非谓语动词和从句
1.非谓语动词
谓语（狭义）：主要指动词，关于主语的情况，可表示动作，也可以表示状态，受主语的人称和数的限制。
Time flies.
She doesn’t like the idea.
You shouldn’t look down upon this kind of work.
非谓语动词：在句中不能单独作谓语的动词，主要包括不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词）。它不受主语的人称和数的限制，但有语态（主动与被动）和时态（一般式；完成式；进行式）的变化；否定式一般将not 直接放在非谓语动词之前。
1.1动词不定式
肯定形式： A 主动语态 B 被动语态
一般式
完成式
进行式
完成进行式
否定形式：not/never to do
1.1.1不定式有两种，即带to的不定式和不带to的不定式。
I’ve come to seek your advice.
What you said made me think.
大多数情况下，不定式都带to, 但在特殊情况下，动词不定式的to要省略。
1.1.2动词不定式的用法：
主语（it作形式主语）：
To cheat in exams is punishable.
注意：此时，动词不定式常常放在句子后面，而用it 作形式主语。
It is punishable to cheat in exams.
宾语：动词宾语：I hope to be back in a couple of days.
介词宾语：They desire nothing but to go home.
宾补：I want him to be my assistant.
I ordered him not to enter this room without permission.
表语：His wish was to be a skillful worker.
定语：Do you have anything to say?
状语：I was delighted to receive your letters. （原因）
We started early to avoid being late. (目的)
He grew up to be a famous scholar. (结果)
You would make a big mistake to take his bribe. (条件)
独立成分，用来修饰整个句子，句子状语。
To be honest, I don’t like him.
常见短语如下：to tell/ speak/ say / confess the truth, to speak frankly/ sincerely/, to be frank/plain with you坦率说，老实说；
To cut/ make a long story short, to sum up, to be brief
Glad/ sad/ sorry/ needless/ strange to say
To begin/ start with
1.1.3 不定式短语
疑问词+动词不定式：where/who/ what/when/ how/ why/which + to do.
作用：
主语：how to stop pollution is a big problem.
宾语：I really don’t know what to say before you.
表语：the question is how to handle this dilemma.
For+名、代词+动词不定式：
这里，借助for引导出不定式的逻辑主语。
Here are some books for you to read on the way.
It’s not right for people to marry for money.
This is the way for us to follow.
It is adj of sb to do sh.
只用当做表语的形容词修饰人时，表示人本身具有的品格、特征、性质，我们采用of引导。
It is very kind of you to help me so much. = you are kind to help me so much.
1.1.3动词不定式to 的省略
感官动词(feel, see, watch, hear, etc), 使役动词(make, let, have)，半省略词help. 但在被动语态中，省略的to应该补充完整。
I heard him speak in the next room.
He was heard to speak in the next room.
常用结构：had better, would rather, cannot but = can do nothing
but=have nothing to do but (只好)，why do/ not?
当主语成分中含有动词do的形式时，作表语的不定式可以省略to.
All you need to do is press the button.
1.1.4动词不定式的时态和语态
She left the city, never to be seen again.
The book is said to have been translated into many languages.
1.1.5不定式的主动语态表示被动意思(动宾关系)
I have no chair to sit on.
A black tie was the proper thing to wear.
1.2 动名词
否定形式：直接在前面加not.
1.2.1 用法：
主语：my sister’s being ill makes me worried.
宾语：we are looking forward to hearing from you.
表语：Her job is washing clothes.
同位语：This is my recreation, reading novels.
定语：a walking stick, a sleeping car.
My father doesn’t like being invited to make a speech.
I don’t mind having been written like that.
1.2.3 在下列词中，主动形式的动名词表示被动意义：want, need, require, deserve, be worth.
His car needs repairing.
He deserves hanging.
1.2.4 包含动名词的习惯用语
There is no doing…
Feel like doing…
On/ upon doing…
No doing!
What do you say to doing
It is no use/ there is no use doing…
Can’t help/ resist/ avoid/ keep from doing …
Far from doing, 若是形容词，可以直接用.
Have difficulty in doing…
1.3分词
1.3.1 现在分词
1.3.2 用法：
定语：a gentleman standing over there
表语：the book is quite interesting. (多表示主语的特征)
宾补：I found him lying on the bed.
状语：hearing the news, they all danced for joy(表时间).
备注：现在分词作状语时，逻辑主语与句子主语应该一致。
1.3.3 独立结构，当现在分词有了自己的逻辑主语。
The day being fine, we decided to go swimming.
We explored the caves, Peter acting as a guide.
1.3.4 句子状语, 修饰整个句子，说明说话人的看法,也叫独立成分。
Strictly speaking, that school is not very old.
Judging by his words, I think she is fit for the post.
1.3.5 过去分词done,否定形式直接在其前面加not。
用法：
表语：I am awfully worried.
定语：give a satisfied smile
宾补：keep your mouth shut and eyes open.
状语：seen from the mountain, the city is magnificent.
2．区别：
过去分词和现在分词：
语态上： a moving film, a moved audience.
时间上：the changing world, the changed world.
动名词和现在分词：
作定语时，现分体现了逻辑主语与动词的主动关系，动名体现了被修饰词的性质和用途：
A sleeping car/ a sleep child.
动名词和不定式：
不定式强调尚未发生，动名词暗示已经存在：
My father is a millionaire, but having a lot of money does not solve all the problems.
To have a lot of money is my father’s dream.
不定式表示具体、特定的情况，动名词表示一般、普遍情况；
I prefer walking to driving.
I prefer to walk tonight, for I have had too much.
跟动名词与不定式时，意义有差别的情况：
Remember, forget, regret, try, go on, stop, mean.
3 with/ without +复合宾语：
With the boy to lead the way, we’ll find the cave easily. (条件)
Without anyone noticing, I stole into the room.
The boy was crying with the toy broken.
2.从句
句子分为简单句（只有一个主谓结构）、并列句（两个或多个互不依存的主谓结构）和复合句（一个或多个成分由从句来担任）。
从句，某些成分由类似句子的主谓结构来担任。随着从句在句子中的作用，可以分为：
主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句、状语从句。
2.1名词性从句
一种具有名词功能的从句，包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。
结构上，包括以that引导的从句；
以whether/ if 引导的从句；
以特殊疑问词引导的从句（使用陈述语序）；
以what等关系代词引导的名词性从句；
2.1.1主语从句
That we are invited to a concert is good news.
It is good news that we are invited to a concert. (形式主语)
that 位于句首时，一定不能省略。
Whether he will come is doubtful.
It is doubtful whether / if he will come.
位于句首时，只能用whether.
Who will preside at the meeting is not decided yet.
It is not decided yet who will preside at the meeting.
可以用it作形式主语。
注意：在以上情况下，it可以充当形式主语。只是在特殊动词中，只能用it+动词+that句型：(appear, seem, happen, turn out, matter, occur to sb) It seems that you object to the plan.
It appears that you don’t care about this matter.
名词性关系从句: What they need is a good textbook.
类似的关系代词有其他-ever构成的关系代词。
Whoever did this job must be rewarded.
2.1.2宾语从句
That 引导时，一般情况下可以省略：
we are glad (that) all our friends have attended this party.
下列情况不能省略：
句子中的状语很多;
We hoped, in case that…., that he could stay with us.
句子有两个或多个并列的宾语从句时，从第二个起，不能省略；
I wish (that) he could visit us and that his parents could allow him to stay with us.
宾语从句的被动结构；
I believe( that) he is a good boy= it is believed that …
It 作为形式宾语替代真正的that从句：
We think it probably that he is dead.
That从句放在in 和except后面时：
The copy was good except that…
由whether/if引导的宾语从句：
一般情况下可以互换：
I asked him whether/ if he was busy.
但whether引导的从句不能有否定式。
I don’t care whether/if he comes.
I don’t care if he doesn’t come.
特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句注意用陈述语序。
2.1.3表语从句
That引导时，一般不能省略。
The problem is that they can’t get enough capital.
特殊疑问词引导，
The problem is where I should start.
As if/as though 引导，
It looked as if it was going to snow.
名词性关系从句，
That is what he told me.
2.1.4同位语从句
That 引导的同位语一般放在抽象名词之后，说明其内容。
The news that we’ve been invited to the party is very encouraging.
特殊疑问词引导，
The problem, where we should live, is still unsolved.
注意事项：
只能用Whether的情况：
1.位于句首；
2.引导表语从句；
3.从句作介词宾语；I think about whether I should quit the job.
4.后面跟不定式：I don’t know whether or not to tell her the news.
宾语从句中，时态问题；
2.2定语从句
先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词或代词，必须位于从句之前。
关系词：关系代词+关系副词；
关系代词：引导定语从句，并替代前面的先行词，且在从句中充当成分，who/whom, which/as, that, whose.
关系副词：引导定语从句，并替代前面的先行词表示时间、地点、原因，在从句中充当状语，where, when, why。
This was the time when (at which) he arrived.
2.2.1分类：限定性和非限定性
限定性：从句是整个句子不可或缺的部分，无逗号隔开，去掉使先行词不明确。
This is the bike that I bought yesterday.
非限定性：从句是主句的补充说明，有逗号隔开，去掉后不影响主句完整。
She has two brothers, who are both doctors.
2.2.2关系代词的作用
Who/whom:
Whose:
Which: 用于限定性从句中，指物或不明性别的婴儿；用于非限定性时，修饰整个主句；介词后；
That：只能修饰限定性从句；可以是人，也可以是物；不能放在介词后，但从句的介词没有提前也可以。
This is the building that we are talking about.
As: 在限定性中，常与the same, such 连用；在非限定性中，修饰整个句子，且可以位于句首；与某些动词的固定用法（consider, see, know, etc）
2.2.2.2只能用that的情况：
1.Anything, nothing, something, everything, all, little为先行词；
2．先行词有最高级、序数词或the very/ only/ last/ same等修饰时；
3. 既有人也有物时；
4. 本身以who/which开头：who is the person that stands over there?
2.2.3关系副词
引导时间、地点、原因，在从句中作状语，相当于at which, in which, for which.
都可以引导限定性定语从句；
只有Why不能引导非限定性定语从句；
That的特殊用法：
表示地点this is the room that he works.
时间this is the time he arrives.
原因this is the reason that he came.
方式this is the way he did it. （how不能用作关系副词表示方式）此时的that 都可以省略。
2.2.4定语从句与同位语从句的区别：
表达内容不同；修饰；说明；
先行词不同，同位语的先行词数量有限，且带有信息；
判断的标准；加入be连接词；指代内容还是说明时间、地点、原因；
2.3状语从句
副词性从句，在句中修饰形容词、副词、动词。
2.3.1分类
时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、目的、让步、比较、条件
2.3.1.1
时间状语从句：
引导词；when, while, as, before, after, since, ever since, by, until/till, hardly…when, no sooner…than, as soon as, the moment…
地点状语从句：
Where, wherever.
方式状语从句：
As, as though/if,
原因状语从句：
Because, since, as, seeing that, now that;
结果状语从句：
So, so that, so…that, such…that,.
目的状语从句：
So that, in order that, so, for fear that, in case
让步状语从句：
Even though/if, though, although, as, if, while, whereas, no matter+疑问词，-ever复合词；
条件状语从句：
If, on condition that, as long as, supposing/ suppose that, provided/ providing that, in case, unless,
比较状语从句：
As…as, the same as, such… as, not so…as, not the same as, not such…as, than, the…, the…
非谓语动词和从句的转换---- 一.不定式（短语）与从句的关系 1.不定式（短语）在句中作主语，其功能相当于一个主语从句，因此二者之间可以转换。 (1).To be able to help you is really an honor.(=That I’m able to help you) (2).He seemed to know the way.(=It seemed that he knew the way.) (3).Bush is said to have decided to attack North Korea. (= It is said that Bush has decided to attack North Korea.) 2.不定式（短语）在句中作宾语或宾补，相当于一个宾语从句 (1).We still don’t know when and where to build a school.(宾语) (=when and where we should build a school) (2).I advised him to go and see the doctor.(宾补)(=that he should go and see) (3).He thought it a great pity not to have invited her. .(宾语)(=That he hadn’t invited her.) 3不定式（短语）在句中作表语.，相当于一个表语从句 (1).My suggestion is for them to leave as soon as possible.(=that they should leave) (2).My chief purpose has been for them to get a good understanding. (=that they can get a good understanding) 4.不定式（短语）在句中作定语.，相当于一个定语从句 (1).The question will be discussed at the conference shortly to open in Beijing. (=that is shortly to open in Beijing) (2).All dead, I was the only one to grow up. (=that grew up) 5.不定式（短语）在句中作目的．结果状语.，相当于一个目的．结果状语从句 (１).He came to the area in order/so as to study the folk music there.(=in order/so that) (2).The lady was so excited as not to say a word.(=so excited that she couldn’t…)
最新英语非谓语动词用法总结(完整) 一、单项选择非谓语动词 1．Students surf the internet _______ more information about the university they are dreamt of. A．found B．finding C．having found D．to find 【答案】D 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：学生们上网是为了找到他们理想大学的更多的信息。此处表示目的用不定式，指上网的目的。故选D。 2．Look over there! There is a long, winding path ________ up to the house. A．lead B．leading C．led D．to lead 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：看那边!有一条长长的蜿蜒小路通向那所房子。分析句式可知，这是个there be 句型，因此，此处用非谓语动词，path与lead是主动关系，因此用现在分词，故选B。 3．______ to nuclear radiation, even for a short time, may influence genes in human bodies. A．Having exposed B．Being exposed C．To expose D．Exposed 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】 考查动名词。句意：暴露于核辐射中甚至很短时间都会影响人体的基因。分析句子成分发现even for a short time是插入语，may influence是谓语，前面的部分应该是主语，be exposed to“暴露于”，要用动名词Being exposed to。故B选项正确。 4．The lecture, _______at 7:00 pm last night, was followed by an observation of the moon with telescopes. A．starting B．being started C．to start D．to be started 【答案】A 【解析】 选A start与逻辑主语the lecture之间为主动关系，故排除B、D两项。不定式作定语时，常表示动作尚未发生，故排除C项，此处用现在分词作后置定语，表示主动。 第四步：根据与谓语动词的先后关系确定时态 非谓语动词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前用过去分词或v.-ing形式/不定式的
英语中if引导的条件状语从句用动词原形 还是非谓语动词 请看下面的句子，空格处应填动词原形还是非谓语动词： If they don't understand it the first time, _________ over it again until they do. A. going B. to go C. gone D. go 【分析】此题正确答案选D，其余几项均有可能被误选。空格前if 引导的是一个条件状语从句，而在空格处无论是填A、B或C，它都是一个非谓语动词短语，而不是一个句子，这样一来，整个句子没有主句，从而导致结构不完整。若选D，则go over it again until they do 则是一个句子(祈使句)，在此用作主语。又如： (1) If he likes to eat it, _________ him some more. A. give B. giving C. given D. to give (2) If anyone calls, _________ them I'm not at home.
A. tell B. telling C. told D. to tell (3) When your mother comes back, _________ her to come to school at once. A. ask B. asking C. asked D. to ask (4) While the baby is sleeping, _________ your work as soon as possible. A. finish B. finishing C. finished D. to finish 答案均选A，空格前分别为if, when, while 引导的状语从句，空格处填动词原形，构成祈使句，用作句子主语。
一、非谓语动词转换成从句 1. Tom's knowing English helps him in learning French. That _________ helps him in learning English. 2. Her being out of work was unexpected. ____________ was unexpected. 3. I remember having paid him for his work. I remember that___________________. 4. He suggests our making better use of the school library. He suggests _________________________. 5. Our worry is your depending too much on him. Our worry is that ___________________ 6. The question is many people's being trapped in the fire. The question is _______________________. 7. We will study in the house facing south. We will study in the house that / which____________ 8. The man talking to my teacher is my father. The man __________________ is my father. 9. On arriving there, I will telephone you. __________________, I will telephone you. 10. While waiting for the bus, I caught sight of her. __________, I caught sight of her. 11. He died, leaving his daughter much money. He died, and (he) __________________. He died, with__________（With短语） 12. The question discussed yesterday is very important. The question that / which ______is very important. 13. The boy lost in thought is my brother. The boy _______________is my brother. 14. I found the room broken into and a lot of things stolen. I found (that) ___________ and ____________ 15. (If) heated, water will turn into steam. ________________, water will turn into steam. 16. Don't speak until spoken to. Don't speak _____________________ 17. When and where (for us) to hold the meeting is unknown yet. When and where _________ is unknown yet. 18. They seemed to be eating something cooked on the fire. It seemed ______________________ 19. I don't know what to do with the matter. I don't know ______________
知识讲解 知识点1：不定式（短语）与从句的关系 1.【考查点】：不定式（短语）在句中作主语，其功能相当于一个主语从句，因此二者之间可以转换。 (1).To be able to help you is really an honor. (=That I’m able to help you) (2).He seemed to know the way. (=It seemed that he knew the way.) (3).Bush is said to have decided to attack North Korea. (= It is said that Bush has decided to attack North Korea.)
2.【考查点】：不定式（短语）在句中作宾语或宾补，相当于一个宾语从句(1).We still don’t know when and where to build a school.(宾语) (=when and where we should build a school) (2).I advised him to go and see the doctor.(宾补) (=that he should go and see) (3).He thought it a great pity not to have invited her. .(宾语) (=That he hadn’t invited her.)
3.【考查点】：不定式（短语）在句中作表语.，相当于一个表语从句(1).My suggestion is for them to leave as soon as possible. (=that they should leave) (2).My chief purpose has been for them to get a good understanding. (=that they can get a good understanding)
㈠状语从句 1. –Can I join your club, Dad? –You can when you ____ a bit older. A. get B. will get C. are getting D. will have got 2. –When will you come to see me, Dad? --I will go to see you when you ___ the training course A. will have finished B. will finish C. are finishing D. finish 3. I think it is necessary for my 19-year-old son to have his own mobile phone, for I sometimes want to make sure if he ___ home for dinner. A. come B. comes C. has come D. will come 4. –What would you do if it ___ tomorrow? –We have to carry it on, since we’ve got everything ready. A. rain B. rains C. will rain D. is raining 5. When first ___ to the market, these products enjoyed great success. A. introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced 6. Several weeks had gone by ___ I realized the painting was missing. A. as B. before C. since D. when 7. –Why didn’t you tell him about the meeting?—He rushed out of the room ____ I could say a word. A. before B. until C. when D. after 8. ___ the day went on, the weather got worse. A. with B. since C. while D as 9. –Did Linda see the traffic accident? –No, no sooner ___ than it happened. A. had she gone B. she had gone C. has she gone D. she has gone 10. It is almost five years ___ we saw each other last time. A. before B. since C. after D. when 11. –Did you remember to give Mary the money you owed her? –Yes. I gave it to her __ I saw her. A. while B. the moment C. suddenly D. once 12. There were dirty marks on her trousers ___ she had wiped her hands. A. where B. which C. when D. that 3 ___everybody knows about it, I don’t want to talk any more. A. for B. even C. since D. however 14. ___ you’ve got a chance, you might as well make full use of it. A. Now that B. After C. Although D. As soon as 15. A man cannot smile like a child, ____ a child smiles with his eyes, while a man smiles with his lips alone. A. so B. but C. and D. for 16. The WTO cannot live up to its name ___ it does not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind. A. as long as B. while C. if D. even though 17. ___ I know the money is safe, I shall not worry about it. A. Even though B. unless C. As long as D. While 18. ___ most of the earth’s surface is covered by water, fresh water is very rare and precious. A. As B. Once C. If D. Although 19. There was never any time for Kate to feel lonely, ___ she was an only child. A. ever since B. now that C. even though D. even as 20. ___ modeling business is by no means easy to get into, the good model will always be in demand. A. While B. Since C. As D. If 21. Why do you want a new job ___ you’ve got such a good one already? A. that B. where C. which D. when 22. You should try to get a good night’s sleep ___ much work you have to do. A. however B. no matter C. although D. whatever 23. The old tower must be saved,___ the cost. A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. wherever 24. Roses need special care ___ they can live through winter. A. because B. so that C. even if D. as
非谓语动词作状语全解 不定式和分词作状语的用法 一、不定式作状语可以作: 1. 主要用作目的状语。常与 in order to do (为了或 so as to do(以便连用。 so as to 不用于居首。 He got up early in order to catch the first bus. 他早起为了赶上第一班车。 He sat down to have a rest.他坐下来休息。 He went to France to learn French。他去法国学习法语。 They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan.他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。 They stopped to ask the way. 他们停下来问路。 (停下来的目的 2.作结果状语。表示出乎意料的结果。做结果状语的不定式只能出现在句子的末尾,常见的不定式动词有:to find, to hear, to see, to be told, to form, to give, to make, to produce 等。 He hurried to the station only to find the train gone. 他匆匆忙忙地赶到火车站,发现火车已经开走了。 He woke up to find everybody gone. 他醒来发现大家都走了。 His family was too poor to support him.他的家庭太穷,不能维持他的生活。 The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf. 这男孩个子不够高, 手伸不到书架。 He is old enough to go to school. 他到上学年龄了。 He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.他搬起石头砸了自己的脚。
精品文档 非谓语动词与状语从句的转化 状语从句是同学们在初中就掌握的内容，笔者现将非谓语动词与状语从句之间转换的规律作一归纳，帮助大家更好地掌握非谓语动词。 一、非谓语动词与时间状语从句间的转换。 1.当主、从句的主语一致，主、从句的谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生时，且从句中谓语动词是主动语态，可用现在分词的一般式转换。 如：When they heard the news，they jumped with joy. Hearing the news，they jumped with joy.当他们听到这则消息时, 高兴得跳了起来。 2.当主、从句的主语一致，从句中的动作发生在主句的动作之前或从句中谓语动词是完成时，可用现在分词的完成式转换。 如：After he(had）returned home，he began to work. Having returned home，he began to work.回到家以后, 他开始工作。 3.当主、从句主语一致时，由after，before，since，as soon as等引导的从句可分别用after/before/since/on 加动名词短语转换。 如：Since I saw you last，I have been ill. Since seeing you last，I have been ill.自从我上次见你后, 就一直在生病。 As soon as he heard this，he couldn’t help crying. On hearing this，he couldn’t help crying.他一听到这事, 不禁哭了起来。 4.当主、从句主语一致时，以when，while 引导的从句，也可用when /while加现在分词短语转换。 如While we were walking along the river, we heard someone shouting. While walking along the river，we heard someone shouting.当我们正沿着河走时,我们听到有人喊叫。 5.当主、从句的主语一致，且从句的谓语动词是被动语态时,可用过去分词短语转换。 如:After they were sent to the zoo, the monkeys had good health. Sent to the zoo, the monkeys had good health. 这些猴子送到动物园后, 健康状况都很好。 6.当主、从句的主语不一致时，时间状语从句可转换成分词的独立主格结构，即名词/主格代词＋分词。After the meeting was over，the students went out of the hall. The meeting being over，the students went out of the hall.会议结束后, 学生们走出了礼堂。 After her mother had passed away，she had to take care of her sister. Her mother having passed away，she had to take care of her sister.她妈妈去世后, 她只好照顾她妹妹。 二、非谓语动词与原因状语从句间的转换 1.当主、从句的主语一致时，可将原因状语从句转换成现在分词短语。 如：Because she was ill，she couldn’t go to school. Being ill，she couldn’t go to school.因为她病了, 所以没能去上学。 As he had worked among the workers，he knew them very well. Having worked among the workers，he knew them very well.由于他曾在工人中工作过, 因此对他们很了解。 2.当主、从句主语一致，且从句的谓语是被动语态，可用过去分词短语转换。 如：As he was born in Shanghai，he knew the city very well. Born in Shanghai，he knew the city very well.由于他出生于上海, 他对这座城市很熟悉。 3.当主、从句的主语不一致时，可把从句转换成分词的独立主格结构。 如：Because everyone in this city knew the teacher，we had no trouble in finding his house. Everyone in this city knowing the teacher，we had no trouble in finding his house.因为这座城市的每个人都认识这位老师, 所以我们没费事就找到了他的住处。 As the key was lost，she couldn’t enter the room . The key lost，she couldn’t enter the room .由于丢了钥匙, 她进不了房间。 精品文档
非谓语动词作定语 一：如何轻松精准的做此类题呢只需把握住两点： 一先看非谓语动词与其逻辑主语（即定语的先行词）之间的关系，主动与被动 二看非谓语动词与谓动的时间关系1与谓动同时发生2在谓动之前3在将来发生 二：做题步骤：先搞清非谓语动词与先行词之间的逻辑关系 1如果是主动关系，再看时间，与谓动同时发生用doing 将来发生用to do 2如果是被动再看时间，与谓语动词同时发生用being done 在谓动之前用done 表将来用to be done 一． 用不定式做定语的几种情况： （1）不定式表将来。如： The car to be bought is for his sister. （2）用来修饰被序数词、最高级或 no, all, any 等限定的中心词。如： He is the best man to do the job. She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games. （3）用来修饰的词是抽象名词时用不定式，常见的有： ability, chance, idea, fact, excuse, promise, answer, reply, attempt, belief, way, reason, moment, time 等 Do you have the ability to read and write in English? I have no chance to go sightseeing. 二．分词作定语 doing 主动 进行 being done 被动 进行 done 被动 完成 The houses being built are for the teachers. Things lost never come again. I have never seen a more moving movie. 三、to be done , done, being done 做定语的区别 三者的语态同为被动语态，区别主要集中在时态上 Have you read the novel witten by Dickens? Listen! The song being sung is very popular with the students. The question to be discussed at tomorrow's meeting is a very important one. （一）、-ing 形式作定语 -ing 形式在句中做定语时有两种情况。 1. -ing 形式和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系,表示这个名词(人或物)的动作或状态,相当于一个定语从句。如: These dancing girls are from my class. At 11 o ’clock ， please find the waiting bus at the entrance. We should show respect for the working people 逻辑关系 时间 主动 被动 与谓语同时发生 doing （正在做） being done （正在被做） 在谓动之前 Done （被） 将来 to do （将要做） to be done （将要被做）
一．非谓语动词 ※不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别： 【知识点拨】 1．不定式作定语 ①不定式作定语常用于不定代词或被the first/next/only/last等修饰的名词和其他一些名词、代词之后。其中，不定式的一般式通常表示一个将来或经常性的动作，完成式则表示该动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。 例如：She is always the first (one) to come and the last to leave. ②如果作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词有动宾关系,在不及物动词后通常要加上适当的介词. 例如：Let's first find a room to live in / to put the things in. We have nothing to worry about.(=There is nothing for us to worry about.) ③不定式作定语修饰一个在逻辑上是其宾语名词时,若在句子中能找到该不定式的逻辑主语, 则该不定式多用主动表被动，否则，用被动式。 例如：I have a lot of things to do today. ( I ... do ... things) 2．-ing分词作定语 ①单个的-ing分词作定语一般前置,说明名词的性质、特征或用途等,-ing短语作定语一般后置；强调动作的单个-ing分词也常后置。 例如：a sleeping car ( = a car for sleeping ) a sleeping child ( = a child who is sleeping ) the boy standing there ( = the boy who is standing there ) The girl singing is my classmate. ②-ing分词作定语一般要求其动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或是在说话时该动作正在进行，否则，要用从句作定语。 例如：Do you know the boy talking ( = who is talking ) to the teacher? Did you notice the boy sitting ( = who was sitting ) at this desk yesterday? 3．-ed分词作定语 -ed分词作定语一般表示一个被动或已完成动作,-ing分词表示一个主动或正在进行的动作, -ing分词的被动式则表示一个正在被进行的动作。 例如：a developed/developing country He is a student loved by all the teachers. The building being built will be the third Teaching Building of our school. 4．像定语从句一样，分词作定语也有非限制性的，其作用相当于一个非限制性定语从句。 例如：The students, wearing their school uniforms, marched into the playground. The substance, discovered almost by accident,has greatly changed the world. 【知识过关】 1. The computer center,______last year, is very popular among the students. in the school. A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened 2. Most of the artists _______ to the party were from South Africa. A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited 3. There was a terrible noise _______ the sudden burst of light. A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed 4. Do you know the boy_______ under the big tree? A. lay B. lain C. laying D. lying 5. Are you going to attend the meeting _______ tomorrow? A. to be held B. being held C. will be held D. held ※、不定式作定语 不定式作定语一般有以下四种情形： ⑴用于个体名词后，被修饰的名词作不定式的逻辑宾语, 同时句子的主语也是不定式动作的执行者。这种情况下使用不定式的一般体：
非谓语动词与从句之间的关系及转换 非谓语动词与从句间的相互关系及转换:英语中的非谓语动词是整个英语语法当中非常重要的部分，也是英语学习的一个难点。非谓语动词作句子成分时与相应的从句有着千丝万缕的联系，它们之间可以有条件的进行相互转换。 一、非谓语动词与从句的相互关系 (一)不定式和分词作定语相当于定语从句 不定式通常位于被修饰名词后。与该名词构成逻辑上的动宾关系。如果不定式与所修饰名词在意思上是被动且逻辑上的主语不出现时，要用不定式的被动式，与所修饰名词构成逻辑上的主谓关系。分词作定语时，单个分词置于名词之前，分词短语置于名词之后，与名词构成主谓关系或被动主谓关系。定语从句和不定式、分词作定语只是两种不同的表达方式，本质是相同的。 例如：I have many letters to type．(动宾关系) →I have many letters which I should type． I have many letters to be typed．(被动主谓关系) →I have many letters which are to be typed by others． The standing people shouted at the dean．(主谓关系) (二)不定式和分词作状语相当于状语从句 1．不定式多作目的状语和结果状语．故可以转化为相应的目的状语从句和结果状语从句。 例如：Mother got up early to catch the early bus．(目的状语） →Mother got up early 80 as to (in order to) catch the early bus． →Mother got up early 80 that (in order that) she might catch the early bus． 【注意】80 as to和80 that不可放在句首。 She is too young to join the army．(结果状语) She is 80 young that she cannot join the army． 2．分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式和让步等，相当于相应状语的从句。如果分词的逻辑主语与主句主语一致，则用现在分词；如果分词的逻辑主语与主句是被动关系且主语一致时，则用过去分词。分词作状语时，如果其带有逻辑的主语，称为分词的独立主格结构。分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语无语法联系。 例如：Seeing those pictures．he couldn't help thinking of the unforgettable days in New York．(时间状语) →When he saw those pictures．he couldn’t help thinking of the unforgettable days in New Y0rk．
非谓语动词和从句 1.非谓语动词 谓语（狭义）：主要指动词，关于主语的情况，可表示动作，也可以表示状态，受主语的人称和数的限制。 Time flies. She doesn’t like the idea. You shouldn’t look down upon this kind of work. 非谓语动词：在句中不能单独作谓语的动词，主要包括不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词）。它不受主语的人称和数的限制，但有语态（主动与被动）和时态（一般式；完成式；进行式）的变化；否定式一般将not 直接放在非谓语动词之前。 1.1动词不定式 肯定形式： A 主动语态 B 被动语态 一般式 完成式 进行式 完成进行式 否定形式：not/never to do 1.1.1不定式有两种，即带to的不定式和不带to的不定式。 I’ve come to seek your advice. What you said made me think. 大多数情况下，不定式都带to, 但在特殊情况下，动词不定式的to要省略。 1.1.2动词不定式的用法： 主语（it作形式主语）： To cheat in exams is punishable. 注意：此时，动词不定式常常放在句子后面，而用it 作形式主语。 It is punishable to cheat in exams. 宾语：动词宾语：I hope to be back in a couple of days. 介词宾语：They desire nothing but to go home. 宾补：I want him to be my assistant. I ordered him not to enter this room without permission. 表语：His wish was to be a skillful worker. 定语：Do you have anything to say? 状语：I was delighted to receive your letters. （原因） We started early to avoid being late. (目的)
非谓语动词相关从句 非谓语动词概述： 非谓语动词与名词性从句 非谓语动词与定语从句 非谓语动词与状语从句 There are some people insisting that they shouldn’t learn English. 非谓语动词概述：动名词Ving；现在分词Ving; 过去分词ved; to do不定式 分词短语从本质上而言：是由动词派生而来的形容词。如，a sleeping baby, a used car, a frightening experience, a frightened child, etc. A baby who is sleeping. A car which is used ving形式由动词的主动形式派生而来；表示主动的动作或正在进行的动作 Ved形式由动词的被动形式派生而来：表示被动的动作或已完成的动作 The fallen leaves The falling leaves The custom fascinates me.
The fascinating custom has been the subject of many books. The baby will sleep until eight. Try not to wake a sleeping baby. Some movies are rated X. Children shouldn’t see X-rated movies. My leg was broken in three places. My broken leg is healing slowly. The sinking ship= the ship that was sinking The sunken ship=the ship that has sunken. Falling leaves= Fallen leaves= 现在分词的完成时态：表示分词的动作发生在主句谓语动词动作之前。Having done The students had solved most of the problems without any help. Having solved most of the problems without any help, the students were exhilarated. After they have solved most of the problems without…………………………..