西南大学2016年教育学专业考博真题
《教育基本原理》
1.教育合目的性与与合规律性的关系。
2.在我国教育实践中价值观存在什么误区，如何改进？
3.“互联网+”时代下的教育变革。
4.教育治理的特性与现实困境
5.举一个学科说明：学科育人的特点和规律。
6.试述学生核心素养和学科教学改革。
《教育研究方法》
1.教育研究的基本步骤。
2.访谈法中的提问。
3.文献的检索、阅读和分析。
4.观察学生行为量表设计。
5.大数据法与传统教育方法的利弊。
Reading Comprehension (35 minutes) Directions:There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Passage One Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage: When Kathie Gifford ’s face was splashed across the newspapers in 1996 after her lucrative line of Wal mart clothing was exposed as the work of underpaid laborers in New York City ’s Chinatown, the Department of Labor and the White House teamed up to condemn such practices. With much fanfare, President Clinton’s administration launched the “No Sweat” campaign, which pressured retailers and manufacturers to submit to periodic independent inspection of their workplace conditions.; This campaign urged manufacturers to sign the Workplace Code of Conduct, a promise to self regulate that has since been adopted by a handful of retailers and many of the nation ’s largest manufacturers, including Nike and L.L. Bean. However, the Department of Defense, which has a $ 1 billion garment business that would make it the country’s 14th largest retail apparel outlet, has not signed the Code of Conduct. In addition, it has not agreed to demand that its contractors submit to periodic inspections.; Because the Department of Defense has not agreed to adhere to the code, the job of stopping public sector sweatshops falls to the Department of Labor. Federal contractors that persist in violating wage laws or safety and health codes can lose their lucrative taxpayer financed contracts. But Suzanne Seiden, a deputy administrator at the Department of Labor, says that to her knowledge, the department has never applied that rule to government apparel manufacturers. “I just assume that they are adhering to safety and health requirements,” she says. According to records obtained by Mother Jones, through a Freedom of Information Act request, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration has cited Lion 32 times for safety and health violations in the past 12 years. 21.What is this passgage mainly concerned with? A)The functions of the Department of Labor in America. B)A serious problem threatening American economy. C)The successful attempt of regulating sweatshops in America. D)The seriousness of the problem of sweatshops in America. 22.According to the passage, Kathie Gifford ____. A) was one of the underpaid laborers in New York City’s Chinatown B) was one of the well paid laborers in New York City ’s Chinatown C) made much money from cheap laborers in New York City’s Chinatown D) wrote a newspaper article exposing the practice of employing cheap laborers 23.The underlined p hrase “to submit to” is closest in meaning to ____. A) to accept unwillingly B) to refuse coldly C) to welcome warm heartedly D) to blame strongly 24.Which of the following statements about the Department of Defense is true? A) It will become the count ry’s 14th largest retail apparel manufacturer. B) It hasn’t acted according to the Workplace Code of Conduct. C) It has demanded its contractors to sign the Workplace Code of Conduct. D) It has teamed up with the Department of Labor to launch a campaign. 25.What was the purpose of President Clinton’s administration launching the “No Sweat” campaign? A) To urge manufacturers to obey the Workplace Code of Conduct. B) To remind the manufacturers of the Workplace Code of Conduct. C) To urge the Department of Labor to take its responsibility. D) To urge the Department of Defense to inspect manufacturers. Passage Two Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage: The term investment portfolio conjures up visions of the truly rich-the Rockefellers, the Wal Mart Waltons, Bill Gates. But today, everyone-from the Philadelphia firefighter, his part time receptionist wife and their three children, to the single Los Angeles lawyer starting out on his own-needs a portfolio.; A portfolio is simply a collection of financial assets. It may include real estate, rare stamps and coins, precious metals and even artworks. But those are for people with expertise. What most of us need to know about are stocks, bonds and cash (including such cash equivalents as money market funds).; How do you decide what part of your portfolio should go to each of the big three? Begin by understanding that stocks pay higher returns but are more risky; bonds and cash pay lower returns but are less risky.; Research by Ibbotson Associates, for example, shows that large company stocks, on average, have returned 11.2 percent annually since 1926. Over the same period, by comparison, bonds have returned an annual average of 5.3 percent and cash, 3.8 percent.; But short term risk is another matter. In 1974, a one year $1000 investment in the stock market would have declined to $735.; With bonds, there are two kinds of risk: that the borrower won’t pay you back and that the money you’ll get won’t be worth very much. The U.S. government stands behi nd treasury bonds, so the credit risk is almost nil. But the inflation risk remains. Say you buy a $1000 bond maturing in ten years. If inflation averages about seven percent over that time, then the $1000 you receive at maturity can only buy $500 worth of today’s goods.; With cash, the inflation risk is lower, since over a long period you can keep rolling over your CDs every year (or more often). If inflation rises, interest rates rise to compensate.; As a result, the single most imortant rule in building a portfolio is this: If you don’t need
2015年四川大学考博《英语》真题 (总分：100.00，做题时间：180分钟) 一、ⅠReadingComprehension 二、Passage1 Speechissofamiliarafeatureofdailylifethatwerarelypausetodefineit.Itseemsasnatural tomanaswalkingandonlylesssothanbreathing.Yetitneedsbutamoment'sreflectiontoconvinceus thatthisnaturalnessofspeechisbutanillusoryfeeling.Theprocessofacquiringspeechis,insob erfact,anutterlydifferentsortofthingfromtheprocessoflearningtowalk.Inthecaseofthelatt erfunction,culture,inotherwords,thetraditionalbodyofsocialusage,isnotseriouslybrought intoplay.Thechildisindividuallyequipped,bythecomplexsetoffactorsthatwetermbiologicalh eredity,tomakealltheneededmuscularandnervousadjustmentsthatresultinwalking.Indeed,the veryconformationofthesemusclesandoftheappropriatepartsofthenervoussystemmaybesaidtobe primarilyadaptedtothemovementsmadeinwalkingandinsimilaractivities.Inaveryrealsense,th enormalhumanbeingispredestinedtowalk,notbecausehiselderswillassisthimtolearnthear t,butbecausehisorganismispreparedfrombirth,orevenfromthemomentofconception,totake onallthoseexpendituresofnervousenergyandallthosemuscularadaptationsthatresultinwalkin g.Toputitconcisely,walkingisaninherent,biologicalfunctionofman. Notsolanguage.Itisofcoursetruethatinacertainsensetheindividualispredestinedtotalk ,butthatisdueentirelytothecircumstancethatheisbornnotmerelyinnature,butinthelapofasoc ietythatiscertain,reasonablycertain,toleadhimtoitstraditions.Eliminatesocietyandthere iseveryreasontobelievethathewilllearntowalk,if,indeed,hesurvivesatall.Butitisjustasce rtainthathewillneverlearntotalk,thatis,tocommunicateideasaccordingtothetraditionalsys temofaparticularsociety.Or,again,removethenew-bornindividualfromthesocialenvironmenti ntowhichhehascomeandtransplanthimtoanutterlyalienone.Hewilldeveloptheartofwalkinginhi snewenvironmentverymuchashewouldhavedevelopeditintheold.Buthisspeechwillbecompletelya tvariancewiththespeechofhisnativeenvironment.Walkingthenisageneralhumanactivitythatva riesonlywithinarestrictedlimitaswepassfromindividualtoindividual.Itsvariabil ityispurposeless.Speechisahumanactivitythatvarieswithoutassignablelimitaswepassfr omsocialgrouptosocialgroup,becauseitisapurelyhistoricalheritage,theproductoflong-cont inuedsocialusage.Itvariesasallcreativeeffortvaries-notasconsciously,perhaps,butnoneth elessastrulyasdothereligions,thebeliefs,thecustoms,andtheartsofdifferentpeoples.Walki ngisanorganic,instinctivefunction,speechisanon-instinctive,acquired,"cultural"functio n. (1).ThefirstsentenceofParagraphTwo,"Notsolanguage"istheclosestinmeaningto______. " A.thisisnotthecasewithlanguage " B.soislanguageandnotanythingelse " C.nosuchathingexistsinlanguage " D.notsomuchwithlanguage A.√ B. C. D. 解析：细节推理题。Notsolanguage承接首段的最后一句话，将language与walking进行对比，上文提及"行走是人类与生俱来的一种生物功能"，而语言则不是。选项A与文中的意思最接近。故答案为A。
2015西南财经大学考博英语真题阅读理解精练Less than a year ago，a new generation of diet pills seemed to offer the long-sought answer to our chronic weight problems.Hundreds of thousands of pound-conscious Americans had discovered that a drug combination known as“fen-phen”could shut off voracious appetites like magic，and the FDA had just approved a new drug，Redux，that did the same with fewer side effects.Redux would attract hundreds of thousands of new pill poppers within a few months. But now the diet-drug revolution is facing a backlash.Some of the nation“s largest HMOs，including Aetna U.S.Healthcare and Prudential Healthcare have begun cutting back or eliminating reimbursement(退款补偿、报销)for both pills.Diet chains like Jenny Craig and Nutri/System are backing away from them too.Several states，meanwhile，have restricted the use of https://www.doczj.com/doc/4919112635.html,st week the Florida legislature banned new prescriptions entirely and called on doctors to wean(使断绝)current patients from the drug within30days;it also put a90-day limit on Redux prescriptions.Even New Jersey doctor Sheldon Levine，who touted Redux last year on TV and in his book The Redux Revolution，has stopped giving it to all but his most obese patients. The reason for all the retrenchment(紧缩、删节)：potentially lethal side effect s.Over the summer，the FDA revealed that82 patients had developed defects in t heir heart values while on fen-phen，and that seven patients had come down with the same
第一次作业 一、名词解释 1、教育制度 答教育制度是一个国家各级各类教育机构与组织体系有机构成的总体及其正常运行所需的种种规范、规则或规定的总和。它包含有学前教育机构、学校教育机构、业余教育机构、社会教育机构等还包括各机构间的组织关系、各机构的任务、组织管理等它的设立主体是国家是国家教育方针制度化的体现。教育制度是一个社会赖以传授知识和文化遗产以及影响个人社会活动和智力增长的正式机构和组织的总格局。是社会制度中的一种与政治、经济、文化、宗教、家庭制度并存于社会结构之中。 2、非指导性教学 答指罗杰斯非指导性”教学模式其含义应是较少有直接性、命令性、指示性”等特征而带有较多的不明示性、间接性、非命令性”等特征。这种自我评价使学生更能为自己的学习负起责任从而更加主动、有效、持久地学习 3、个案研究法 答个案研究法通常是以单一的、典型的个体为具体研究，通过对其进行直接或间接的深入研究,了解其发展变化的某些线索和特点，在此基础上制定并施行一些积极的教育和改进措施，促进研究对象发展的一种研究方法。 4、活动课程 答活动课程是从学生的兴趣与需要出发，以学生的主动实践获取直接经验为主 来安排有关教育内容及其进程的一种课程类型 活动课程亦称经验课程、儿童中心课程。是与学科课程对立的课程类型。它以儿童从事某种活动的兴趣和动机为中心组织课程。因此活动课程也称动机论。活
动课程的思想可以溯源到法国自然主义教育思想家卢梭。19世纪末20世纪初美 国的杜威和克伯屈发扬了这一思想杜威的课程为经验课程”或儿童中心课程” 二、简答题 1.简述教育目的的功能。 答:首先，导向功能。教育的导向功能指的是教育目的既是教育工作的出发点，也是教育工作的最终归宿，它为整个教育活动指明了方向。其次,选择功能。教育目的决定了教育内容的选择以及教育目的决定了对人的素质要求上的选择。再次，评价功能。教育目的既为教育活动指明了方向，是检验、衡量、评价全部教育活动最终结果的依据和标准。第四，激励功能。教育目的是对受教育者未来发展结果的一种设想,它立足现实并指向未来，具有一定的理想性，这决定了教育目的所具有的激励功能。最后,协调功能。在教育活动内部，影响学生发展的因素更呈现为一种多层次、多种类的复杂系统。为了在教育者身上培养出社会所需要的知识能力素质, 应该把如上各种因素统一协调起来，使之形成一种合力。 2.简述文化与教育的关系。 答教育作为文化形式会反作用于文化整体使自身体现出深刻的文化上的意义一、保存文化、维持文化生存是教育的基本职能。 教育对文化的保存和维持主要是通过选择、整理和传递文化来实现的。一般来说教育对文化的选择和整理要依据两个重要尺度一是社会需要二是受教育者的心理发展水平和年龄特征。教育主要依据这两个尺度对文化作出肯定和否定的选择即对符合社会需要和受教育者心理状况的文化要素成为教育系统的有机组成部分同样对违背社会需 要又不符合受教育者心理状况的文化要素及以排斥、弱化或消除其影响。教育所选择的文化在一定程度上体现了人类文化的精粹是人类文化宝库中重要的乃至核心的成分教育
第一次作业： 简答题 1.评价分析哲学的局限性。 （一）分析哲学由于它重在方法，不考虑哲学思想体系问题，这样必然使方法分析有时陷于困境，不仅无法回答教育哲学中的根本问题，甚至对一些教育概念和术语也很难分析清楚。 （二）分析哲学不仅反对建立本体论、认识论的体系，而且反对回答人生观、伦理观和价值观等问题，因而价值问题和道德问题在分析哲学中是没有地位的。 （三）由于分析哲学只重视对问题进行逻辑的和语言的分析，其结果常常是走向支离破碎或咬文嚼字，成为烦琐哲学的一种形式。 2.文艺复兴时期的人文主义哲学思想。 人文主义是欧洲文艺复兴时期新兴市民阶级的一种社会思潮。在中世纪的欧洲，基督教教会垄断了文化教育。12世纪以前，培养僧侣的修道院是学校教育的唯一形式,神学是唯一的学科。12世纪后,由于**经济条件的变化，出现了非教会的世俗学校和教授语言文学、哲学和自然科学知识的“人文学科”，同“神学”相区别、相对立。所以，人们把14～16世纪欧洲的世俗文化以及其中所贯彻的反封建反神学的新社会思潮称为人文主义。就其主流来说，人文主义代表了新兴市民阶级的利益。它宣扬以人为本，赞美人的力量，讴歌世俗生活，鼓吹个性解放，实质上它是资产阶级人道主义的最初表现形式. 3.简述现代社会教育的共同特征。 第一、不断提高普及教育，教育对象具有广泛性。 第二、教育密切联系社会，教育性质具有生产性。社会教育化、教育社会化成为现代社会的主要特征。 第三、学习内容极为丰富，教育内容具有**性。 第四、重视教育立法，教育具有法制性。 第五、教育贯穿人的一生，教育呈现终身化。 第六、重视教育的交流与合作，教育具有国际性。 第七、重视教育科学研究，教育具有科学性。依靠教育科学指导教育实践，遵循规律成为现代教育活动的基本理念。 4.简述文化与教育的关系。 首先，社会文化影响着教育。一是文化作为教育的内容，影响教育内容的状态，影响课程的设计与实施；二是文化影响教育的模式、方法与手段等，特别是不同文化背景下的教育，其教育的内容选取、课程设置、教学模式，以及采取的方法手段等都有显著差异。 其次，教育对文化的作用是巨大，既可以通过对文化的传递、发展、交流、整合，而促进文化的发展；也会因为教育不当而导致文化的扭曲、缺失，甚至中断。 二、论述题 1.论述对中国传统教育哲学思想应持的态度。 答：1.研究中国传统教育哲学思想以儒学为主并博采众长中国传统教育哲学的特点问题是以儒家思想为主导的中国古代传统教育哲学的基本特点是：天人合一，政教统一，问道结合，知行一致→塑造了中国民族的文化性格。我们说中国传统教育哲学思想，是以儒家思想为主导，但不是说儒家思想涵盖了全部，或者说其他各派的思想对中国传统教育哲学思想没有任何影响，相反的在不同历史时期内，在文化教育的各个方面其他各派的影响也是显而易见的，由各派的相互之争，就形成了中国传统文化，包括传统的教育哲学思想的复杂性和丰富性，对此需要我们进行缜密的又是全面的研究，需要我们以实事求是的科学态度博采众长，为建立具有中国特色的新的教育哲学体系所用. 2.（1）坚持历史观点传统都是历史的产物，必然有其历史的特点和局限性，这就要求我们从历史的实际出发做出实事求是的分析：历史的评价事件和人物；尊重历史的辩证发展。注意，我们尊重历史但不是颂古非今，而是尊重历史的辩证发展
2015西南财经大学考博英语历年真题 一、招考介绍 从整体上看，由于博士生招生形势的不断发展各院校博士生入学考试的难度越来越大，对考生的外语水平要求也越来越高，特别是听、说能力。攻读博士学位的学生，一方面应该具备坚实的专业理论基础和扎实的科研能力，另一方面还应该具备较高水平的外语能力。 二、西南财经大学考博英语题型 Part1:词汇,30题15分 Part2:阅读理解,四篇20题40分 Part3:短文翻译,英译汉15分汉译英15分 Part4:作文,15分 三、考博英语必备参考书 育明考博教研部主编,河北大学出版社出版的《考博英语真题解析》和《考博词汇》是考博人必备的两本书。在当当网，亚马逊和全国各大书店均有销售，也可以联系我们直接购买。 四、联系导师 在初步定好考博学校之后，就要和所报考院校中意的老师取得联系，询问是否有招生名额，能否报考，这是我们考博成功的关键第一步。 大多数考生会在九月中下旬与导师取得联系。因为太早，学校里面直博名额什么的还没有确定，报考的导师也不清楚是否有名额；太晚的话，怕别的学生比你早联系就不好了。一般情况下，导师对一个学生很中意的话，后来联系的学生，导师一般也不会答应其报考了。在此说点题外话，联系导师的过程中，如果读研期间的导师有关系，可以尽量利用。如果没有，也没关系，凭着自己的本事也是可以和考博导师很好的沟通的，这就要看自己了。 通常跟导师初次联系，都是发邮件。导师回复邮件的情况一般有几种： （1）、欢迎报考。这种答复最笼统，说明不了问题。我们可以接着努力和老师多沟通，看看具体的进展，避免出现初试之后却没有名额的情况。 （2）、名额有限，可以报考，但有竞争。很多人说这样的回复不满意，认为希望很小一般会被刷。其实这样还是比较好的一种回答，最起码导师没有骗你而且给你机会去证明自己，考的好就可以上。
《教育学》作业 第一次作业 一、名词解释 1、潜在课程：指学校潜在课程指学校内部那些难以预期的，伴随着正式课程而随机出现的，对学生产生潜移默化影响的各种教育因素的总和。 2、教育制度：教育制度是指一个国家或地区各级各类的教育机构与组织的体系及其管理规则。首先，教育制度是指一个国家或地区的各级各类学校的教育机构和组织的体系；其次，教育制度是指教育机构与组织体系赖以存在与运行的一整套规则。 3、探究学习：探究学习是从科学领域或现实社会生活中选择和确定研究主题，在教学中，创设一种类似学术（或科学）研究的情境，通过学生自主、独立地发现问题、试验、操作、调查、搜集与处理信息，表达与交流等探索活动，获得知识、技能、情感与态度的发展，特别是探索精神和创新能力的发展的学习方式和学习过程。 4、课程：“课程”作为一个教育学概念，首先涉及到对学校教育内容的组织。其次，课程也涉及到对预定的教育标准或目标、预期的教学结果的系统规定。再次，课程还涉及到对学校教学、教育活动的总体构思和初步设计。据此，可以将课程定义为：课程是对学校教育内容、标准和进程的总体安排。其最重要的特征是“计划性”或“方案性”即给教学、教育活动提供方案。作为方案，课程是学校各类教学、教育活动的基本依据或“蓝图”，各类教学、教育活动则是课程的实施或具体执行。 5、主体性原则：所谓主体性原则，一般来说就是承认、重视并坚持主体在实践和认识活动中的地位和作用的原则。 二、简答题 1、简述教学过程的规律 答：（1）教学认识过程简约性的规律，在教学过程中，教师引导学生掌握知识的过程就是要把人类的认识成果转化为学生个体认识的过程。 （2）教学与发展相统一的规律，教学与发展是教学过程中的一对基本矛盾，正是这对矛盾的存在、运动，推动了教学的发展，成为教学过程运行的原动力。我们这里所说的发展包括学生身心两方面的发展。 （3）教和学相统一的规律，教学活动是教师的教和学生的学两种活动的有机结合，教和学是同一过程中的两个方面。教与学两种活动既是双边活动又是双向活动，还是两种不同类型的活动，它们有区别又有联系，两种过程相互依存、相互影响、相互促进。 （4）教学要素的整体性规律，教学过程中包含有多种要素，各要素是处在持续不断的变化之中的。 2、简述教师应当具备的素养 答：现代教师的素质应包括思想政治素质，职业素养和能力素养三大方面的内容。思想政治素质是“一种特殊的素养，是人们为实现本阶级利益而进行各种精神活动和实践活动的特定品质”。我国人民教师的思想政治素质主要表现为坚定的共产主义信念，强烈的爱国之情以及勇于坚持真理等内容。教师的职业素养应主
四川大学2012考博英语真题及答案详解 阅读 1）Sign has become a scientific hot button. Only in the past 20 years have specialists in language study realized that signed languages are unique—a speech of the hand. They offer a new way to probe how the brain generates and understands language, and throw new light on an old scientific controversy: whether language, complete with grammar, is something that we are born With, or whether it is a learned behavior. The current interest in sign language has roots in the pioneering work of one rebel teacher at Gallaudet University in Washington, D. C., the world’s only liberal arts university for deaf people. When Bill Stokoe went to Gallaudet to teach English, the school enrolled him in a course in signing. But Stokoe noticed something odd: among themselves, students signed differently from his classroom teacher. Stokoe had been taught a sort of gestural code, each movement of the hands representing a word in English. At the time, American Sign Language (ASL) was thought to be no more than a form of pidgin English (混杂英语). But Stokoe believed the “hand talk” his students used looked richer. He wondered: Might deaf people actually: have a genuine language? And could that language be unlike any other on Earth? I t was 1955, when even deaf people dismissed their signing a s “substandard”. Stokoe’s idea was academic heresy (异端邪说). It is 37 years later. Stokoe—now devoting his time to writing and editing books and journals and to producing video materials on ASL and the deaf culture—is having lunch at a cafe near the Gallaudet campus and explaining how he started a revolution. For decades educators fought his idea that signed languages are natural languages like English, French and Japanese. They assumed language must be based on speech, the modulation (调节) of sound. But sign language is based on the movement of hands, the modulation of space. “What I said,” Stokoe explains, “is that language is not mouth stuff—it’s brain stuff.” 21. The study of sign language is thought to be _____C___. A) a new way to look at the learning of language B) a challenge to tradi t ional, views on the nature of language C) an approach: to simplifying the grammatical structure of a language D) an attempt to clarify misunderstanding about the origin of language（C） 22. The, present growing interest in sign language was stimulated by ___C_____. A) a famous scholar in the study of the human brain B) a leading specialist in the study of liberal arts C) an English teacher in a university for the deaf D) some senior experts in American Sign Language（C） 23. According to Stokoe, sign language is _____B___. A) a Substandard language B) a genuine language C) an artificial language D) an international language（B）
考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编11 (总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟) 一、Structure and Vocabu(总题数：25，分数：50.00) 1.The camel is ______by the humps on its back and an ability to go without water for days at a time.（分数： 2.00） A.described B.characterized C.symbolized D.personified 2.With all its defects the little play has a real ______; it attracts a lot of people every day.（分数：2.00） A.quality B.charm C.theme D.exposition 3.The members of the club______ a plane to lake them on holiday to France.（分数：2.00） A.bought B.chartered C.leased D.borrowed 4.It is agreed that all nations should take measures against terrorism on the basis of the UN______ and other international laws. (2002年中国人民大学考博试题)（分数：2.00） A.Charter B.Constitution C.Concordance D.Custody 5.The noise was caused by a dog ______ a cat through the garden.（分数：2.00） A.chasing B.fighting C.catching D.following 6.In his ______ to further knowledge of the universe, man has now begun to explore space.(2003年南京大学考博试题)（分数：2.00） A.attempt B.expedition C.trial D.chase 7.The two friends sat in a comer and ______ away to each other about the weather.（分数：2.00） A.talked B.chatted C.muttered D.whispered 8.The boy ______ his friend out of the apple by insisting that it was rotten, if not poisonous.（分数：2.00） A.frightened B.forced C.cheated