stoneware:粗瓷
dolomite：白云土
terracotta:红土
construction/building material :建白材料
type of glaze:
matt:哑光transparent:透明釉opaque: 不透明釉pigmented:色釉
crackled:裂纹釉
pearlized :珍珠釉
under glazed:釉下彩
on-glazed:釉上彩
浮雕：relief, emboss
bisque firing:素烧
glost firing:釉烧
gild ：镀金
decal：贴花
trinket box：首饰盒
silk screen printing :丝网印
素彩瓷plain porcelain
高温陶瓷refractory china
窑：kiln
tunnel:隧道窑
印花：stamping
陶瓷原料Ceramic Material
长石feldspar
瓷泥petunse, petuntse, petuntze
瓷漆enamel paint, enamel
封泥lute
高岭土kaolin, china clay
硅石,二氧化硅silica, SiO2
堇青石cordierite
莫来石,红柱石andalusite
泥果,坯体clay body 泥釉slip
石灰,生石灰,氧化钙lime, calcium oxide, CaO
氧化锡tin oxide
釉glaze
原材料raw material
云母mica
皂石,块滑石steatite
陶瓷类型Types of Pottery
碧玉细炻器jasper
薄胎瓷thin china 彩陶器,釉陶faience
陈设瓷,摆设瓷display china
瓷porcelain, china (China ‘中国’来自’Chin’’秦’,在英文中’中国’和’瓷’同一单词)
赤陶terracotta, terracotta, red earthenware
代尔夫精陶delft
德化陶瓷Te-hua porcelain, Dehua pottery
高温陶瓷refractory china
工业陶瓷industrial ceramics
工艺瓷,美术瓷,艺术瓷art porcelain, art and craft china, art pottery, artistic china 骨瓷bone china
官瓷mandarin porcelain
光瓷lusterware
黑色陶器basalt
裂变瓷crackled porcelain
裂纹瓷crazed china
米色陶器creamware
青瓷celadon
青花瓷bule and white porcelain
轻质瓷、轻瓷light china
日用瓷household china, table ware
软瓷soft porcelain
杀菌陶瓷antiseptic pottery
绳纹陶器Jomon pottery
施釉陶器slipware
炻瓷stoneware
素彩瓷plain porcelain
陶earthenware
陶瓷pottery
无釉陶、陶瓷素烧坯biscuit, unglazed ware 锡釉陶majolica
细瓷fine china
硬瓷hard porcelain
赭色粘土陶器terra sigillata
紫砂purple granulated, purple sand, terra-cotta
工艺技术Technology
凹雕intaglio
标记marking
玻璃化vitrify
车削turning
成型forming
冲压,冲压花repousse
瓷土加工clay processing
雕刻carving
浮雕relief
隔焰窑muffle
工艺技术technology
硅氧键silicon-oxygen bond
技艺technique, craft
间断窑intermittent kiln
浇铸casting
拉毛sgraffito
连续窑continuous kiln
镂雕、镂空piercing
辘轳车jigger
泥釉彩饰法trailing
碾磨grinding
抛光burnishing, polishing
破裂chip
嵌入inlay
切刻incising
筛子sieve
烧制firing
陶瓷科技ceramics
陶轮potter’s wheel
贴花、嵌花appliqué, decal
凸雕，底切，拉底，底部掏槽undercut
细裂纹craze
性能property
压印impressing
窑kiln
印花stampin
釉上彩overglazed color figure
釉下彩underglazed color figure
预加工pre-processing
粘性，粘滞性viscosity, stiffness
转模片jiggered piece
转印transfer print
装饰décor, decoration
其它Others
斑点speck
半透明translucence, translucency, translucent
不渗透的nonporous 不透明的opaque
茶叶罐caddy
单色的monochrome
多色的polychrome
高白high white, Gaobai
耐火材料
赛拉棉Cerafiber
赛拉含锆棉Cerachem Fiber
赛拉毯Cerablanket
赛拉含锆毯Cerachema Blanket
马福特克（莫来石）毯MAFTEC Blanket 耐火纤维组件Refractory Fiber Modules
纤维贴面块Veneering Modules
赛拉板Ceraboard TM
背衬板607 Blok 607TM
赛拉纸Cerapaper
赛拉毡Cerafelt
轻质隔热砖Insulating Firebircks JM
隔热吊顶砖Root Blocks BV
耐火胶泥JM2600 Blakite JM3300
轻质莫来石绝热砖Light Insulating Bricks 聚轻高铝砖Poly Light High AluminumFirebrick
高温耐火胶泥High- temperature Refractory Mortar
磷酸铝不烧砖系列Aluminophosphat Bonded Firebricks
高温窑具High-temperature Kiln Furniture
堇青石--莫来石窑具Cordierite-mullite Kiln Furniture
轻质耐火浇注料Low-weight Refractory Castable
高温轻质耐火浇注料High-temp Light Weight Refractory Castable
低蠕变高铝砖Low Creep High Alumina Bricks
热风炉用高铝砖High Alumina Bricks forHot Blast Stove
通用粘土质耐火砖Fireclay Bricks
高炉用粘土质耐火砖Fireclay Bricks for Blast Furnaces
特种耐火泥浆Special Refractory Mortar
轻质隔热耐火砖Insulating Bricks
电炉顶砖High Alumina Bricks for EAF
微膨胀刚玉砖Dilatable High Alumina Bricks
不烧铝镁砖Unburnt Al2O3-MgO Bricks
铝镁尖晶石砖Alumina-Spinel Bricks
刚玉、铬刚玉透气砖Corundum and Chrome-Corundum Purging Plugs for Ladle Refining
铝－碳化硅－碳砖Al2O3-SiC-C Bricks
锆铬刚玉砖Zr-Cr-Corundum Brick
铬刚玉尖晶石砖Chrome-Corundum-Spinel Brick
铝镁碳砖Al2O3-MgO-C Bricks
铝碳砖Al2O3-C Bricks
通用高铝砖High Alumina Bricks
高炉用高铝砖High Alumina Bricks for Blast Furnaces
高炉出铁沟浇注料Refractory Castables for BF Troughs and Runners
钢包浇注料Refractory Carstables for Ladles 工艺品artware
鬼工，鬼爷神工demon’s work, kuei kung 景德镇Jingdexhen, Ching-te-chen
景泰蓝cloisonné
绝缘子insulator
考古学archaeology
可塑的plastic
流变学rheology
琉璃瓦glazed tile 模型、模特model
模子mould
耐热heat-proof
配方formula
盆栽bonsai
漆器lacquer work
器皿ware
秦始皇陵兵马俑life-size terra-cotta soldiers and horses in Chin tomb
青铜器bronze work
人类学antropology
渗透的porous
手印，指印finger mark
丝网印刷silk screen printing
四面体tetrahedral 搪瓷，珐琅enamel
陶瓷的ceramic
陶瓷专家，陶瓷艺术家ceramist
陶工potter
瓦tile 碗bowl
卫生洁具sanitary ware
温度temperature
硬度hardness
釉工glazier
圆块，雕球，瘤knob
砖brick
爱比克泰德Epicteus（活动于520-500 BC）古希腊陶工兼画家
何朝宗He Chaozhong（1522-1620）Chinese ceramist in Ming Dynasty,中国明代陶瓷艺术家
韦奇伍德Wedgwood（1730-1795）英国著名陶瓷工匠和制造商
希腊古瓮颂’Ode on a Crecian Urn’英国诗人济慈Keats（1795-1821）的名诗，惊叹古希腊陶器彩绘之精美
金花米黄、渗花砖、蓝宝石、大颗粒、纯色砖
golden yellow, glazed-lmitated, sapphire of polishing series, big grain and solid color
内墙砖wall tile
地砖floor tile
广场砖paving tile
完全玻化砖polished tile
金玉石polished mosaic
精工钻fine granule
陶瓷砖和卫生陶瓷分类及术语
陶瓷砖ceramic tile
由粘土或其他无机非金属原料，经成型、烧结等工艺处理，用于装饰与保护建筑物、构筑物墙面及地面的板状或块状陶瓷制品。也可称为陶瓷饰面砖ceramic facing tile)
常用商务英语术语
1) International business is business conducted in more than one country, including buying and selling goods and services. 2) Assuming the laboratory tests go well, and you can quote us a competitive price, we certainly be able to place more substantial orders on a regular basis. 3) Considering the friendly business relationship between our two banks, we decided not to charge you the overdue interests. 4) As a result, goods circulate more widely and at lower prices, jobs are created, and
wealth is spread. Though people may act from the narrow desire to enrich themselves, “ an invisible hand ” guides them to enrich and improve all of society. Today, we see a China that is still defined by noble traditions of family, scholarship and honor. I wanted to be a man, and a man I am. The latest type of TVR system is light, inexpensive and easy to manipulate. When most people expect a reduction of inflation rate after the tax cut ，there is still some uncertainty. The further expansion of your exports on our market will depend on your continued efforts to broaden and diversify your product range. Theory is something but practice is everything. We will negotiate for peace, sacrifice for it; we will not surrender for it -- now or ever. In my opinion the damage to the goods is attributed to the fact that the bags are too thin. According to the contract the bags should have been 0.04mm thick. Saddam can not single-handedly cause shortages and gasoline lines. The pay rise promised by the Left could price French products out of European markets. The use of bio-chemical weapons is a sheer violation of international laws –the Geneva Convention in particular. We have advocated the principle of peaceful coexistence, which is now growing more and more popular among the nations of Asia and Africa. In economic field, large companies are feeling the impacts of both constantly technological progress and of the newest production methods. Big powers have their strategies while small countries also have their tactics in coping with the constantly changing international political climate. Avoid using this computer in extreme cold, heat, dust or humidity./ They build roads, houses, bridges, pipelines and canals. 1. What is questioned is whether a country like Britain has a chance, assuming it has the will, to succeed where so many have failed and even assuming that it has, should make the tremendous effort and take substantial financial risk of trying to leap-frog into leadership in entirely new technology or whether it should take softer option of merely catching up with the rest of the industrialized world. 2. The growth of class consciousness among the workers was inhibited by continued high levels of employment and rising earnings for almost 15 years, combined with the propaganda of views in the labor movement reflecting the influence of Keynesian theories about the ability of capitalism to solve permanently the problem of “boon and bust ”t hrough a “ managed economy ” of bu-iilnt stabilizers. 3. 本宪法以法律的形式确认了中国各族人民奋斗的成果，规定了国家的根本任务，是国家的根本大
常用金融英语词汇的 翻译
常用金融英语词汇的翻译 acquiring company 收购公司 bad loan 呆帐 chart of cash flow 现金流量表 clearly-established ownership 产权清晰 debt to equity 债转股 diversity of equities 股权多元化 economy of scale 规模经济 emerging economies 新兴经济 exchange-rate regime 汇率机制 fund and financing 筹资融资 global financial architecture 全球金融体系 global integration, globality 全球一体化，全球化 go public 上市 growth spurt （经济的）急剧增长 have one's "two commas" 百万富翁 hedge against 套期保值 housing mortgage 住房按揭 holdings 控股，所持股份 holding company 控股公司 initial offerings 原始股 initial public offerings 首次公募 innovative business 创新企业 intellectual capital 智力资本 inter-bank lending 拆借 internet customer 网上客户 investment payoff period 投资回收期 joint-stock 参股 mall rat 爱逛商店的年轻人 means of production 生产要素 (the)medical cost social pool for major diseases 大病医疗费用社会统筹mergers and acquisitions 并购
Деловой перевод. Forms of ownership: –Sole Proprietorship—a business owned and operated by a single individual. –Partnership---- партнёрство— a business owned by two or more people. –Limited Company—a company where ownership is represented by company＇s shares. 1. Board of directors---.Cовет директоров —the officials elected by shareholders who rule the company 2. Current liabilities—the money that a company during which certain goods are produced. 3. Dividends—company profits paid to shareholders. 4. Entrepreneur-- Предприниматель—person who sets up a new commercial enterprise to make a profit. 5. Indebtedness -- задолженность– amount of debts 6. Initial funds --funds used in starting a business. 7. Liabilities -- Обязательства– the amount of debt that must be paid. 8. Shareholders-- акционер–those who own shares of a company＇s stock. 9. Accounting –бухгалтерия---- the action or process of keeping financial accounts. Is a system of gathering , summarizing and communicating financial information for a business firm, government or other organizations. 10. Balance sheet –Балансовый отчёт - is a statement which describes the companies resources and indicates where these resources have come from.
初中英语语法代词专项练习 —————人称代词、物指代词 （1）按要求写出下列代词的形式 1、I（宾格）________ 2、he（形容词性物主代词）________ 3、us（主格）________ 4、they（宾格）________ 5、she（宾格）________ 6、you（名词性物主代词）________ 7、it（宾格）________ 8、my（复数）________ 9、him（复数）________ 10、he（形容词性物主代词）________ 11、we（单数）________ 12、they（名词性物主代词）________ 13、I（反身代词）________ 14、you（反身代词）________ 15、she（反身代词）________ 16、he（反身代词）________ 17、it（反身代词）________ 18、I（反身代词）________ （2）选出括号中正确的词，在正确的词上打勾。 1. This is（my / I）mother. 2. Nice to meet （your / you）. 3.（He / His）name is Mark. 4. What’s（she / her）name? 5. Excuse（me / my / I）. 6. Are（your / you）Miss Li? 7.（I/ My）am Ben. 8.（She / Her）is my sister. 9. Fine , thank（your / you）. 10. How old is （he / his）? （3）用所给代词的正确形式填空 1. These are ______ ( he ) brothers. 2. That is _______( she ) sister. 3. Lily is _______ ( Lucy ) sister. 4. Tom, this is _____ ( me ) cousin, Mary. 5. Now _____________(her parent) are in America. 6. Those __________ ( child ) are _____ ( I ) father’s students. 7. Do you know ______ ( it ) name? 8. Mike and Tom _________( be ) friends. 9. Thanks for helping ________( I ). 10. ______(Ann安)mother is ______(we) teacher. （4）填上正确的人称代词和物主代词 1._____ is my friend. 他是我的朋友。 2. My dog likes _____. 我的狗喜欢她。 3. Who is there? It’s _____.是谁啊？是我。 4. Come with _____. 跟我来。 5. ______ classroom is bigger than ____. 你们的教室比我们的要大。 6. _____ are Chinese. 我们是中国人。 7.I want to buy some balloons for ______. 我想买些气球送给他。 8. These are ______ photos. 这些是我们的照片。 9. _____ like ______ very much. 他们非常喜欢它。 10. Let _____ give _____ a book. 让我给你一本书。
商业英文书信 一. 商业书信常用开头语 Opening Phrases & Sentences Generally Used In Business Letters （1）特此奉告等 To inform one of; To say; To state; To communicate; To advise one of; To bring to one's notice (knowledge); To lay before one; To point out; To indicate; To mention; To apprise one of; To announce; To remark; To call one's attention to; To remind one of; etc. 1. We are pleased to inform you that 2. We have pleasure in informing you that 3. We have the pleasure to apprise you of 4. We have the honour to inform you that (of) 5. We take the liberty of announcing to you that 6. We have to inform you that (of) 7. We have to advise you of (that) 8. We wish to inform you that (of) 9. We think it advisable to inform you that (of) 10. We are pleased to have this opportunity of reminding you that (of) 11. We take the advantage of this opportunity to bring before your notice 12. Please allow us to call your attention to 13. Permit us to remind you that (of) 14. May we ask your attention to 15. We feel it our duty to inform you that (of) （2）为(目的)奉告某某事项 1. The purpose of this letter is to inform you that (of) 2. The purport of this line is to advise you that (of) 3. The object of the present is to report you that 4. The object of this letter is to tell you that 5. By this letter we Purpose to inform you that (of) 6. Through the present we wish to intimate to you that 7. The present serves to acquaint you that （3）惠请告知某某事项，等 1. Please inform me that (of) 2. Kindly inform me that (of) 3. Be good enough to inform me that (of) 4. Be so good as to inform me that (of) 5. Have the goodness to inform me that (of) 6. Oblige me by informing that (of)
Datasheet中常用英语词汇翻译 序号英文术语中文术语 1 backplane 背板 2 Band gap voltage reference 带隙电压参考 3 benchtop supply 工作台电源 4 Block Diagram 方块图 5 Bode Plot 波特图 6 Bootstrap 自举 7 Bottom FET Bottom FET 8 bucket capcitor 桶形电容 9 chassis 机架 10 Combi-sense Combi-sense 11 constant current source 恒流源 12 Core Sataration 铁芯饱和 13 crossover frequency 交*频率 14 current ripple 纹波电流 15 Cycle by Cycle 逐周期 16 cycle skipping 周期跳步 17 Dead Time 死区时间 18 DIE Temperature 核心温度 19 Disable 非使能，无效，禁用，关断 20 dominant pole 主极点 21 Enable 使能，有效，启用 22 ESD Rating ESD额定值
23 Evaluation Board 评估板 24 Exceeding the specifications below may result in permanent damage to the device, or device malfunction. Operation outside of the parameters specified in the Electrical Characteristics section is not implied. 超过下面的规格使用可能引起永久的设备损害或设备故障。建议不要工作在电特性表规定的参数范围以外。 25 Failling edge 下降沿 26 figure of merit 品质因数 27 float charge voltage 浮充电压 28 flyback power stage 反驰式功率级 29 forward voltage drop 前向压降 30 free-running 自由运行 31 Freewheel diode 续流二极管 32 Full load 满负载 33 gate drive 栅极驱动 34 gate drive stage 栅极驱动级 35 gerber plot Gerber 图 36 ground plane 接地层 37 Henry 电感单位：亨利 38 Human Body Model 人体模式 39 Hysteresis 滞回 40 inrush current 涌入电流 41 Inverting 反相 42 jittery 抖动 43 Junction 结点 44 Kelvin connection 开尔文连接
一、选择题 1．She ______ her______every evening at home. A．does；homework B．does；homeworks C．do；homework D．do；homeworks 2．Is it a picture_________ your school? A．of B．to C．and D．with 3．There are two________ near our school. A．shoe shops B．shoes shops C．shoe's shops D．shoes' shops 4．—Do you know Shanghai is one of _______ in the world? —Yes, it’s bigger than _______ city in China. A．the biggest city; any B．the biggest cities; any C．the biggest cities; any other D．the biggest cities; the other 5．There________some water in the bottle. A．is B．am C．are D．be 6．These are some photos of ________ bedroom. What a tidy and comfortable room! A．Jerry’s and Jenny’s B．Jerry and Jenny’s C．Jerry’s sand Jenny 7．Here_______some of the results. Most students think_______are cheaper than cars. A．is; the bike B．are; bikes C．are; the bike D．is; bikes 8．Look! The Chinese national basketball team ________ a face-to-face interview with their fans in the hall. How excited the fans are! A．is having B．are having C．have D．has 9．—It’s convenie nt(方便的) to travel from Suzhou to Shanghai by car? —Yes. It’s said that_________is enough. A．two hours drive B．two-hours drive C．two hour’s drive D．two hours’ drive 10．— How much are the __________? — Eight yuan a kilo. A．broccoli B．potatoes C．beef D．bread 11．It's about ten __________ walk from here. A．minutes' B．minute's C．minutes D．minute of 12．Alan usually goes to Harbin in .He likes playing with snow. A．May B．July C．September D．November 13．________ your reading speed, or you can’t finish th e English reading materials in ________ limited time. A．Increase; 100 minutes’B．To increase; a 100-minute C．Increasing; 100-minutes’14．When National Day comes, we have a ____ holiday. A．seven-day B．seven-days C．seven days
.' Lexicology the is into linguistics, inquiring a branch of origins and meanings of words. Morphology different their and the : study of morpheme forms. Semantics the study of word meaning. ：Etymology: the study of the origin of words, and of their history and changes in their meaning. Stylistics : the study of the variation in language which is dependent on the situation in which the language is used and also on the effect the writer or speaker wishes to create on the reader or hearer Lexicography : the compiling of dictionaries. Synchronic study one or words at a : the study of word particular point in time. Diachronic study studies which to : an approach lexicology how a word (or words) changes over a period of time.
学习必备欢迎下载 初中英语语法专项练习题之名词 一. ( ) 1 She was very happy. She in the maths test. A. makes a few mistake B. made a few mistakes C. made few mistakes D. makes few mistake ( ) 2 We need some more____. Can you go and get some, please? A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes D. potatoe ( ) 3 _____are ____for cutting things. A. Knife/used B. Knives/used B. C. Knife/using D. Knives/using ( ) 4 What big____ the tiger has! A. tooth B. teeth C. tooths D. toothes ( ) 5 Please remember to give the horse some tree___. A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf D. leave ( ) 6 -Can we have some ___?-Yes, please. A. banana B. oranges C. apple D. pear ( ) 7 On the table there are five____. A. tomatos B. piece of tomatoes C. tomatoes D. tomato 二. ( ) 1 They got much ___ from those new books. A. ideas B. photos C. information D. stories ( ) 2 He gave us____ on how to keep fit. A. some advices B. some advice C .an advice D. a advice ( ) 3 When we saw his face, we knew___ was bad. A. some news B. a news C. the news D. news ( ) 4 What___ lovely weather it is! A. / B. the C. an D. a 三 ( ) 1 -Would you like___tea? -No, thanks. I have drunk two____. A. any, bottles of orange B. some, bottles of orange C. many, bottles of oranges D. few, bottle of oranges ( ) 2 He is hungry. Give him ___ to eat. A. two breads B. two piece of bread C. two pieces of bread D. two pieces of breads ( ) 3 It really took him:___ to draw the nice horse. A. sometimes B. hour C. long time D. some time ( ) 4 I would like to have___. A. two glasses of milk D. two glass of milks B. two glass of milk C. two glasses of milks ( ) 5 Can you give me ____? A. a tea B. some cup of tea C. a cup tea D. a cup of tea ( ) 6 Please give me ___ paper. A. one B. a piece C. a D. a piece of ( ) 7 John bought ___for himself yesterday. A. two pairs of shoes B. two pair of shoe C. two pair of shoes D. two pairs shoes 4 ( ) 1 -How many ___have you got on your farm? -I've got five. A. sheeps B. sheep C. pig D. chicken ( ) 2 Some __came to our school for a visit that day. A. Germans B. Germen C. Germany D. Germanies ( ) 3 In the picture there are many__and two. A. sheep; foxes C. sheeps ; foxes B. sheeps ; fox D. sheep; foxs ( ) 4 A group of______ will visit the museum tomorrow. A. Hungarian B. Australian C. Japanese D. American 五 ( ) 1 This table is made of___. A. many glass B. glasses C. some glasses D. glass ( ) 2 -What would you like to have for lunch, sir? -I'd like____. ! A. chicken B. a chicken C. chickens D. the chicken ( )3 Children should make ____for old people in a bus. A. room B. a room C. rooms D. the room 六 ( ) 1 Tables are made of___. A. wood B. some woods C. wooden D. woods ( ) 2 I wonder why ______ are so interested in action (武打片) films. A. people B. peoples C. the people D. the peoples ( ) 3I have read____ of the young writer. A. works B. work C. this works D. the works 七 ( ) 1 Let's meet at 7: 30 outside the gate of___? A. the People's Park B. the Peoples' Park C .the People Park D. People's Park
商务英语应当是在深厚的英语基础上，再强调商务，实用性是商务英语最大的特点。下面是小编分享的商务常见英语单词，希望能对大家有所帮助! 富有价格弹性(Price elastic) 如果需求的价格弹性大于1，那么商品的需求就是富有价格弹性。 需求的价格弹性(Price elasticity of demand) 需求的价格弹性是指价格变化1%导致的需求量变化的百分比(习惯上通常以正数表示)。 供给的价格弹性(Price elasticity of supply) 供给的价格弹性是指价格变化1%导致的供给量变化的百分比。 最低限价(Price floor) 最低限价是指政府对某种商品所规定的最低价格。例如，联邦农业计划规定了小麦和玉米的最低价格。 缺乏价格弹性(Price inelastic) 如果需求的价格弹性小于1，那么商品的需求就是缺乏价格弹性。 价格领导者(Price leader) 价格领导者是指在寡头垄断的行业中制定价格并且其他厂商愿意跟随的厂商。 价格系统(Price system) 在价格系统下，商品和服务都有一个价格，在纯粹的资本主义经济中价格执行一个经济系统的基本职能(决定生产什么、怎样生产、每个人应该得到多少以及一个国家的增长率应该是多少)。 委托--代理问题(Principal-agent problem) 由于经理或工人可能会追求自己的目标，即便这样做会减少企业所有者的利润，从而导致了委托--代理问题。经理或工人是为所有者工作的代理人，所有者是委托人。 囚犯困境(Prisoner`s dilemma) 囚犯困境是指这样一种情形，此时两个人(或厂商)合作要比不合作好，但是每个人都觉得不合作符合他的利益，因此每个人的状况都要坏于如果他们合作时的境况。 私人成本(Private cost) 私人成本是指单个使用者为了能够使用某一资源而带来的费用。 概率(Probability) 概率是指在长期中某种结果发生的次数与总次数之比。例如，如果多次掷骰子并且1点出现的次数是总次数的1/6，那么出现1点的概率就是1/6。 生产者剩余(Producer surplus)
学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考 English Lexicology(英语词汇学) 1.English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.英语词汇学旨在调查和研究英语单词和单词的等价物的形态结构,其语义结构、关系、历史发展、形成和用法。 2.English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论）and lexicography(词典学) Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary 1.Word（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence 词语是语言最小的自由形式，拥有固定的声音和意义以及句法作用。 2.Sound and meaning（声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”词语是一个符号，代表着世界上其他的事物。每种世界文化已经赞成一定的读音将代表一定的人，事，地方，特性，过程，行动，当然是在语言系统之外。这种象征性的联系几乎总是主观的，并且“在代表事物和思想的声音和实际的事物和思想之间没有法定关系” 3.Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一的四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other内因是因为英语字母表采用罗马字母，罗马字母没有独立的字母代表每个读音，因此一些字母代表两个读音或者组合在一起发音。 （2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years另一个原因是发音比拼写的变化快，在一些时候还拉开了距离。在最近五百年里，尽管口语发音已经出现了显著的变化，却没有相应的拼写变化。 （3）some of the difference were created by the early scribes第三个原因是一些早期的书写员发明了一些不同。（4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary最后借词来了，这是丰富英语词汇的重要途径。 （5）printing印刷已经变得非常普及。它有助于固定单词的拼写、standardization标准化使得拼写不容改变。、dictionary字典在拼写终结中得到好处。 —Old English,The speech of the time was represented very much more faithfully in writing than it is today. 古代英语中的口语比今天更忠实的代表书面语 —The written form of English is an imperfect representation of the spoken form。英语的书写是发音形式不完善的代表 4.What is vocabulary？ （1）Total number of the words in a language一个语言的单词综合 （2）Words used in a particular historical period 特殊历史时期使用的单词 （3）All the words of a dialect，a book ，a discipline...某个方言，书籍，学科中的所有单词 5.Classification of English Words：英语词汇由所有种类的词汇组成。它们可以根据不同的标 准或者不同的目的进行分类。 By use frequency:basic word stock&nonbasic vocabulary根据使用频率，单词可以分为基础词和非基础词。 By notion:content words&functional words可以根据概念分成实词和虚词