Unit One汉英翻译对译者素养的要求（陈P8-14）
一．深厚的语言功底
1. 语法意识（例1、2）
2. 惯用法意识（例3）
3. 连贯意识（例4、5）
二．广博的文化知识
三．高度的责任感
Unit Two汉英翻译与文化（陈P15）
中西思维方式的对比（P18-33）
1.中国人注重伦理，英美人注重认知
2.中国人注重整体，综合性思维；英美人注重个体，分析性思维
3.中国人注重直觉，英美人注重实证
4.中国人注重形象思维，英美人注重逻辑思维
Unit Three汉英语言对比（P24-50）
一．.汉英词汇对比（P26）
1.词义相符
2.词义相异
3.词义空缺
二．汉英句法对比（P36）
三．汉英篇章对比（P40）
汉语是主题显著语言。汉语句子强调意义和功能，句首的成分不一定是主语。英语是主语显著语言。英语句子重形式和功能，句子建构在主谓主轴上，主谓之间存在一种形式上的一致关系，受到语法严格的制约。因此在汉译英时，找准句子的主语和与之匹配的谓语是译好句子的关键。（P41）
练习三
Unit Four词语的英译（陈P52-85）
一．词语指称意义和蕴含意义
练习四（P58）
二．词语英译与语言语境
三．词语英译与文化语境（P67-71）
练习五（P71-73）
四．“假朋友”的识别（P73 的3.4节）
五．词义空缺与英译策略（P75 的3.5节）
练习六（P77）
六．成语与四字格的英译（P78-85 的3.6节）
练习七（P83 ）
Unit Five句子的英译（P86）
一．主语与谓语P86-90
练习八（P91）
练习九（P98）
练习十（P106）
练习十一（P113）
P122-125练习十二（练习B的第二）
Unit Six句群与段落的英译（P126）
P127-132 的例子1-11
P133-138 的例子1-8
P140-142 的练习十三里二的3、4、6
Unit Seven篇章的英译（P143）
P218 的练习十九里第二的2、3
汉语属于TP语言(topic-prominent language),思维和语序自然合拍,先话题后评论,先已知信息后新信息.
英语是SP语言(subject-prominent language),虽然英语也有话题评论结构,但总的说来,英语句子比较严格地遵循句法结构,词序受到许多条条框框的限制, 大多数话题都隐藏在句子中.
英语句子结构特点: 主谓搭架,枝叶上挂,叠床架屋,但都有语法,属形合语言(hypotaxis),结构严谨.
汉语句子结构特点: 话题说明,叙述分层,可断可续,意尽为界.属意合语言(parataxis),隐性变显性,增加关联词.
这些特点在翻译中可出现以下现象:
多句汉语译单句英语,名词的造句功能较汉语活跃,这也是汉译英首先考虑的问题.
汉语主语和英译主语的确定
一. 主语对比
（一）汉语主语的特点
1.汉语和英语句子一般都有主语，但汉语的主语句子功能较弱, 主语有时可以省略, 没有主语也能成为句子.
累死我了. 完了吗?
2.汉语主语不需要与谓语在形式上保持一致, 有时一个句子中, 主语可能有多个. 这项实验他做了三年.
电子游戏孩子们都喜欢.
3.汉语无形态变化，也无形式标志, 所以主语可以由任何词类和短语充当.
快乐是他人生的唯一目标.
快乐地工作和生活是他人生的唯一目标.
天天锻炼身体多有益处啊！
要在短期内说一口流利的英语实在是太难了。
（二）．英语主语的特点
1．英语的陈述句和疑问句通常必须有主语并要求谓语形式与之一致，因此只有确定主语后，才能确定谓语。汉译英时，找出并确定主语至关重要。
a. 上星期买了一本百科全书，本来很高兴，但却是膺品（fake），大失所望。
b. 二十年来，我生活费用中至少十分之十至二十是消耗在书上的。
1) I bought an encyclopedia last week. I felt quite pleased then, but it makes me disappointed because it is a fake.
2)The encyclopedia which I bought last week and which originally pleased me makes me disappointed because it was a fake.
Or : The encyclopedia which I had bought the week before and which had originally pleased me disappointed me because it was a fake.
二十年来，我生活费用中至少十分之十至二十是消耗在书上的。
For 20 years past, books have eaten into at least 10-20 percent of my pocket.
2. 英语主语必须是名词性的，如名词，代词，数词，名词性短语，从句，动名词，动词不定式等。
He has to accept the fact.
Three is not enough.
To be calm in an emergency is so important.
What I saw was incredible.
Making good grades is only one of our goals.
二．主语的确定与翻译转换
因为汉英语言在结构上存在较大差异。汉语的主语不明显，主语的句法功能弱。翻译时，应首先确定主语，方法如下：
1)保留原汉语主语
他有一辆很漂亮的小汽车。
He has a very nice car.
我知道他完全够条件。
I know that he is well qualified.
2)思维差异与强调重心不同进行调整语序，改变汉语主语。
我国各族人民每年都要热烈庆祝十一国庆节。
National Day is enthusiastically celebrated on Oct.1 （by the Chinese people of all nationalities）every year.
将来会生产出小得可以放在口袋里的计算机。
In the future, computers would be developed which are small enough to carry in the pocket.
3)合并汉语主语
我访问了一些地方, 遇到了不少人, 要谈起来, 奇妙的事儿可多着呢。
There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met.
4)汉语的主语译英语的状语，谓语，定语
河畔长着青草绿树。（主译状）
The green grass and trees are grown by the riverside.
水龙头流水了。（主译状）
Water ran from the tap.
本产品的特点是设计独特，质量高，容量大。（主译谓）
The product is characterized by unique design, high quality and great capacity.
她对丈夫越来越憎恨。（主译定）
Her hatred for her husband grew more.
5)汉语无主语增译英语主语
很难说。
I can hardly (never) tell.
活到老学到老。
We live and learn.
谋事在人，成事在天。
Man proposes, heaven disposes.
暴雨下了两天两夜。
We’ve had rainstorm for 2 days and nights
地球水的面积比陆地面积大。
We’ve more water than earth on this globe.
应该坚定不移地执行“计划生育”的基本国策。
Efforts should be made to firmly carry out the basic state policy of family planning. 扩大对外开放程度, 提高对外开放水平。
China plans to open further and expand the its (level of) opening to the outside world.
6)汉语有灵主语(animate subject)译英语无灵主语(inanimate subject)
我见到这个孤儿就会想起他的父母。
The sight of the orphan always reminds me of his parents.
他突然间想起了一个主意。
An idea suddenly struck(occurred to) him.
这时我说不出话来。
Words failed me for the moment.
他开始变得惊恐万状。
Alarm began to take entire possession of him.
一屋人都笑了。
Laughter filled the room.
大厅一片鸦雀无声。
Silence prevailed the hall
我们不发牢骚。
No complaints passed our lips.
他吓得呆若木鸡。
Fear rooted him to the ground.
她独处时感到一种特别的安宁。
A strange peace came over her when she was alone.
我们没有听到任何声音。
Not a sound has reached（greeted）our ears.
我们没有看到任何字。
Not a word has reached our eyes.
我们随时随地受到关怀和照顾。
Care and kindness surrounded us on every side.
主语+谓语VS主题+叙题
这件事情我得保密。
I have to keep quiet about this. Keep this matter secret. Keep this matter secret.
他投诉你的事我一点儿也不知道。
I know nothing about his complaint about you.
你的提议我一定会认真考虑。
I am sure to give serious thought to your suggestion.
他们要来的事从来没人跟我说过。
Nobody has ever told me anything about their arrival.
有灵主语vs无灵主语
The sight of the erythrina in bloom reminded me of my hometown.
The overwhelming grief over the bad news left me speechless.
听到这个坏消息时，我悲痛得一句话也说不出来。
英语状语译汉语主语
北京有很多几个王朝的历史古迹。
There are many historical relics of several dynasties in Beijing.
上海有好几年美下雪了。
It hasn’t snowed for years in Shanghai.
小车上只有他一个人，这会儿正打着盹。
He was alone in the car, dosing off.
英语主语译汉语谓语
In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the economic benefit in the production of our factory.
近年来，我厂越来越注重经济效益。
Talk of the welfare of the aged has been in the air.
人们都在谈论老年人福利的问题。
英语主语译汉语宾语
Much progress has been made in computer science in the last 20 years.
近20年来，计算机科学领域取得了重大的进展。
A good idea suddenly came to me.
英语主语译汉语状语
The shortage of time prevented me from calling on you earlier.
由于没时间，不能早点拜访你。
The turn of the century witness China the more prosperous development in culture.
在世纪之交，中国文化发展更繁荣。
Before I fell ill, my parents were specially fond of me(had doted on me too much), and I had acted wildly at home, doing whatever I wished. But once separated and confined to a small hillside room in our garden, I couldn’t help feeling coldly treated, which reduced me to utter depression. One spring evening, flowers were in full bloom in the garden where my parents were holding a dinner party. Then and there a swarm of our guests were gathering(in crowd), talking and laughing merrily. When I secretly drew one of the curtains in the small hillside room, a spectacular view(hustling and thrilling scene) came into my sight.
Seeing my brothers and sisters and cousins were gay and happy mingling together with the guests(in the midst of the adult guests), I instantly burst into tears(burst out crying bitterly)at the thought of being abandoned by all.
Translation Practice B
1.几天工夫,由于抢购,商店的货物销售一空.
2.闭关自守把中国搞得贫穷落后,愚昧无知.
3.你好好的比较以下,就可以发现他们的不同.
4.把他添上以后,名单就完备了.
5.任何场合,只要他一露面,我们就成功了.
6.美国人作了仔细研究, 解释了这些假说.
7.一个人的生命究竟有多大意义,这有什么标准可以衡量吗?
8.山顶有一块巨大的岩石，中空，人可穿行其间。
9.那本书的作者似乎没有自己的观点，书里都是人云亦云的东西。
10.我常见许多青年朋友，聪明用功，功课很好，而语文程度不足以达意，甚至写封信亦难得通顺，问其故则曰其兴趣不在语文方面。
11.爸爸妈妈，你们也买个钱罐子存钱吧，你们没钱用了，钱罐子就会把肚里的钱掏出来给你们的。
12.这种力，是一般人看不见的力，只要生命存在，这种力就要显现。
13.人到了老年，会有一种奇怪又不奇怪的现象：即发生在昨天的事，倒会忘得一干二净；而几十年以前对自己印象极深的事情，却像是昨天刚发生一样，记得一清二楚。
汉语谓语翻译（陈P94）
汉英谓语对比
一.英语谓语的特点
根据英语的五个基本句型, 其主干是主语加谓语, 并必须与主语一致。谓语由主语在形式上进行支配；谓语支配宾语，补语和状语等。
构成五种基本句型
1. 主语+不及物动词The sun rises.
2. 主语+系动词+表语Milk turns sour.
3主语+单宾他动词+宾语People change history.
4. 主语+双宾他动词+间接宾语+直接宾语(变式: 主语+双宾他动词+间接宾语+to, for或of 等介词+直接宾语buy a book for him, ask a favor of sb…)
5. 主语+复宾他动词+宾语+宾语补足语Bacteria turns milk sour.
二..汉语谓语的特点
汉语的谓语可以多个, 即成为连动式谓语和兼语式谓语。汉语的谓语可以不和主语一起出现，还可以不用动词。汉语的谓语无须跟主语一致，没有人称和时态等形式上的变化。
汉语连动式谓语的翻译
1.将表示先后关系的连动式谓语译成并列句
她把照片接过来放在桌上。
She took the photo and laid it on the table.
我们必须对大学的学生严格要求，严格管理，严格监管。
We must strictly require, manage and supervise the students in the college.
2. 译成英语分词结构
我写完了作业开始弹钢琴。
Having finished my homework, I began to play the piano.
他打开书包拿出一本书。
Opening the schoolbag, he took out a book.
3. 译成核心动词+非谓语动词—不定式，或者表示目的或者表示动作方式的介词我们要采取更加有利的措施使社会治安状况得到改善。
We shall take stronger measures to improve public security.
We shall improve public security by taking stronger measures
一定要吸取这次失败的教训，避免重犯此类错误。
Be sure to learn from the failure to avoid similar mistakes.
他上楼拿大衣。
He went upstairs for his overcoat.
他们已于昨晚乘飞机去了上海。
They left for Shanghai by plane last night.
他光着脚走进了房间。
He came into the room with no shoes on.
不久，他抱着一个大西瓜回来了。
Soon he came back with (holding) a big watermelon in his arms.
三.汉语兼语式谓语的翻译
兼语式谓语是指谓语有两个动词, 前一个动词的宾语又是后一个动词的主语，译法有：
1.兼语式的第一个动词为核心动词,第二个动词为宾语补足语可用英语不定式，他教我打篮球。
He taught me to play basketball.
老师要求学生自己独立思考。
He asked his students to think for themselves.
2.兼语式的第二个动词可译成英语的名词, 形容词, 副词, 介词短语
我们极力阻止他投资这个项目。
We tried to prevent him from investing in this project.
他们逼迫这个孩子去偷窃。
They forced the child into theft.
我将于今晚邀请她出来。
I’ll ask her out tonight.
总统任命她为代表出席这次会议。
The president nominated her representative at the conference.
3.采用英语中的“主语+谓语+宾语从句”或“主语+谓语+宾语+定语从句/状语从句”
她一定要我们把礼物收下。
She insisted that we accept these gifts.
他有个老师是法国人。
He has a teacher who comes from France.
4.当汉语兼语句的第一个动词有“使动”含义时.可用英语中含有“致使”“促成”意义的动词来翻译
这问题使所有学生感到混淆。
This problem confused all the students.
他的行为令我们十分震惊。
His behavior shocked us a lot.
5.兼语式谓语作为句子的一个成分时,可将兼语式谓语转换成名词性短语
老师表扬他努力学习使许多学生不高兴。
The teacher’s praise for his hard working displeased many student
他反对我们进行调查说明他卷入了这起丑闻之中。
His objection to our investigation indicates that he has been involved in this scandal.
四.英语谓语转化名词作主语
测定那段距离很难。
It’s not easy to measure that distance.
The measurement of that distance is not easy.
他按时到校上学。
He attends school regularly.
His attendance at school is regular.
美国参战了,改变了二次大战的整个局面。
The America entered the Second World War. This changed the whole situation.
The American entry into the Second World War changed the whole situation.
这位老人收养了这个女孩, 这改变了她的一生。
The old man adopted the girl. This changed the girl’s whole life.
The old man’s adoption of the girl changed her whole life.
汤姆承认是他错了, 这让其他孩子不受惩罚。
Tom admitted that he was to blame. This kept the other boys from being punished. Tom’s admission that he was to blame kept the other boys from being punished.
英语谓语向宾语转化
他好好地睡了一觉。
He slept well----He had a good sleep.
她不喜欢他。
She dislikes him----She has a dislike for him.
他跌到了好几次。
He fell for several times----He had several falls.
他喝了一口茶。
He sipped his tea----He took a sip of his tea.
他突然大笑。
He laughed suddenly----He gave a sudden laugh.
他不同意。
He would not consent----He would n’t give his consent.
磁带很快停下来。
The tape stopped quickly----The tape was brought to a quick stop.
Judge---make judgement reply----make a reply
Not notice----take no notice of examine hurriedly---make a hurried examination of damage greatly----do great damage
五.英语谓语向表语转化
1).谓语变名词作表语
这篇文章深刻地分析了世界形势。
This article analyzed the world situation profoundly.
This article was a profound analysis of the world situation. 他使他家里的人都失望了。
He disappointed his family.
He was a disappointment to his family.
跳舞使她高兴。
Dancing delighted her.
Dancing was her delight.
他在那个工厂工作。
He works in that factory.
He is a worker in that factory.
我受顾于怀特先生。
He was employed by Mr. White.
He was Mr. White’s employee.
2).谓语变形容词作表语
她总是关心她的小弟弟。
She always attended to her younger brother.
She was always attentive to her younger brother.
两家报纸都批判了这些措施。
The two newspaper editorials criticized these measures. The two newspaper editorials are critical of these measures. 听了这孩子的脏话大家都愣了。
The child’s bad language shocks everyone.
The child’s bad language is shocking to everyone.
我的工作特别令人满意。
My work satisfies other people.
My work is very satisfactory.
他不帮忙,我们都很失望。
His refusal to help disappointed us.
His refusal to help was disappointing to us.
他是靠得住的。
He can be relied on.
He is reliable
他的病能治好。
His disease can be cured.
His disease is curable
郑州信息工程职业学院 2017—2018学年下学期期末考试 2017级国际学院计网专业 《大学英语语法》试卷A 说明 一、本试卷共有六道大题，总分为100分，考试时间为100分钟。 二、严格按照要求填写好自己的姓名、学号和座位号等信息。 三、请仔细阅读以下注意事项： 1.在试卷的有效位置作答。 2.监考人员宣布考试开始时，考生方可答题。 3.监考老师宣布考试结束时，考生应立即停止作答，将试卷、答题卡反扣在桌面上，待监考老师确认数量无误后，方可离开。 4.若有答题卡时，一定要对准题号将“答案”填写在答题卡上。 PartⅠChoose the best one from the four choices given. (10×2′=20 scores) 1.They are_________. A . woman teachers B. women teachers C. women teacher D. woman teacher 2.Would you like _______, please? A. two glass of water B. two glasses of water C. two glass of waters D. two glasses of waters 3.About_________ of the students in their school are boys. A. one-three B. one third C. one three D. one thirds 4. How_________ the song sounds! A. pleasure B. pleasant C. pleased D. pleasantly 5. _________, he is very good at numbers. A. A little boy as he was B. A little boy he is C. As he was a little boy D. A little boy as he is 6.I _________ from the scientist you mentioned so far. A. don’t hear B. didn’t hear C. haven’t heard D. hadn’t heard 7.By this time next year, we _________ all the land into rice fields. A. had turned B. have turned C. will have turned D. have been turning 8.This novel_________ well. A. will be sold B. is sold C. sells D. has been sold 9. We _________ about two thousand English words by the end of last term. A. learned B. have learned C. had learned D. would learn
《英语翻译基础》期末复习 13年12月 题型： 一、选择题（每小题2分，共20分） Section A; 选择译文中最符合原文意思的选项（考查翻译实践能力） Section B: 关于翻译理论知识的题目 二、改译句子。（每小题2分，共10分） 三、翻译句子。（每小题3分，共15分） 四、篇章翻译（每小题40分，共40分） 五、案例分析题（每小题15分，共15分） 注意：本门课程为：“闭卷（只允许考生带一本正规英汉词典参加考试，不得携带除此之外的任何查字工具。） I、Multiple Choice Questions (20 points, 2 points each) A : Directions : This part consists of five sentences, each followed by four different versions marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that is the closest equivalent of the original in terms of meaning and expressiveness. 1. I prefer driving to being driven. B A. 我喜欢开车，不喜欢别人开车。 B. 我喜欢开车，不喜欢坐车。 C. 我开车比被开车更喜欢。 D. 我喜欢开车，也喜欢被开车。 2. She had deprived herself of the advice of all but yesmen. C A．她丧失了除了唯唯诺诺的人之外的所有人的劝告。 B．她剥夺了自己的所有人的劝告，唯唯诺诺的人除外。 C．她喜欢唯唯诺诺的人，根本听不进所有其他人的劝告。 D．她剥夺了所有人的劝告，除了唯唯诺诺的人。 3．我第一次听她在晚上唱歌，她的歌声就深深地打动了我。B A．Because it was the first time I heard her sing at a party, her song moved me deeply. B. When I first heard her sing at a party, I was deeply moved. C. I first heard her singing a party, I was deeply moved. D. Because it was the first time I heard her sing at a party, her voice moved me deeply. 4.When it came to reading, they were as good as blind. B
英语期末翻译 Unit 5 line45-51 原文：These managers were honest in all aspects of their work. They gave credit to their employees for ideas taken forward to senior executives and explained to them new rules, new strategies, and policy or procedural changes with candor. The business urban legends of politicking, networking, and climbing the ladder of succession on the backs of others were foreign to these managers. These managers understood not just being honest, but also the gospel principles of kindness and fairness are important. They were successful because of these qualities, not despite them. Their employment security resulted from a simple devotion to basic commandments of honesty. 译文：这些经理在他们工作的各个方面都恪守诚信。他们赞赏员工们能给高级行政管理人员转去新想法时，把功劳正确地归功于员工，坦率地向员工们解释新的规则、新的策略以及和政策性或程序性的变化等。商业中时有所闻的不正当竞争、裙带关系和踩着他人往上爬等对于这些经理们来说都是格格不入的。这些经理们懂得，不仅仅是诚信，还包括善良和公平这些《圣经》福音中的原则也都是重要的。他们取得了成功是因为他们具备了这些素质，而不是违背了这些要求。他们的工作稳固只是因为他们恪守基本的诚实律条。 Unit6 line18-21 原文：Some confrontations on the pitch are gladiatorial. In this respect, our sports heroes are our gladiators. A football match, especially between rival teams, isn’t some light-hearted display of athletic prowess. The self is emotionally involved in the outcome because whoever you’re rooting for represents YOU. So professional footballers seem to recreate the intense emotions in some fans that tribal warfare aroused in their forebears. It could even be that these emotions have fuelled the explosion in the popularity of sports over the past 20 years. 译文:球场上的一些对抗是激烈的。从这方面看，我们的体育英雄就是我们的斗士。足球比赛，尤其是在竞争对手之间，并不是一种轻松的运动技艺的展现。你自身会情感上介入比赛结果，因为你所全力支持的球队代表着你。所以，对一些球迷来说，职业足球选手似乎能再现当年部落战争对他们的祖先所产生的那种紧张情绪。甚至可以说，正是这种情绪在过去的20年中加速了人们迷恋体育运动的狂热化。 Line 54-61 原文：Being an ardent fan could be simply the desire to belong to a group or a society — a need once answered by religion and politics. This explains why some fans remain loyal through thick and thin, and despite the repeated failure of their teams. Surrounding yourself at a match with people who so clearly espouse your own enthusiasm, and identifying your tribal membership with hats, scarves, Mexican waves3 and songs, makes you feel you belong as little else does. What’s more, you’re part of a group where no questions are asked, explanations are unnecessary and where you can always rely on support. With so many traditional institutions like religion and family beginning to break down, the football crowd is the perfect family. 译文：一名热情的球迷可能只是希望自己属于某一团体或组织——这是曾经被宗教和政治所满足的一种需求。这可以解释为什么一些球迷面对球队的不断地失利依然义无反顾地忠诚于他们的球队。在比赛中，你周围的人群能够激起你极大的热情，而且你可以通过挥舞帽子和围巾、墨西哥式的人浪以及歌唱来表明你只属于这一群体。而且，你是这一群体的一员，在这里从不问问题，没有必要解释，并且总是有人支持你。随着宗教和家庭等诸多传统体系开始分解，足球人群就成了完美的家庭。
英语语法期末试卷 注意事项：1、课程编码：2、出卷人：3、考试形式：闭卷（开、闭） 4、本试卷共8 页，满分100 分，考试时间为100 分钟. 5、答题时请使用蓝、黑钢笔或圆珠笔. 注意：所有答题内容必须写在答题纸上 一、语法知识部分：（45 分） I、填空题(26分) 1、语言一般由____________, _____________, 和____________ 三部分组成. 2、学习词性的目的是弄清词汇在句中的起到的语法作用不同..英语的十大词性可 以划分三个范畴，第一范畴包括：___________, __________, _________, _________, 第二范畴包括_________, __________, ____________，第三范畴包括________, _________, ____________. 、限定词之所以重要是因为：它是构成 ______________ 的一个不可缺少的部分. 限定词的功能是对名词起：__________, _____________, ___________, 和___________等限定作用. 4. 副词在句中担当状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词或修饰整个句子.逻辑连接副词 在文章中起到_______________的作用. 5、英语谓语动词的三种语气是：1）__________；2）____________；3）___________. 6、就在句中充当的语法功能而言，非谓语动词有着不同的属性.动名词具有名词 的属性；分词具有形容词和_____________的属性, 动词不定式有着____________, __________, 和_________的属性.因此, 举例说，分词可以在句中充当:__________, __________, 宾语补足语和____________等句子成分. 动名词在句子中充当__________，___________，__________，和介词宾语等句子成分. 7、非谓语动词中，动词不定式和分词都可充当状语，二者的区别是：不定式通 常用作_________、_________和______状语, 而分词出现在句首时通常是__________、_________、__________和______状语, 出现在句尾时通常是
期末复习 现给大家厘清一下复习思路： 考试卷面分：60 分 考试题型：五种 I 选择更好的译文（10×1’） （备课组长说有可能是两选一，也可能是三选一） 例如讲义上的第1页 It may be safely assumed that, two thousand years ago, before Caesar set foot in Southern Britain, the whole country-side visible from the windows of room, in which I write, was in what is called “the state of nature.” A.我们可以有把握地设想，二千年前，在凯撒到达不列颠南 部之前，从我正在写作的这间屋子的窗口，可以看到整个原野都是处于所谓“自然状态”之中。 B.赫胥黎独处一室之中，在英伦之南，背山而面野，槛外诸 境，历历如在几下。乃悬想二千年前，当罗马大将恺彻未到时，此间有何景物。 II翻译评析（15分） 翻译评析评分标准：从翻译的标准（5分）、翻译的方法和策略（5分），以及翻译的技巧（5分）三方面谈。 请复习讲义pp2-4、pp14-29 翻译的标准有传统的：信达（忠实和通顺），有现代奈达的：
从形式对等—到动态对等—最后到功能对等 翻译的基本方法：直译与意译 翻译的基本策略（这是组长这样分的，其实都是翻译的方法）：归化与异化 翻译的技巧：词的技巧—词义的确立、词类转换译法、增加、省略、延伸、正反反正译法 句子的技巧—三大从句的译法 III 长句的翻译（3×5’） 两个英语句子，一个汉语句子。 例如1： Ther e is nothing more disappointing to a hostess who has gone to a lot of trouble or expense than to have her guest so interested in talking politics or business with her husband that he fails to notice the flavor of the coffee, the lightness of the cake, or the attractiveness of the house, which may be her chief interest and pride. 最令女主人失望的是，她花了许多心思或费用来招待客人，可是这位客人只顾津津有味地与她的丈夫谈政治、谈生意，却没注意到香喷喷的咖啡，松软的糕点，或房间内讲究的陈设，而这些却可能是她感到兴趣并引以自豪的主要所在。 例如2：
任何年满18岁的人都有资格投票（vote）.(be eligible to ) Anyone over the age of 18 is eligible to vote. 每学期开学前，这些奖学金的申请表格就会由学校发给每一个学生。(apply for,scholarship) A form to apply for scholarships is sent by the university to each student before the start of each semester . 遵照医生建议，我决定戒烟。（on the advice of） On the advice of my doctor, I decided to give up smoking . 公司位于县城的正中央.(Be located in) The park is located right in the center of town . 这所大学提供了我们所需的所有材料和设备。(Facilities) The university provides all the materials and facilities we desire. 警察们正忙着填写关于这场事故的各种表格。（fill out） The policemen are busy filling out forms about the accident. 我想在还车之前把邮箱（fuel tank）加满（fill up） I want to fill up the fuel tank before returning the car. 如果你要投诉，最好遵循正确的程序。（follow the procedure） If you want to make a complaint,you would better follow the correct procedure. 要不是约翰帮忙，我们绝不会这么快就完成实验。（without） We could not have finished the experiment so soon without John’s help. 暴风雨之后，岸边的人们焦急地搜索湖面以期待发现小船的踪迹。 After the storm of boat the people on the store anxiously scanned the lake for any sign. 我们需要通过减少道路上的车辆以降低燃料消耗。（consumption） We need to cut down on our fuel consumption by having fewer cars on the road. 电费上涨增加了我们的负担。（add to） The rise in power costs has added to our burden. 你应该自己判断行事，别总是跟在你哥哥后面。（follow the lead） You should fudge by yourself,and not always follow your brother’s. 那种发型今年很流行，但是我想明年就会过时。（in fashion） That hair style is in fashion this year,but I an afraid it will be out of fashion next year. 在追求真理的过程中，我们注定（fate to）要遭受失败的痛苦。（in one’s quest for） In our quest for truth, we are fated to suffer from many failures. 我们得把感情放在一边，从专业的（professinal）角度来对待这件事。（from a```stand point）We have to put aside our emotions and take it from a professional stand point. 这部戏非常精彩，我很快就沉浸于激动人心的剧情之中。（lose oneself in of ） The plan was so wonderful that I soon lost myself in the excitement in of it. 她没有什么爱好——除非你把看电视也算是一种爱好。 She hasn’t got any hobbies---unless you call watching TV a hobby. 他说他是直接从市长本人那里得到这个信息的。（first-hand） He said he had got the information first-hand from the major himself. 既然你不能回答这个问题，我们最好问问别人。（since） Since you can not answer the question, perhaps we would better ask someone else. 那件工作很难做，不过我想试试看。（have a shot） It is a difficult iob but I’d like to have a shot. 这是一本关于商务实践而非理论的书。（as opposed to）
西华大学课程考试试题卷（A 卷） 试卷编号： （ 2009至 2010学年第2学期） 课程名称：英语语法考试时间：110分钟 课程代码：5112470试卷总分：100分 考试形式：闭卷学生自带普通计算机器 : Part I Vocabulary and Structure (15%) ：Direction: In this part, there are 30 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are four 名choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the 姓 sentence. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet. (15 points, 0.5 point each)线 Free theatre tickets will be sent to phones us first. 1. A. whoever B. whichever C. whomever D. whatever 2.They failed six times but they have made their minds to try. A . a seven time B. seven times C. seventh time D. the seventh time 3.This is bag for me to carry. ： A. too heavy B. a too heavy C. too heavy a D. too a heavy 号 4. The activities of the international marketing researcher are frequently much broader 学than. A. the domestic marketer has B. the domestic marketer does 订 C. that of the domestic marketer D. those of the domestic marketer 5. Will all those the proposal raise their hands? ： A. in relation to B. in contrast to C. in excess of D. in favor of 号 6. It is drizzling now. It for over a week. 班 学 A. has rained B. has been raining C. had rained D. rained 教 7. I asked if he my computer the next day. A . would come and repair B. will come and repair C. came and repaired D. comes and repairs 8. He had said little so far, responding only briefly when. 装 A . speaking B. spoken C. speaking D. spoken to 9. I shall receive my degree as soon as. A. I complete my courses B. my courses have been completed C. I will be completed my courses D. my courses will be completed 10. I felt that if I had come from a different background, there is every chance that I ：guilty. A. may have found B. would have been found 业 专 C. might be found D. would be found 级 11. The lecture bored me to death. I wish I it. 年 A. could not have attended B. did not attend C. have not attended D. had not attended 12. It is absolutely essential that all the applicants one by one. A. are interviewed B. be interviewed C. will be interviewed D. should interview
根据汉语意思，一空一词 1. 这个用英语怎么说？ What ‘s this _______ __________? 2. 请把这个拼写一下。 Please ________ _________. 3. 这只钢笔是什么颜色？ ________ _________ is the pen? 4. —你叫什么名字？—我叫吉娜。 —_________ your name? —_________ name is Gina. 5. 她姓什么？ ___________ her _________ name? 6. 他的电话号码是什么？ ___________ ___________ telephone number? 7. 我叫玛丽。很高兴见到你。 __________ Mary. ___________ to __________ you. 8. —你的妈妈好吗？—谢谢。她很好。 —How _________ your mother? —Thanks. She ______ fine. 9. 这是你的橡皮吗？ ________ this your ___________? 10. 你怎么拼写？ __________ do you __________ ___________? 11. 请问这是你的双肩背包吗？ __________ __________, ________this your __________? 12. 那不是我的手表。 That ________ my ____________. 13. 你的学生证在失物招领箱里。 Your _______ ID _______ is ______ the _______ and ______ case. 14. 请打电话021—35028找Tony。 Please _______ Tony __________ 021- 35028. 15. 那些是你的父母、爷爷和奶奶吗？ Are __________ your ___________ and _____________? 16. 这些是我的兄弟姐妹。 ____________ are my ___________ and _____________. 17. —她是你妈妈吗？ —不，她不是。她是我妈的妹妹。 —Is ________ your _________? —No, she ________. She is my __________ __________. 18. 谢谢你的来信。 ____________ ____________ your letter. 19. 他的钥匙在桌子上。 His keys _________ _________ the __________. 20. —我的书在哪里？ —在床上。 —_________ ________ my _________. —They’ re ________ the bed. 21. 我的双肩包在哪里？
大学英语语法模拟试题 1. Mr. and Mrs. Burns feel more comfortable on a ship than they would be if they ______________any other way. A. would travel B. travelled C. are travelling D. have travelled 2. We______________ that Jim be there. A. hope B. wish C. expect D .ask 3. Lucy is glad she didn’t stay on the farm. She______________ bored. A. may be B. will be C. could be D. might have been 4. The dean of studies would have come to see you had it been possible, but he ______________so busy then. A. had been B. was C. were D. would be 5. They would certainly have come and helped us ______________time. A. did they have B. had they had C. had they have D would they have 6. If you were in better health, we______________ you to join in the work last week. A. would have allowed B. would allow C. should allow D. had allowed 7. She cried for her______________ lover. A. departed B. being departed C. departing D. having departed 8. ______________ in an important examination, one of the students in his class lost interest in his work A. Failing B. Failed C. Having been failed D. Having Failed 9. If it______________ tomorrow, I’ll stay at home. A. rained B. will rain C. had rained D. rains 10. “It’s getting very late.”“Yes, it’s time______________.” A. that we left B. we leave C. we’ll leave D. we have left a bus to go there, but he preferred to walk.
II.20个单词词组翻译，平时讲课强调的词汇和表达。20分 (仅仅是部分，待补充) 等级制度a hierarchy of universal wants and needs 灵感需求aesthetic stimulation 多人关注的运动spectator sports 北京元谋人Peking Man 华北平原the Great North China Plain 战国时期the Warring States Period 天安门城楼Tian’anmen rostrum 紫禁城the grand royal compound of the Forbidden City/the old imperial palace 传统与现代的结合old meets new 人民大会堂the Great Hall of the People 武夷山风景区the Wuyishan Scenic Area 丹霞地貌Danxia landform 文人墨客men of letters 摩崖蚀刻cliff inscriptions 竹筏a bamboo raft 悬棺hanging coffins 云雾缭绕(be) shrouded with clouds and mists 天王殿the Heavenly King Hall 大雄宝殿the Grand Hall 卧佛殿the Hall of the Reclining Buddha 玉佛楼the Jade Buddha Chamber 方丈室the Abbot’s Room 佛光a back halo 观音Goddess of Mercy 弟子disciple 中国共产党the Communist Party of China 国务院the State Council 五星红旗the five-star red flag 义勇军进行曲the March of the V olunteers 社会主义市场经济the socialist market economy 好莱坞大片Hollywood blockbusters 悲惨世界Les Miserable 歌剧魅影Phantom of the Opera 最新技术state-of-the-art 弥漫节日的气氛be permeated with a jubilant atmosphere 身着节日的盛装in their holiday best 灯火辉煌a blaze of light 秋收冬藏autumn harvest and winter storage 春耕夏锄spring plowing and summer weeding 燕窝汤birds nest soup 鱼翅shark’s fin soup
英语语法期末试卷… 装……………………………………………… 订………………………………………… 线……………………………班级 学号姓名 密封线内不要答题 英语语法期末试卷 注意事项：1、课程编码：2、出卷人：3、考试形式：闭卷（开、闭） 4、本试卷共8 页，满分100 分，考试时间为100 分钟。 5、答题时请使用蓝、黑钢笔或圆珠笔。 注意：所有答题内容必须写在答题纸上 一、语法知识部分：（45 分） I、填空题(26分) 1、语言一般由____________, _____________, 和____________ 三部分组成。 2、学习词性的目的是弄清词汇在句中的起到的语法作用不同。。英语的十大词性 可以划分三个范畴，第一范畴包括：___________, __________, _________, _________, 第二范畴包括_________, __________, ____________，第三范畴 包括________, _________, ____________。 3、限定词之所以重要是因为：它是构成 ______________ 的一个不可缺少的部分。 限定词的功能是对名词起：__________, _____________, ___________, 和 ___________等限定作用。 4. 副词在句中担当状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词或修饰整个句子。逻辑连接副 词在文章中起到_______________的作用。 5、英语谓语动词的三种语气是：1）__________；2）____________；3）___________。 6、就在句中充当的语法功能而言，非谓语动词有着不同的属性。动名词具有名词 的属性；分词具有形容词和_____________的属性, 动词不定式有着 ____________, __________, 和_________的属性。因此, 举例说，分词可以在 句中充当:__________, __________, 宾语补足语和____________等句子成
1. 无论我们遇到什么样的困难，我们都应该想办法克服它。No matter what difficulties we come across, we should tryour best to overcome them. 2. 尊老爱幼是中华民族传统的美德。 Respecting the old and caring for the young is a traditional Chinese virtue. 3. 今天，各行各业的人都在努力提高白己的知识水平以便跟上时代的发展。Today, people from all walks of life are tryingto acquire more knowledge to keep pace with the development of our times. 4. 孩子们特别喜欢卡通片。Children take a fancy to cartoons. 5. 考虑到他们缺乏经验，这工作他们做得不错。Given that they are lackingof experience/inexperienced/green hand,they have done a good job. 1. 她将她的少年时代描绘成一个幻想和发现的时期。She portrayed her childhood as a time of wonder and discovery. 2. 试验表明，不抽烟的人比抽烟的人在工作中犯的错误要少。Experiments showed that non-smokers committedfewer errors than smokers. 3. 球迷经常受到人们的重视，不是因为他们白身的成功，二十因为他们支持的球队获得了胜木U。Football fans are oftenhighly regarded not for their own achievement, but through their connection to the team that wins. 4. 尽管演技高超，这部长达3个小时的电影还是未能抓住我们的注意力。Despite the wonderful acting, the three-hourmovie could not hold our attention. 5. 王教授是我唯一指望能救我儿子的大夫。Professor Wang is the only doctor I
第一单元翻译1) 我们接到通知，财政部长将于次日接见我们。 We were informed that the Minister of Finance was to give us an audience /receive us the next day. 2)我觉得很奇怪，他似乎不记得自己的生日。I thought it odd that he didn't seem to remember his own birthday. 3) 学期论文最迟应在下星期二交来，可是至今大部分学生却几无进展。 Next Tuesday is the deadline for handing in the term papers, but most students have hardly made a dent in the work so far. 4) 看到学生人数不断减少，校长心里很难受。(pain) It pained the headmaster to find the number of students shrinking. 5)在那个国家一般用现金付账，但支票变得普遍起来了，不久会代替现金作 为人们结账的一种方式。Cash is commonly used in paying bills in that country, but checks are becoming more popular and will, in a short while, replace cash as a way for people to settle their accounts. 6) 该公司声称，这条河流的污染不是它造成的。The company claims that it is not responsible for the pollution in the river. 第三单元翻译1) 萧伯纳在他一个剧本的前言中提出这样的看法：今天人们比在中世纪时更加迷信。In the preface to one of his plays, Bernard Shaw advances the idea that people are more superstitious today than they were in the Middle Ages. 2)丈夫死后，她只好独自挑起抚养五个孩子的经济重担。After her husband died, she had to bear the severe financial burden of raising five children by herself. 3) 证明或驳斥某个论点的最好办法之一是从亲身经历中举出例子。One of the best ways to prove or refute a point is to cite examples from your own experience. 4) 亨特说贝蒂老是夸大他的缺点，这话很可能会引起一场争吵。Hunt's statement that Betty always exaggerates his faults may well lead to a quarrel. 5) 我当时对她绝对信任，无论她告诉我什么，我都会相信。I trusted her so much that I would have swallowed any story she told me. 6) 一家人聚拢来讨论经济问题时，父亲一开头就说，每月存点钱是绝对必要 的，遇到紧急情况，我们可以依靠积蓄。When the family gathered to discuss matters of finance, Father started off by saying that it was absolutely necessary to set aside some money each month, for in an emergency we could fall back on our savings. 第五单元翻译1) 我确信这项所谓(so-called) 明智的决定，与期望相反，会带来极其严重的后果。I am convinced that, contrary to expectations, the so-called informed decision will bring very grave consequences. 2)诚然，他曾欺骗你，但他已经承认自己做错了，并道了歉。所以你不应该老是以怀疑的态度对待他。It's true he once deceived you, but he has admitted he has done wrong and apologized. So you shouldn't always treat him with suspicion. 3)他在这个问题公开进行辩论之前就已表明了自己的立场。He had taken a stand on the issue before it was openly debated. 4)在调查过程中，他们发现了种种形式的政治腐败，并揭露了许多贪官污吏(corrupt officials)。In the course of their investigation, they discovered various forms of political corruption and exposed a number of corrupt officials.