Diction
Choice of words
Diction
?I Choosing words
?II. Words to Avoid
?III. Overcoming Chinglish
?Proper words in proper places make a true definition of style. Jonathan Swift ?Use the right word, not the second cousin.
The difference between the right word and the almost right word is the difference between lightening and the lightning bug. Mark Twain :
?语不惊人死不休Du Fu
?Words should be only the clothes, carefully custom-made to fit the thought. Jules Renard ?We should endeavor to use words that correspond as closely as possible with what we feel, see, think, imagine, experience and reason.
Goethe
I Choosing words
Choosing the appropriate and exact words
?A. Levels of words
?B. Meanings of words
?C. General and specific words
I Choosing words
?A. Levels of words
a. from a stylistic point of view: formal/learned, common and colloquial (slang words, dialectal words and certain words that are often used by uneducated speakers)
b. standard and nonstandard (or substandard words)
?B. Meanings of words
a. denotation/literal meaning本义
the direct, explicit meaning or reference of a word or a term (Webster’s New Word Dictionary)
b. connotation/associative meaning转义
Idea or notion suggested by or associated with a word, phrase, etc. in addition to its explicit meaning, or denotation
I Choosing words
Compare:
?Tom is ambitious/ tough-minded/ foresighted/ firm/ self-respecting/ persistent.
?Tom is pushy/ ruthless/ calculating/stubborn/egotistical/ nagging.
?country, nation, state, land
?ask, question, interrogate
?time, age, epoch
?large, big
?thrifty, frugal, stingy
?modest, humble
?slender, slim, emaciated
These words can be called synonyms but may be different in stylistic level, in the degree of
emphasis, in emotional coloring, in tone and in collocation.
?Mind:
Very often an English word has no exact Chinese equivalent and it has to be translated in different ways in different contexts.
?Choices
?1. A few listeners were uninterested/ disinterested and dozed off.
?2. Though she has grown up, her behavior is often childlike/childish.
?3. Her clothes, though made of cheap/inexpensive material, are quite elegant.
?4. Is that old/elderly woman/lady sitting by the window your mother?
?5. I am sorry to refuse/decline your kind invitation.
?6. This homely/ugly old man is a well-known composer.
?7. This servile man was especially humble /modest when he was talking with his superiors.
?8. My father became stout/fat as he grew older.
?9. I can never forget the little/small town where I spent my happy childhood.
?10. The modernization programme has won the support of the whole nation/country.
C. General and specific words
?Professionals-----scientists, doctors, teachers lawyers, journalists
scientists-----physicists, chemists
chemists---biochemists ?Compare:
?Fido is the most lovable creature I know.
?Fido is the first animal I ever liked.
?Fido is one of our three dog s.
?Fido is the fastest hound I have ever seen.
?We have three hounds: a dachshund(德国种小猎狗) named Willy, a gray hound named Mick, and a basset(短腿猎犬) named Fido.
由一般（general）趋于特定（specific）
?Specific words are much more concrete and colorful than the general ones; they seem to make the reader see, hear, smell, touch or feel what the writer wished to describe. They help to make writing clear, exact, vivid and striking, for they are more informative and expressive than general words. General words convey a kind of emotion (love), condition (misery), thought (democracy), theory (evolution), science (biology) or a group of things (creature, plant, organism).
?Too many specific words may result in difficulty in grasping the main idea while too many general words may cause the writing to be dull and difficult.
由一般（general）趋于特定（specific）
?Abstract and general words are indispensable, and the accomplished writer can take advantage of both, can move back and forth between the language of ideas and the language of hard realities.
由一般（general）趋于特定（specific）
?1. a. She loves flowers.
? b. She loves roses and chrysanthemums.
?2. a. A few houses were destroyed yesterday.
? b. Five houses were burnt down yesterday.
?3. a. If a person is reading his love letter, you must not lean over his shoulder to read it.
? b. If a person is reading his love letter, you must not lean over his shoulder to share it.
?4. a. It grew dark before seven o’clock. The wind was strong and the rain was heavy.
? b. It grew dark before seven o’clock. Wind and rain whipped the house.
?5. a. An elderly man had collapsed while crossing the street, and an ambulance took him to a hospital. ? b. An elderly man had collapsed while crossing the street, and an ambulance rushed him to a hospital.
?6. a. Trees surround the water near our summer place.
? b. Old elms surround the lake near our summer cabin.
See if you can create clearer pictures from these sentences
?A car was parked in the street.
?Some children stood anxiously at the counter.
?Our friends have a place at the shore.
?The table was cluttered with his things.
?A man was standing at the corner.
?She bore a great burden.
?A shiny red Mercury convertible was parked against the curb near a hydrant.
?Four little urchins in ragged blue jeans stood with their smudgy faces pressed against the candy counter.
?The Rothblums have a two-bedroom bungalow a block from the ocean in Brandt Beach, New Jersey. ?Jeff’s notebook, books, and baseball glove cluttered the diningroom table.
?A tall, lanky farmer in faded overalls and a battered straw hat was leaning against the mailbox on the corner of Main Street and First Avenue.
?After her mother died, Sylvia helped raise her younger brothere and cared for her ill father.
Compare:
?1) We experienced difficulty in that situation.
?2) The cartilage in my ankle ripped painfully as I slammed onto the icy sidewalk. As I lay on my back, cursing myself for jogging in subzero weather, the chill of the morning wind made me shiver. I tried to raise my body but my ankle would not move, and all I could do was fall back on my concrete bed. I felt nothing, but pain, cold and dismay.
Provide specific words for the following general words:
?brightly-colored red, scarlet
?Slowly two miles an hour
?Run sprint, dash, gallop, race, dart, trot,
scurry, scamper, lope
?Walk amble saunter trudge drag stroll
tiptoe clump slouch prance tramp
totter trot wade waddle shuffle
swag swagger mince stride strut
stagger hobble limp plod stumble
toddle loiter lurch sneak pad
Provide specific words for the following general words:
?A good man Good food
?House
?Laugh
?Beverage
?See
?Say
?Walk
?Skilful
?Hit
?Weapon
?Big
?Small
?Brave
Provide specific words for the following general words:
?Afraid
?Complain
?Pleased
?True
?Stubborn
?Flexible
?Thin
?Fat
?Noise
?Silence
?Beautiful
?Ugly
?Active
?Inactive
由模糊（vague）趋于明确（definite）
?1．a. It was a dreadful journey.
b. It was a tiring, tedious and dangerous journey.
?2. a. Although the commander had an awful temper and a terrible voice, he showed wonderful care for his men.
b. Although the commander had a fiery temper and a gravely voice, he showed fatherly care for his men.
由模糊（vague）趋于明确（definite）
Lazy adverbs (懒散副词)
?Absolutely, awfully, dreadfully, terribly, terrifically, frightfully, horribly, desperately, fiercely, badly, hugely, simply, wildly, jolly, right, pretty, precisely, mighty, marvelously, tremendously, wonderfully…
Compare
?The beggar was awfully thin. /The beggar was pitifully thin.
?My new teacher is absolutely handsome. /My new teacher is strikingly handsome.
?My supervisor’s tone is very critical. /My supervisor’s tone is sharply critical.
?It is terribly hot today. / It is burning hot today.
?We had a wildly cold night. / We had a freezing night.
由抽象（abstract）趋于具体（concrete）
?1. a. Mr Bunney looked at the vegetables before him．
b. Mr Bunney gazed dismally at the vegetables before him．
?2. a. The man was standing under a tree.
b. Jim Jones, our village postman, was walking under a large oak-tree.
?3. a. The cable consists of many wires.
b. The cable consists of 100 strands of very fine copper wires.
?4. a. He had a misfortune while swimming.
b. A shell fragment ripped open his right arm while he was swimming.
?5. a. Tom is a lazy boy.
b. Tom usually sleeps late in the morning and does little work after he gets up.
由抽象（abstract）趋于具体（concrete）
Look
?She spotted him immediately among the people in the railway station, because he was wearing his yellow hat.
?The men in the boated sighted land.
?They were observed entering the bank at 8:30.
?Several possible buyers are coming to view the house.
?He scanned the pages of the book to what it was about.
?He witnessed the accident himself; he saw it all.
?She glanced down the list of names.
?Stop eyeing me like that.
?She peered through the mist, trying to find the right path.
?He gaped at her in surprise.
D. Using idioms
?An idiom is a fixed group of words with a special meaning which is different from the meaning s of the words that form it.
Common types of idioms:
?Phrasal verbs put up with, look forward to, carry on
?N.+ prep. + n. a straw in the wind, the apple of one’s eye, like a fish out of water
?Prep. +n. on the air, at length, at large, in person, with flying colors
?V. +n. slip one’s mind, go to the dogs, stew in one’s own juice, teach an ol d dog new tricks, teach one’s grandmother to suck eggs
?As…as as big as life, as poor as church mouse, as mute as a fish, light as a feather ?Pairs of words in black and white, sink or swim, high and dry, touch and go
?Sayings Don’t count y our chickens before they are hatched. A stitch in time saves nine. One man’s meat is another man’s poison. Tastes differ. Each dog will have his own day.
Idioms in sentences
?The first American presidential dark horse was James Polk.
?You can’t tell how she feels, she doesn’t wear her heart on her sleeve.
?John could not go to a library, and writing the report was a job of making bricks without straw.?The quickly-called meeting of the President and his cabinet was a straw in the wind.
?Although it is a small nation, it is a formidable opponent, for it is armed to the teeth.
?John said he was more interested in the competition itself than in the prize. Obviously it was sour grapes to him.
?Don’t waste time here, talk turkey please or I’ll go.
?Profit is generally the apple of discord among capitalist nations.
?Mum said I’d better leave the kitchen because she did not need my help and I was like a bull in a china shop there.
?Although Jack is thought to be the contestant most likely to win the gold medal, David and Harry are among the dark horses.
Idioms in sentences
?Though Henry Adams found Cambridge a ―social desert‖, it flowed with intellectual milk and honey.?He would not have met his Waterloo if his courage hadn’t failed him.
?It rained cats and dogs yesterday evening.
?He was threatened with a beating by a fellow who was an ass in a lion’s skin.
?He blows hot and cold about making friends, so he has few close friends.
?I believe this will prove to be a Pandora’s box in the long run.
?Ever since he entered this school, he has always been the apple of the teacher’s eye.
?How many times do I have to tell you not to leave you homework till the eleventh hour??Judging from the way he spends money, he was born with a silver spoon in his mouth.
Idioms in sentences
?When the police began to investigate, five of the man left the country, leaving the sixth holding the bag.
?Jack seems to be wasting away. He is nothing but a bag of bones.
?If you break a window, do not pass the buck; admit that you did it.
?Your life in this town has been an open book,--perhaps too open.
?Bob’s unexpected visit played the devil with our own plans to travel.
?To give the devil his due, old Simpkins, miser though he is, has always been generous to Joy.
?He has then completely under his thumb. They don’t dare t o defy them.
?When she is around, he is nervous and seems to be all thumbs.
?Don’t talk about vanity in my brother’s hearing; it is his Achilles heel.
?Having already heard that Helen is an avid mountain climber, I broke ice by talking about our favorite sport.
Mind:
?Most idioms are informal or colloquial in style and can be used in conversation; but a few are slang and should be used with care. Many idioms have become clichés and are no longer fresh or interesting and should be used sparingly.
II. Words to Avoid
?A. Jargon
(1) When I asked my parents if I could use the car, the feedback was negative.
(2)Upwardly mobile young lawyers often work 70 hours a week.
?If you do have to write professional articles for common readers, you can
a) use a certain number of technical terms with interpretation or definition
b) refer to the following passage:
If we become free of disease, we would make a much better run of it for the last decade or so, but might still terminate on about the same schedule as now. We may be like the genetically different lines of mice…programmed to die after predetermined number of days clocked by their genomes. If this is the way it is, some of us will continue to wear out and come unhinged in the sixth decade, and some much later, depending on genetic timetables.
Words to Avoid
B. Big words / Pretentious words
Gobbledygook –pompous, official-sounding language which use twenty words to express a three-word thought.
Gobbledygook
?Undesirable waste material is removed on a semiweekly basis by municipal employees specially assigned to such activity.
?Personnel are requested to extinguish illumination before departure from these premises.
?The causal factor of her poverty becomes obvious when one considers the number of offspring she possesses.
?It is my fervent wish that the creator of the universe will do his utmost to preserve and protect the royal lady who graciously occupies the position of the head of state.
?Improved
?City collectors pick up garbage twice a week.
?Please turn out the lights before leaving.
?She is poor because she has too many children.
?God save the queen.
Words to Avoid
Exercise
(1) Were it not for the lucrative financial rewards, she should have tendered her resignation.
(2) Large-size passenger vehicles utilize excessive quantities of fuel.
(3) Years of research have impacted positively on our understanding of cancer.
(4) The very thought of flying made her paranoid.
Notice how the simple vocabulary in the following examples express the ideas more clearly and precisely than do the ―big words‖
Words to Avoid
C. Clichés
trite expressions
expressions that have been used so often that they are no longer effective
Clichés
?Notice how much more effective the following simple, straightforward expressions are than the clichés.
A list of the most common clichés
?Apple of one’s eye
?Baker’s dozen
?Face the music
?Few and far between
?Get up on the wrong side of bed
?Hit the nail on the head
?In the same boat
?Nip in the bud
?No love lost
?One foot in the grave
A list of the most common clichés
?Radiantly happy
?Rain or shine
?Raining cats and dogs
?Snake in the grass
?Tempest in the teapot
?Twinkling of an eye
?Supreme sacrifice
?The man in the street
?Sell like hot cakes
?Out of the woods
?In the final analysis
?All in all
?As a matter of fact
Notice
?It is not necessary to memorize all clichés or eliminate them entirely from your prose. Both tasks would be impossible. The clichés to watch out are the ones that recur in your work as all-purpose filler.
Words to Avoid
D. Slang
?Refers to a kind of colloquialism, characterized by
A> eccentric humor
B> forced, fantastic or grotesque meanings
C> novelty
D>attempts to be colorful, fresh and vivid
Some examples of slang I
Some examples of slang II
Notice
?Some slang words or expressions may, through wide circulation, become acceptable in standard English, such as mob,
highbrow, cop. Much slang, however, goes out of fashion very quickly through overuse and may be entirely forgotten in a very short time.
In short, it is inappropriate in serious and formal writing because it is too vague and makes the writer sound offensive and funny.
Examples
?On hearing that his father had kicked the bucket, we wrote him a letter to express our sympathy. ?The big banquet held in honor of the distinguished guests was really neat.
III. Overcoming Chinglish
?中式英语Chinglish (that misshapen, hybrid language that is neither English nor Chinese but that might be described as ― English with Chinese Characteristics‖.
--------Joan Pinkham
III. Overcoming Chinglish
?Some examples of the wrong use of words
?They stood on top of the hill, attracted by the beauty of the garden city.
?They had no basis of feeling.
?他占有欲与生俱来。
Occupation is his natural character.
?Tess acted a foolish thing.
?I am not good at having picture taken.
?I never expected to meet you in a foreign land.
III. Overcoming Chinglish
Improved version
?They stood on top of the hill, drinking in the beauty of the garden city.
?They cherished no deep affection for each other.
?He has a possessive nature.
?Tess did something foolish.
?I am not photogenic.
I am camera-shy.
?The world is really small.
It is a small world.
III. Overcoming Chinglish
?7. Flight 212 for New York will have a brief stop at Hong Kong in order to refuel.
?8. All kinds of vehicles should go their own roads in the street.
?9. He sweated a lot of sweat.
?10. Many courses are taught to students in English Department.
?11. Most people feel timid when they go to stage to make a public speech.
III. Overcoming Chinglish
Improved version
?7. Flight 212 for New York is to have a stopover for refueling.
?8. Vehicular traffic should keep going in their lanes..
?9. He sweated profusely.
?10. A large variety of courses are offered to students of English.
?11. Most people have a stage-fright problem.
III. Overcoming Chinglish
?King Ping, moreover, upon the suggestion of Fei Wuji, dispatched 200 picked troops to search for and arrest Wu Zixu.
?... ―Otherwise I’ll exterminate the State of Chu and take the king’s head with my own hand!‖
?I would appreciate you very much if you could let me know in advance whether or not you will be coming.
?We wish the 26th Universiade 2006 a complete success.
?Thailand’s economy has increased steadily since last August.
III. Overcoming Chinglish
?Rewrite this paragraph in your own English.
?My father still persists in his old way of living. We have to insist on the rules for college admission. Some critics still cling to traditional literary approaches. China will stick to the policies of economic reform and opening to the world.
?Time is more valuable than money, because when money is spent, we can earn it back. But time will never come back.
?Can you tell me in advance when I should send out my application?
?I’m determined never to ta lk about this matter again in front of her.
III. Overcoming Chinglish
?King Ping, moreover, upon the suggestion of Fei Wuji, dispatched 200 picked troops to search for and arrest [C1]Wu Zixu.
?... ―Otherwise I’ll exterminate the State of Chu and chop off the king’s head with my own hand!‖
?I would appreciate it very much if you could let me know in advance whether or not you will be coming.
?We wish the 26th Universiade 2006 a complete success.
?Thailand’s economy has improved steadily since last August.
?Rewrite this paragraph in your own English.
?My father still persists in his old way of living. We have to insist on the rules for college admission. Some critics still cling to traditional literary approaches. China will stick to the policies of economic reform and opening to the world.
?Time is more valuable than money, because when money is spent, we can earn it back. But time will never come back. Cling to/stick to/hang on to/adhere to
?Can you tell me in advance when I should send out my application?
?I’m determined never to talk about this matter again in front of her.
? [C1]Capture—hunt down
Session Two
Sentence
Teaching plan
I Types of sentences
?A. function
?B. structure
?C. rhetoric
?D. length
II. Sentence structures
?A. Coordination
?B. Parallelism
?C. Subordination
III. Effective sentences
Unity
Coherence
Emphasis within sentences
IV. Common errors
V. Sentence variety
VI. Better your sentence
I. Complete sentence and sentence fragments
?She smiles.
?She wrote a book.
?She is a writer.
?Have done it.
?Raining.
Complete Sentences and Sentence Fragments
?A grammatically complete sentence is one that contains at least a subject and a predicate verb; if the verb is transitive, there must be an object; if the verb is a link verb, there must be a predicative or complement.
?Attributes and adverbials, though they are not essential elements of a sentence, help to make the meaning clear or complete：
Eg. 托福写作常见错误
?句子不完整(Sentence Fragments)
?在口语中，交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等，不完整的句子完全可以被理解。可是书面语就不同了，句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清，这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后，笔者又想加些补充说明时发生。
?例1. There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on 。
?剖析：本句后半部分"for example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on 。‖不是一个完整的句子，仅为一些不连贯的词语，不能独立成句。
?改为：There are many ways to know society ,for example ,by TV ,radio ,and newspaper。
?He came.
He came to the classroom very early.
?She wrote a letter.
She wrote a long letter to her parents.
?Dr. Smith is a professor.
Dr. Smith is a well-known professor of physics.
?A complete sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with a period. Do not separate complete sentences with commas.
?Faulty: It was raining hard, they could not work in the fields.
Improved: It was raining hard; they could not work in the fields.
It was raining hard. They could not work in the fields.
It was raining so hard that they could not work in the fields.
They could not work in the fields because it was raining hard.
It was raining hard, so they could not work in the fields.
As it was raining hard, they could not work in the fields.
?Faulty: I was born in a small town, in the town there was only one school, I studied there for six years.
Improved: In the small town where I was born, there was only one school. I studied there for six years.
I was born in a small town, where there was only one school. I studied there for six years.
I studied for six years at the only school in the small town where I was born.
Some people think it’s not a big question, they think it is nothing for society.
Some people think it’s not a big question and will not harm the society.
In order to be a sentence, a group of words must meet three criteria:
?It must contain a subject;
?It must contain a predictive verb;
?It must make a complete thought.
Sentence Fragment
?Fragments That Do Not Contain a Subject or a V erb
I opened the door. Expecting to see my brother standing on the porch.
I opened the door, expecting to see my brother standing on the porch.
I opened the door. I was expecting to see my brother standing on the porch.
?Fragments That Contain a Subject and a V erb but Do Not Express a Complete Thought
Donald was checking his trap. He saw an enormous black bear.
While Donald was checking his trap. He saw an enormous black bear.
link
II. Types of sentences
?A. Use/function
declarative
interrogative
imperative
exclamatory sentence
(1) The young pilot was on his first overseas training.
(2) He felt very uneasy.
(a) The young pilot on his first overseas training felt very uneasy.
(b) The young pilot felt very uneasy during his first overseas training.
(c) The young pilot's first overseas training made him feel very uneasy.
(d) Extreme uneasiness seized the young pilot on his first overseas training.
(e) The young pilot was on his first overseas training, feeling very uneasy.
(f) It being his first overseas training, the young pilot felt very uneasy.
(g) The young pilot was on his first overseas training and felt very uneasy.
(h) The young pilot, who was on his first overseas training, felt very uneasy.
(i) When the young pilot was on his/first overseas training, he felt very uneasy.
(j) As the young pilot was on his first overseas training, he felt very uneasy.
(k) The young pilot was on his first overseas training, so that he felt very uneasy.
II. Types of sentences
?B. Structure
simple,
compound
complex
compound-complex sentences
2. Simple, Compound, Complex and Compound-Complex Sentences
There are four traditional sentence patterns —Simple, Compound, Complex, and Compound-Complex.
(1) The Simple Sentence
◆A simple sentence has a single subject-verb combination.
The mother is dressing her baby.
He lost his watch last week.
◆A simple sentence may have more than one subject:
His speech and performance moved the audience.
◆or more than one verb:
The factory chimney smoked and polluted the air.
◆or several subjects and verbs:
Manny, Luwella, and Mary lubricated my car, replaced the oil filter, and cleaned the spark plug.
(2) The Compound Sentence
◆A compound sentence is made up of two or more simple sentences, usually connected by a comma plus a joining word (and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet, etc.)
◆A compound sentence is used when you want to give equal weight to closely related ideas. The technique of showing that ideas have equal importance is called coordination.
◆e. g.
The heavy rain started suddenly, so we stopped planting our trees.
Frank wanted to swimming, but Mary decided to go shopping.
Jane works at the Family Planning Clinic and her husband Smith does research work for the same unit.
Mary had to give up sewing, for her arthritis had become very painful.
(3) The Complex Sentence
◆A complex sentence contains one main (or principal) clause and one or more dependent (or subordinate) clauses, with a connective word denoting the relation between the two parts.
◆A complex sentence is used when you want to emphasize one idea over another in a sentence. The technique of giving one idea less emphasis than another is called subordination. e. g.
Because I forgot the time, I missed the bus.
While Susan was eating the fish, she began to feel sick.
I checked my paper again before I handed it to my professor.
When Cindy lost her temper, she also lost her manner.
Although Tom practiced for two months, he failed his driving test.
(4) The Compound-complex sentence
◆A compound-complex sentence contains at least two main clauses and at least one dependent clause — a combination of a compound and a complex sentence. e. g.
When the power line snapped, Jack was listening to the stereo, and Linda was reading in bed.
After I returned to school following a long illness, the math teacher gave me make-up work, but the history teacher made me drop her course.
Sentence Expansion
II. Types of sentences
?C. Rhetoric
loose
periodic
balanced sentences
II. Types of sentences
?Loose sentence 散尾句，松散句
First thing first.
Easier, simpler, more natural and direct.
The proposal was rejected because it was undemocratic.
II. Types of sentences
periodic sentence 收尾句，重尾句，圆周句
First thing last.
More complex, emphatic, formal or literary
periodic sentence
?The great question that has never been answered and which I have not yet been able to answer despite my thirty years of research into the feminine soul, is this, ―What does a woman want?‖
?It came as a great shock to discover that the country which is your birthplace and to which you owe your life and identity has not, in its whole system of reality, evolved a place for you. James Baldwin
Balanced sentence平衡句
?Similar in structure but contrasted in meaning
?It was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness; it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity; it was the season of light, it was the season of darkness; it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair; we had everything before us, we had nothing before us; we were all going directly to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way. Charles Dickens
Rhetoric
?1. This steel is principally used for making razors, because of its hardness.
? 2. Since that time, humanity has advanced in many ways, but it has hardly advanced in fortitude.
? 3. A soft answer turns away wrath; but grievous words stir up anger.
Loose sentence & Periodic sentence
(1) Loose Sentence & Periodic Sentence
A loose sentence (松散句) is one that may be brought to a grammatical close before the
end is reached.
A periodic sentence (圆周句) is one that is not grammatically complete until the end is reached.
A. You cannot make great progress in English without good study habits.
B. Without good study habits, you cannot make great progress in English.
(2) Loose sentence与periodic sentence的分类是出于修辞的考虑。
loose sentence: 是一种组织松弛的句子。它的组成部分可以比较自由地拆散，在句中的某些地方，可以随时停顿，而且语法上具有一定的完整性。例句：
He was sitting before the fire in a large armchair when we entered.
在这个句子中，如果我们在fire或armchair后停顿，意义仍然是清晰的。
periodic sentence: 句末所讲的东西一般都是一句话中最关键的东西，它留给读者或听众的印象也最深刻。因此，在periodic sentence中，主要的意思留到句末。例句：
Having passed the house every day for two years, and knowing that the man was a cripple, I could not believe what the next-door neighbor told me.
如果这个句子在years或cripple之后停顿，语义和语法结构就都不完整。必须到句末，句子意思才清晰，才知道说话人要讲的是什么。
(3) Loose sentence的修辞作用
loose sentence的修辞作用可以用8个字来形容：自然、轻松、流畅、易懂。
(4) Periodic sentence的修辞作用
这种句型最重要的修辞功能在于造成读者心理上的一种期待（anticipation），一种悬念（suspense），因为作者要揭示的重要信息，即读者急于想知道的内容，被推迟至句末，吊足了读者的“胃口”。
(5) Periodic sentence的点缀作用
对于初学写作的人来说，适当运用periodic sentence，使之与loose sentence 有机地结合，会为其习作增色不少。以下是一个女学生习作中的一段：
In the evening, I suspected that there must be someone hiding somewhere. I searched every corner carefully, but found nobody. So I closed the door and moved the table against the door in order to prevent any misfortune. Deep that night when I lay in bed, a strange sound, as if someone were trying to break in, which made my hair stand on end, was heard. I had a cold sweat all over. How I regretted that I had come back alone! In order to banish the fear I hid myself deep in my quilt. The fear that the bad man might discover that a young girl was in the room alone prevented me from breathing freely …
一段寻常文字颇具感染力，一个女孩深夜独处一室而窗外又响起可疑的声音，一种莫名的恐惧感同样攥住了读者的心。复读原文，其中两句periodic sentence 起了关键的作用。
II. Types of sentences
?D. length
long and short sentences
The Short and Long Sentences
(1) Using short sentences
◆Short sentences can often be very powerful, emphatic and suitable for the presentation of important facts and ideas. e. g.
A. Nice guys finish last. / Love conquers all. / War is hell.
B.Our city is on the threshold of a great era. Of this we can be sure. But in order to fulfill the promise of the future, we must be willing to work—and to spend. We need a larger police force for public protection. We need a modernized fire department. We need an enlarged library. We need to increase the pay scale of teachers in the public schools. We need to improve our water supply. For
all these needs there is but one solution. We must see that the bond issue is approved by the voters in the November election.
◆Though easy to read, too many short sentences exhaust the reader. They sounds childish.
(2) Using long sentences
◆In contrast to short sentences, long sentences are particularly useful for presenting a set of complex, interlocking ideas.
◆Long sentences are common in legal, political and theoretical writing, which depends on modification for accuracy.
e. g. Art, in the sense here intended —that is, the generic term subsuming painting, sculpture, architecture, music, dance, literature, drama, and film —may be defined as the practice of creating perceptible forms expressive of human feelings. I sa y “perceptible” rather than “sensuous” forms because some works of art are given to imagination rather than to the outward senses. A novel, for example, usually is read silently with the eye, but is not made for vision, as a paining is; and though sound plays a vital part in poetry, words even in poetry are not essentially sonorous structures like music …
(3) Alternating short and long sentences
◆Although series of short and long sentences can both be effective in individual situations, frequent alternation in sentence length characterizes much memorable writing.
◆After one or more long sentences that express complex ideas or images, the pitch of a short sentence can be refreshing and arresting.
◆Similarly, a long sentence that follows a series of short ones can serve a climax or summing-up that relaxes the tension or fulfills the expectation created by the series, giving readers a sense of completion.
Exercise: Rewrite each of the following sentences according to the require-ment.
?Examples
The history of English words is the history of our civilization in many ways. (periodic sentence)
In many ways, the history of English words is the history of our civilization.
Exercise
?1. She finally came to this institute to study English, though she was interested in music. (periodic sentence)
?2. We think every young couple should set up a home of their own. we pity the couple who must share their home with a parent. (compound sentence)
?3. I was not there. I could imagine the situation, (complex sentence)
?4. We encourage our children to be competitive and to get ahead. They also should make money and acquire possessions. (parallel structure)
?5. Artists have rarely been well paid for their labors. Their future looks even bleaker. Our economy declines now. (compound complex sentence)
Exercise
?6. The old man takes a walk every day. He walks in the park.. (simple sentence)
?7. With its long twigs flowing in the wind, the willow somehow suggested a young woman. (loose sentence)
?8. She decided to learn Japanese. It is a useful language. (compound sentence)
?9. Children like this book. Parents like it too. It is interesting and informative, (complex sentence)
?10. The girl is too young. She can't go to school now. (simple sentence)
III. Sentence structures
?a. Coordination
①using coordinating conjunctions (and (similarity, addition), but (opposition or contrast), yet
(opposition or contrast), or (choice), nor (addition of a negative point), so (consequence), for (an explanation)).
Coordination
Blank-filling
?1. The old man went to see his daughter, ________ he thought she was in trouble.
?2. I am not interested in learning English, _____ I choose marketing as my major.
?3. We did not go to Pudong, ______ did we visit the zoo.
?4. Speak out what’s on your mind, _____ we’ll dismiss the class.
?5. We plan to hold a basket-ball match this week, ________ the teacher wants us to put it off.
?6. She likes dancing, ____ he knows nothing about the steps.
?7. He was late for the class, ________ he was criticized by the teacher.
Blank-filling reference
?1. The old man went to see his daughter, ___for_____ he thought she was in trouble.
?2. I am not interested in learning English, __so___ I choose marketing as my major.
?3. We did not go to Pudong, ____nor__ did we visit the zoo.
?4. Speak out wha t’s on your mind, _or____ we’ll dismiss the class.
?5. We plan to hold a basket-ball match this week, __yet______ the teacher wants us to put it off.
?6. She likes dancing, __but__ he knows nothing about the steps.
?7. He was late for the class, ____so____ he was criticized by the teacher.
Coordination
②Using correlative conjunctions (either. or.., not only.. but also)
?1. You will have to submit the paper by the evening . I will be forced to fail you.
?2. This new cream will do wonders to your skin. It will make you look and feel better. Coordination
?using conjunctive adverbials (therefore, as a result, consequently, for this reason, thus, hence; however instead, on the other hand, nevertheless, otherwise, in contrast; besides, moreover, furthermore, in addition, similarly; indeed, in fact, in particular, for example, for instance; then, meanwhile, at the same time, afterward, later
Sentence structures
B. Parallelism
Parallelism
?Faulty sentences:
?1. Kate is a waitress, a nurse, and taught school.
?2. An ad on TV should be of interest and informative.
?3. The governor is facing the difficult task of developing industry but how to not destroy the environment.
?4. Recent movies reflect major improvement in not only photography but also in editing.
?5. You can either read the original novel, or you can see the film based on it.
?5. In fact, flying is often less dangerous than to drive a car.
?6. Either you grant his request or incur his ill will.
Parallelism
?匪军所至，杀戮人民，焚毁村庄，掠夺财产，无所不用其极。
?中国外交人员应该立场坚定，眼光远大，头脑敏捷，业务熟练，才华出众，风格高尚。
?Wherever the bandit troops went, they massacred, burned and looted and stopped at nothing.
?The Chinese diplomat should be firm in stance, far in sight, swift in wit, qualified in profession, outstanding in talent, noble in character.
Sentence structures
C. Subordination
Subordination
?By phrases /infinitives/ prepositional phrases/ free modifiers>====by punctuation ?Subordination is the technique of indicating that one idea is not as important as another. In practicing subordination, you should be wary of two errors that are likely to crop up. ?1.Don’t subordinate the more important idea. What you want to stress goes into the main clause. ?2.Don’t use the wrong subordinating conjunctions, e.g. While my English professor is not Woody Allen, he does have a good sense of humour. # Revise the following sentences through the effective use of subordination. ?My hair is drying. I’ll read a book. ?I eat too much pastry and I gain a jot of weight. ?A whole set of encyclopedias came in the mail and I didn’t order it. ?You see a rainbow across the meadow and you know there’s been a recent rainstorm. ?Jerry was unpacking but Sally was cooking supper. ?She was frightened of air travel and she got on the plane for Paris. ?Her exams were over, so she could afford to relax. ?She had enough money and she had enough time and she needed a change of scenery, so she went out to California to visit Craig. ?The car is a symbol of his virility, so he spends a lot of time polishing it to a high luster. ?10.He likes working in the darkroom, so he does his own printing. Subordination ?1. 主Utility bills are high during the summer. //附加内容Air conditioning consumes a large amount of electricity.( clauses) ?2. Albert Einstein profoundly changed and deepened basic concepts of space, time, matter and energy.// Albert Einstein was also a philosopher and humanitarian. ( clauses) ?3. ―Someone‖ should be punished.// He stole the town clock from the church. ( clauses) ?4. Beijing has the best historical landmarks in China.// Beijing was once the center of imperial power. (appositive) Subordination ?5. I was late for my appointment. //I was delayed by heavy traffic. (participle phrase) ?6. Robert walked into the manager’s office.// Robert straightened his tie. Robert buttoned his coat. (participle phrase) ?7. Jenny finished the report without interruption.// the office was closed. The phone was off hook.( absolute phrases) ?8. She felt disappointed. // She lost the opportunity to visit Canada. (infinitive) ?9. We like to eat dinner at eight o’clock.// We like lighted candles on the table. (prepositional phrases) ?10. ―Something‖ is a bad habit. // Lucy frequently skips her breakfast. (Participle phrase) D. Emphatic expressions and structures ?1. Emphatic expressions: do, on earth, very, just, ever D. Emphatic expressions and structures ?2. inversion ?a. The man to whom it is granted to make even one such discovery is happy. Such was the man of science. ?b. The foreign minister and other officials went to the airport to see them off. ?c. His manner was so absurd that everyone stared at him. ?d. I did not lay a finger at him. ?e. A lamp hung from the ceiling. Pikes were along the wall. ?f. The ringing of a distant bell could be heard in the stillness. ?g. He had gifts, but he had not money. ?h. The curtain went up and a bald head thrust out. D. Emphatic expressions and structures ?3. It is.. that… ? 4. periodic & loose sentence ? 5. active voice ? 6. repetition of key words D. Emphatic expressions and structures ?7. Brevity. ?①It is believed by a number of persons in this country that the young people of today do not assume as much responsibility toward society as it might be hoped that they would.(33words) ?Today many believe that our young people assume too little responsibility toward society.(13words) ?②There are many ways in which we classify houses. ?We can classify houses in many ways. ?③The newspaper report about her son made her pleased. ?The newspaper report about her son pleased her. D. Emphatic expressions and structures ?Mind:―There be‖, ―Who are,‖ ―which was‖, ―make + past participle‖ Exercise: 用词精炼,以少胜多 an example ?Obstructing the door causes delay and can be dangerous. (9) Hands off the door. Exercise I : 用词精炼,以少胜多 ?1. We regret that in the interest of hygiene, dogs are not allowed on the premises.(15) ?2. In the interest of our regular customers, these premises are now equipped with central security closed-circuit television.(17) 用词精炼,以少胜多references ?1. No dogs ?2. Video controlled Exercise II: 用词精炼,以少胜多 ?1. The average doctor who practices in small towns or in the country must toil night and day to heal the sick. (21)6 ?2. When I was a little girl, I suffer from shyness and embarrassment in the presence of others. (17)6 ?3. It is imperative that the present directive be effectuated expeditiously. (10) 3 ?4. In case you find that the problem is of a difficult nature, try to solve it along the line of the example presented on this page. (26) ?5. It seems inevitable that he will lose. (7) ?6. If there were a uniform condition with reference to the distribution of population, it would be necessary to move forward to a recognition of the desirability of such a readjustment.(30) Exercise: 用词精炼,以少胜多 ?7. The man who is carrying the umbrella and who looks so worried is a salesman for a firm that publishes books. (22) ?8. Although our acquaintance had been brief, I thought that he was a trustworthy helper.(14) ?9. The calculator, which is made of durable plastic, is of a size which will fit into anyone's shirt pocket. (19) ?10. There is no need for me to have your help. (10) ?11. In my humble opinion, though I do not claim to be an expert on this complicated subject, fast driving, in most circumstances, would seem to be rather dangerous in many respects, or at least it would seem to me. (39) 4 ?12. It is thought in some quarters that fraternities do not contribute as much as might be expected to campus life. (20)8 Exercise: avoid an overwritten style Overwritten style is a piece of writing that is artificial, flowery and pompous. ?My venerable grandfather expired a week ago. ?Expectoration is prohibited on the vehicle. ?It is of great importance that action be taken in regard of this matter at the earliest possible date. Exercise: avoid an overwritten style reference ?My grandfather died a week ago. ?Don’t spit on the bus. ?It is very important that something must be done about the matter as soon as possible. Euphony of sentences Euphony is a matter of sound rather than sense. In testing a sentence for this quality it is the tongue and the ear, rather than the eye and the mind, that should be used. A sentence lack euphony usually on account of unpleasant repetition of the same sound, syllable or word. Eg. ?It is my feeling that reading is an interesting thing. ?I feel that reading is a pleasure. Exercise: Euphony of sentences ?The management of the factory is not satisfactory. ?I saw by the lake yesterday a naked tree. ?The general ordered the captain to order the soldiers to observe good order. ?When Mr. Wang wrote with feelings this novel, he felt the words needed flew to him naturally. Reference Euphony of sentences ?The management of the factory is not satisfying. ?I saw a leafless tree by the lake yesterday. ?The general directed the captain to see that the soldiers observe good order. ?As he wrote the novel with feelings, Mr. Wang felt the words needed flew to him naturally. IV. Effective sentences ?a. unity A unified sentence expresses a single complete thought. b. coherence ?Coherence means clear and reasonable connection between parts. The sentence is not coherent if it has faulty parallel constructions, pronouns with ambiguous reference, dangling or misplaced modifiers, confusing shifts in person and number, or in voice, tense and tone. ?Coherence When we use this word to refer to writing, we mean (1) that the parts of a sentence stick together to form a correct and logical utterance; (2) that the sentences in a paragraph are in logical and smoothly connected order; and (3)that each paragraph in a piece of writing is logically and smoothly connected to the ones that precede and follow it. ?Achieving Coherence in Sentences ?Many kinds of errors (diction, dangling modifiers, misplaced modifiers, parallel construction, pronoun references, shifts, etc. )contribute to the lack of coherence in sentences. ?1. Avoid split constructions ?2. Avoid illogical subjects and complements ?3. Avoid using mixed or incomplete comparisons Revising incoherent sentences: ?Because cheating the consumer is so widespread that we need a permanent Department of Consumer Affairs. ?Jack, after the heat, the crowds, and the excitement, fainted. ?The doctor wanted, because he suspected a kidney problem and needed to be sure, a urine sample. ?The invitation said that I was only to reply if I couldn’t make it. ?A good disco is where they play music for dancing. ?Professor Gould is one of the best, if not the best, teachers in the department. ?The actor’s makeup looked like a clown. ?Loneliness is when you are starved for intimacy. ?The music instructor told her that she had talent but she needed to improve her technique. ?In lower Manhattan are a pair skyscrapers reaching toward the clouds and which provide great sightseeing for millions of visitors. Incomplete Sentences 残缺句 逗号拼接句 误用并列结构 修饰语错乱 一致性错误 混杂句 Correct the following faulty sentences: ?Education is no longer free as it use to be. Education is no longer free as it used to be. ?For example, the computer that is used everywhere today to increase efficiency and save the cost of labor. For example, the computer that is used everywhere today increases efficiency and saves the cost of labor. ?In our country we vote for our government, (?) the next federal election is coming again. In our country we vote for our government when the next federal election is coming again. ?After they express there opinion, he dicided to reduces the operational expenses. After they expressed their opinion, he decided to reduce the operational expenses. ?Many people are dishonest with government. Although they are married, but they don’t want to declare they are married. Many people are dishonest with government. Although they are married, they don’t want to declare they are married. ?The closing down of hospitals causes inconvenience for the growing number of patients in Ontario. The closing down of hospitals causes inconvenience for the increasing patients in Ontario. ?“How do you think of my boyfriend, Dad?” the girl ask. 【最新整理，下载后即可编辑】 机关公文写作常用词语 一、常用排比 （一）关于“新”。新水平、新境界、新举措、新发展、新突破、新成绩、新成效、新方法、新成果、新形势、新要求、新期待、新关系、新体制、新机制、新知识、新本领、新进展、新实践、新风貌、新事物、新高度、新思路。 （二）关于“性”。重要性，紧迫性，自觉性、主动性、坚定性、民族性、时代性、实践性、针对性、全局性、前瞻性、战略性、积极性、创造性、长期性、复杂性、艰巨性、可讲性、鼓动性、计划性、敏锐性、有效性。 （三）关于“化”。法制化、规范化、制度化、程序化、集约化、正常化、有序化、智能化、优质化、常态化、科学化、年轻化、知识化、专业化、系统性、时效性。 （四）关于“心”。热心、耐心、诚心、决心、红心、真心、公心、柔心、铁心、上心、用心、痛心、童心、好心、专心、坏心、爱心、良心、关心、核心、内心、外心、中心、忠心、衷心、甘心、攻心。 （五）关于“意识”。政治意识、政权意识、大局意识、忧患意识、责任意识、法律意识、廉洁意识、学习意识、上进意识、管理意识。 （六）关于“点”。出发点、切入点、落脚点、着眼点、结合点、关键点、着重点、着力点、根本点、支撑点。 找准出发点、把握切入点、明确落脚点、找准落脚点、抓住切入点、把握着重点、找准切入点、把握着力点、抓好落脚点。 （七）关于“力”。活动力、控制力、影响力、创造力、凝聚力、战斗力。 （九）其他排比。 1．必将激发巨大热情，凝聚无穷力量，催生丰硕成果，展现全新魅力。 2．工作有新水平、队伍建设有新境界、廉政建设有新举措、自身建设有新发展、管理有新突破。 3．不动摇、不放弃、不改变、不妥协。 4．政治认同、理论认同、感情认同。 5．是历史的必然、现实的选择、未来的方向。 6．多层次、多方面、多途径。 7．民主决策、民主管理、民主监督。 二、常用短语 （一）立足当前，着眼长远，自觉按规律办事。 （二）抓住机遇，应对挑战，量力而行，尽力而为。 （三）有重点，分步骤，全面推进，统筹兼顾，综合治理，融入全过程，贯穿各方面。 （四）切实抓好，减轻，扎实推进，加快发展，持续增收，积极稳妥，落实，从严控制。 （五）严格执行，坚决制止，明确职责。 （六）高举旗帜，坚定不移，牢牢把握，积极争取，深入开展，注重强化。 （七）规范，改进，积极发展，努力建设，依法实行，良性互动，优势互补，率先发展，互惠互利。 （八）做深、做细、做实。 （九）全面分析，全面贯彻，持续推进，全面落实、实施，逐步扭转，基本形成，普遍增加，基本建立，更加完备(完善)，明显提高（好转），进一步形成，不断加强（增效,深化），大幅提高，显著改善（增强），日趋完善，比较充分。 三、常用动词 （一）推进，推动，统领，协调，统筹，转变，提高，实现，适应，改革，创新，扩大，加强，促进，巩固，保障，方向，取决于，完善，加快，振兴，崛起，分工，扶持，改善，调整，优化，解决，宣传，教育，发挥，支持，带动，帮助，深化，规范，强化，统筹，指导，服务，健全，确保，维护，优先，贯彻，实施，深化，保证，鼓励，引导，坚持，监督，管理，开展，规划，整合，理顺，推行，纠正，严格，满足，推广，遏制，整治，保护，健全，丰富，夯实，树立，尊重，制约，适应，发扬，拓宽， 商务英语写作 第1集：课程简介(Introduction) 思考题1：学习这门课时的注意事项是什么？ You must view the podcasts to get the full extent of this course. Make sure that you adhere to the dates for any assignment .You should log on at least three times or two times a week. 思考题2：Valerie A. Gray教授列举了一些学习该课程的一些网站，请举2个例子。 Business and administrative communication 7 edition Guide to Grammar & Writing 第2集：商务礼仪电子邮件(E-mails) 思考题1：在写商务电子邮件时，可不可以使用缩写形式？为什么？能否使用全大写？为什么？ 思考题2：写电子邮件时，应该注意哪些内容？ 第3集：跨文化沟通(InterculturalCommunication) 思考题1：什么是跨文化沟通？ The ability to communicate sensitively with people from other cultures and countries based on an understanding of cultural differences. 思考题2：如何促进商务领域中的跨文化沟通？ Be aware of one’s body language ,gesture,space,time,clothing and colors. 英语写作期末试题和答 案解析 https://www.doczj.com/doc/446036559.html,work Information Technology Company.2020YEAR Part I M ultiple Choice(15%) Directions:There are 15 incomplete statements in this part. For each statement there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best ONE to complete the statement. (1’x 15=15’) 1. According to the rules of writing a title, “__________” is correct. A. The Way To Improve Our English-Speaking Ability B. My View on the Negative Effects of Ads C. the Myth of a Negro Literature D. the war of Independence 2. Which of the following sentences has punctuation error? A. The alarm clock sounded, the students got up quickly. B. The alarm clock sounded; the students got up quick. C. The alarm clock sounded. The students got up quickly. D. When the alarm clock sounded, the students got up quickly. 3. __________ does not contain in the principles of “choice of words”. A. Accuracy B. Arbitrariness C. Appropriateness D. Conciseness 4. What kind of figures of speech(修辞格)is used in the sentence “This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see.” A. Metaphor B. Personification C. Simile D. Hyperbole 5. During the TV interview, the singer announced that he was going to _____his new album soon. A.release B. renew C. relieve D. rehearse 6. Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, __________ to find it locked. A. only B. just C. hence D. thus 7. As I’ll be away for at least a year, I’d appreciate __________ from you now and then telling me how everyone is getting along. A. hearing B. to hear C. to be hearing D. having heard 8. An introductory paragraph should arouse the reader’s interest and __________ the main idea of the essay. A. ignore B. introduce C. develop D. emphasize 9. Which of the following sentences contains a dangling modifier? A. Coming up the hall, I heard the clock struck 10. B. While Wendy was driving on Greenwood Avenue yesterday afternoon, a tree began to fall toward her car. 如何有效地练习英语写作的逻辑思维？ 我们先来看看文章的评判标准。一般情况下，我们可以通过这几个标准来衡量一篇文章的优劣：词汇的丰富与准确性，语法的准确性，文章的连贯与流畅度，观点是否清晰扣题，论证是否严谨有力。对大部分人来说，词汇和语法并不是最大的问题，多阅读多练习，假以时日，总可以慢慢掌握。实际上，在英文写作中最让人头疼的往往是后面几项：观点的提出以及论证，文字的衔接和耦合。 文章要做到连贯流畅，观点清晰，论证有力，仅仅靠背单词和学语法是不够的，因为它还涉及到一个更深层次的问题：逻辑思维能力。写作活动是一种严密而有序的逻辑思维过程。很多作文中出现的表达混乱，层次不清等问题，往往是写作时逻辑思维混乱导致的。还没想清楚就下笔，写出来的东西自然不会清晰到哪里去。 那我们应该要怎样做，才能提高逻辑思维能力，写出清晰严谨的文章呢？可以从以下几点入手： 1.注意句子以及段落的逻辑关系 之前一直有这样的说法“英语是一门逻辑性很强的语言”，为什么这么说呢？因为仔细观察你会发现，英语在遣词造句上是遵循严密的的逻辑形式的：用词上要求人称、数、格的一致；句子有严谨的主谓结构，多用关联词语，重视形式的对应和显性衔接。而在语篇中多突出主题句，直线式地展开段落。 对于写作来说，一篇好的文章要遵循句子和句子之间，段落和段落之间的衔 接和连贯。一篇好文章并不是句子的机械堆砌，而是一个有机整体，句子和句子之间是存在严谨的逻辑关系的。举个例子，下面是一篇常见的说明文段落： AIDS seems to follow a pattern of recognizable symptoms. First, after being exposed to the virus, the AIDS patients tends to complain of a fever, sore throat, sore muscles,and diarrhea. Then there seems to be a dormant period ,which can last for three years or longer. Finally, after this period, more serious symptoms begin to emerge. 仔细阅读之后会发现，文章中的句子之间在逻辑上环环相扣，每一个都不可或缺。如果句子之间的衔接没做好，写出来的文章可能会是这样的：Every summer, I go to traveling with my family or my best friends. When the new term comes, I will surprisingly find my oral English is much improved. So I firmly believe book is not only the source of knowledge. 上面的句子虽然没有语法问题，但读起来感觉却很奇怪，为什么？因为句子与句子之间并没有一个很好的逻辑关系："go to traveling with my family" 与后面的"my oral English is much improved" 并没有必然联系，逻辑上讲不通。 除了句子的衔接外，段落与段落之间的衔接也非常重要。这一点在经济学人等外刊文章上体现得很好，比如这篇文章The weaker sex , 段落的结构非常清晰，开头都有主题句来引领全段，而且段落与段落之间是层层递进的关系。What can be done? Part of the solution lies in a change in cultural attitudes. . [ 机关公文常用词句大全] 本[大全]旨在使"爬格子"的微友在遣词造句时可少搜肠刮肚，在写作公文时可免绞尽脑汁，在领悟机关文风和完成写作任务的同时收获更多的东东。值得精读，值得珍藏。版权所有，翻印不究。 常用之"新"： 新水平、新境界、新举措、新发展、新突破、新成绩、新成效、新方法、新成果、新形势、新要求、新期待、新关系、新体制、新机制、新知识、新本领、新进展、新实践、新风貌、新事物、新高度。 常用之" 性": 重要性，紧迫性，自觉性、主动性、坚定性、民族性、时代性、实践性、针对性、全局性、前瞻性、战略性、积极性、创造性、长期性、复杂性、艰巨性、可讲性、鼓动性、计划性、敏锐性、有效性"。 常用之"化": 法制化、规范化、制度化、程序化、集约化、正常化、有序化、智能化、优质化、常态化、科学化、年轻化、知识化、专业化、系统化。 常用之"心": 热心、耐心、诚心、决心、红心、真心、公心、柔心、铁心、上心、用心、痛心、童心、好心、专心、坏心、爱心、良心、关心、核心、内心、外心、中心、忠心、衷心、甘心、攻心。 常用之"识": 政治意识、政权意识、大局意识、忧患意识、责任意识、法律意识、廉洁意识、学习意识、上进意识、管理意识。 常用之"点": 出发点、切入点、落脚点、着眼点、结合点、关键点、着重点、着力点、根本点、支撑点。 常用之"力": 控制力、影响力、创造力、凝聚力、战斗力、亲和力、执行力、感召力。 常用之"不": 不动摇、不放弃、不改变、不妥协、不懈怠、不含糊、不折腾。 常用之"同": 政治认同、理论认同、组织认同、事业认同、感情认同、心理认同、环境认同。 常用之"多": 多层次、多方面、多途径、多渠道、多角度、多方位。 常用之"度": 高度、深度、宽度、力度、强度、密度、浓度、气度。 常用语组: 统一思想，提高认识，认清形势，明确任务，加强领导，完善机制，交流经验，研究问题，团结协作，密切配合，真抓实干，开拓进取，突出重点，落实责任，各司其职，各负其责，集中精力，聚精会神，一心一意，程，贯穿各方。 切实抓好，有效减轻，扎实推进，加快发展，持续增收，积极稳妥，落实，从严控制严格执行，坚决制止，明确职责。 高举旗帜，坚定不移，牢牢把握，积极争取，深入开展，注重强化。注重规范，不断改进，积极发展，努力建设，依法实行，良性互动，优势互补，率先发展，互惠互利。 做深做细，做好做实，全面分析，全面贯彻，持续推进，全面落实、实施，逐步扭转，基本形成，普遍增加，基本建立，更加完善，明显好转，努力形成，不断加强，大幅提高，显著改善，日趋完善，比较充分。 常用动词: 动词一字部： 抓，搞，上，下，出，想，谋。 动词二字部： 分析，研究，了解，掌握，发现，提出，推进，推动，制定，出台，完善，建立，健全，加强，强化，增强，促进，加深，深化，扩大，落实，细化，突出，建设，营造，开展，发挥，发扬，创新，转变，发展，统一，提高，提升，保持，优化，召开，举行，贯彻，执行，树立，引导，规范，整顿，服务，协调，沟通，配合，合作，支持，加大，开拓，拓展，巩固，保障，保证，形成，指导。 7个措辞技巧瞬间提升你的英语档次 是不是你说的话常常会引起误会呢？你是否不能获得请求的回复呢？如果这样的话，可能别人认为你的英语不够礼貌客气。通过以下的指导避免让人感觉不礼貌的情况出现！ Can you pass me...? vs Give me... 人们不喜欢别人支配他们去做事情，因此有时想直接得到你想要的可不是那么简单。换掉那些听起来是命令的语句，例如"Give me the newspaper"，而使用"Can you pass me the newspaper?" Could you give me five minutes? vs Go away. 你工作非常的忙，但是你的同事却请你帮忙。。。当你工作非常紧张而不能做其他的事情的时候，只说"Go away"肯定是不合适的。取而代之，使用以下的短语就能让每个人都觉得愉快了"Could you give me five minutes?" Excuse me. vs Move. 让别人"Move out of the way"听起来特别的粗鲁而且这样说很可能会得到别人拒绝。下一次有人挡了你的路，你可以说"Excuse me"这样就能避免不愉快的情况出现而得到你期待的结果！ I'm afraid I can't. vs No. 有时侯要拒绝一个朋友的邀请非常的困难。只说"No"听起来很不礼貌。下一次你要表示拒绝却不冒犯别人的话就可以说，"I'm afraid I can't." I would like... vs I want... 用下面的词表示请求常常被认为很不礼貌，"I want"。取代，"I want a cup of coffee"，试着向服务生说，"I’d like a cup of coffee, please"。你就能得到你想要的咖啡同时别人的一个微笑了！ Would you mind...? vs Stop it! 如果有人做你不喜欢的事，而且可能还很不礼貌？你该怎样阻止他们呢？要想得到理想中的结果，不用大声叫嚣"Stop talking on your phone in the cinema!"，只要客气对他们说，"Would you mind not using your phone in the cinema, please?" Can you hold, please? vs Wait. 在电话中是否选择适当礼貌用语可以使对话更有效或中止对话。如果有人打电话来找人，不 Part I Multiple Choice(15%) Directions:There are 15 incomplete statements in this part. For each statement there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best ONE to complete the statement. (1’x 15=15’) 1. According to the rules of writing a title, “__________” is correct. A. The Way To Improve Our English-Speaking Ability B. My View on the Negative Effects of Ads C. the Myth of a Negro Literature D. the war of Independence 2. Which of the following sentences has punctuation error? A. The alarm clock sounded, the students got up quickly. B. The alarm clock sounded; the students got up quick. C. The alarm clock sounded. The students got up quickly. D. When the alarm clock sounded, the students got up quickly. 3. __________ does not contain in the principles of “choice of words”. A. Accuracy B. Arbitrariness C. Appropriateness D. Conciseness 4. What kind of figures of speech(修辞格)is used in the sentence “This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see.”? A. Metaphor B. Personification C. Simile D. Hyperbole 5. During the TV interview, the singer announced that he was going to _____his new album soon. A.release B. renew C. relieve D. rehearse 6. Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, __________ to find it locked. A. only B. just C. hence D. thus 7. As I’ll be away for at least a year, I’d appreciate __________ from you now and then telling me how everyone is getting along. A. hearing B. to hear C. to be hearing D. having heard 8. An introductory paragraph should arouse the reader’s interest and __________ the main idea of the essay. A. ignore B. introduce C. develop D. emphasize 9. Which of the following sentences contains a dangling modifier? A. Coming up the hall, I heard the clock struck 10. B. While Wendy was driving on Greenwood Avenue yesterday afternoon, a tree began to fall toward her car. C. When I was ten, my grandfather died. D. None of the above. 10. Which one is not used as a transition word to give examples? 公文中的常用词语 下边介绍一些公文写作中的常用语。 按语或称“案语”。以发文单位的名义对所发文件、材料加以指导、说明的一种公文形式。按语对下级的工作具有指导作用。按语可分为四类：①说明性按语，说明材料来源和编发原因或特别说明何人要发和发至什么范围；②提示性按语，指出材料的中心、要点或提纲挈领地介绍其内容；③批示性按语，对下发单位作出指示、提出具体要求；④评论性按语，对编发的材料进行评论、表明意见和态度。 针对全篇材料的按语，一般置于正文之前，注明“编者按”或“按”；针对材料的某一部分的按语一般夹在文中加括号注明。 表态用语。公文中表示作者意见、态度的词语。据表态用语的轻重程度可分两类：明确表态用语，如“应、应该、同意、不同意、责成、批准、支持、反对、不妥、照办、请核查、照此办理、遵照执行、贯彻执行、迅当办理、业已颁布、组织实施、贯彻落实、取消、禁止、取缔、作废、阅处、存查、存疑、存档、”等。模糊表态用语，如“原则同意、原则批准、似应、拟应、拟同意、研究执行、参照执行、供参考、可借鉴、酌情处理、酌情执行”等。 称谓用语。公文中表示对机关、单位、集体、个人不同人称称呼的词语。一般性称谓用语用于上对下、下对上、平行机关或不相隶属的机关、单位之间，如“本(厅)、我(厅)、该(厅)、你(厅)、本署、各有关部门”等。表示尊重的称谓用语多用于下对上、不相隶属的机关、单位之间，如“贵(厅)、××长”等。党内一般称“××同志”。 承启用语。公文中承上启下的词语。常用于通知、决定、报告、计划、规章制度等文种。其特点是前以一介词结构承接上文后用一固定的结构形式引起下文，如“根据……特作如下决定”、“为了……提出如下意见”、“为此、对此”等。承启用语的上文一般较简短，下文是文中内容的主体部分并多用条款形式表达。 告知词语。指公文中表示告诉使知晓的用语。如“见告、速告、电告、转告、收悉、得悉、已悉、示知、下情上达、上情下达”等。 公布词语。指公文中表示将法令、文告、指示、事项等公开发布对大众宣告的用语。如“公布、发布、颁布、颁发、颁行、布告、明令”等。 简称用语。指公文中经过简化的词语。其作用是可使行文简洁，内容概括鲜明便于掌握和记忆。地名、机关名称使用简称必须是规范化的简称如“中共中央”。事物名称使用简称用语有三种方式：(1)节缩式，如“外长”。 (2)统括式，如“不抓辫子、不扣帽子、不打棍子”简称为“三不主义”。(3)选点式，如“九·一八事变”“南昌起义”等。 结尾用语。公文中表示全文结束的词语。不同的文种结尾用语也不同。如请示的结尾用语可用“以上请示当否，请批复”“妥否，请批示”“上述意见如果可行，请批准”等。报告的结尾用语可用“以上报告如有不当请指示”“以上报告如无不当请批转各地执行”等。另外像“请批示、请核示、盼复、函复、为荷、为要、为盼、申报备查、待备案、请核准、见复、查复、此复、示复、请复、请复示、盼予答复、切切此布、此令、此据、请照办、请予审批、望予审批、函告、专此函达、特再重申、特再函询、谨致、谨报、特先函商、特先联系“等也都是常用的结尾用 英语写作试题（一） I. Supply the missing paragraph (20 points) The following passage is incomplete with one body paragraph missing. Study the passage carefully and write the missing paragraph in about 100 words. Make sure that your tone and diction are in unity with the passage provided. Attaining Success in College Succeeding in college is not only important to getting and education, but also crucial in this day and age to success in the work place. To me, the three most important things for attaining a successful college experience are having smart classroom conduct, taking advantage of campus resources, and making college the first priority. _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Making good use of campus resources is also of great importance to college success. The school library has many resources for the growth of the students’ mind. With computers and copy-machines for individual use, computer labs and writing labs are there not just for learning purposes but also for actual help with writing papers. The “office hours” will help the students build a close relationship with their professors and give them access to the professors’ mind. From the professors the students can acquire possible extra information that may put them ahead of their study. All these resources are free, since they are funded by student tuitions. So taking good advantage of the resources can only make the students’ education more attainable. Finally, any students who want to assure success must establish school as the top priority. Personally I have watched some students slowly loosen up; I have seen a pattern of partying and a lack of motivation. Many of the freshmen have no idea why they are in college, and their “eyes” often tell it all. This world is so rich in distractions that it is hard to keep a strong focus, especially if one is just starting his or her academic career. It is said that the first semester is often the most “unsuccessful” one. This certainly rings true for me. I made mistakes in this regard and eventually learned that, to achieve success, school must always be placed above other things. In my college experience, I have observed and learned how to achieve success. I wish someone had told me earlier the importance of having that smart classroom conduct, of fully utilizing the school resources, and of making college my top priority. Then, my college beginnings would not have been so rocky and tough. II. Write an outline (20 points) Read the following passage carefully and compose a “topic outline” for it. Smell Smell, as a means of nonverbal communication, is important. Odor communicates not only when we are face to face with another person, but also when the other personis not present. People from different cultures may have different attitudes toward body odors. Most people in the West respond negatively to what they consider bad odors such as body odor, breath odor, or 定语从句和名词从句的区别在于，名词从句的连接词可以从当成分， 状语从句 地点状语从句 方式状语从句 原因状语从句 目的状语从句 结果状语从句 条件状语从句 让步状语从句 简单句：只能有一个动词，就是一个谓语。主语可以有多个，可以由连词连接主语。 组合句：有连词连接的两个句子，连词有for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.或是用分号，再加上一个连接词，连接词有：however, as a result ,in in fact ,therefor, thus, instead, also, in addition 复杂句:就是一个简单句，加上一个或多个的从属分句或是关系从句 Because he is kind, and treats people friendly, people in her company love him. People in her company love him because he is kind .because 放句首的时候，需要逗号。 组合复杂句：就是多个简单句，加上多个从属分句，再加上关系从句 After连接的是复杂句the students had reviewed his notes, he thought he was ready for the test,这部分是插入的关系从句and he was right.其实就是几个复杂 句连在一起。 写作常犯错误：拼写错误，漏写，大写，时态，主谓一致，标点符号，单复数，不必要的单词，形容词用错，单词顺序，简单句太多，THERE BE 句型太多，I 开头的句型太多。从句太少。平行结构，增减冠词，少介词，没有指明上文的人和物，不给具体的例子。说话没有逻辑性。没有连词。 机关公文写作常用词汇 “新”:新形势新任务新挑战新机遇新情况新问题新事物新实践新困难新对策新办法新局面新气象新风貌新进展新突破新成果新知识新本领新高度新要求新期待新关系新体制新机制新角度新定位新趋势新观念新路子、新模式、新环境、新载体、新途径、新突破、新 优势、新方向、新跨越、新发展、新趋势、新期待、新局面、 新格局、新成就、新变化、新面貌。 刷新、革新、变新、创新、更新 寻找新角度，确立新定位，发现新趋势，打造新观念 探索新路子、创新新模式、实现新突破、推动新跨越、促 进新发展。 建立工作新机制、明确发展新方向、拓展增收新途径、积 聚建设新优势、探索试点新路子。 当前工作要有新水平、队伍建设要有新面貌、廉政建设要 有新举措、自身建设要有新发展、内部管理要有新突破 “者”:守护者保护者守望者践行者组织者协调者旁观者教育者监督者管理者设计者引导者实施者指导者协助者决策者参与者 “不”：不放松不松懈不松口不动摇不放弃不罢手不马虎不懈怠不停步不懈劲不遗漏不脱节不越位不失位不捂盖不留面不含糊不多嘴不多事不务虚不作秀不流失不丢失不打响不畏惧不改变不妥协不折腾不退缩不 畏难不收兵 “感”:使命感责任感危机感紧迫感荣誉感成就感自豪感优越感归属感认同感幸福感满足感忧郁感孤独感失落感压力感 “力”:向心力凝聚力号召力影响力创造力洞察力执行力推动力战斗力保障力驾驭力自控力亲和力感召力活动力控制力影响力创造力感染力 语言表达能力文字写作能力组织协调能力团队协作能力 “点”：切入点立足点着力点着重点着眼点出发点落脚点制高点突破点主攻点受力点结合点兴趣点关键点根本点支撑点闪光点增长点动力点 要点重点热点难点焦点盲点节点拐点 突出重点，紧抓节点，攻克难点，打造亮点 找准出发点、把握切入点、明确落脚点、找准落脚点、抓 住切入点、把握着重点、找准切入点、把握着力点、抓好落脚 点 心：放心舒心称心安心用心操心劳心公心贪心私心潜心热心耐心诚心决心红心真心柔心铁心上心用心痛心童心好心专心坏心爱心良心关心核心内心外心中心忠心衷心甘心攻心 进取心、责任心、上进心、公仆心 “人”：保护人牵头人带头人领头人知情人调停人内行人贴心人明白人清白人正派人 英语专业四级作文常用单词、短语下面列出的是一些应试作文的常用单词、短语。其中的动词、名词和形容词都是应试作文尤其是议论文写作时应该熟练运用的单词，而适当地运用下面这些短语对提高作文的措辞水平、提高作文得分大有好处。常用的形容词和副词： absurd 荒唐的addictive 上瘾的affectionate 有感情的aggressive 有上进心的 alert 敏锐的;警惕的arduous 费劲的artistic 艺术的authoritative 权威性的 awkward 尴尬的balanced 平衡的cogent 使人信服的cold-blooded 冷血的 cold-hearted 无情的compatible 兼容的complicated 复杂的compassionate 富有同情心的confident 自信的contemptible 可鄙的contributive 有贡献的corrupt 腐败的 delicious.美味可口的demanding 要求高的detrimental 有害的devious 偏离正道的dishonorable 不光彩的disturbed 受到干扰的ccentric 古怪的economical 经济的 evil 邪恶的exotic 异国的enlightened 开明的;文明的fallacious 荒谬的 fashionable 时髦的feasible 可行的fictitious 虚假的flexile 灵活多样的 fruitful 有成效的glamorous 富有魅力的gorgeous 辉煌的humane 人道的 incompatible 不调和的;不相容的mpressive 令人印象探刻的ignorant (of) 无视的;无知的 inborn 天生的inconceivable 不可思议的indecent 不妥的;不检点的indifferent 冷漠的 infectious 传染性的indispensable 不可或缺的inexhaustible 取之不尽的inferior 低人一等的 infirm (身体)弱的influential 有影响力的inhumane 不人道的inquisitive 多管闲事的 initially 首先insalubrious 有害无益instructive 有教育意义的intellectual 智力的 interim 中间的;过渡的interpersonal 人际关系的intimate 密切的inviolable 不可侵犯的 inward 内在的Irreparable 不可挽回的irresistible 不可抵抗的irritating 恼人的 isolated (from) 隔绝的laudable 可赞誉的lavishly 大方的legitimate 合法的 loyal 忠诚的luxurious 奢侈的magnanimous 宽宏大量的mature 成熟的 misleading 误导的money-oriented 向钱看的multilateral 多方面的misrepresented 不如实叙述的nourished 有营养的obscure 晦涩的palatable 美味的old-fashioned/out of date 过时的perilous 危险的permissive 宽容的;许可的pernicious 有害无益的pornographic 色情的 potential 潜在的practical 实际的;务实的preferential:优惠的pressing 紧迫的 professional 专业的prosperous 繁荣昌盛的prudent 明智的prevailing 占主导地位的;流行的psychological 心理上rational 理性的resentful 愤怒的reverse 相反的 rewarding 值得的ridiculous 荒谬的rigid 严格的rough 粗略的 shabby 破旧不堪的sheltered 受保护的sociable 好交际的self-contemptuous 自卑的 sole 惟一的stern/strict 严格的stressful 有压力的stringent 严厉的 stylish 时髦的superficial 表面现象的tempting 吸引人的time-honored 久享盛名的traditional 传统的typical 典型的unadvised 轻率的uncompromising 不妥协的unconcerned 冷漠的uneasy 不自在的unethical 不道德的unfeeling 冷漠的 unhealthy 不健康的unified 同一标准的unwholesome 不健康的unjust 不公平的 utterly 完全;绝对地unscrupulous 肆无忌惮的unsociable 不善于社交的untimely 不和适宜的 unique 独特的vexing 令人烦恼的voluntary 自愿的vulnerable 易受伤害的 vivid 形象的well-grounded 有充足理由的abolishment 废除wholesome 健康的常用的名词absurdity 荒唐;谬论abuse 滥用achievement 成绩acquaintance 熟人 admiration 崇拜adaptation 改写;适应adventures/explorer 探险者adverse impact 负面影响adversity 逆境affection 友情/感情alienation 疏远ambition 志向 amusement 娱乐anecdote 轶事apathy冷漠无情approach 鼓掌 architecture 建筑association 联想;联系assault 攻击assessment 评估 athlete 运动员art 艺术availability 可得到的东西barrier 妨碍机关公文写作常用词语(公务员、事业单位)(完整资料).doc
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