增压透平膨胀机
Pressurization turbine expander
增压透平膨胀机是利用膨胀机的输出功来直接将入膨胀机前的气体增压，使得入膨胀机的膨胀气体压力升高，从而达到提高膨胀机前后压差，增加单位膨胀工质的产冷量，降低膨胀量的目的，减少膨胀量就意味着减少了循环压缩功，节约了能耗，并且还避免了机械能转变成电能而导致的损失，提高了膨胀功的回收效率，可以说它比过去常采用的电机或风机作为膨胀机的制动设备更完善。
Pressurization turbine expander expander has been used before the output of the power to directly into the expander gas pressurization, makes into the expansion of the expander gas pressure, so as to improve the pressure difference before and after the expander, increase unit expansion of the refrigerating effect, reduce the expansion amount decrease inflation means that reduces the cycle compression work, save energy consumption, and also to avoid the loss of mechanical energy into electrical energy and result in improved the expansion of the recovery efficiency of work, it is often used in motor or fan as expander braking equipment more perfect.
透平膨胀机是通过将来自上游的高压气流膨胀机为低压气流，连续不断的转化为机械能。高速气流使叶轮旋转，再通过由轴承支撑的转轴将机械能传递给压缩机、发电机，也可用油制动、风机制动消耗。
Turboexpander is a machine,which continuously converts kinetic energy into mechanical energy.This is done expending the high pressure gas from upstream to a lower pressure downstream through the expander.The high pressure gas causes the radial expander to rotate .Rotation is transmitted to the shaft,which is supported by a set of bearings.The power transmitted to the shaft can be used to drive a compressor,drive an electrical generator or can be dissipated through an oil brake
or air brake.
The spare parts of the turbine expander
透平膨胀机的零件
Bearings 轴承
ACD uses hydrodynamic bearing with tilt pad journal design and tilt pad thrust faces for most compressor loaded designs.All pads are babbitted with a tin/lead material
to increase durability and increase life.These bearings provide rotor dampening
throughout the operating range,which provides optimum reliability of the rotor dynamics.Each bearings has an imbedded RTD in the thrust face of two pads to monitor bearing temperature;one RTD is for primary use while the second is used as a backup. 在大多数带压缩机负载的设计中,ACD使用内孔和止推面均为可倾瓦的流动动力轴承.所有瓦块镶有锡合金以增加耐久力,延长寿命.这些轴承在整个运行过程中给转子提供缓冲,使转
子动力性能最佳.每个轴承均带有双支(一用一备)嵌入式热敏电阻用来检测轴承温度. Shaft 轴
Each shaft is made from a solid wrought bar and heat theated to assure mechanical properties at operating conditions.Each bearing journal and thrust face is dense hard chrome plate to reduce wire wooling,and therefore increased life.The wheal attachment at each shaft end is tapered to guarantee accurate alignment of the wheel for balance repeatability.The torque is transmitted through the shaft via tangs the speed pickup.Each shaft has two ground surfaces that are used to monitor the vibration.These arease are checked at final assure that the maximum mechanical and electrical runout is within 0.00025 inches.This allows use of four vibration probes during test and operation.A key phasor slot can be added to four vibration probes during test and operation.A key phasor slot can be added to the shaft at each end for the shaft seals.These hardened teeth run in close proximity to the soft babbitted seal runners.
每根转子轴都有锻件经热处理精制而成,以确保运行所需机械性能.轴承轴颈和止推面均镀以硬铬以增加硬度,延长使用寿命.轴端安装叶轮的锥面确保叶轮精确配合后保持动平衡.转矩由轴端的柄脚传递.轴上有二个相距180°方位的浅凹槽用来测量转动.另外,轴上有两段测振面,在最后组装时经仔细检查,以确保径向跳动在0.00025英寸以内.在性能测试和运行时,最多可使用四个振动探头.可以选择加装相位跟踪来测量角位移.在轴二端的轴封位置加
工成梳齿状迷宫密封槽,这些硬齿在设备运行时与巴氏合金密封环紧密贴合.
Expander and Compressor wheels
膨胀机、增压机叶轮
Both the expander and compressor wheel are manufactured from a solid
forging.Each forging is ultrasonically inspected and a test specimen is taken from
each forging and checked for mechanical properties prior to manufacturing of the wheel.Each wheel is designed for a specified set of operating conditions.These conditions may require either an open or closed wheel depending on several parameters,specific speed,power,shaft speed and efficiency.Additionally each compressor wheel may require either a vaned or vaneless diffuser,depending on the specific speed,flow parameter and efficiency.The wheel design is based on providing the highest efficiency at the design conditions for both the expander and compressor wheel.Often Computational Fluid Dynamics is employed to assure the optimum design. 膨胀机和增压机叶轮均由锻件加工而成.每一锻件都经超声波检查,并从锻件上取一试样进行机械性能测试.根据不同的工况(比转速、功率、转速及效率),将叶轮设计成开式或闭式.另外,根据不同的比转速、流量、和效率,增压机叶轮可配有叶或无叶的扩压器.叶轮的优化
设计基于在设计工况下获得最高效率.为了达到最佳设计值,叶轮采用三元流设计.
Shaft Seals
轴封
ACD primarily employ’s labyrinth shaft seals for use on our machines.These labyrinth seals use a toothed labyrinth on the shaft which run in close proximity to a babbitted stationary sleeve.Seal gas is injected into a port on the stationary seal close to the expander wheel.Some of the gas flows towards the expander wheel to prevent cold process gas flows to the bearing cavity to prevent oil from entering the process gas.This gas is then vented to atmosphere through the mist eliminator on the lube oil system.On high pressure machines an intermediate port and the oil cavity to recover or vent the seal gas prior to entering the bearing cavity.The compressor end uses a similar babbitted shaft seal to prevent oil from entering the process gas,but the flow from behind the compressor is used as the seal gas and throttled across the labyrinth before entering the bearing cavity.High pressure units receive a recovery/vent port to minimize the flow of compressor gas into the bearing cavity.Each of these recovery ports are plumbed together and can be vented to the
recycle compressor by the customer.
ACD 机器上主要使用迷宫式轴封.这种密封采用轴上加工成型的迷宫式梳齿与巴氏合金的静环紧密贴合.密封气从静环靠近膨胀机叶轮的孔被注入到密封腔内.部分密封气流向膨胀机叶轮以阻止低温流程介质损失,其余密封气流入轴承腔以阻止润滑油进入流程介质中.密封气经润滑油系统的油雾去除排入大气.在高压膨胀机中,密封气注入孔和油腔之间设有中间孔,将密封气在进入轴承腔前回收或排空.增压机使用一个类似的巴氏合金迷宫式轴封以阻止油渗入流程介质,而来自增压机后面的气体,在进入轴承腔前,作为密封气节流通过迷宫.高压膨胀机设有一个回收或排气孔,以使进入轴承腔的压缩气流最小.经汇集后,这些回收孔里面的气体可由用户的循环增压机回收。
1.增压透平膨胀机工作原理
本机组工作介质先经增压机增压，再经冷却后进入主换热器，然后再进入膨胀机进行绝热膨胀产生空分装置所需的冷量，与此同时产生的机械功又为增压机所吸收。
1. The working principle of the pressurization turbine expander
The unit working medium by the first booster pressurization, then through cooling junior into the heat exchanger, and then into the expander for air separation device for cold from adiabatic expansion, at the same time the mechanical work and absorbed by the booster.
2.膨胀机工作过程及结构
工作介质由进口管进入蜗壳，经可调喷咀再进入工作轮作功，然后经扩压室、排气管排出。
膨胀机气量调节是依靠安装在冷箱顶上的气动薄膜执行机构带动喷咀叶片转动，从而改变其通道截面积来实现的，执行机构的阀杆行程反映了喷咀通道宽度的变化，阀杆总行程约为40毫米，阀杆下移使喷咀通道开大，上移则关小。
蜗壳：为不锈钢焊接结构，固定在机身上，通过机身与底座相连，蜗壳内容纳有喷咀和膨胀机叶轮。
转子：二端分别装有膨胀机叶轮和增压机叶轮（二者均为闭式），为一刚性转子，套装在机身轴承上。
轴承：前、后轴承均为径向推力联合式轴承，由进油管供给清洁而充足的润滑油，使转子能长期稳定运转，采用铂电阻温度计测量轴承温度。
轴密封：在靠近二叶轮的轴上各置有一迷宫密封套，使得气体外漏量控制在最小的范围内，在靠近膨胀机的密封套内充入常温密封气（干燥空气或氮气）以阻止流经膨胀机的低温气体外泄，而跑“冷”，为控制喷咀出口的气体与膨胀机端密封气之间的压力差维持在0.05MPa 左右，特设置一精密减压阀，增压机端的密封套内充入～0.5MPa压力的密封气（干燥空气）。
2. The working process and structure of expander
Working medium by the inlet tube into the volute, the adjustable nozzle to enter
the job rotation, and then through the diffusion chamber and exhaust pipes.
Expander volume adjust is rely on cold box installed in the pneumatic diaphragm actuator drive the nozzle at the top of the blade rotation, so as to change the channel cross-sectional area, stem stroke of the actuator reflects the nozzle channel width changes, stem total trip is about 40 mm, stem down make the nozzle channel up, up, down.
Spiral case: stainless steel welded structure, fixed on the fuselage, through the fuselage are connected to the base, inside the volute impeller nozzle and expander.
Rotor: two ends respectively with expander supercharger impeller and impeller (both for closed), is a rigid rotor, suit on the airframe bearings.
Radial thrust bearing: before and after bearing are joint bearing, the inlet pipe to supply clean and plentiful oil, make rotor can long-term stable operation, the bearing temperature are measured with platinum resistance thermometer.
Shaft seal: near the two impellers on the shaft of each set of a labyrinth seal, makes the gas leakage quantity control in the smallest range, near the expander gland into normal temperature sealing gas (dry air or nitrogen) in order to prevent flows through the low temperature gas expander leaking, and to run "cold", for the control of nozzle exit gas and the pressure differential between the side seal gas expander maintained at about 0.05 MPa, set up a precision pressure reducing valve, booster end seal set of filling the ~ 0.5 MPa pressure in the seal gas (dry air).
3.离心增压机
增压机由进气室、叶轮、无叶扩压器、蜗壳组成，其叶轮与膨胀机叶轮置于同一轴上，二者转速相同，由膨胀机叶轮发出的机械功驱动其旋转，气体进入叶轮后，被加速、增压，进入无叶扩压器之后，又进一步减速增压，最后汇集于蜗壳排出机外，经冷却降温后进入钣式换热器，再进入膨胀机。
3. The centrifugal supercharger
Booster by suction chamber, impeller, leaves of diffuser and volute, impeller and impeller expander on the same shaft, the rotational speed is the same, driven by expander impeller mechanical work from its rotation, the gas entered the impeller, are accelerated and pressurized, after entering leaves diffuser, and further slow pressurization, finally converge in spiral discharge outside, into the coin after cooling heat exchanger, again into the expander.
4.供油系统
该供油系统由单独的系统组成，主要包括油箱、三螺杆油泵、油冷却器、温控阀、囊式蓄能器等。润滑油进入油泵升压后进入油冷却器和切换式油过滤器，再分别进入各轴承，最后由机身内腔汇入回油管回到油箱，另外设置了一蓄能器，在油泵启动后自动充油，用于油压降低或油泵停转后，机组联锁停车时能继续供油一段时间（约1分钟），确保轴承的安全。
润滑油采用N32透平油，为保证油的品质，在开始运转300小时后要进行一次换油，以后在油过滤器清洁的前提下每年至少换一次油，只有在经过检查确认油的特性良好的前提下，才可延长换油时间。
4. The oil supply system
The oil supply system is composed of separate system, mainly including tank, three screw pump, oil cooler, the temperature control valve, capsule type accumulator, etc. Lubricating oil into the oil pump booster after entering the oil cooler and switch type oil filter, then into the bearings respectively, finally by the fuselage chamber into the return pipe back to the fuel tank, also set up an accumulator, oil is filled in the oil pump starts automatically, used for pressure reducing or pump shut down after the units are interlocking parking can keep oil for a period of time (about 1 minute), ensure the safety of the bearing.
Lubricating oil N32 by mechanical blending turbine used oil, in order to ensure the quality of oil, at the beginning of operation after 300 hours for an oil change, on the premise of the oil filter to clean after oil change at least once a year, only after confirmed the oil characteristics under the premise of good, can only extend the oil change period.
5.紧急切断阀
在膨胀机进口处设置了一个紧急切断阀，当机组处于危险状态时，根据各危险点发出的联锁信号，此阀能在很短时间内关闭，从而切断气源，使其快速停车，起到安全保护作用。
在危急情况下，膨胀机仪控系统联锁即切断电磁阀电源，使紧急断阀快速关闭与此同时增压机回流阀FCV401自动全开。
5. Emergency cut-off valve
The expander inlet set up an emergency shut-off valve, when units in a dangerous state, according to the dangerous point interlock signals, this valve can be closed in a very short time, so as to cut off the gas source, make its stop quickly, ensure the safety protection.
In critical situations, expander interlocking apparatus control system that is cut off solenoid valve power supply, to close the emergency valve rapidly, meanwhile booster backflow FCV401 open automatically.
6.增压机后冷却器
为了将增压机出口高温气体冷却以达到空分流程的要求，设置了其冷却器，用冷却水进行冷却，调节进水量可以达到调节出口气体温度的目的，冷却器工况的控制根据其技术参数和流程需要来进行。
6. Booster after cooler
To booster outlet of high temperature gas cooled air separation process in order to achieve requirements, set up the cooler, with cooling water for cooling, regulation of water inflow can achieve the purpose of adjusting the exit gas temperature, working condition of cooler control according to its technical parameters and process needs.
7.增压机回流阀
设置该阀有以下三个用途：
a. 压力调节：根据空分流程的要求，一般希望增压机出口压力保持恒定，阀的开大或关小，可使压力降低或升高，该阀在仪控系统自动控制下则可达到压力恒定的目的。
b. 防喘振：增压机在一定的进口流量和转速下，当进口流量小到一定数值时，机器会发生喘振，此时压力会大幅度波动，并发出强烈的“喘气”声响和振动，将引起机器损坏，为防止这种情况出现，该阀会在进口流量小到一定数值时自动打开。所给定的防喘振流量是根据进口压力，进口温度，转速均为额定值的情况，当这些条件不同时，对防喘振流量值应予修正。
c. 开大回流阀：可增加增压机的负荷使膨胀机减速。
7. Booster backflow preventer
Set the valve has the following three purposes:
A. pressure regulation: according to the requirements of air separation process, the general hope booster outlet pressure constant, open or close the valve, can make the pressure is lower or higher, the valve under the automatic control of instrument control system can achieve the purpose of pressure constant.
B. the surge: booster under certain inlet flow rate and rotating speed, when the inlet flow small to a certain value, the machine will happen surge, the pressure will be large swings, and strong "panting" noise and vibration, will cause machine damage, to prevent the problem, the valve at the inlet flow to a certain value automatically opens. Given the surge flow is according to the inlet pressure, inlet temperature, rotating speed are rating, when these conditions are not at the same time, on the surge flow value should be corrected.
C. open big backflow preventer: can increase the load of the booster expander to slow down.
8.维护说明
8.1喷咀：只要供应的气体是清洁的，即使喷咀叶片的光泽变暗，也不会影响效率，但如气体中含有较大的即使少量的固体颗粒或二氧化碳产生的液滴时，就会产生喷咀叶片的磨蚀，严重时会出现凹坑，这样就会使效率明显下降，这时就应更换喷咀。在装置启动期间，最容易产生磨蚀。因此装置操作时要特别注意。
8.2膨胀机叶轮：与喷咀叶片相同的原因，也可能造成对叶片进口边磨蚀，如果磨蚀严重甚至出现凹坑时应更换工作轮。
8.3膨胀机与增压机叶轮密封盖易遭轻微磨损。如磨损严重，就必须更换，其装配间隙见图。
8.4轴密封套：轴密封套在运行时孔也会产生轻微磨损。如磨损严重，就应调换轴密封，因为过度磨损会使轴承温度降低并增加漏气损失。轴密封的径向间隙为0～0.04mm当增大到0.1就应予以调换。
8.5轴承：轴承型面是精心设计并通过机械加工而保证的。因此其内孔和止推面都不允许进行任意修正，如果发现由于暂时超负荷或润滑不良而引起轴承损伤，就应更换轴承。
8.6增压机叶轮：如供应的气体不干净将引起增压机叶片的磨蚀，以致破坏平衡，这种情况与膨胀机叶轮动平衡破坏相类似。需要说明的是，无论是膨胀机叶轮、增压机叶轮或其它零部件需要更换时，必须更换整个转子而不能单独更换叶轮或其它零部件。
8.7油冷却器，一般一年进行一次清洗。如果冷却水不干净，清洗次数还要增加。
8.8油过滤器，如发现过滤器阻力明显增加，就应进行清洗或更换滤芯。
8.9增压机后冷却器，一般一年清洗一次，如工作时发生窜漏，阻力突然增大，换热效果变差，则应立即检查原因并加以修整。
8. The maintenance instructions
8.1Nozzle : as long as the supply of gas is a clean, even if the nozzle blade glossy dark, also does not affect the efficiency, but such as gas contains large even if a small amount of solid particles or droplets carbon dioxide produced when, can produce nozzle blade abrasion, serious potholes would appear, this will make the efficiency decreases obviously, the nozzle should be replaced. During operation, the most susceptible to abrasion. So it is important to pay special attention to when device operation.
8.2 expander impeller: same as the nozzle vane, also can cause the blade to import side abrasion, if serious abrasion appear even indentation wheel should be changed.
8.3 expander and the supercharger impeller sealing cover vulnerable to slight wear. Such as badly worn, it must be replaced, the assembling clearance is shown in figure.
Shaft seal set .
8.4: shaft gland holes also can produce mild wear at runtime. Such as wear serious, you should change the shaft seal, because excessive wear will reduce bearing temperature and increase the leakage loss. Shaft seal of the radial clearance of 0 ~ 0.04 mm when increases to 0.1, it should be change.
8.5 bearing, bearing type surface is carefully designed and guaranteed by mechanical processing. So its holes and thrust surface are not allowed for any modification, if it is found that due to temporary overloading or damage caused by poor lubrication bearing, bearing should be replaced.
8.6 supercharger impeller, such as the supply of gas is not clean will cause booster vane abrasion, so that destruction of balance, and this kind of situation with expander impeller dynamic balance similar damage. To be sure, whether expander, supercharger impeller impeller or other parts need to change, must change the whole rotor and can't separate replacement impeller or other components.
8.7 oil cooler, typically a year for a cleaning. If the cooling water is not clean, washing time increase.
8.8 oil filter, if filter resistance increased significantly, it should be and clean or replace filter.
8.9 booster after cooler, general cleaning once a year, such as work happens when blow-by, resistance suddenly increase, so the heat exchange efficiency, you should immediately check the reason and repair.
PLPK-833.3/38.5-4.8型增压透平膨胀机组 使用说明书 四川空分设备（集团）有限责任公司 2008年12月
1概述 本机组工作介质先经增压机增压，冷却后进入板式换热器，然后再进入膨胀机进行绝热膨胀降温产生液化设备所需的冷量，与此同时产生的机械功又为增压机所吸收。 2技术参数（设计工况） 2.1增压机： 工作介质：空气 气量：50000Nm3/h±30%（0℃，0.10133MPa） 进口压力：2.767MPa（A） 出口压力：≥4.0MPa（A） 进口温度：313K 2.2膨胀机： 工作介质：空气 气量：50000Nm3/h±30%（0℃，0.10133MPa） 进口压力：3.95MPa（A） 出口压力：0.58MPa（A） 进口温度：163K 绝热效率：≥86% 转速：24990r/min 2.3仪控整定值
说明：轴承油压可根据现场运转情况进行调整。 3机组简介 本机组由增压透平膨胀机主机、供油系统、增压机后冷却器等组成，用地脚螺栓将其固定于混凝土基础上，同时必须防止周围的振动和冲击传给本机组，安装各进出口管道时必须防止管道重量和明显的安装应力附加在机组上。本机组所需绝热材料和润滑油等，由用户自
备。 3.1透平膨胀机：工作介质由进口管进入蜗壳，经转动喷咀再进入工作轮作功，然后经扩压室、排气管排出。 膨胀机气量调节是依靠安装在冷箱顶上的气动薄膜执行机构带 动喷咀叶片转动，从而改变其通道截面积来实现，执行机构的阀杆行程反映了喷咀通道宽度的变化，阀杆总行程约为50mm，阀杆下移使 喷咀通道关小，上移则开大。 3.1.1蜗壳：为不锈钢铸造结构，固定在机身上，通过机身与底座 相连，蜗壳内容纳有喷咀和膨胀机叶轮。 3.1.2 转子：二端分别装有膨胀机叶轮和增压机叶轮（二者均为闭式），为一刚性转子，套装在机身轴承上。 3.1.3 轴承：前、后轴承均为径向推力联合式轴承，由进油管供给 清洁而充足的润滑油，使转子能长期稳定运转，采用铂电阻温度计测量轴承温度。 3.1.4 轴密封：在靠近二叶轮的轴上各置有一迷宫密封套，使得气 体外漏量控制在最小的范围内，在靠近膨胀机的密封套内充入常温密封气（干燥空气或氮气）以阻止流经膨胀机的低温气体外泄，而跑“冷”，为控制喷咀出口的气体与膨胀机端密封气之间的压力差维持在 0.05MPa左右，特设置一精密减压阀，增压机端的密封套内充入～ 3.5MPa压力的密封气（干燥空气或氮气）。 3.2 离心增压机 增压机由进气室、叶轮、无叶扩压器、蜗壳组成，其叶轮与膨胀
附录一英文科技文献翻译 英文原文： Experimental investigation of laser surface textured parallel thrust bearings Performance enhancements by laser surface texturing (LST) of parallel-thrust bearings is experimentally investigated. Test results are compared with a theoretical model and good correlation is found over the relevant operating conditions. A compari- son of the performance of unidirectional and bi-directional partial-LST bearings with that of a baseline, untextured bearing is presented showing the bene?ts of LST in terms of increased clearance and reduced friction. KEY WORDS: ?uid ?lm bearings, slider bearings, surface texturing 1. Introduction The classical theory of hydrodynamic lubrication yields linear (Couette) velocity distribution with zero pressure gradients between smooth parallel surfaces under steady-state sliding. This results in an unstable hydrodynamic ?lm that would collapse under any external force acting normal to the surfaces. However, experience shows that stable lubricating ?lms can develop between parallel sliding surfaces, generally because of some mechanism that relaxes one or more of the assumptions of the classical theory. A stable ?uid ?lm with su?cient load-carrying capacity in parallel sliding surfaces can be obtained, for example, with macro or micro surface structure of di?erent types. These include waviness [1] and protruding microasperities [2–4]. A good literature review on the subject can be found in Ref. [5]. More recently, laser surface texturing (LST) [6–8], as well as inlet roughening by longitudinal or transverse grooves [9] were suggested to provide load capacity in parallel sliding. The inlet roughness concept of Tonder [9] is based on ??e?ective clearance‘‘ reduction in the sliding direction and in this respect it is identical to the par- tial-LST concept described in ref. [10] for generating hydrostatic e?ect in high-pressure mechanical seals. Very recently Wang et al. [11] demonstrated experimentally a doubling of the load-carrying capacity for the surface- texture design by reactive ion etching of SiC
On the vehicle sideslip angle estimation through neural networks: Numerical and experimental results. S. Melzi,E. Sabbioni Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 25 (2011)：14~28 电脑估计车辆侧滑角的数值和实验结果 S.梅尔兹,E.赛博毕宁 机械系统和信号处理2011年第25期：14~28
摘要 将稳定控制系统应用于差动制动内/外轮胎是现在对客车车辆的标准（电子稳定系统ESP、直接偏航力矩控制DYC）。这些系统假设将两个偏航率(通常是衡量板)和侧滑角作为控制变量。不幸的是后者的具体数值只有通过非常昂贵却不适合用于普通车辆的设备才可以实现直接被测量,因此只能估计其数值。几个州的观察家最终将适应参数的参考车辆模型作为开发的目的。然而侧滑角的估计还是一个悬而未决的问题。为了避免有关参考模型参数识别/适应的问题,本文提出了分层神经网络方法估算侧滑角。横向加速度、偏航角速率、速度和引导角,都可以作为普通传感器的输入值。人脑中的神经网络的设计和定义的策略构成训练集通过数值模拟与七分布式光纤传感器的车辆模型都已经获得了。在各种路面上神经网络性能和稳定已经通过处理实验数据获得和相应的车辆和提到几个处理演习(一步引导、电源、双车道变化等)得以证实。结果通常显示估计和测量的侧滑角之间有良好的一致性。 1 介绍 稳定控制系统可以防止车辆的旋转和漂移。实际上，在轮胎和道路之间的物理极限的附着力下驾驶汽车是一个极其困难的任务。通常大部分司机不能处理这种情况和失去控制的车辆。最近,为了提高车辆安全，稳定控制系统(ESP[1,2]; DYC[3,4])介绍了通过将差动制动/驱动扭矩应用到内/外轮胎来试图控制偏航力矩的方法。 横摆力矩控制系统（DYC）是基于偏航角速率反馈进行控制的。在这种情况下,控制系统使车辆处于由司机转向输入和车辆速度控制的期望的偏航率[3,4]。然而为了确保稳定，防止特别是在低摩擦路面上的车辆侧滑角变得太大是必要的[1,2]。事实上由于非线性回旋力和轮胎滑移角之间的关系，转向角的变化几乎不改变偏航力矩。因此两个偏航率和侧滑角的实现需要一个有效的稳定控制系统[1,2]。不幸的是,能直接测量的侧滑角只能用特殊设备(光学传感器或GPS惯性传感器的组合)，现在这种设备非常昂贵,不适合在普通汽车上实现。因此, 必须在实时测量的基础上进行侧滑角估计，具体是测量横向/纵向加速度、角速度、引导角度和车轮角速度来估计车辆速度。 在主要是基于状态观测器/卡尔曼滤波器(5、6)的文学资料里, 提出了几个侧滑角估计策略。因为国家观察员都基于一个参考车辆模型,他们只有准确已知模型参数的情况下，才可以提供一个令人满意的估计。根据这种观点,轮胎特性尤其关键取决于附着条件、温度、磨损等特点。 轮胎转弯刚度的提出就是为了克服这些困难,适应观察员能够提供一个同步估计的侧滑角和附着条件[7,8]。这种方法的弊端是一个更复杂的布局的估计量导致需要很高的计算工作量。 另一种方法可由代表神经网络由于其承受能力模型非线性系统，这样不需要一个参
P1 二、复合难句： 1、Mining may well have been the second of humankind's earliest endeavors--granted that agriculture was the first. The two industries ranked together as the primary or basic industries of early civilization 如果说农业是人类最早的产业（文明）的话，那么采矿就理所当然地排在第二。这两种产业作为人类早期文明最原始或最基本的产业联系在了一起。 2、If we consider fishing and lumbering as part of agriculture and oil and gas production as part of mining , then agriculture and mining continue to supply all the basic resources used by modern civilization 如果我们把捕鱼业和伐木业作为农业的一部分，而石油和天然气产业作为采矿的一部分，那么农业和采矿业至今仍是现代文明所使用的基础资源的支柱 3、Here the term mining is used in its broadest context as encompassing the extraction of any naturally occurring mineral substances-solid , liquid , and gas-from the earth or other heavenly bodies for utilitarian purposes. 这里所说的采矿是指广义上的，因为它包括为实利目的而从地球或其他天体岩石中获取任何天然形成的固态、液态和气态矿物的开采 4、Mine：An excavation made in the earth to extract minerals 采矿：为了开采矿物而在地球上进行的一种挖掘 5、Mining: the activity , occupation , and industry concerned with the extraction of minerals 采矿业：一种与开采矿物有关的活动、职业和产业 6、Mining engineering: the practice of applying engineering principles to the development , planning , operation , closure and reclamation of mines. 采矿工程：运用工程原理生产、规划、运作和关闭（充填）以及对矿山再利用（复垦）的一种实践 7、Mineral：A naturally occurring inorganic element or compound having an orderly internal structure and a characteristic chemical composition , crystal form , and physical properties. 矿物：一种天然形成的无机元素或化合物（无机物），它有着有序的内部构造、特有的化学成分、结晶形式和物理性质。 8、Rock：Any naturally formed aggregate of one or more types of mineral particles
磁悬浮轴承透平膨胀机 早在1980年，CRYOSTAR公司就与一家磁轴承制造商结成伙伴关系，开发了采用磁悬浮轴承的增压透平膨胀机。随后进行了广泛的运转，于1988年推出了工业用生产装置。现在，磁悬浮轴承透平膨胀机在国外已有长足的发展。1999年11月，CRYOSTAR公司已生产磁悬浮轴承透平膨胀机75台，最小功率功率300kW，最大功率4MW。膨胀机效率实测92%，增压机效率为86%。采用闭式整体叶轮，材质为高强度铝合金，最大圆周速度可达400m/s。 LOTOFLOW公司的磁悬浮轴承透平膨胀机最大功率已达到13000马力，转速达7000r/min， 用于石油平台上的乙烷回收装置。最小的磁悬浮轴承透平膨胀机功率为100kW。磁悬浮轴承透平膨胀机后透平膨胀机的发展方向。据介绍，LOTOFLOW公司已经完成了 30000马力，能量回收用磁悬浮轴承透平膨胀机的技术储备。图5是磁悬浮轴承透平膨胀机的示意图。 透平膨胀机的一端是膨胀机叶轮，另一端是增压机叶轮。由两个叶轮和轴组成的子由每一段的径向磁悬浮轴承和一个中间的止推磁悬浮轴承所支承。为了防止在磁轴承失去磁性时刮伤迷宫密封以及在主电源和返回式电池电源都失电时能保护设备，在轴的两端还安装了一个抗摩擦轴承。这些轴承用从膨胀端和压缩端漏人中间室的气体冷却。冷却了磁轴承后的气体再用管路送回主供气压缩机或者循环压缩机。因此，在这个过程循环中没有气体损失。
图5 磁悬浮袖承透平膨胀机 磁悬浮径向轴承由两个部分组成：固定在透平转子轴上的电磁铁和在它周围的定子。借助于固定的电磁铁，由黑色金属制成的转子可以在磁场中被支承起来。如果在定子和之间建立起—个小的 空气隙并对电磁铁施以恰当的电力控制，则转子可在负荷变动的情况下维持精确的位置。 磁悬浮止推轴承由一个扁平的实心铁磁体盘组成，径向装配在轴上，在轴向固定。轴向磁悬浮轴承的定子用实心环形铁心制成，并加工了一些环形凹槽，用来嵌入电磁铁的配线线圈。把定子在两端定位后就形成了一个双作用推力轴承。 控制系统在理论上是简单的，但在电子学上是较复杂的。电磁铁接受正在指示轴位置的传感器的讯号，并和与转轴的标准位置 (径向和轴向)相对应的讯号进行比较。这两个讯号之间的任何偏差都产生出一讯号。在控制回路中对这个误差讯号进行加工后，会发出一个命令给功率放大器，使某个电磁铁的供电电源增大或者减小。 如上所述，磁悬浮轴承透平膨胀机了两道保护：当供电电源突然停
本科毕业论文(设计) 外文翻译 学院：机电工程学院 专业：机械工程及自动化 姓名：高峰 指导教师：李延胜 2011年05 月10日 教育部办公厅 Failure Analysis，Dimensional Determination And
Analysis，Applications Of Cams INTRODUCTION It is absolutely essential that a design engineer know how and why parts fail so that reliable machines that require minimum maintenance can be designed．Sometimes a failure can be serious，such as when a tire blows out on an automobile traveling at high speed．On the other hand，a failure may be no more than a nuisance．An example is the loosening of the radiator hose in an automobile cooling system．The consequence of this latter failure is usually the loss of some radiator coolant，a condition that is readily detected and corrected．The type of load a part absorbs is just as significant as the magnitude．Generally speaking，dynamic loads with direction reversals cause greater difficulty than static loads，and therefore，fatigue strength must be considered．Another concern is whether the material is ductile or brittle．For example，brittle materials are considered to be unacceptable where fatigue is involved． Many people mistakingly interpret the word failure to mean the actual breakage of a part．However，a design engineer must consider a broader understanding of what appreciable deformation occurs．A ductile material，however will deform a large amount prior to rupture．Excessive deformation，without fracture，may cause a machine to fail because the deformed part interferes with a moving second part．Therefore，a part fails(even if it has not physically broken)whenever it no longer fulfills its required function．Sometimes failure may be due to abnormal friction or vibration between two mating parts．Failure also may be due to a phenomenon called creep，which is the plastic flow of a material under load at elevated temperatures．In addition，the actual shape of a part may be responsible for failure．For example，stress concentrations due to sudden changes in contour must be taken into account．Evaluation of stress considerations is especially important when there are dynamic loads with direction reversals and the material is not very ductile． In general，the design engineer must consider all possible modes of failure，which include the following． ——Stress ——Deformation ——Wear ——Corrosion ——Vibration ——Environmental damage ——Loosening of fastening devices
本科生毕业论文（设计）题目文献综述文献综述随着改革开放的深入，交通运输在生活中的作用越来越明显，高速公路的建设成为了国民建设中的一个重大问题。由于高速公路具有汽车专用，分隔行驶，全部立交，控制出入以及高标准，高要求，设备功能完善等功能，与一般公路相比具有很多优点，所以具有很强的实用性。目前，我国高等级公路建设正处在“质”与“量”并重的重要发展阶段。从大陆第一条高速公路——沪嘉高速开始，中国大陆高速公路建设进入了一个崭新的时期。高速公路在二十多年间展现出了巨大的优越性，在以建成的高速公路沿线及腹地迅速兴起了工业企业建设的热【1】潮，地价增值，地方税收增加，投资环境发生巨大变化。目前我国的高速公路主要分布在东南沿海，我国的沿海地带，大部分是淤泥质海岸。因此，沿海特别是大江大河河口附近多为河相、海相或泻湖相沉积层，在地质上属于第四纪全新纪Q4 土层，多属于【2】东南海岸土的类别多为淤泥，淤泥质亚黏饱和的正常压密黏土。土。这类地基的主要特点是：具有高含水量、大孔隙、低密度、低强度、高压缩性、低透水性、中等灵敏度等特点；具有一定的结构性。由于这类地基存在这些特点，在软粘土地基上建造建筑物普遍存在稳定及变形的问题。以高速为例，由于高速的路堤高度不大，所以稳定问题并不突出，但是变形问题很明显。目前高速桥头跳车以及高填方段、填挖结合部等位置因地基差异沉降对路面结构造成的不良影响已引起公路建设、设计、监理、施工等部门的日益重视。如何解决高等级公路桥头跳车问题已成为刻不容缓的大事。造成桥头跳车的原因【3】有很多：1、土质不良引起的地基沉陷：土质不良，由此产生沉陷是桥头跳车的主要原因。桥涵通常位于沟壑地方，地下水位较高，此类土天然含水量大于液限，天然孔隙比大，常含有机质，压缩性高，抗剪强度低，一旦受到扰动，天然结构易受破坏，强度便显著降低，桥头路基填筑高度较大，产生基底应力相对较大，在车辆荷载作用下，更容易引起地基沉陷，且变形稳定历时往往持续数年乃至更长的时间。既便是在一些稳定地基，在外荷作用下，也无可避免出现这个问题。2、台后填料的压缩沉降：台后填料一
采矿工程英语翻译 LESSON9 课文1矿山开拓系统 如今大多数欧洲的矿井上覆岩层已达到2000到4000ft，因为容易开采的煤层已经采完。大部分的煤矿在这样深度下采用竖井。(如图9.1)全部人员，物资，以及煤都必须靠这个竖井提升。考虑到提升容量和需要的井筒长度两个因素，为达到含煤地层得到相当大的投入是有必要的。广阔的井巷以及隧道的发展和维护需要很大的投入。在这个深度的巷道必须装备昂贵的支护以及定期返修也是必要的。 矿井不仅仅在水平方向上扩展，而且在垂直方向上也通过新的开拓水平来延深。矿山的寿命得到了很可观的延长，而地表的建设占煤矿开采生命周期的很大一部分。 有限的资源使得企业不得不开采一些不利的煤层，所以欧洲各国政府要求采出所有可采煤层的煤以保护国家能源。这些因素以及大倾角的煤层和断层使得开采困难和投资增加。人口密度和地表高大的建筑又增添了额外的费用，为了防止沉降破坏地表建筑。因此，回填常被用来减少地面的沉降。过小的断层间距常常严重的限制了采区的尺寸，因而不得不频繁搬家，并造成了过大的开拓量。 这些表面覆盖层的厚度导致了很高的地面压力。如果应用房柱式方法，就需要异常大的煤柱。另外，巷道需要被支护，多巷道开拓和煤柱工作增加了大量的投入。 作为结果，单一走向长壁式开采要求最小数量的巷道以及最大的资源回采率是采矿方法专门的实践。(the mining method almost exclusively practiced) 竖井开采在欧洲的煤矿产业占统治地位。直径20到30英尺的砌筑钢筋混泥土圆切面的内衬的竖井是到达煤层的主要方法。他们也通常延伸超过开采的最低水平
为以后的扩展提供保障。如在美国，立井是用打眼，放炮和挖掘方法或用大直径钻井设备来开凿的。立井打眼频繁的使用，尤其在小的短的阶段井筒，可以连接不同的水平但不能延伸到表面。 井筒中的运输是通过提升在多级罐笼里的装满煤的矿车或者是吊车来完成的。煤浆的抽出在特殊的情况下也这样做。 通过不同的水平面的采矿活动，引起了复杂的力学系统以及岩石力学的问题。在地下空间发展中美国与英国在此有很大的差异。开采造成的岩石间的相互作用力要求在不同的水平沉积物尽可能的完整开采出来。开采留下的煤柱产生极端的区域和不易控制的地表因素，以及很高可能性的顶板突出。 由于费用的限制，巷道的数量一直保持在最低限度，没有提供房柱式采煤法的回风系统。如果采用后退式开采，就只有两个巷道能够直接达到一个新的采煤区。 盘区需要设计得尽可能的大。设计大的盘区的另一个用途就是使巷道数量减少。当有氧气经过时采空区应封锁起来避免引起自燃。 巷道系统的主水平用来运输煤，供给材料和人员运输，以及通风。它们通常被隔开不考虑煤层的位置，因为这些选择的沉积物是通过其他途径开采的。在过去，会选择165或330英尺的间距，当地压增加，维修费用提高，它被迫增长到660到990英尺。实质上地表越深温度越高，需要大量的空气来冷却。结果，进入这一水平的采区截面不得不增大。 图下的注释:(1)有箕斗提升机的主井(2)有多级罐笼的回风巷竖井(3)三级车场(4)带圆柱体煤仓的暗井(5)有工具提升车的暗井(6)主要入口1(7)主要入口2(8)采区和盘区平巷(9)巷道掘进机(10)用刨煤机的长壁开采区(11)用采煤机的长壁开采区(12)用手工开采倾斜层用风镐的长壁开采区(13)在急倾斜层有刨煤机的长壁开采区(14)采空区(15)通风锁，风门(16)带式运输机为主的运输系统(17)矿车运输(18)
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 机械设计 摘要：机器是由机械装置和其它组件组成的。它是一种用来转换或传递能量的装置，例如：发动机、涡轮机、车辆、起重机、印刷机、洗衣机、照相机和摄影机等。许多原则和设计方法不但适用于机器的设计，也适用于非机器的设计。术语中的“机械装置设计” 的含义要比“机械设计”的含义更为广泛一些，机械装置设计包括机械设计。在分析运动及设计结构时，要把产品外型以及以后的保养也要考虑在机械设计中。在机械工程领域中，以及其它工程领域中，所有这些都需要机械设备，比如：开关、凸轮、阀门、船舶以及搅拌机等。 关键词：设计流程设计规则机械设计 设计流程 设计开始之前就要想到机器的实际性，现存的机器需要在耐用性、效率、重量、速度，或者成本上得到改善。新的机器必需具有以前机器所能执行的功能。 在设计的初始阶段，应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性，不要受到任何约束。即使产生了许多不切实际的想法，也会在设计的早期，即在绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样，才不致于阻断创新的思路。通常,还要提出几套设计方案，然后加以比较。很有可能在这个计划最后决定中,使用了某些不在计划之内的一些设想。一般的当外型特点和组件部分的尺寸特点分析得透彻时，就可以全面的设计和分析。接着还要客观的分析机器性能的优越性，以及它的安全、重量、耐用性，并且竞争力的成本也要考虑在分析结果之内。每一个至关重要的部分要优化它的比例和尺寸，同时也要保持与其它组成部分相协调。 也要选择原材料和处理原材料的方法。通过力学原理来分析和实现这些重要的特性，如那些静态反应的能量和摩擦力的最佳利用，像动力惯性、加速动力和能量；包括弹性材料的强度、应力和刚度等材料的物理特性，以及流体润滑和驱动器的流体力学。设计的过程是重复和合作的过程，无论是正式或非正式的进行，对设计者来说每个阶段都很重要。 最后，以图样为设计的标准，并建立将来的模型。如果它的测试是符合事先要求的，则再将对初步设计进行某些修改，使它能够在制造成本上有所降低。产品的设计需要不断探索和发展。许多方案必须被研究、试验、完善，然后决定使用还是放弃。虽然每个工程学问题的内容是独特的，但是设计师可以按照类似的步骤来解决问题。 产品的责任诉讼迫使设计人员和公司在选择材料时，采用最好的程序。在材料过程中，五个最常见的问题为：（a）不了解或者不会使用关于材料应用方面的最新最好的信息资料；(b)未能预见和考虑材料的合理用途（如有可能，设计人员还应进一步预测和考虑由于产品使用方法不当造成的后果。在近年来的许多产品责
沈阳工业大学工程学院 毕业设计（论文）外文翻译 毕业设计（论文）题目：工具盒盖注塑模具设计 外文题目：Friction , Lubrication of Bearing 译文题目：轴承的摩擦与润滑 系（部）：机械系 专业班级：机械设计制造及其自动化0801 学生姓名：王宝帅 指导教师：魏晓波 2010年10 月15 日
外文文献原文： Friction , Lubrication of Bearing In many of the problem thus far , the student has been asked to disregard or neglect friction . Actually , friction is present to some degree whenever two parts are in contact and move on each other. The term friction refers to the resistance of two or more parts to movement. Friction is harmful or valuable depending upon where it occurs. friction is necessary for fastening devices such as screws and rivets which depend upon friction to hold the fastener and the parts together. Belt drivers, brakes, and tires are additional applications where friction is necessary. The friction of moving parts in a machine is harmful because it reduces the mechanical advantage of the device. The heat produced by friction is lost energy because no work takes place. Also , greater power is required to overcome the increased friction. Heat is destructive in that it causes expansion. Expansion may cause a bearing or sliding surface to fit tighter. If a great enough pressure builds up because made from low temperature materials may melt. There are three types of friction which must be overcome in moving parts: (1)starting, (2)sliding, and(3)rolling. Starting friction is the friction between two solids that tend to resist movement. When two parts are at a state of rest, the surface irregularities of both parts tend to interlock and form a wedging action. To produce motion in these parts, the wedge-shaped peaks and valleys of the stationary surfaces must be made to slide out and over each other. The rougher the two surfaces, the greater is starting friction resulting from their movement . Since there is usually no fixed pattern between the peaks and valleys of two mating parts, the irregularities do not interlock once the parts are in motion but slide over each other. The friction of the two surfaces is known as sliding friction. As shown in figure ,starting friction is always greater than sliding friction . Rolling friction occurs when roller devces are subjected to tremendous stress which cause the parts to change shape or deform. Under these conditions, the material in front of a roller tends to pile up and forces the object to roll slightly uphill. This changing of shape , known as deformation, causes a movement of molecules. As a result ,heat is produced from the added energy required to keep the parts turning and overcome friction. The friction caused by the wedging action of surface irregularities can be overcome
外文原文： Adopt the crest of the coal work noodles plank management problem study Crest the plank management is the point that adopts a safe management of the coal work noodles.Statistics according to the data, crest the plank trouble has 60% of the coal mine trouble about, adopting the trouble of the coal work noodles and having a crest 70% of the plank trouble above.Therefore, we have to strengthen a plank management, reducing to adopt the coal work noodles crest the occurrence of the plank trouble. 1,the definition of the crest,scaleboard and it categorize Endow with the existence coal seam on of the close by rock strata be called a plank, endow with the existence coal seam under of the close by rock strata be called scaleboard.Crest the rock,strength of the scaleboard and absorb water sex and digging to work the management of the noodles contain direct relation, they is certain crest the plank protect a way and choose to adopt the empty area processing method of main basis. 1.1 planks categorize According to rock,thickness and return to adopt process to fall in the 垮of difficult easy degree, crest the plank is divided into the false crest,direct crest and old crest. According to direct crest sport to adopt a field to the influence for press, the direct crest is divided into broken up,unsteady,medium etc. stability,stability,strong and tough crest plank etc. is five.According to old crest the sport Be work mineral inside the noodles press to present degree and to work safe threat of noodles of size, the old crest is is divided in to press very and severely, press mightiness, press to compare obviously, don't obviously press etc. is four. 1.2 scaleboards categorize According to the opposite position relation of the rock strata and the coal seam, the scaleboard is divided into direct bottom with the old bottom.Locate coal seam directly under of the rock strata be called direct bottom;locate the direct bottom or coal seam under of the rock strata be called old bottom.The coal seam crest the scaleboard type expects the influence of the geology structure sport after be subjected to the deposition environment and, its growth in different region degree dissimilarity, the coal seam possibility for have isn't whole. 2,crest that need to be control plank classification and adopt the processing way of the empty area According to different crest the plank type and property, choose to pay to protect a way and adopt the empty area processing method differently, is a plank management of basic principle. 2.1 crest needed to pull to make plank classification Press a knothole rock strata strength, the crest plank that needs to be control can is divided into: general crest the plank,slowness descend to sink a plank and is whole fall the crest of the cave in the danger plank etc..