收稿日期：2010-07-20修回日期：2010-08-15
基金项目：吉林农业大学科学研究启动基金资助项目
作者简介：李茶（1984-），女，黑龙江集贤人，助教，在读博士，主要研究方向为应用语言学；金赫（1983-），女，吉林长春人，助教，硕
士，主要研究方向为英语文学。
Colleges and universities are obviously different from stu -dents'previous living environment,not only in teaching and learning aspect,but also in communication atmosphere.Students are suddenly pushed onto a stage where thousands of opportuni -ties to communicate with new people are waiting restlessly.Whether they can seize these chances to establish a healthy and friendly relationship with others,especially people of opposite sex,exerts a great influence on their psychological development,thus their future career and family.Why can some students be good at cross -sex communication while others feel perplexed?Some previous studies have found roots in psychological adapta -tion (Wang Ruixin,2003)and personality (Lv Ying,2008),but the impact of psychological sex roles have never been taken into account.
Sex role is a hot research topic in various subjects,includ -ing physiological,psychological,behavioral and sociological fields.This paper involves sex role from psychological dimension,agreeing with the Androgyny Sex Role Theory proposed by Bem (1974).According to the theory,people are classified into four categories:masculinity (M),femininity (F),androgyny (A)and undifferentiated (Au).Among the four types,androgyny is the best result of sex role development (Bem,1974,1975).
Previous works on sex role and cross -sex communication mainly conclude that men and women hold different sex roles in this society,which leads to their different attitudes and behaviors in communication (Lakoff,1975),thus misunderstandings and failures (Shen Lan,2006).In these studies,sex role is understood
from the behavioral and social viewpoint,rather than psychologi -cal dimension.Sex role stereotypes also contribute to the unsatis -fying communication (He Zhifang,etc.2006).Studies on stereo -types notice the significance of "unexpected"sex roles,but still,androgynous and undifferentiated types attract no attention.
This investigation will explore whether college students of different sex role types hold significantly different harassment degree in cross -sex communication.
1Methods
1.1Participants
100freshmen and 100sophomores in Jilin Agricultural U -niversity were selected to participate in this survey.They study in four English classes,but major in various subjects covering Chi -nese traditional medicine,gardening,life sciences,electronics,computer science,resources,humanities,etc.Among these stu -dents,102are female and 98are male.1.2Procedure
1.2.1Instruments
The instruments applied by the current research comprise two parts:
1)Sex Role Inventory for College Students (CSRI)composed by Qian Mingyi (2000),which is one of the most frequently used instruments in China to measure the sex role of college students.
2)'Comprehensive diagnosis scale of interpersonal relation -ships'composed by Zheng Richang (1994),in which there are 7
大学生跨性别交际困扰度的性别角色差异研究
李茶1,2，金赫2
（1.东北师范大学外国语学院，吉林长春130024；2.吉林农业大学外国语学院，吉林长春130118）
摘要：假设双性化大学生在跨性别交际最为顺利，困扰程度最低。采用大学生性别角色量表（CSRI ）对200名大学生进行性别角色测量，把研究对象分为男性化、女性化、双性化及未分化四个类型，并运用郑日昌的“人际关系综合诊断表”中“与异性交往”部分的问卷对研究对象的困扰程度进行考查。研究结果证实了假设，并发现未分化学生在跨性别交际中最易受阻，女性化学生比男性化学生更易成功。
关键词：性别角色；跨性别交际；困扰程度；大学生；双性化中图分类号：G645
文献标识码：A
文章编号：1009-5039(2010)10-0207-02
A Report of College Students'Sex Role Differences in Cross -sex Communication Harassment Degree LI Cha 1,2,JIN He 2
(1.International Studies University,Northeast Normal University,Changchun 130024,China;2.International Studies University,Jilin Agri -cultural University,Changchun 130118,China)
Abstract:The hypothesis is that androgynous students perform best in cross -sex communication with the lowest degree of harassment.CSRI is employed to classify 200Chinese college students into four types:masculine,feminine,androgynous and undifferentiated.One part of 'Comprehensive diagnosis scale of interpersonal relationships'is also used to test the harassment degree of the subjects.The research re -sults confirm the hypothesis and meanwhile conclude that in cross -sex communication,undifferentiated students encounter most difficulties and feminine students do better than the masculine.
Key words:sex role;cross -sex communication;harassment degree;college students;androgyny
items to test the degree of harassment in communication with op -posite sex.
1.2.2Data Collection and Analysis
Since all the subjects are the author's students,the distribu -tion work is much easier and the interview can be conducted conveniently.The questionnaires were passed out and collected during the 20-minute break,with clear oral explanations and written instructions,contributing to the minimum confusion.
All the 200questionnaires were returned back and these questionnaire responses were then put into the computer and crosschecked for accuracy.The software used for data analysis is SPSS.
2Results and Discussions
2.1The Distribution of College Students'Sex Role
'Compare means'in SPSS was applied and 'if statement'was written to exclude those unfaithful subjects,leaving question -naires of 92male students and 94female students for further https://www.doczj.com/doc/4910600315.html,ter,with the median of the rest subjects'scores on "positive masculine scale'and 'positive feminine scale'as the standard,these 186subjects were classified into four sex role groups.The distribution of sex role is shown through 'Crosstabu -lation'in Table 1.
Table 1The distribution of college students'sex
role
In the female subjects,27.7%are masculine;25.5%are feminine;25.5%are androgynous and 21.3%are undifferentiat -ed.Among the male subjects,26.1%are masculine;18.5%are feminine;27.2%are androgynous and 28.2%are undifferentiat -ed.From the overall point of view,masculine and androgynous students take a slightly larger part than feminine and undifferen -tiated subjects.The distribution of college students'sex role is even.
2.2College Students'Harassment Degree in Cross -sex Com -munication
Among the 28items in 'Comprehensive diagnosis scale of interpersonal relationships',there are 7items to test the degree of harassment in communication with opposite sex.The total scores of the seven items range from 0(no harassment)to 7(highest ha -rassment degree),and the following table presents the scores got by subjects of different sex role types.
Table 2Degree of harassment in cross -sex
communication
According to Table 2,only 14%masculine students know well about how to communicate with opposite sex naturally and successfully,46%of them have some harassment now and then and 40%usually have a high degree of harassment,thinking too highly of or holding a prejudice towards opposite sex.
Among all the feminine students,14have low harassment degree,23medium and https://www.doczj.com/doc/4910600315.html,pared with masculine sub -jects,in general,feminine students are less nervous or confused when communicating with people of the opposite sex.This phe -nomenon can find roots in the correlation between positive mas -culinity/femininity and harassment degree.
Based on the investigation,75.5%androgynous subjects have low degree of harassment in communication with opposite sex and the harassment degree of the other 24.5%is medium,which indicates that a majority of androgynous students do not feel bewildered or uncomfortable in cross -sex communication.Exchanging thoughts and ideas with people of the other sex can help them gain a better understanding of various individuals and thus establish a more favorable image.
Research results also show that 26undifferentiated students have high harassment degree and only one student's degree is low.It means that many undifferentiated individuals encounter great problems when communicating with people of opposite sex and they are confused by how to keep a relationship in a suitable way.
'Correlation Analysis'in SPSS was conducted in order to explore the relationship between 'positive masculinity/femininity'and harassment degree in cross -sex communication.The results are shown in Table 3.
Table 3Correlations between 'positive masculinity/femi -ninity'and harassment
degree
**Correlation is significant at the 0.01level (2-tailed).Table 3tells us that there exists a significant negative cor -relation between positive masculinity/femininity and harassment degree.And the negative correlation between harassment degree and femininity is more significant than that between harassment degree and masculinity.That explains why masculine subjects generally have a higher degree of harassment than feminine and androgynous ones.
3Conclusions
The current research draws a conclusion that there exist dif -ferent features in cross -sex communication among college stu -dents of the four sex roles.Androgynous students perform best a -mong all the students,with the lowest harassment degree;undif -ferentiated students encounter most difficulties and feminine stu -dents do better than the masculine.
These differences can be explained by the features of the four sex roles and correspond to the analysis results on the corre -lation between harassment degree,communication ability and positive masculinity/femininity.
This research investigates the college students'sex role differences in cross -sex communication harassment degree,but there are still https://www.doczj.com/doc/4910600315.html,munication in this paper does not pay as much attention to non -verbal aspect as verbal one.
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Furthermore,the questionnaires applied in this paper need to be improved to explore further information.More effort on this topic is necessary.
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Just as Noah's ark saved all the lives inside it from the flood,Mellors'cottage also saves him and his lover as well as the living things that belong to the cottage from the awful environ-ment outside.
2.2Mythical prototypes
2.2.1Connie and Aphrodite
In Greek Myth,Aphrodite is the god of love and beauty.She is the symbol of beauty.Besides this,she is also the symbol of libido.Except her husband,the god of fire,she has a lot of lovers:Ares(the god of combat),Poseidon(the god of sea),and so on.
In Lady Chatterley's Lover,the main character,Constance Chatterley just has the same feature as Aphrodite.In this novel, Constance is described as a charming woman:"Being a soft,rud-dy girl,with big blue eyes,and curling,brown hair,and a soft voice,she was considered a little old-fashioned and‘womanly'". (Lawrence,1994,P19)
At the beginning of this novel,the readers know that Con-stance has an unhappy marriage.She,in the obedience of her parents,married with an aristocrat,Clifford.Although they were close,they merely had the physical touch.Unfortunately,the war left her husband paralyzed from the waist down.Her experience is similar to Aphrodite,who,also in obedience of her father Zeus, married with a disabled husband.
Then,as the story developed,Constance began to have more complaint toward her husband,Clifford.She couldn't get any physical satisfaction from her husband.Driven by her primary instinct,Constance had her first lover,Michaelis.However,just like Aphrodite and her lover taunted by other gods,this personal relationship with Michaelis brought Constance more trouble than satisfaction.She was put to shame by Michaelis incomprehensible brutality and his contempt for women.What's more,she found that her good figure was also changed badly.When those changes made Constance desperate and felt that all great dynamic words were dying from day to day,she met her savior---Mellors.Like the god of love meets the handsome man Adonais,she soon fell in love with Mellors.Mellors perfect figure and true love really brought both physical and mental fulfillment to Constance,which helped her out of desperate and became alive again.
2.2.2Clifford and Tantalus
Tantalus,in Greek Myth,is the son of Zeus,and also the ruler of Sipylus of Lydia.The gods of Olympus treat him as their friend and give him many prizes.Although his father is god,he still can't escape from the fact that he is only a common people, and can't enjoy the presents given by gods.In this circumstance, he begins to play tricks on gods.His disrespect towards gods fi-nally irritates those gods and they send him to Hades,where he suffers from the crises of death and starvation although the food and water are just near his body.The poor experience of Tantalus is the vivid description of people's dissatisfaction.
Clifford,lady Chatterley's husband,just owns the same fea-ture as Tantalus.He is very rich and has great property---Wragby Hall.He is an aristocrat and become a baronet after his father died.This identification makes him an arrogant person.He dis-likes any suggestion of a really exceptional human being.In his mind,people must be more or less at his level,or below it.As for Constance,he considers her as his wife,a higher being,and con-siders Connie as his property.So when he knows that Connie falls in love with his gamekeeper,he is very angry.Like Tantalus play trick on the gods because he can't take the presents given by them,Clifford refuses to divorce with Connie and expects that through this way he could punish her and prevent her from giving him away.However,his way couldn't save the"love"between him and Connie.Finally,Connie leaves him and finds her own way of life and he never meets Connie again though he is still her husband-in-law.
3Conclusion
In western literature world,both Greek Myth and The Bible have great influences.The heroes and gods that exist in Greek Myth are actually the representatives of our human beings,who have desires and pursuits and their personalities are the reflec-tions of human being's personalities.Fully influenced by these two great works,https://www.doczj.com/doc/4910600315.html,wrence explained the images described in them in his own way and thus gave the readers a chance to see these two classics in a new perspective.
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Cases 33-36 Case 33 The prblem that Li Li has encountered during her stay in the United States are typical of those that people may face when they enter a new culture. Obviously Li Li has gone through distinct stages in the process her adaptation to the American cultural environment: honeymoon period (Letter 1), when she was fascinated and excited by almost everything in the United States and felt elated to be in the new culture; culture shock (Letter 2), when she was flooded with many problems that she had not been prepared for and became extremely homesick; initial adjustment (Letter 3), when she learned more about American culture and cultural adaptation and began to feel much better; mental isolation (Letter 4), when she felt frustrated and became even hostile towards Americans; and acceptance period (Letter 5), when she began to tralize the positive and negative aspects of the country and have a more balanced perspective about her experiences there. What she means by “I think I have finally arrived in America” in her fifth letter is that she has finally learned
Cross –cultural communication Thesis statement: This paper is mainly talking about the culture differences between several countries. Outline: Chapter 1: Language and culture in communication Chapter2: Culture shock Chapter3: What’s in a name? Chapter4: Social interaction Chapter 5: Roles and relations Chapter6: Non-verbal communication Chapter 7: In other words. Chapter 8: From a primitive Tribe to a Global Village Conclusion Chapter 1: Language and culture in communication There is no denying the fact that out daily lives depend largely on communication, without it we can’t know each other. So, we should come to realize that communication is of great importance. What is communication? In total, communication can be divided into two parts; they are verbal communication and non-verbal communication. However, different people hold different opinions about communication. In general, if there is communication, there must have 4 cases: there are at least two or more people, some contact between communicators, a language shared by communicators, an exchange of information has taken place. I just take the fist one for example. Suppose there is one person, there can’t be communication. Otherwise, he may talk to himself. Communication not just exist in human-beings There are five kinds of communications they are human communication, animal communication, human-animal communication, human machine communication, machine communication. So, Animals and machines can also communicate with each other. For human beings, how can we communicate with each other? Experts say that there are various kinds of communication. Nowadays, there are different kinds of tools for us to communicate .For people we can use telephone and computer to communicate with each other. By them, finally we can receive message. What is social situation? When there are two or more people gather to do a job or an activity, then it creates a social situation. That is to say, an individual working alone can not constitute a social s A social situation may have two definitions. One is given by the community, and the other by the participants. Finally, we should notice that being polite plays a crucial role in
跨文化交际案例分析 LEKIBM standardization office【IBM5AB- LEKIBMK08- LEKIBM2C】
Case Study 1 Age and Status 两位同事的矛盾使一家数据处理公司的总经理遇到了麻烦。一方是一位踌躇满志的法裔加拿大小伙子，另一方是一位有特许签证的年长的中国女性，而此前两人确实很好的合作伙伴….. Case description: A manager in a data-processing company was having difficulty dealing with a conflict between a young, ambitious French Canadian male and his co-worker, an older Chinese woman who was on a special visa from China. She had recently become uncooperative and had made it clear to the manager that she would not be willing to travel to the capital with her co-worker to hold discussion with legislators about a new product with great enthusiasm. When the manager asked her what the problem was, he received no clear explanation. When he asked her co-worker, the young man had no insights to offer. The young French Canadian was clearly annoyed, however, that the Chinese woman was refusing to share her data with him. That meant he couldn’t make the presentation to the legislators because she had all the key data on her computer disks. The manager repeated questions to her but her “problem” got nowhere. So he changed his approach. He began explaining his concerns, as manger and as spokesperson for the company, about the upcoming meeting with legislators. His explanation about his position was unemotional. In that climate she then felt she could explain her position. She revealed she felt that that as an older, and to her mind, more senior person, she should not be sent to the capitol with a younger employee who would do the presentation of material she had worked hard to develop. That would diminish her status, she felt. The general manger knew the root of his headache. Questions: 1．What do you think caused the conflict? 2. What would you do to resolve the conflict if you were the general manager? 矛盾冲突 这位年长的中国女士投入极大的热情和精力开发产品．却在最后的关键时刻拒绝与年轻的同事一同去向议员做推介：当经理和同事问其原因．她并未做任何明确的回答：而当经理改变策略，不再直接询问原因，而是迂回地讲起自己的困境时，她才道出自己的顾虑。在这位资深年长的中国女士看来，同一位比她年轻的同事一同去国会，并且由对方来做推介会影响到她的地位和威信，因此她无法同意： 原因分析 造成这一矛盾的文化因素有两方面．对地位、年龄的不同态度以及这种不同的表达方式。人对权力的认识因文化背景的不同而不同。根据霍夫斯特的调查研
《跨文化交际学概论》第七章社会交往五、宴请招待p132 Case One: Setting Rules for a Guest – American Hospitality 案例： When Zhang Tao traveled in America, he lived in the home of his American friend, Bill. Once after he had traveled back, he found Bill was in a bad mood. When he asked what the problem was, Bill told Zhang Tao that his son Adam got furious about the noise Zhang made when walking upstairs and also because he was using too much water in the solar powered shower and Adam had to have his shower in cold water. Bill told Zhang Tao that he should walk more softly in future, and have a fast shower to save water. Zhang Tao felt uneasy. How could the host set such rules for his guest! Question: Why did Zhang Tao feel uneasy? 分析： 1) In China, when people host someone, they put the guest in the place of honor to show hospitality. They try to take care of the guest，and try to make the guest feel comfortable and at ease. 2) In America, people tend to give the guest great freedom and treat a guest more casually, naturally and truthfully. 3) Zhang Tao knew he was a guest, and thought in terms of Chinese expectations of hospitality. He thought Bill should treat him courteously instead of setting rules for him. 4) Since Zhang Tao lived in American surroundings, he should have known about the customs there sooner. Case Two: 案例： Lin had traveled 20 hours from Beijing to New York. He needed a good meal. His American friend, Mike, met him. But Mike only offered him a plate of roasted chicken and a glass of orange juice. Lin was used to having a main course, and asked Mike if he had any rice. Mike said he only had fried noodles, and Lin had to make do with it. Though Lin knew Americans didn’t care very much about what food they ate, he still felt surprised because he had taken Mike to the most famous duck restaurant in Beijing -- Quanjude -- when he arrived in Beijing. Question: Why did Lin feel surprised? Offer some advice to him about adjusting to his new environment in America.
第33卷第4期湖南科技学院学报V ol.33 No.4 2012年4月 Journal of Hunan University of Science and Engineering Apr.2012 言语交际中性别语言差异的语用分析 杨璐 (湖南科技学院 大学英语教学部，湖南 永州 425100) 摘 要：本文从语用学角度出发,运用Grice的合作原则和Leech的礼貌原则来分析言语交际中的性别语言差异，对言语交际中男女两性遵守和违反合作原则和礼貌原则的情况进行分析，旨在提高人们对性别语言差异的认识，使两性能得体地进行交际。 关键词：言语交际；性别语言差异；语用分析 中图分类号：H08文献标识码：A 文章编号：1673-2219（2012）04-0167-03 早在1922年, 丹麦语言学家O. Jespersen 率先从语言学的角度研究性别语言，并在其专著《语言论：本质、发展及起源》中专设一节讨论语言使用中的性别差异现象。近年来，随着研究的深入，人们试图从语用学的角度来研究言语交际中的性别语言差异。本文拟从语用学角度出发，运用Grice的合作原则和Leech的礼貌原则来分析言语交际中男女两性对这些原则的遵守和违背所反映出来的他们之间的差异。 一、Grice的合作原则 美国哲学家和语言学家Grice于1967年在哈佛大学作了三次演讲，他指出为了保证会话的顺利进行，谈话双方必 须遵守一些基本原则，特别是所谓的合作原则。Grice认为人们在谈话中遵守的合作原则包括四个范畴，每个范畴又包括一条准则和一些次准则（Grice，1975）： 1、量的准则（Quantity Maxim）： a) 所说的话应包含交谈目的所需要的信息； b) 所说的话不应包含超出需要的信息； 2、质的准则（Quality Maxim）： a) 不要说自知是虚假的话； b) 不要说缺乏足够证据的话； 3、关系准则（Relevant Maxim）：要有关联。 4、方式准则（Manner Maxim）：要清楚明白。 a) 避免晦涩； b) 避免歧义； c) 要简练（避免罗嗦）； 收稿日期：2011－03－11 作者简介：杨璐（1980－），女，湖南永州人，研究方向为英语语言学。 d) 要有条理； 以上就是Grice 提出的合作原则。 二、两性言语交际中合作原则的遵守与违反 （一）量的准则 量的准则要求我们说话时所提供的信息量不应少说也不要多说，既不能把对方不要求或不期待你说的说出来，又不能出现沉默不语、冷场的局面。一般来说，女性往往能对对方的提问做出充分的回答，从而倾向于遵守量的准则。在言语交际中，为了使交际能够顺利进行，女性喜欢发出非言语声音来鼓励对方继续说下去。同时，女性会适当地给予加入谈话的信号或者进行提问。然而相反的是，如果男性对话题不感兴趣，他们往往对对方的提问不能做出充分的回答，经常故意沉默或者给以非常简短的回答，明显违反量的准则。下面是节选自《傲慢与偏见》里Bennet夫妇的一段对话： Mrs. Bennet: My dear, Mr. Bennet, have you heard that Netherfield Park is let at last? Mr. Bennet: No. Mrs. Bennet: But it’s. Mrs. Long has just been here, and she told me all about it. Mr. Bennet: (No answer). Mrs. Bennet: Do you want to know who has taken it? Mr. Bennet: You want to tell me, and I have no objection to hearing it. 从上面对话中我们可以看出，Mrs. Bennet 两次向丈夫提出房子出租的事情，可是却很少引起丈夫足够的关注与回应。他对每一个问题的回答尽量简短，明显违反量的准则，使得会话难以顺利进行。 167
大学英语跨文化交际案例分析 Case 2 (P8) White Dress 女王的白色长裙:Case analysis: The Indian women might think the wedding ceremony is a funeral if they see the western bride in white gown. The case reflects the similes and metaphors in the text. 案例分析:印度女人可能觉得婚礼是一个葬礼,如果他们看到西方的新娘的白色礼服。这个案例反映了明喻和隐喻在文本。 Culture is like an iceberg: we can identify the color of the dress worn by women in different cultures, but we do not know the values underneath. Culture is like the water a fish swims in: people wear dress of different colors for different context but they usually take it for granted and never ask why . 文化是 像冰山:我们可以辨认颜色衣服的妇女所穿不同的文化,但我们不知道下面的值。文化是像水鱼游 在: 人们穿不同颜色的衣服为不同的上下文, 但他们通常是理所当然的,从不问为什么。 Case 4 (P18) Coconut-skating 椰子-溜冰:Case analysis: The case reflects the characteristics of culture. We Can tell from the CaSe that CUItUre is PerVaSiVe and it 案例分析Ie 这个e事件反映了文化 的特点。我们可以告诉从案件,文化是普遍的,这是学习。 People may invent different ways for things even as simple as the issue of floor moping. The Philippine woman must have learned this way of mopping from her own culture. 人们可能发明东西 甚至不同的方式为这样简单的问题的地板闷闷不乐。菲律宾女人必须学习这种方式从她自己的文化的拖地。 Case 7 (P30) Clean UP the Bathroom! 清理浴室!:CaSe analySiS: CUltUral differenCeS deCide the two StUdentS are going to CommUniCate in different wayS. 案例分析:文化差异决定这两个学生要沟通的方式不同。 The Chinese student wants the American student to understand the underlying means of his words, but the American student is used to the direct style of communication. This is decided by culture. In Chinese culture, people want to save face of both themselves and others, so they would not express their ideas directly. However, in the United States, unless you express yourself clearly and directly, the OtherS CannOt Understand you.中国学生想要美国学生理解底层的手段，他的话,但是美国学生用来 直接的交流方式。这是由文化决定的。在中国文化中,人们想要挽回面子的两个自己和他人,所以 他们不会直接表达自己的想法。然而,在美国,除非你清楚地表达自己,别人不能直接理解你。 Case 8 (P34) She HaS Three HandS 她有三个指针:ThiS CaSe Can refleCt the different CommUniCation StyleS between ChineSe and CanadianS. In weStern CUltUreS, CommUniCation iS the meanS of tranSmitting ideaS. WeStern PeoPle USUally CommUniCate direCtly with eaCh other. 这种情况下可以反映出不同的沟通方式在中国和加拿大人。在西方文化中,沟通是传播方式的想法。西方的人们通常直接彼此通信。 That is why the Canadian in this Case says what is in his mind direCtly in frOnt Of the Chinese wOman withOut hiding anything. While Chinese Culture stresses harmOny and emphasizes the relatiOnships between the COmmuniCatOrs. Chinese peOple view COmmuniCatiOn as a prOCess where all parties are searChing tO develOp and maintain a sOCial relatiOnship. SO the Chinese wOman in this Case tries nOt tO argue With the Can adia n face to face to keep the “ harm OnioUS relati On Sh这就是为什betwee n them. 么加拿大在这种情况下说什么是在他的脑海里的正前方的中国女人没有隐瞒任何事。虽然中国 文化强调和谐,强调了沟通者之间的关系。中国人民视图通信作为一个过程,各方正在寻求开发和维护一个社会关系。所以中国女人在这种情况下努力不认为与加拿大面对面保持“和谐关系”他们。 Case 12 (P57) Why Don‘ tYou Eat the Pizza? 你为什么不吃比萨饼?: This case can reflect the problems appearing during intercultural communication and how ignoring cultural differences can affect communication. 种情况下可以反映
Case 1 Girl-ness As a visiting professor in an American university, Zhang Hua was invited to give a lecture to a group of American students. He talked about university students in China. During the question-and-answer period after the lecture, one female student asked a question that surprised Zhang Hua. “When you talked about female students, you referred to them as girls. Why?” “Because they are girls. That’s what they are called,” Zhang Hua tried to answer, but he knew he did not really understand the intent of the question. “ I don’t quite understand your question, I’m afraid.” “In the States, we call ourselves ‘ women’ if we’re old enough to go to the university. Calling us ‘girls’ is insulting.” Do Chinese female college students prefer to be called women? Case 2 Many years ago, a Chinese man showed a photo of his wife to some American visitors. Out of courtesy, they all said,” She is very beautiful.” Also out of courtesy, the man replied with what he would have done in Chinese under the circumstance,” Where! Where!” Quite taken aback, nobody said anything for a moment, until the most ingenious one among the visitors, taking another look at the photo, said, “Oh, everywhere!” What did the Chinese intend to mean by replying with “ Where! Where!”? Case 1 Girl-ness As a visiting professor in an American university, Zhang Hua was invited to give a
言语表达的性别差异及其原因分析 男女在语音、用语、交谈三个方面存在着差异，形成这些差异的原因可从生物、心理和性别角色等不同层面加以探究。在语音上，女性发音的绝对音高高于男性，女性的语音听觉比男性更敏感，男性发音比女性含混，年轻女子的发音比男性更娇柔，男性发音的"元气"比女性更足；在用语上，女性颜色词语的掌握能力强于男性，女性比男性更喜欢使用情感词，女性比男性更善于使用委婉语；在交谈上，女性说话比男性含蓄，女性与男性相比不喜欢左右话题，女性的言辞比男性更温文尔雅，男女交谈的兴奋点不同；影响语言性差交际的因素主要有：男女双方对言语交际活动的态度、男女的心理差异、男女的特殊心理、交谈者的性别数量、交谈者的年龄、交谈者的角色关系；性度对性差交际会产生影响，父母自身的言语性度、兄弟姐妹中男女的数量对比、年龄文化层次、工作性质和工作条件、异性交际中的权威等都会影响言语性度。 男女的性别差异，可以从以下三个层面来分析：从生物学的角度看，男女在生理上存在的差异称为性别生物差异；从心理学的角度看，男女在个性心理的特征上存在的差异称为性别心理差异；男女在社会行为方式上存在的差异称为性别角色差异。 传统语言学不研究语言的性别差异，到了社会语言学，才开始研究语言与性别的关系，但它只着眼于语言性别变异的研究，很少涉及到性别心理差异和性别角色差异。 事实上，语言运用作为一种社会行为，的确存在着性别差异。奥斯卡·王尔德说过：“妇女是妩媚动人的，她们可能从来不想说什么，但是她们一旦说起来却足以使人消魂荡魄。”女性的言语为什么会产生消魂荡魄的神奇魅力呢？这和女性的言语特点是分为不开的。据切里斯·克雷默研究，女性言语所具有的特点是：“絮絮闲聊、柔声轻语、急速流畅、礼貌友好、情意绵绵、唠叨不断、坦然无隐、多于细节、彬彬有礼、热情洋溢、词斟句酌，有时莫名其妙令人不得要领”。而男性言语的特点是：“傲慢自负、使用咒语俚语、盛气凌人、气粗声大、言语有力、直来直往、敢说敢道、不容置疑”。这种评论有相当大的主观性，但也说出了男女言语表达的大致特点。男女在语音、用语、交谈三个方面存在着差异，形成这些差异的原因可从生物、心理和性别角色等不同角度加以阐述。 一、语音差异 1.女性发音的绝对音高高于男性 音高是声音的高低，它决定于发音体振动的快慢，人类的发音体是声带，声音的高低和声带的粗细、厚薄、长短、松紧有关。在物理学上，把发音体在一定时间里振动的次数称为频率，频率越高声音越高，频率越低声音越低。男性的声带长而厚，所以说话时声音比女性低。例如在发普通话的ａ时，成年女性的发音频率为300- 400Hz，而成年男性的频率在160-200Hz之间。语音的音高是相对的，不是绝对的，也就是说语义的表达是依据相对音高而不是绝对音高。如男女都用普通话发：“妈、麻、马、骂”这四个不同声调的字，就绝对音高来讲，女性的发音往往比男性高，可是这种差异并不影响语义的表达，能影响语义表达的是相对音高的变化，无论是男性还是女性，如果"妈、麻、马、骂"的相对音高把握不准，就会影响语义的表达。 2.女性的语音听觉比男性更敏感
文章总体修改意见 文章章节衔接很不好中心章节不突出而且有部分语法错误。由于有的章节删除，所以需要重新改写。我在每段的地方都已经做详细标注。这是我的二稿，我是专门花钱找您修改的。希望写手能够尽自己最大努力接这个单子，咱们都不容易。互相体谅也请按时交稿，因为已经两次给我晚交稿了。而且希望给我按范文排版。谢谢因为我们是省内重点我的导师是个老学究所以论文要求有点深度 Introduction The science and technology of modern world is developing by leaps and bounds, thus the social life changes greatly. Language is the carrier of culture. People speak differently because they think differently. Because sex discrimination exists in most of the social environments and political systems, so it is reflected in language. In the traditional sense of gender, males are superior to females. As a universally social phenomenon, it is clearly reflected in language. More and more scholars concentrate on the relations between language and gender. Many people believe that language change must be in a dynamic state. This thesis analyses the social and cultural causes of such phenomenon and how people observe the cooperative principles when it comes to gender differences. The result gives a hint that the gender differences in verbal communication has already become a focus on the modern linguistics researches.
跨文化交际案例题(1,2) Case Studies Case One Phil is my foreign teacher. He is very nice and friendly to me and he often asks us to have free talk in his apartment. One day, I decided to give Phil a gift to express my appreciation of his help in my oral English. I called him but the line was busy. So I went to Phil’s apartment directly. He opened the door looking surprised, but didn’t let me in. I stood in the corridor and said a few words of thanks, and gave my gift to him and left quietly with great disappointment and puzzlement.. How could he be so cold to me? All my gratitude and fondness of Phil seemed to have gone. .. Case Two I could never forget my experience of an oral exam with our American teacher Mary. After reading the passage I
性别和行业差异与言语交际 摘要:男女在言语交际方面存在显著差异。本文试从话题、话语量、话语控制三方面阐释言语交际的性别差异,并从跨性别文化交际的角度分析原因,并对如何进行有效的跨性别文化交际提出建议。 关键词:言语交际性别差异跨性别文化交际 基金项目:华北电力大学2008年校青年基金资助项目(编号:200821006) 一﹑引言 男女在言语方面的差异一直是令人文科学家深感兴趣的课题之一。作为一种语言的社会变体,男女语言的差异也许是人类语言差别最古老的形式。男女在生理上的差别以及在社会化过程中习得不同的性别文化导致不同的交际模式。本文将在以往研究成果的基础上,把言语交际的性别差异放在跨性别文化交际的框架内进行研究。 二﹑言语交际的性别差异 语言与性别研究近年来的发展表明,该项研究的重点已经由过去重视语言内部的性别标记非对称和语言运用的各个层面所发生的性别变体现象转到了交际中的言语风格方面,呈现出明显的动态性质。所谓两性的言语风格,正是两性对语言手段的不同选择和组合运用所形成的不同特点。语言学家对社会交往中话语状况的考察表明,在话题选择、话语量大小、话语控制方面,男女都存在不同程度的差异,本文将一一探讨。 (一)话题 两性兴趣的差异导致话题的差异。研究者发现,男人交谈的话题集中在体育、新闻、工作等, 女性之间爱谈论的话题是个人思想感情、家庭和与其他人的关系。 男女在交谈话题上的差异的结果之一就是导致了一种主要的两性之间的交际失误,即同情与解决。每个人都会碰到问题,差异就在于当别人告诉我们他的问题时,我们是如何回应的。女性趋向于在听到别人的问题时,反过来将自己的问题告诉别人,她们以此表明理解对方所处的情况并对其表示同情。与此相反的是,男性更倾向于将问题看成是别人寻求帮助的一种请求。因此无论是否可行,他都会提出一个解决方法。(Deborah Tannen, 1990) 研究者在200名苏格兰斯特莱斯克莱德大学的大三学生中进行了问卷调查。这些学生来自不同国家,不同专业,100名男生,100名女生。受试者想象他们的异性朋友在电话中向他们抱怨室友的问题,受试者从给出的选项中选出他们可能的回应。如:异性朋友在电话中抱怨:“My housemates are really annoying me. They never wash their dishes!” 回应: A: Why don?t you have a house meeting and discuss it? (advice) B: I know how that goes. I have the same problem. (sympathy) C: That?s too bad. Why don?t you tell them to do it. (both) D: Oh, how do you feel about that? (neither)
摘要：本文从语用学的视角出发，对言语交际这一动态环节中语言的性别差异进行了研究，通过分析男女两性在言语交际中对合作原则、礼貌原则等语用原则的遵守与违反，文章发现了性别语言在语用学方面所存在的差异，在此基础上，文章探究了语言性别差异形成的原因和在男女两性间实现成功的言语交际的途径。 关键词：性别语言差异；言语交际；合作原则；礼貌原则 性别差异是人类生活的基本事实，也同时反映在语言中。男女的语言差异引起了语言学家的极大关注，但是早期人们的研究集中在词汇、音位和词素方面。在1973年，拉科夫发表了一篇文章，名为《语言与女性的地位》，其中说到女性不同于男性的说话方式反映并造成了女性地位的低下。此后，关于这个主题的研究层出不穷。以前人的研究为基础，本文旨在从语用角度分析言语交际中的性别差异，一方面分析男女在使用语言时是如何遵守或违反语用原则，找出其不同，另一方面，分析差异的根源，并且找出有效的方式去推动两性之间的成功交流，尽量降低负面效应。 一、言语交际中性别差异的语用研究 (一)合作原则上的差异 合作原则是由美国语言学家格莱斯提出的，他认为人类话语的产生和理解是受到一些机制支配的，也就是说说话者和听话者要相互合作，只有这样交际才能按既定的方向继续下去。合作原则主要包括四个准则：数量准则，即交际双方必须提供足够的信息，不能太多也不能太少；质量准则，即交际双方要说真话；关系准则，即要说和主题相关的话；方式准则，即说话时要表意清楚，不能模棱两可。 1.数量准则 总的来说，在交际中，女性倾向于遵守规则，而男性往往违反规则。女性在交谈中话轮转换得很自然，并且尽量给出详细而满意的回复，而且女性还很喜欢使用最小回应来支持说话者，即对、嗯、是等等。下面的例子便是很好的说明：(威利和琳达是夫妻) 琳：啊？发生什么事了，威利？威: 没有，没事。琳：你没有 撞车，对吧？威：我说了什么都没发生。没听见吗？琳：你感觉不舒服吗？威：我累死了。在这个对话中，威利违反了数量准则，他总是提供不足的信息。在对七对已婚夫妇为期一星期的调查中，人们发现，68%的负面回应来自于男性，女性只有32%。男性的这种行为表明他们对话题不感兴趣，是被迫参与，有时也表明了关系的冷淡。 2.关系准则 在交流中，关系准则最重要，而男性则往往会违反这一准则，经常打断或转移话题，表明他们不愿和对方交谈。看下面的例子：玛丽：我今天全弄明白了。你知道吗？我向他解释了，恐怕还得……。吉姆：拜托，打开后门，我得喂狗了。玛丽：看来我得取消约会。 在这个对话中，妻子玛丽和她丈夫谈关于自己的事，想引起丈夫关注，但是却没得到回应。丈夫打断了她的话，转而说其他的事，而玛丽只能不理会其态度，把自己的话说完。 3.质量准则 质量准则要求人们要说真话，给出事实，可是这一准则也常被男性违反。下面是《傲慢与偏见》中的一段经典对话:贝内特夫人：亲爱的，你没听说吗？内瑟菲尔德庄园终于租出去了。贝内特先生：没听说。贝内特夫人：的确租出去了。朗格太太刚刚来过这儿，把事情的原委都告诉我了。贝内特先生没有答话。贝内特夫人：难道你不想知道是谁租去的吗？贝内特先生：你想要告诉我，我只有洗耳恭听了。从以上的例子中，我们发现贝内特先生违反了质量准则，他早已知道真相，却装着不知。他是在和妻子开玩笑，也是在避免冲突，也表明他对这个话题不感兴趣。 4.方式准则