可数名词语法要点(Main points )
1) Count nouns have two forms, singular and plural.
可数名词为两种形式：单数和复数。
2) They can be used with numbers.
可数名词可与数字连用。
3) Singular count nouns always take a determiner.
可数名词单数前需用限定词。
4) Plural count nouns do not need a determiner.
可数名词复数前不需用限定词。
5) Singular count nouns take a singular verb and plural nouns take a plural verb. 可数名词单数与动词的单数形式搭配，而可数名词复数与动词的复数形式搭配。
语法透析
1)Count nouns have two forms. The singular form refers to one thing or person. The plural form refers to
more than one thing or person.
可数名词分为两种形式：单数和复数。单数指一个人物或事物；复数则指多个人物或事物。
例如：…a book … … the teacher
一本书那个老师
…books… … some teachers 一些书一些老师
2) Count nouns can be used with numbers.
可数名词可与数字连用。
例如：…one table ……two
cats …
一张桌子两只猫
...three hundred pounds 三百镑
3) Singular count nouns cannot be used alone, but always take a determiner such as “a”, “another”, “every”, or “the”.
可数名词单数不能单独使用，需与“a”“another”“every”或“the”等限定词连用。例如：1) He was eating another apple. 他在吃另一只苹果。
2) I parked the car over there. 我把这辆车停在那边。
4) Plural count nouns can be used with or without a determiner. They do not take a determiner when they refer to
things or people in general.
可数名词复数可用也可不用限定词。当复数可数名词泛指人物或事物时不需用限定词。例如：1) Does the hotel have large rooms? 这家酒店有没有大房间？
2) The film is not suitable for children. 这部影片少儿不宜。
5) Plural count nouns do take a determiner when they refer precisely to particular things of people. 当可数名词复数指特定的人物或事物时必须要用限定词。
例如：1) Our computers are very expensive. 我们的电脑很贵。
2) These cakes are delicious. 这些蛋糕十分可口。
6) When a count noun is the subject of a verb, a singular count noun takes a singular verb. A plural count noun takes a
plural verb.
可数名词单数与动词的单数形式搭配，而可数名词复数与动词的复数形式搭配。
例如：1) My son likes playing football. 我儿子喜欢踢足球。
2) I thought more people were coming. 我以为有更多人会来
1 He was eating another apple.
2 I parked the car over there.
3 Does the hotel have large rooms?
4 The film is not suitable for children.
5 Our computers are very expensive.
6 These cakes are delicious.
7 My son likes playing football.
8 I thought more people were coming.
单数和复数语法要点(Main points)
1) Singular nouns are used only in the singular, always with a determiner. 单数名词只有单数形式，总是与限定词连用。
2) Plural nouns are used only in the plural, some with a determiner.
复数名词只有复数形式，不一定与限定词连用。
3) Collective nouns can be used with singular or plural verbs.
集体名词可与动词的单数或复数形式搭配。
*Some nouns are used in particular meanings in the singular with a determiner, like count nouns, but are
not used in the plural with that meaning. They are often called “singular nouns”.
某些名词的单数与限定词搭配构成特定的含义，其复数则可能有不同的意思。这种名词叫做单数名词。
语法透析
1)Some of these nouns are normally used with “the” because they refer to things th at are unique. 一些单数名词一般与定冠词“the”搭配，表示独一无二的事物。如：
air(空气) country(国家) countryside(乡下)
dark(黑暗) daytime(白天)
end(尽头) future(未来) ground(地面)
moon(月亮) past(过去)
sea(海洋) seaside(海滨) sky(天空)
sun(太阳) wind(风)
world(世界)
例如：1) The sun was shining. 太阳闪耀。
2) I am scared of the dark. 我害怕黑暗。
2) Some nouns are used in particular meaning in the plural without determiners, like count nouns, but are not used in
the singular with that meaning. They are often called “plural nouns”.
有些名词是复数含义，无需限定词，如可数名词，单数则可能表示不同意思。这种名词叫做复数名词。
例如：1) His clothes looked terribly dirty. 他的衣服看上去脏得要命。
2) Troops are being sent in today. 部队今天被派去。
3) With some nouns that refer to a group of people or things, the same form can be used with singular or plural verbs,
because you can think of the group as a unit or individuals. Similarly, you can use singular or plural pronouns to
refer back to them. These nouns are often called “collective nouns”.
一些名词指代一组人物或事物，单复数同形，既可以把一组看成一个整体，也可以看成个体的集合。同样
地，可以用单数或复数形式的代名词指代，这种名词叫做集体名词。
例如：1) Our family isn’t poor any more. 我家不再贫穷了。
2) My family are perfectly normal. 我家是普通的家庭
1 The sun was shining. 1 太阳闪耀。
2 我害怕黑暗。
2 I am scared of the dark.
3 他的衣服看上去脏得要命。
3 His clothes looked terribly dirty.
4 部队今天被派去。
4 Troops are being sent in today.
5 我家不再贫穷了。
5 Our family isn't poor any more.
6 我家是普通的家庭。
6 My family are perfectly normal.
1 The sun was shining.
2 I am scared of the dark.
3 His clothes looked terribly dirty.
4 Troops are being sent in today.
5 Our family isn't poor any more.
6 My family are perfectly normal.
不可数名词语法要点(Main points)
1) Uncount nouns have only one form, and take a singular verb. 不可数名词只有一种形式，与动词的单数搭配。
2) They are not used with “a”, or with numbers.
不可数名词不与不定冠词“a”以及数字连用。
3) Some nouns can be both uncount nouns and count nouns.
有些名词既可以是可数名词，也可以是不可数名词。
语法透析
1) English speakers think that some things cannot be counted directly. The nouns which refer to these uncountable
things are called uncount nouns. Uncount nouns often refer to:
英语中认为某些事物是不能直接记数的，代指这些事物的名词叫不可数名词，通常包括： substances: coal food ice iron rice steel
water
物质：煤食物冰铁米刚
水
human qualities: courage cruelty honesty patience
个人品质：勇气冷酷诚实耐心
feelings: anger happiness joy pride relief respect
感情：愤怒幸福欢娱骄傲放松尊敬
activities: aid help sleep travel work
活动：援助帮助睡觉旅行工作
abstract ideas: beauty death freedom fun
life luck
抽象概念：美丽死亡自由乐趣
生活运气
例如：1) The donkey needed food and water. 这驴子需要食物和水。
2) We talked for hours about freedom. 我们就自由这个话题谈论了几个小时。
2) Uncount nuns have only one form. They do not have a plural form.
不可数名词只有一种形式，没有复数形式。
例如：1) The children had great fun playing with the puppets. 孩子们玩木偶玩得很开心。
3) Some uncount nouns end in “-s” and therefore look like plural count nouns. They usually refer to:
某些不可数名词以“-s”结尾，看似可数名词的复数形式，这些词通常包括：
subjects of study: mathematics physics
学习科目：数学物理
activities: athletics gymnastics
体育项目：田径体操
games: cards darts
游戏：纸牌飞镖
illnesses: measles mumps
疾病：麻疹腮腺炎
例如：1) Mathematics is too difficult for me. 对我来说数学太难了。
4) When an uncount noun is the subject of a verb, it takes a singular verb.
不可数名词做主语与动词的单数搭配。
例如：1) Electricity is dangerous. 电是危险的。
2) Food was very expensive in those days. 那些日子里食物是非常贵的。
5)Uncount nouns are not used with “a”.
不可数名词不与不定冠词“a”连用。
例如：1) My father started work when he was ten. 我父亲十岁就开始工作了。
6)Uncount nouns are used with “the” when they refer to something that is specified or known.
不可数名词指代特定事物时与定冠词“the”连用。
例如：1) I am interested in the education of young children. 我对儿童教育很感兴趣。
7) Uncount nouns are not used with numbers. However, you can often refer to a quantity of something which is
expressed by an uncount noun, by using a word like “some”.
不可数名词不与数字连用，但可用“some”来表示不数名词的数量。
例如：1) Please buy some bread when you go to town. 你去镇上时请帮我带些面包。
8) Some nouns are uncount nouns when they refer to something in general and count nouns when they refer to a
particular instance of something.
某些名词泛指某事物时是不可数名词，但指具体某物时可为可数名词。
例如：1) Victory was now assured. (uncount) 现在肯定是胜利在握了。（不可数）
2) In 1960, the party won a convincing victory. (count)
1960年，那个政党取得了令人信服的胜利。（可数）
1 The donkey needed food and water.
2 We talked for hours about freedom.
3 The children had great fun playing with the puppets.
4 Mathematics is too difficult for me.
5 Electricity is dangerous.
6 Food was very expensive in those days.
7 My father started work when he was ten.
8 I am interested in the education of young children.
9 Please buy some bread when you go to town.
10 Victory was now assured. (uncount)
11 In 1960, the party won a convincing victory. (count)
一、选择题 1．A walk every day is enough to keep you healthy and in good shape． A．30-minute B．30-minutes C．30 minute's D．30-minutes' 2．一Lucy, do you have any plans to spend your five-day holiday? 一I will go to Xiamen a second time. I have never visited city A．a most fantastic B．the most fantastic C．a more fantastic D．the more fantastic 3．一Do you think the weather will be all right for a weekend outing? 一No, unless we're . The newspaper says it'll be very hot anyway. A．lucky B．confident C．wrong D．crazy 4．The population of China is ___________ than that of Russia. And this makes the traffic in China ___________. A．much larger, more crowded B．much more, more crowdedly C．much larger, more crowdedly D．much more, more crowded 5．— How do you come to school every day, by bus or by bike? —By bus. It’s much __________ than by bike. A．fast B．faster C．fastest D．the fastest 6．We are covering these ____________ girls’ wonderful performances ______ . A．lively; live B．lively; alive C．alive; live D．alive; living 7．I'm surprised that Jenny is 42. I thought she was , for she seems to be in her thirties. A．younger B．older C．young D．old 8．- I’m very tired these days because of this exam. - Why not listen to music? It can make you ______. A．relaxed B．sad C．scared D．bored 9．It is said that e-schoolbags are going to be brought into use in Chinese middle schools soon. In fact. It is a small computer that is __________ than a usual schoolbag but holds all the things for study, such as a _________，an exercise book and so on． A．much smaller, testbook B．even smaller, textbook C．far smaller, comic book 10．—Good news! We will have a ________ holiday. —I’ve heard of it. But it’s coming in ________. A．three days; three days’ time B．three days’; three days’ C．three-day; three days D．three days; three-day time 11．Some students are so . They often make mistakes in their homework. A．careful B．serious C．careless D．successful
形容词的语法功能 一、形容词的一般用法 1.作定语，一般放在所修饰词的前面。 例如：It’s a cold and windy day. 2.作表语，放在系动词（be，feel，look，smell，get，become等）的后面。 例如：He looks happy today. 3.形容词修饰something，anything，nothing，everything等复合不定代词时，须放在其后。 例如：I have something important to tell you.. 4.表示长、宽、高、深及年龄的形容词，应放在相应的名词之后。 （构成：数词+单位词+形容词） 例如：How long is the river？It’s about two hundred metres long. 5.else 只能做后置定语，修饰疑问代词what，who，whom，whose等。以及不定代词 something，anything，nothing，somebody，anybody，nobody等。 例如：What else would you like ？ 6.只能作定语的形容词：little小的；only唯一的；wooden木质的；woolen羊毛质的；elder 年长的；复合形容词kind-hearted善良的，man-made人造的，take-away可带走的等。 （常见的复合形容词：snow-white雪白的English-speaking说英语的；glass-topped玻璃罩的；full-time全日制的；well-known众所周知的；kind-hearted善良的；man-made人造的；take-away可以带走的；ten-year-old十岁的） 例如：My elder brother is in Beijing.
初中英语语法总结--形容词 1、形容词及其用法 形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常，可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前面。 1) 直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词，它有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如：hot 热的。 2) 叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如：afraid 害怕的。 (错) He is an ill man. (对) The man is ill. (错) She is an afraid girl. (对) The girl is afraid. 这类词还有：well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 等。 3)形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时，要放在这些词之后，例如：
something nice 2. 以-ly结尾的形容词 1) 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍为形容词。 改错：(错) She sang lovely. (错) He spoke to me very friendly. (对) Her singing was lovely. (对) He spoke to me in a very friendly way. 2)有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词。 daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early The Times is a daily paper. The Times is published daily. 3 用形容词表示类别和整体 1) 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接。如：the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry The poor are losing hope.
?古典诗词： 作为中华民族的优秀文化，当代学生更要学习、汲取古代智慧，加强自身修养，达到“正心、修身、齐家、治国、平天下”的思想内涵，担负起时代赋予我们的历史重任。 古诗词鉴赏也成为一门必修的能力，它直接或间接培养一个人的思想底蕴，因此在语文科目中占有的比重比较大，当然学习古诗词鉴赏更需要把握其核心的时代背景与表达感情，循序渐进地学好古诗词鉴赏。 ?古诗分类： 绝句：五言绝句七言绝句律诗：五言律诗七言律诗 律诗：首联（1,2）、颔联（3,4）、颈联（5,6）、尾联（7,8） 方法指导： 1、从作者入手，联系已知作者的生活经历，风格知识理解内容； 2、借助于诗词的标题、注释、写作背景，理解诗人写作意图； 3、从语言入手，抓住诗词中关键词句（动、形容词、议论和抒 情的词句） 4、词表现手法的赏析（情景交融、托物言志、化静为动<静结合> 对比映衬、虚实明暗、含蓄委婉、直抒胸臆、引用典故等）。 诗词题材和作者的风格特点： 田园：对田园生活的向往和热爱之情，归隐田园的渴望。（陶渊明、王维、孟浩然） 边塞：反映边塞的苦寒，寂寞生活和思念家乡亲人，渴望国家安宁和报效祖国、为国建功立业的爱国情怀。（王昌龄、高适、岑
参、范仲淹） 忧国：（民）:表达强烈的爱国之情；或对劳动人民的深切同情，对统治者的担忧、不满。（陆游、杜甫（沉郁顿挫）、辛弃疾、文天祥、） 咏史：感慨历史,希望统治者以史为鉴，吸取教训.（刘禹锡、杜牧、李商隐、张养浩、） 送别：诉说友情,表达依依不舍的思念之情和对友人的劝慰、祝愿.（李白、王勃、） 思乡：抒发自己在他乡的孤独、寂寞、凄凉，对家乡、亲人的思念之情。（马致远、崔颢、苏轼、） 咏（物）志：借歌咏自然事物来表达志向、心愿，抒发愤慨、不满。（曹操、李白、韩愈、） 写景：对大自然、对生活的热爱之情，对祖国大好河山的赞美 和热爱之情。 叙事：通过所见闻的事情来抒发自己的喜悦（同情、愤慨、痛恨、悲伤之情）。（白居易《观刈麦》、杜甫《石壕吏》） 爱情：写男女爱慕之情和爱情生活，抒发一种相思、离别之苦。（温庭筠、李商隐、李清照） 怀古：对古人、物、事发出感慨，抒发自己的怀才不遇（壮志难酬），不满，或对。。。寄予。。.的愿望。 古诗歌题材分类： 题材不同,表达的思想感情就不同,而且在表现手法、抒情方式上，也会有所不同。 因此，要很好地鉴赏古诗词，就必须对题材分类有清楚的了解，
英语语法：形容词基本含义及用法 一、以-ly结尾的形容词 1、绝大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍为形容词。 改错：(错） She sang lovely. （错） He spoke to me very friendly. （对） Her singing was lovely. （对） He spoke to me in a very friendly way. 2、有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词。 daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early ① The Times is a daily paper. ② The Times is published daily. 二、用形容词表示类别和整体 1、某些形容词加上定冠词可泛指一类人，谓语用复数。如：the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry。———— The poor are losing hope. 2、相关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词复数连用。the British，the English，the French，the Chinese. ————The English have wonderful sense of humor. 三、多个形容词修饰名词的顺序 多个形容词修饰名词时，顺序：限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色) --出处--材料性质，类别）
一、选择题 1．You can’t have ______ tomorrow if you don’t stop thinking about yesterday. A．a good B．a better C．the better D．the good 2．—How is your head teacher? —Our head teacher is _________ with us and we usually feel nervous in his lesson. A．kind B．pleased C．strict D．good 3．- Do you like the western food, Li Li? - No, I think Chinese food is______ than that of western countries. A．more delicious B．the most delicious C．not as delicious D．much delicious 4．-- What do you think of the film you saw yesterday? -- Oh, it's than the movies I have ever seen. A．interesting B．more interesting C．the most interesting D．most interesting 5．—Did you watch 2018 CCTV Spring Festival Evening Gala in Taian? —Certainly. That night the sky over Taian was as _______ as that in the day with the light. A．bright B．brightly C．brighter D．more brightly 6．—This kind of watch is much _____________ today than last month. Would you like to have one? —Really? I’ll take one. A．the most expensive B．the cheapest C．more expensive D．cheaper 7．—Sonia, do you think you are different from Linda? —Yes. I'm ______ at drawing than her. A．better B．good C．well D．best 8．The result is ________ worse than we thought! A．more B．even C．great D．much more 9．We've got a bedroom, if you'd like to stay. A．empty B．spare C．available 10．Susan never gets upset when she has to wait in line. She is very ______ . A．shy B．honest C．funny D．patient 11．—More and more cities in China begin to build subways! —That’s right! It will make our lives than before. A．the busiest B．busier C．the easiest D．easier 12．—Dad, it’s a long way from our home to the park! —You mean it’s ______ to take a taxi?
古诗词的语法特点 欧阳家百（2021.03.07） 由于近体诗受到的种种限制，如字数、句数、平仄、押韵、对仗等，而且要求语言精炼，信息含量要大，这就使得在句法上显现出一些特点，以适应格律要求，加强艺术感染力。近体诗的诗句，不同于其它文章或我们口语中的意义句，它是以基本句式为单位的，也就是说一个诗句不一定就能表达一个完整的意思，这是一个特点，另一个特点是，因为近体诗这种文学样式毕竟是传统的诗歌题材，它的语言方式不可能与我们现代人的口语相吻合，其语法仍然保留着古汉语的一些特征，所以词语活用、结构倒装、成分省略、语句紧缩等文言语法的规则仍占主导地位。 张相的《诗词典语辞汇释》，中华书局。 王鍈的《诗词典语辞例释》，中华书局。 朱居易《元剧俗语方言例释》，商务印书馆。 第一节词类活用 一、名词用作动词 自瀼西荆扉且移居东屯茅屋四首 作者：杜甫年代：唐体裁：五律
白盐危峤北，赤甲古城东。平地一川稳，高山四面同。 烟霜凄野日，粳稻熟天风。人事伤蓬转，吾将守桂丛。 东屯复瀼西，一种住青溪。来往皆茅屋，淹留为稻畦。 市喧宜近利，林僻此无蹊。若访衰翁语，须令剩客迷。 道北冯都使，高斋见一川。子能渠细石，吾亦沼清泉。 枕带还相似，柴荆即有焉。斫（zhuó）畬（yú）应费日，解缆不知年。 牢落西江外，参差北户间。久游巴子国，卧病楚人山。 幽独移佳境，清深隔远关。寒空见鸳鹭，回首忆朝班。 渠：开渠。沼：蓄为池沼。——你在细石间开渠引水，我也使清泉流蓄为池沼。“渠”本是个名词，水渠，这里用作动词，“开掘水渠”的意思，我们姑且把“子能渠细石”当作一个省略句来理解；“沼”也是个名词，池沼，这里用作动词，“拦成池沼”的意思，全句也可以看成是一个省略句。 曲江二首杜甫 一片花飞减却春，风飘万点正愁人。且看欲尽花经眼，莫厌伤多酒入唇。江上小堂巢翡翠，苑边高冢卧麒麟。细推物理须行乐，何用浮名绊此身？朝回日日典春衣，每日江头尽醉归。
一、选择题 1．Susan never gets upset when she has to wait in line. She is very ______ . A．shy B．honest C．funny D．patient 2．The population of China is ___________ than that of Russia. And this makes the traffic in China ___________. A．much larger, more crowded B．much more, more crowdedly C．much larger, more crowdedly D．much more, more crowded 3．It is_____to point at others with chopsticks during a meal in China． Yes．People will feel uncomfortable if you do so． A．traditional B．impolite C．common D．ancient 4．- Do you like the western food, Li Li? - No, I think Chinese food is______ than that of western countries. A．more delicious B．the most delicious C．not as delicious D．much delicious 5．Choice is life’s ________ gift. It is the ability to choose some actions from a set of things to achieve a goal. A．greater B．greatest C．the greatest 6．Going for a drive sounds really _______. A．happy B．excited C．boring D．interested 7．All of us are ______ about the ______ news that Beijing will hold the Winter Olympics in 2022. A．excited; exciting B．exciting; excited C．excited; excite D．exciting; excite 8．—We planted some trees in the park on Tree Planting Day. —Good! It helps to make our city __________. A．more cleaner B．less cleaner C．more beautiful D．less beautiful 9．David didn’t p ass the driving test yesterday, so he was very _____. A．shy B．glad C．proud D．disappointed 10．With the development of modern science, it’s ________for us to get information from all over the world. A．slower B．easier C．harder D．busier 11．Hard work can bring you _____________, but if you are lazy, you won’t become ___________. A．success; successful B．successful; successful
限定词（determiner ） 主要术语 限定词与三类名词（单数，复数，不可数）的搭配关系 只能与其中一类名词搭配的限定词 只能与单数搭配的限定词 a/an, one ,another, each/every, either/neither, many a /such a 等。 It should be compulsory reading for every adult. Neither accusation is true.(两项指控都不能成立) 只能与复数搭配的限定词 Both, two/three, another two/ three , many, (a) few, several, these/those, a (great) number of 等。E.g. In another two weeks, it will be finished. 只能与不可数搭配的限定词 a (little) bit of, a large amount of, a great deal of , (a) little, much, less, (the) least 等。 There is little doubt that he and his accomplices are guilty. The Square was the scene of much fighting in last year's revolution. I can speak a bit of French and understand more.（理解比口语好一些） 能与其中二类名词搭配的限定词 能与单、复数搭配的限定词 the first/second/last/next 等。 My first reaction was to hit him, but he was old, and my second was to resign. The next thing he heard was an insistent knocking on the door of his room. The last three shipments of grain for West Africa haven't yet arrived.(运往西非的三船谷物尚未达到) 能与单数、不可数搭配的限定词 this/that 等。My family have lived in that village for many generations. Whoever had come up with this idea deserved a medal. I hope to enjoy that feeling again before long. 能与复数、不可数搭配的限定词 A lot of/lots of/plenty of, enough, more/most, such, other 等。 Like all such stories, that is largely a myth.(像所有这类故事一样，那个故事在很大程度上也是虚构的) Such optimism had become strangely out of place.(此种乐观态度已变得非常不合时宜) 能与三类名词搭配的限定词 能与三类名词搭配的限定词 the, some /any, no/the other, whose, 物主限定词,名词属格等。 No student is to leave the classroom. No words can express my grief. Whose side are you on? He is a writer whose humor is not without substance(他的幽默很有实质意义). specific reference 特指 definite/indefinite/zero article 定/不定/零冠词 indefinite determiner 不定限定词 generic reference 类指/泛指 possessive determiner 物主限定词 cardinal numeral 基数词 definite quantity 确定数量 genitive noun 名词属格 ordinal numeral 序数词 indefinite quantity 非确定数量 demonstrative determiner 指示限定词(this, that, these, those, such) multiplicative numeral 倍数词 fractional numeral 分数词 referential meaning 所指意义 relative determiner 关系限定词(whose, which) quantifier 量词(a lot of/plenty of, a great/good deal of, a large/small amount/quantity of, a great/good number of) interrogative determiner 疑问限定词(what, which, whose)
一、选择题 1．— President Xi said that we are, we will be. —That's really true, we can only live a better life by working hard. A．the hard-working; the luckier B．the more hard-working; the luckier C．more hard-working; luckier 2．You are doing great! I’ve ne ver had ___________ answer before. A．better B．best C．a better D．the best 3．―is the population of China? ―It’s about 1.4 billion. I think it's becoming . A．what, more and more B．How many, larger and larger C．What, larger and larger D．How much, smaller and smaller 4．一Lucy, do you have any plans to spend your five-day holiday? 一I will go to Xiamen a second time. I have never visited city A．a most fantastic B．the most fantastic C．a more fantastic D．the more fantastic 5．We are covering these ____________ girls’ wonderful performances ______ . A．lively; live B．lively; alive C．alive; live D．alive; living 6．—Chinese Poetry Competition was one of during the Spring Festival. —I agree with you. I watched it every week. A．more popular shows B．most popular show C．the most popular shows 7．David didn’t pass the driving test yesterday, so he was very _____. A．shy B．glad C．proud D．disappointed 8．—Sonia, do you think you are different from Linda? —Yes. I'm ______ at drawing than her. A．better B．good C．well D．best 9．—Judy, what do you think of your junior high school life? —I think it is one of ______ periods in my life. A．wonderful B．the most wonderful C．more wonderful 10．A walk every day is enough to keep you healthy and in good shape． A．30-minute B．30-minutes C．30 minute's D．30-minutes' 11．His _______ experience helped him a lot when he met with difficulties. A．comfortable B．natural C．valuable D．surprising 12．I can’t tell you how fantastic the film Secret Superstar i s! It’s the ______ one I have ever seen. A．better B．best C．worse D．worst 13．The result is ________ worse than we thought! A．more B．even C．great D．much more 14．－Helen, can I wear jeans and a T-shirt to the school talent show?－OK, but a dress might be____. A．good B．bad C．better D．worse
形容词的句法功能 1. 用作表语 Everyone was happy. 每个人都很高兴。 He is interested in watching TV. 他对看电视感兴趣。 2. 用作定语 He is an honest student. 他是个诚实的学生。 The young man is her boy friend. 这个小伙子是她的男朋友。 3. 用作宾语补足语 He pushed the door open. 他把门推开了。 We found the problem very difficult. 我们发现这个问题很难。 【注】这类句型若变为被动语态，形容词则为主语补足语： The problem was found very difficult. 4. 用作状语 He arrived home, hungry and tired. 他回到家里，又饿又累。 I went there full of joy. 我兴高采烈地去了那儿。 He sat in the corner, silent. 他坐在角落里，一言不发。 形容词用作状语主要表示原因、结果或伴随等，其逻辑主语必须与句子主语保持一致。这类结构通常可用从句或并列句来改写： He came over, eager to help. / He came over and (he) was eager to help. 他走过来，急于想帮忙。 【注】以上形容词用作状语的情形，有人也称之为主语补足语，因为它们是补充说明主语的。另外，还有一类特殊的形容词用作状语： The stove was red hot. 火炉是炽热的。 It’s boiling hot.它是滚烫的。 His face was bright red. 他的脸是鲜红的。 The weather is freezing [icy, bitter] cold. 天气冷极了。
初中语文古诗词鉴赏专题 一、专题提要 中考考纲关于古诗词鉴赏有两大考试内容： 根据中考考纲的要求，初中古诗词鉴赏有五个考点：（1）鉴赏形象（2）鉴赏语言（3）鉴赏表达技巧（4）点评思想内容（5）点评作者的观点态度 因此，古诗词的鉴赏要注意以下几点： 1、关注题目，读懂题眼 如李白的《行路难》，其题眼为“难”，由此可推知作者是写人生路难行之意；《渡荆门送别》，其题眼为“送别”，由此可推知作者是写离愁别绪之情。 2、把握关键，了解诗意 如陆游《游山西村》中“山重水复疑无路，柳暗花明又一村。”；杜甫《茅屋为秋风所破歌》中“安得广厦千万间，大庇天下寒士俱欢颜。”把握这些关键句（联），也就是把握了诗歌最关键的内容。 3、体味炼字，理解情意 古诗词最讲究炼字，最擅长写景中之情和情中之景。如刘方平的《月夜》“更深月色半人家，北斗阑干南斗斜。今夜偏知春气暖，虫声新透绿窗纱。”前两句描摹了夜静更深、斜月映照、天宇寥廓、寒气袭人的月夜之景。后两句中的“偏”字透露出作者在料峭寒夜中敏感地捕捉到微弱的春之气息的惊喜；“暖”字一现即冲淡了逼人的寒意，天地间顿时掠过一丝温暖；“新”字蕴含着久盼寒去春来的人初听春之声那种新鲜、欢愉之感。 4、熟知意象，丰富联想 “意象”即寄情藏意的物象。如冰雪喻忠贞高洁，杨柳寓意离愁别绪，流水喻绵绵愁思，琴瑟寓切切情意，月亮喻乡思怀人，浮云喻在外漂泊的游子，子规（杜鹃）寓哀怨悲凄之情……积累和熟知古诗词中常用的意象，在阅读的过程中迅速把握意象，并联系意象的特定含义加以诠释，诗词的主旨即能呈现。 5、积累典故，随诗释义 如读苏轼的《江城子〃密州出猎》“老夫聊发少年狂，左牵黄，右擎苍。锦帽貂裘，千骑卷平冈。为报倾城随太守，亲射虎，看孙郎。酒酣胸胆尚开张，鬓微霜，又何妨？持节云中、何日遣冯唐？会挽雕弓如满月，西北望，射天狼。”如果不了解“遣冯唐”、“射天狼”这两个典故的意思，就无法理解作者渴望自己被
自考现代英语语法C h a p t e r4限定词和 属格要点及翻译
Chapter 4限定词和属格 Chapter 4限定词和属格 (2) 4限定词和属格.................................................................................................错误!未定义书签。 4.0引言 (2) 4.1.2限定词的同现 (4) 4.1.3限定词的用法 (4) 4.1.4冠词 (6) 4.2属格 (9) 4.2.1属格的形式 (9) 4.2.2属格与of词组 (10) 4.2.3集体属格 (10) 4.2.4地点属格 (11) 4.0引言 一个典型的名词词组的完整结构可以用教材的图4.1来分析。 在名词词组中，修饰语对中心词进行描述或者分类，而限定词和属格则在限定性、数量、所属等方面上进行了明确，二者有着同等的句法地位，都是名词词组的主要成分。 限定词介绍名词词组。大多数常见的限定词都是冠词（定冠词和不定冠词），名词所有格，指示代词，以及数词，等等。一些限定词也许会以特定的形式同时出现在一个名词词组中。限定词只出现在名词词组中，不会出现在其他任何类型的词组中。 's被定义为名词词组的属格。物主限定词都是曲折了's的属格形式，这里's应该要从更广泛的意义上来理解，而不仅仅是传统意义的所有格。 属格与of词组，或者双重属格都是用于区分事物，指示所属的。他们对名词词组的指示对象或功能进行分类。
我们首先会在4.1中解释限定词的用法和功能，然后在4.2中探讨属格。 4.1限定词 什么是限定词？限定词就是在名词词组中对名词中心词起特指、类指以及表示数量等限定作用的词类。从功能上主要可分为两种，类指和特指限定词和数量限定词，它们都可以用作不定指和定指；限定词还可以根据出现的位置分为前位限定词，中位限定词和后位限定词。以前的语法不承认限定词，许多这方面的词都划分成形容词，但是限定词和形容词在许多方面不同； ⑴当限定词和形容词同时出现在名词词组中，通常的顺序是限定词在前，形容词在后。 ⑵限定词的选择受名词中心词类别的严格限制，而形容词的选择虽也受词汇意义的限制，但没有语法意义上的限制。 ⑶限定词对名词中心词表示确认或定量，而形容词作为前置修饰语则表示特征。 ⑷限定词通常只能前置，而形容词作为名词修饰语时，既可前置又可后置。 ⑸形容词有比较形式，如直接在形容词后加屈折词缀，或直接在词前加more而限定词没有。 4.1.1限定词的功能 限定词在名词词组中，主要起特指、类指或不定指数量的限定作用，都具有定指和不定指的意义。 一些限定词可根据上下文来决定，是表示类指、特指或数量。
古诗词鉴赏中的炼字题型解答方法 一、从词性切入 一般来说，诗歌中最要紧的地方往往落在动词、形容词和副词这三类词语上，根据这三类词语的语法特点分析，动词主要表现描写对象的动态变化，强调过程及变化；形容词主要表现描写对象的性质状态，跟动词比较，形容词主要着眼对象的静态；副词主要表现描写对象的程度范围。 例、古人评诗时常用“诗眼”的说法，所谓“诗眼”往往是指一句诗中最精练传神的一个字，你认为这首诗第三联两句诗的“诗眼”分别是哪一个字？为什么？请结合全诗简要赏析。 过香积寺 王维 不知香积寺，数里入云峰。 古木无人径，深山何处钟。 泉声咽危石，日色冷青松。 薄暮空潭曲，安禅制毒龙。 【分析】唐人五言诗工在一字，谓之“诗眼”，沈德潜在《唐诗别裁》中说：“‘咽’与‘冷’见用字之妙。”
【答案】这两句中的诗眼当是“咽”“冷”二字，“咽”字是动词，“冷”字是形容词，“咽”着重从动态的方面来写，写的是山间的流泉，由于危石的阻拦而发出低弱的吟声，仿佛人的鸣咽之声；“冷”从静态方面来写，写的是披洒在青松上的日色，因为山林的幽暗，似乎显得十分阴冷；诗句中的“咽”“冷”二字一静一动，绘声绘色、精练传神地勾画出了香积寺外山中的幽僻冷寂。 二、从描写对象切入 古人写诗，“看山则情满于山，观海则情溢于海”，这里所指的山和海都是特定的写作对象，也就是诗人在诗歌中描写的特定意象，我们在分析诗人炼字的时候，不要舍近求远，有时答案就在写作对象诗句当中，而很多考生往往忽视了这个最简单的现象。 例、结合全诗，评析第三联中“穿”“数”的艺术效果。 溪亭 林景熙 清秋有馀思，日暮上溪亭。
高树月初白，微风酒半醒。 独行穿林叶，闲坐数流萤。 何处渔歌起？孤灯隔远汀。 【分析】“穿”“数”描写所涉及的对象都是诗人自己，“穿”描写的是诗人独自一人穿过树林，“数”描写的是诗人独自一人百无聊赖地数起了流萤，综合全诗分析，“穿”“数”两个字生动传神地表现了诗人孤独、寂寞、苦闷、无聊的心境。 三、从表现手法切入 诗歌的表现手法极为丰富，常见的有比喻、拟人、夸张、对比、起兴、映衬、抑扬、双关渲染、用典、托物言志、借景抒情、情景交融等，分析诗歌的炼字时，最好从表现手法切入，先点明作者使用了什么表现手法，然后分析使用这种手法的表达效果。 例、简析诗中“带”字的妙处。 粤秀峰晚望同黄香石诸子二首（其一） 谭敬昭 江上青山山外红，远帆片片点归艭。
初中英语语法之形容词比较级和最高级讲练和答案 (一)一般句式的构成： A + is / are+ 形容词比较级+ than + B A 是主格 B 是宾格 如：She is taller than me. 主格形容词比较级宾格 （二）英语形容词比较级的构成 英语形容词比较等级有三个：原级，比较级和最高级。 形容词比较等级形式变化有规则的和不规则的两种。 规则变化 1）单音节词末尾加-er（比较级），-est（最高级） 【例】原级比较级最高级 great greater greatest small smaller smallest clean cleaner cleanest 2）单音节如以e结尾，只加-r（比较级），-st（最高级） 【例】fine finer finest wide wide wider widest 3）闭音节单音节词如末尾只有一个辅音字母，须先双写这个辅音字母，再加-er（比较级），-est （最高级） 【例】big bigger biggest hot hotter hottest red redder reddest 4）少数以-y，-er，ow，-ble结尾的双音节词，末尾加-er（比较级），-est（最高级）。以-y结尾的词，如-y前是辅音字母，则变y为-i，再加-er和-est。以-e结尾的词只加-r和-st。 【例】clever cleverer cleverest narrow narrower narrowest able abler ablest easy easier easiest 5）其它双音节和多音节词皆在前面加单词more和most。 【例】careful more careful most careful difficult more difficult most difficult delicious more delicious most delicious 不规则变化 原级比较级最高级 good/well better best bad worse worst many/much more most little less least far farther/further farthest/furthest 注：有些形容词一般没有比较等级。如：right, wrong, woolen等。 形容词的比较等级的用法：比较级用于二者的比较。 【例】Li Ping is older than Wang Hai. 李平比王海年纪大。 There are more students in Class One than in Class Two.一班比二班学生多。