of meanings in the dictionary, but it means differently in "a white pap er" and "today’s paper". This example shows that ________ context affects the meaning of word.39. Many idioms are grammatically _________, as is shown in the idiom "diamond cut diamond", which is grammatically incorrect.40.The main body of a dictionary is its ________ of words.Ⅲ.Define the following terms in the blank space. (3%×5=15%)41.semantic change42.affixation43.concatenation44. context (in a broad sense)45. sentence idiomsⅣ.Answer the following questions in the blank space. Your answers should be clear and short. (5%×4=20%)46.What is the difference between a free root and a bound root?47.Give the acronyms of the following phrases:1) V oice of America ____2) unidentified flying object ____3) teaching English as a foreign language ____4) Victory Day ____5) tuberculosis ____48.How do you understand the statement "true synonymy is non-existent"?49.Explain how context clues are used in the sentence "Perhaps the most startling theory to come out of kinesics, the study of body movement, was suggested by Professor Bird Whistell".V.Analyze and comment on the following on the ANSWER SHEET. (10%×2=20%)50. Use the following groups of phrases to illustrate the definition and the overlapping feature of collocative meaning.a) pretty girl, pretty flower, handsome boy, handsome carb) pretty woman, handsome woman51. Comment on the following two groups to illustrate the use of antonyms.(a) give and take, high and low(b) More haste, less speed./Easy come, easy go.答案：。

全国高等教育自学考试英语词汇学试题课程代码：00832Ⅰ．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket.（30%）1．According to semanticists, a word is a unit of ______.（）A．meaning B．SoundC．combination of sounds D．Group2．The pronunciation has changed ______ spelling over the years.（）A．more slowly than B．As quickly asC．more rapidly than D．Not so quickly as3．Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by ______.（）A．use frequency B．notionC．origin D．sound4．Rapid growth of science and technology breeds such new words as the following EXCEPT______.（）A．green revolution B．fast foodC．moon walk D．space shuttle5．Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new ______ to meet the new need.（）A．form B．meaningC．look D．pronunciation6．Reviving archaic words also contribute to the growth of English vocabulary. For instance, in American English “fall” means ______ in British English.（）A．four B．fellC．for D．autumn7．The plural morpheme “-s” is realized by /s/after the following sounds EXCEPT ______.（）A．/t/ B．/g/C．/p/ D．/k/英语词汇学试卷第 1 页共9 页8．There are ______ free morphemic words in the following: bird, man, red, collection.（）A．one B．twoC．three D．four9．The following words have derivational affixes EXCEPT ______.（）A．works B．prewarC．postwar D．bloody10．30% to 40% of the total number of new words in English are produced through ______.（）A．compounding B．affixationC．conversion D．shortening11．The word “motel” is created by ______.（）A．compounding B．clippingC．blending D．suffixation12．“BBC” is formed in the way of ______.（）A．acronymy B．clippingC．back-formation D．prefixation13．The types of meanings include the following EXCEPT ______.（）A．grammatical meaning B．conceptual meaningC．associative meaning D．literal meaning14．By ______ motivation, we mean that the meaning of a word is related to its origin.（）A．onomatopoeic B．morphologicalC．semantic D．etymological15．______ is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.（）A．Reference B．ConceptC．Sense D．Motivation16．Semantic field, according to the course book, is also considered an integral part of ______.（）A．word formation B．word meaningC．meaning change D．Sense relations英语词汇学试卷第 2 页共9 页17．When a word is first coined, it is always ______.（）A．semantic B．onomatopoeicC．monosemic D．polysemic18．The following are all synonymous pairs, but in each the second is standard in usage whereas the first is archaic, EXCEPT ______.（）A．ire/anger B．rich/wealthyC．forlorn/distressed D．bliss/happiness19．Shakespeare is difficult to understand than contemporary writings because many of his words were used in different ______ from what they have now in dictionaries.（）A．senses B．FormsC．dialects D．Terms20．The mode of ______ is well reflected in the word “picture”, which originally denoted mere “painting”, but now has come to include “drawings” and even “photographs”（）A．extension B．elevationC．narrowing D．degradation21．In the sentence “The old man, though poor, is a respectable gentleman.”, the word “respectable” is used in the ______ sense of transfer.（）A．subjective B．objectiveC．sensational D．physical22．Which of the following is NOT one of the roles of context?（）A．Elimination of ambiguity.B．Indication of referents.C．Provision of clues for inferring word-meaning.D．Provision of culture background for inferring word-meaning.23．The sentence “I lost Betty’s picture.” is ambiguous due to ______.（）A．grammatical context B．polysemyC．antonymy D．hyponymy24．In the sentence “An east or north-east wind brings cold dry weather to England, but a sou’Wester usually brings rain.”, the meaning of “sou’wester” can be inferred from the clue of ______.（）英语词汇学试卷第 3 页共9 页A．relevant details B．synonymyC．antonymy D．hyponymy25．The idiom “toss and turn” is a(n) ______ as far as rhetorical features of idioms are concerned.（）A．alliteration B．metaphorC．metonymy D．rhyme26．Which of the following is NOT one of the types of idioms?（）A．Sentence idioms. B．Idioms adverbial in nature.C．Clausal idioms. D．Idioms nominal in nature.27．The following are all variations of idioms, EXCEPT ______.（）A．replacement B．additionC．shortening D．repetition28．Generally speaking, a dictionary will cover the following content EXCEPT ______.（）A．spelling B．syntactical usageC．pronunciation D．definition29．As a general Chinese-English dictionary, ______ is the most complete and up-to-date, most elaborately treated one（）A．A Chinese-English Dictionary (1995)B．Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English with Chinese TranslationC．A New English-Chinese DictionaryD．Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English with Chinese Translation30．Collins COBUILD English Usage (1992), is a(n) ______ dictionary.（）A．unabridged B．deskC．specialized D．encyclopedicⅡ．Match the words in Column A with the words in Column B according to 1) types of transfer; 2) rhetorical features of idioms; 3) types of vocabulary by notion; and 4) the function of affixes. (10%)A B（ c ）31．She burst into passionate sobbing. A．juxtaposition（I ）32．He drops off to sleep, the lamb. B．notional word英语词汇学试卷第 4 页共9 页（g ）33．and C．transfer of sensations（h ）34．the man’s coat D．abstract to concrete（ a ）35．here and there E．derivational affix（ b ）36．moon F．alliteration（ f ）37．rough and ready G．functional word（ e ）38．ex-prisoner H．inflectional affix（j ）39．fair and square I．associated transfer（ d ）40．Helen looks a fright in that old black dress. J．rhymeⅢ．Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.（10%）41．When we talk about a word in visual terms, a word can be defined as a ________ group of letters printed or written horizontally across a piece of paper.42．Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: ________, semantic change and borrowing.43．We might say that free morphemes are free root.44．The formation of words by adding word-forming affixes to stems is called ________. 45．Semantic ________ refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning ofa word．46．Perfect homonyms and polysemants are fully ________ with regard to spelling and pronunciation.47．V ocabulary is the most ________ element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in form and content.48．Ambiguity often arises due to ________ and homonymy.49．Idioms consist of set ________ and short sentences.50．Monolingual dictionaries are written in ________ language.Ⅳ．Define the following terms.（10%）51．morpheme52．homonym53．connotation54．elevation55．idiom英语词汇学试卷第 5 页共9 页Ⅴ．Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below.（20%）56．As far as growth of present-day English vocabulary is concerned, what are the three main sources of new words?57．What are the semantic features of compounds? Give an example to illustrate your point. 58．Decide whether the following statement is true or false, based on your understanding of the characteristics of antonyms. State your reason with one example.Contrary terms are non-gradable and allow intermediate members in between.59．How do you account for the context function as indication of referents?Ⅵ．Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below.（20%）60．Analyze the following dialogue and comment on the rhetoric use of homonym in italicized font.—“You’re not eating your fish,” a waitress said to a customer. “Anything wrong with it?”—“Long time no sea.” the customer replied.61．Analyze the three causes of meaning change within the scope of the linguistic factors, based on the given words below.（1）gold, bulb;（2）deer, beast, animals;（3）fortuitous, fruition.英语词汇学试卷第 6 页共9 页英语词汇学试卷第7 页共9 页英语词汇学试卷第8 页共9 页英语词汇学试卷第9 页共9 页。

自考英语词汇学笔记The definition of a word is① A minimal free form of a language② A sound unit③ A unit of meaning④ A form that can function alone in a sentenceA word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.All the words in a language make up its vocabulary.Classification of words1.By use frequency basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary2.Bt notion content words and functional words3.By origin native words and borrowed wordsThe characteristics of basic word stock(is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language)1)All national character(most important character)2)Stability3)Productivity4)Polysemy5)CollocabilityNonbasic vocabulary①Terminology consists of technical terms used in particulardisciplines and academic areas as in medicine,mathematics,music, education.②Jargon refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts,sciences,trades and professions communicate among themselves.③Slang belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to every and in-group words.④Argot generally refers to the jargon of criminals⑤Dialectal words are words used only by speakers of the dialect in question⑥Archaisms are words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use⑦Neol ogisms are newly-created words or expression, or words that have taken on new meaningContent words denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words Functional words do not have notions of their own(empty words ),their chief function is to express the relation between notions, the relation between words as well as between sentence.Native words are words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the German tribes,known as Anglo-Saxon. Apart from the characteristics mentioned of the basic word stock in contrast to borrowed words, nativehave two other features: neutral in style and frequent in use.Words taken from foreign languages are known as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple terms.1)Denizens 同化词are words borrowed early in the past and now arewell assimilated into the English language.2)Aliens 非同化词are words borrowed which have retained theiroriginal pronunciation and spelling.3)Translation-loans 译借词are words and expressions formed fromthe existing material in the English language but modelled on the patterns taken from another language.4)Semantic-loans 借义词are words not borrowed with reference tothe form but their meanings are borrowed.Growth of present-day English vocabulary:1)Rapid growth of science and technology breeds such new words2)Social ,economical and political changes bring about an increasing number of new words3)The influence of other cultures and languages can be felt in many different fields.Modes of vocabulary development①Creation refers to the formati on of new words by using the existing material ,namely roots, affixes and other elements.②Semantic change means an old form which takes on a newmeaning to meet new need.③BorrowingMorphemes is the smallest functioning units in the composition of words. Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units knows as morphs.Monomorphemic words are words which can stand by themselves and function freely in a sentence.（single morphs）Allomorphs词素变体are morphemes which are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word.(such as /-s/)Types of morphemes:free and bound morphemes.Free morphemes have complete meaning in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences,they are identical with root words, as each of them consists of a single freeroot.Bound morphemes can not occur as separate words and have to bound to other morphemes to form words. They are chiefly found in derived words.(bound root and affixes) Bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root, unlike a free root , it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words.Affixes are forms that ate attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.( Inflectional affixes and derivational affixes ) Inflectional affixes are affixes attached to the end of words to indicategrammatical relationships.Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.A root is the basic form of a word which can not be further analysed without total loss of identity.A stem may consist of a single root or of two morphemes,it can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.Word formation: affixation30%-40% , compounding28%-30% , conversion26% , blending , clipping, acronymy, back-formation , words from proper names.(8')Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems.prefixation and suffixation Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. They do generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning.1)negative prefixes a- dis- in- il-2)reversative prefixes de- dis- un-3)pejorative prefixes mal- mis- pseudo-4)prefixes of degree or size arch- extra- micro- mini-5)prefixes of orientation and attitude anti- contra- counter-6)locative prefixes fore- inter-7)prefixes of time and order ex- fore- post- re-8)number prefixes bi- multi- semi-9)miscellaneous prefixes auto- neo- pan-Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems, unlike prefixes which primarily change the meaning of the stem, suffixes have only a small semantic role, their primary function being to change the grammatical function of stems.(-ly -er -ess -or -ful -ish -less) Compounding also called composition , is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. A compound is a lexical unit consisting of more than one stem and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word.Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.(functional shift)Adj to Noun：Words fully converted a noun fully converted from an adjective has all the characteristics of nouns. It can take an indefinite article or -es to indicate singular or plural number.Words partially converted nouns partially converted from adjectives do not possess all the qualities a noun does, they must be used together with definite articles, and they remain some of the adjective features. Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a a word plus a part of another word.（blends or pormanteau words 频缀词）Clipping way of making a word is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead.Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.words formed in this way are called initialisms(pronounced letter by letter )or acronyms(pronounced as a normal word).Back-formation is the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.Reference is the relationship between language and the world.Concept ,which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind .Sense denotes the relationships inside the language. The sense of an expression is its place in a semantic relationships with other expression in the language.Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.①Onomatopoeic motivation 拟声理据knowing the sound means understand the meaning②Morphological motivation 形态理据if one knows the meaning of each morpheme,namely affix or stem, one can figure out the meaning of the word.③Semantic motivation it explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.④Etymological motivation 词源理据the history of the word explains the meaning of the word. All the words commonized from proper nouns can be interpreted in terms of their origins.Word-meaning is not monogeneous but a composite consisting of different parts.Grammatical meaning &Lexical meaningGrammatical meaning refers to that part of the meaning ofthe word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as part of speech of words,singular and plural meaning of nouns,tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional forms.Lexical meaning is constant in all the content words within or without context as it is related to the notion that the word conveys.(has two components :Conceptual meaning ＆Associative meaning ) Conceptual meaning(denotative meaning) is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning. Being constant and relatively stable, conceptual meaning forms the basis for communication as the same word has the same conceptual meaning to all the speakers of the same language.Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. It differs from the conceptual meaning in that it siopen-ended and indeterminate. It is liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion, education, etc. And it has four types:1)Connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associationssuggested by the conceptual meaning,traditionally known as connotations. It is unstable, varying considerably according to culture, history period, and the experience of individual.2)Stylistic meaning apart from the conceptual meanings, many wordshave stylistic features, which make the appropriate for different contexts, these distinctive features form the stylistic meaning of words.3)Affective meaning indicates the speaker's attitude towards theperson or thing in question.(appreciate or pejorative)4)Collocative meaning关联意义it consists of the associationsa wordacquires in its collocation . In other words , it is that part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion.Sense relations a word is related to other words is related to them in sense.When a word is first coined, it is always monosemicPolysemy :Two approaches to polysemy: diachronic & synchronic approach. Diachronic approach . From diachronic point of view, polysemy isassumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word.(primary meaning and derived meaning) Synchronic approach. Synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period of time.(central meaning) Two processes of development: radiation 辐射型&concatenation连锁型Radiation is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center and the secondary meaning proceed out of it in very direction like rays. The meaning are independent of one another ,but all can be traced back to the center meaning.Concatenation meaning liking together, is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning. The latter meaning is related only to the preceding one like chains, tough the latestsense can be traced back to the original , there is no direct connection in between.Homonymy are generally defined as words different in meaning but identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.(perfect homonymy同形同音, homographs同形, homophones 同音)(change in sound and spelling, borrowing, shortening ) Differentiation of homonyms from polysemants:Perfect homonyms and polysemants are fully identical with regard to spelling and pronunciation. The fundamental difference between them lies in the fact that the former refers to different words which happen to share the same form and the latter is the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings.homonyms are from different sources whereas a polysemant is from the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development.Synonyms can be defined as words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning.(absolute and relative synonyms)（discrimination : denotation外延, connotation内涵, application应用）Absolute synonyms, also known as complete synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects.Relative synonyms, also called near-synonyms are similar or nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality.Antonymy is concerned with semantic opposition, antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.1.Contradictory terms:these antonyms truly represent oppositeness of meaning. They are so opposed to each other that they are mutually exclusive and admit no possibility betweenthem. Such antonyms are non-gradable, they can not be used in comparative degrees and do notallow adverb of intensity like "very" to qualify them.(true/false boy/girl)2.Contrary terms: antonyms of this kind are best viewed in terms ofa scale running between two poles or extremes. The two opposites are gradable and one exists in comparison with the other.(rich/poor big/small)3.Relative terns：this type consists of relational opposites such as parent/child,husband/wife. The pairs of words indicates such a reciprccal social relationship that one of them can not be used without suggesting the other.Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is , the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word.(superordinate上义词&subordinate下义词)The massive word store of a language like English can be conceived of as composed around a number oof meaning areas,some large,such as 'philosophy' or 'emotions' , others smaller, such as 'kinship' or 'color'. Viewing the total meaning in this way is the basis of field theory.Words in each field are semantically related and define one another. It is a general belief that the meaning does not exist in the word itself , but it rather spreads over the neighbouring words, because the neighbouring words identify the semantic field and help pin down the meaning.Types of Changes of word meaning；extension ,narrowing,degradation, elevation , transfer.Extension of meaning, also known as generalization,is thename given to the widening of meaning of which some words undergo. It is a process by which a word which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized . In other words, the term has extended to cover a broader and often less definite concept.Narrowing of meaning, also called specialization, is the opposite of widening meaning. It is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense.in other words , a word which used to have a more general sense becomes restricted in its application and conveys a special meaning in present-day English.Elevation or amelioration refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.Degradation or pejoration of meaning is the opposite of semantic elevation. It is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to ne used in derogatory sense. Causes of changes:extra-linguistic factors & linguistic factorsExtra-linguistic factors: historical reasons, class reasons, psychological reasons.Linguistic factors: 1.a phrase is shortened to one word which remains the meaning of the whole, 2.the influx of borrowing, 3.anology.Types of context: linguistic & non-linguistic(extra-linguistic) context Linguistic context refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a wordappears. (lexical content and grammatical content)Lexical content refers to the words that occur together with the word in question. The meaning of the word is often affected and defined by the neighbouring words.Grammatical context, the meaning of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs.Role of context :1)Elimination of ambiguity(polysemy and homonymy, grammaticalstructure)2)Indication of referents3)Provision of clues for inferring word-meaning.(clues: definition ,explanation, example, synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, relevant details, word structure)Idioms consist of set phrases and short sentences, which are peculiar to the language in question and loaded with the native cultures and ideas. Characteristics of idioms :①Semantic unity being phrases or sentences, idioms each consists of more then one word, but each is a semantic unity. Though the various words which make up the idiom have their own respective literal meaning, in the idiom they have lost their individual identity. Quite often the idiom functions as a one word. And the semantic unity of idioms is also reflected in the illogical relationship between the literal meaning of eachword and the meaning of the idiom, many idioms are semantically inexplicable.②Structural stability unlike free phrases, the structure of an idiom is to a large extent unchangeable. First, the constituents of idioms can not be replaced. Secondly, the word order can not be inverted or changed. Thirdly, the constituents of an idiom can not be deleted or added to, not even an article. Finally, many idioms are grammatically unanalysable. Classification of idioms(criterion of grammatical function)Idioms nominal in nature: have a noun as the key word in each and function as a noun in sentence.Idiom adjectival in nature: function as adjectives, but the constituents are nor necessarily adjectives.Idiom verbal in nature: phrasal verbs and other verb phrase phrasal verbs are idioms which are composed of a verb plus a prep and/or a article.Idioms adverbial in nature: this class contains numerous prepositional phrases, which in nature are either adjectival or adverbial and in many cases have both functions at the same time.Sentence idioms they are mainly proverbs and saying, including colloquialisms and catchphrases. As far as sentence types are concerned, they embrace declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamative sentence.Rhetorical features修辞特征：1.Phonetic manipulation：alliteration头韵，rhyme脚韵2.Lexical manipulation : reiteration（duplication of synonyms）同义词的重叠，repetition 重复, juxtaposition邻接（back and forth, right and left）Figures of speech修辞手法：SimileMetaphorMetonymy换喻this refers to idioms in which the name of one thing is used for that of another associated with it(live by one's pen/live by writing )Synecdoche借代both metonymy and synecdoche involve substitution of names, yet they differ in that the former is a case of using the name of one thing for another closely associatedwith it, and the latter is that of substituting part for the whole and vice versa(earn one's living/making a living fall into good hands/good people)PersonificationEuphemismV ariation of idioms1.Replacement. In some idioms, a constituent may be replaced by aword of the same part of speech, resulting in synonymous or antonymous idioms.2.Addition or deletion. In some instances, some constituents can be added or deleted, which do not affect the meaning of the idioms.3.Position-shifting. The position of certain constituents in some idioms can be shifted without any change in meaning.4.Shortening. This occasionally occurs in proverbs and sayings, where only a part of them is used instead of the whole.5.Dismembering. It is the way by breaking the idioms into pieces, an unusual case of use of idioms particularly in literature or popular press to achieve special effect.。

全国高等教育自学考试英语词汇学试题课程代码：00832Ⅰ．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket.（30%）1．According to semanticists, a word is a unit of ______.（）A．meaning B．SoundC．combination of sounds D．Group2．The pronunciation has changed ______ spelling over the years.（）A．more slowly than B．As quickly asC．more rapidly than D．Not so quickly as3．Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by ______.（）A．use frequency B．notionC．origin D．sound4．Rapid growth of science and technology breeds such new words as the following EXCEPT______.（）A．green revolution B．fast foodC．moon walk D．space shuttle5．Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new ______ to meet the new need.（）A．form B．meaningC．look D．pronunciation6．Reviving archaic words also contribute to the growth of English vocabulary. For instance, in American English “fall” means ______ in British English.（）A．four B．fellC．for D．autumn7．The plural morpheme “-s” is realized by /s/after the following sounds EXCEPT ______.（）A．/t/ B．/g/C．/p/ D．/k/英语词汇学试卷第 1 页共9 页8．There are ______ free morphemic words in the following: bird, man, red, collection.（）A．one B．twoC．three D．four9．The following words have derivational affixes EXCEPT ______.（）A．works B．prewarC．postwar D．bloody10．30% to 40% of the total number of new words in English are produced through ______.（）A．compounding B．affixationC．conversion D．shortening11．The word “motel” is created by ______.（）A．compounding B．clippingC．blending D．suffixation12．“BBC” is formed in the way of ______.（）A．acronymy B．clippingC．back-formation D．prefixation13．The types of meanings include the following EXCEPT ______.（）A．grammatical meaning B．conceptual meaningC．associative meaning D．literal meaning14．By ______ motivation, we mean that the meaning of a word is related to its origin.（）A．onomatopoeic B．morphologicalC．semantic D．etymological15．______ is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.（）A．Reference B．ConceptC．Sense D．Motivation16．Semantic field, according to the course book, is also considered an integral part of ______.（）A．word formation B．word meaningC．meaning change D．Sense relations英语词汇学试卷第 2 页共9 页17．When a word is first coined, it is always ______.（）A．semantic B．onomatopoeicC．monosemic D．polysemic18．The following are all synonymous pairs, but in each the second is standard in usage whereas the first is archaic, EXCEPT ______.（）A．ire/anger B．rich/wealthyC．forlorn/distressed D．bliss/happiness19．Shakespeare is difficult to understand than contemporary writings because many of his words were used in different ______ from what they have now in dictionaries.（）A．senses B．FormsC．dialects D．Terms20．The mode of ______ is well reflected in the word “picture”, which originally denoted mere “painting”, but now has come to include “drawings” and even “photographs”（）A．extension B．elevationC．narrowing D．degradation21．In the sentence “The old man, though poor, is a respectable gentleman.”, the word “respectable” is used in the ______ sense of transfer.（）A．subjective B．objectiveC．sensational D．physical22．Which of the following is NOT one of the roles of context?（）A．Elimination of ambiguity.B．Indication of referents.C．Provision of clues for inferring word-meaning.D．Provision of culture background for inferring word-meaning.23．The sentence “I lost Betty’s picture.” is ambiguous due to ______.（）A．grammatical context B．polysemyC．antonymy D．hyponymy24．In the sentence “An east or north-east wind brings cold dry weather to England, but a sou’Wester usually brings rain.”, the meaning of “sou’wester” can be inferred from the clue of ______.（）英语词汇学试卷第 3 页共9 页A．relevant details B．synonymyC．antonymy D．hyponymy25．The idiom “toss and turn” is a(n) ______ as far as rhetorical features of idioms are concerned.（）A．alliteration B．metaphorC．metonymy D．rhyme26．Which of the following is NOT one of the types of idioms?（）A．Sentence idioms. B．Idioms adverbial in nature.C．Clausal idioms. D．Idioms nominal in nature.27．The following are all variations of idioms, EXCEPT ______.（）A．replacement B．additionC．shortening D．repetition28．Generally speaking, a dictionary will cover the following content EXCEPT ______.（）A．spelling B．syntactical usageC．pronunciation D．definition29．As a general Chinese-English dictionary, ______ is the most complete and up-to-date, most elaborately treated one（）A．A Chinese-English Dictionary (1995)B．Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English with Chinese TranslationC．A New English-Chinese DictionaryD．Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English with Chinese Translation30．Collins COBUILD English Usage (1992), is a(n) ______ dictionary.（）A．unabridged B．deskC．specialized D．encyclopedicⅡ．Match the words in Column A with the words in Column B according to 1) types of transfer; 2) rhetorical features of idioms; 3) types of vocabulary by notion; and 4) the function of affixes. (10%)A B（ c ）31．She burst into passionate sobbing. A．juxtaposition（I ）32．He drops off to sleep, the lamb. B．notional word英语词汇学试卷第 4 页共9 页（g ）33．and C．transfer of sensations（h ）34．the man’s coat D．abstract to concrete（ a ）35．here and there E．derivational affix（ b ）36．moon F．alliteration（ f ）37．rough and ready G．functional word（ e ）38．ex-prisoner H．inflectional affix（j ）39．fair and square I．associated transfer（ d ）40．Helen looks a fright in that old black dress. J．rhymeⅢ．Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.（10%）41．When we talk about a word in visual terms, a word can be defined as a ________ group of letters printed or written horizontally across a piece of paper.42．Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: ________, semantic change and borrowing.43．We might say that free morphemes are free root.44．The formation of words by adding word-forming affixes to stems is called ________. 45．Semantic ________ refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning ofa word．46．Perfect homonyms and polysemants are fully ________ with regard to spelling and pronunciation.47．V ocabulary is the most ________ element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in form and content.48．Ambiguity often arises due to ________ and homonymy.49．Idioms consist of set ________ and short sentences.50．Monolingual dictionaries are written in ________ language.Ⅳ．Define the following terms.（10%）51．morpheme52．homonym53．connotation54．elevation55．idiom英语词汇学试卷第 5 页共9 页Ⅴ．Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below.（20%）56．As far as growth of present-day English vocabulary is concerned, what are the three main sources of new words?57．What are the semantic features of compounds? Give an example to illustrate your point. 58．Decide whether the following statement is true or false, based on your understanding of the characteristics of antonyms. State your reason with one example.Contrary terms are non-gradable and allow intermediate members in between.59．How do you account for the context function as indication of referents?Ⅵ．Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below.（20%）60．Analyze the following dialogue and comment on the rhetoric use of homonym in italicized font.—“You’re not eating your fish,” a waitress said to a customer. “Anything wrong with it?”—“Long time no sea.” the customer replied.61．Analyze the three causes of meaning change within the scope of the linguistic factors, based on the given words below.（1）gold, bulb;（2）deer, beast, animals;（3）fortuitous, fruition.英语词汇学试卷第 6 页共9 页英语词汇学试卷第7 页共9 页英语词汇学试卷第8 页共9 页英语词汇学试卷第9 页共9 页。

such incan esp. In to as ）a and a ：foot, hand,（表示形为、come, go, eat,things necessary unchanged.undergoinghave nowsuch wordscomputer, things and.footer,footman,father ofdog-ear,dogsleep, toword stockbecause mostchanges inpolysemous.stock enter quiteidiomaticheart for example: have one's heart heart and soul;and so on.…alluse fromdo the language., hepatitis, penicillin, trigonometryin music:, sonata（清唱）to theof particular（商业领域）version‟,chips forthe parties in winning‟, holdfor the finish‟;for: buster forpeople outsidebear , dip（匕）bluidbog ）Addison82% 18%Swift75% 25%Pope 80% 20%Johnson 72% 28%Hume 73% 27%Gibbon70% 30%Macaulay 75% 25%Tennyson 88% 12%S. Robertson（rev.）1957: 174Words taken over from foreign languages are known as borrowed wordsor loan words or borrowings in simple terms. English is a heavy borrower and has adopted words from all other major languages of the world. It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary. As is stated in Encyclopedia Americana, “The English language has vast debts. In any dictionary some 80% of the entries are borrowed”（1980 V ol.10, p.423）.The English language is noted for the remarkable complexity and heterogeneity of its vocabulary because of its extensive borrowings. Baugh（1978）talks of the English vocabulary as “cosmopolitan vocabulary”, which reveals the true nature of the English vocabulary. According to the degree of assimilation（同化）and manner of borrowing（借词的方式）, we can bring the loan-words under four classes.1. Denizens.（同化词）Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now well assimilated into the English language.本句翻译：同化词是早期借来的单词，现在被完全同化，完全吸收。

英语词汇学怎么考英语词汇学必背知识点英语词汇学怎么考英语词汇学是一门理论知识课，每个知识点应该说都重要，所以重点和一般本来就难以界定。

从掌握知识来说，不要去分重点和一般，对每章每节都要以搞懂弄通为原则。

1、考前重点词汇复习方法要知道语法填空重点考查的词：动词、形容词、副词和派生词。

其中重点是动词，要把考点的设置与拼写的可能形式结合起来(如从谓语动词的角度来看，就要考虑动词的时态、语态和主谓一致所带来的动词变化。

其中过去式是考查重点，所以对动词的过去式，尤其是不规则动词的过去式和过去分词的拼写，自然就成为后期复习的重点。

至于另外三大词类也完全可以如此类推。

2、词汇积累学习加强短文背诵，增强“词不离句”意识。

背诵是非常原始的英语学习方法，但也是非常积极、有效的学习方法。

优选一些名家名篇，做为背诵的素材;或从课文中精选一些精悍之作，作为研习的精典，不但能够迅速提高语感，而且容易激发兴趣，形成活生生的词库，为单词的准确使用打下良好的基础。

3、英语自考主观题拿分技巧首先是单词拼写，这是所有题目中考生得分最低的一个部分，通常平均分不超过3分，所以大家不要太在意，20个单词，对4个，能有2分就很不错了，如果想要提高这部分，大家还要有准备的背单词，因为这里面的单词，并不全是课本课后单词表的单词，其中很多都是以前在中学学过的，所以要准备这一部分，需要的是买一本自考英语的词汇大纲，按里面的词汇背记才有意义。

如果大家对英语词汇学课程学习有难度，那么可以通过在线视频学习的，以上三点就是希赛小编对英语词汇学必背知识点学习方法，希望大家能更好的学习。

点击进入>>>英语词汇学（00832）精讲班视频教程。