社会语言学论文
A Brief Analysis of Gender Differences in Language
姓名：何丽丽
学号：201110010107
院系：外国语学院
班级：英语1101
指导教师：邓林
二〇一四年五月二十三日
A Brief Analysis of Gender Differences in Language
Abstract
Sociolinguistics is the descriptive study that concentrates on the study of how language is used, and the effects of language use on society. It also studies how language varieties differ between groups separated by certain social variables, for instance, ethnicity, religion, status, gender, level of education, etc. With regard to this paper, the emphasis will be put onto the differences in the actual speech of different gender. We can classify the gender differences in language into two categories. The first category is mainly about sexism in language, as for this category, we mainly focus on how speakers demonstrate their different cultural attitudes toward different genders. The second category is about the differences in the actual speech of men and women.
In the first part, I will make a brief introduction about sociolinguistics and gender differences in language. In the second part, it will concern the categories of gender differences in language and previous study of gender differences in language. The third part concentrates on the approach of the analysis. The fourth is about the data collection and research methodology. The fifth part analyzes the differences of the speech between men and women from three perspectives— the purpose of the speech, the topic of the conversation and the mode of the speech. The final part comes to the conclusion about the gender differences in language.
Key words: Gender differences, sociolinguistics, analysis
Main Body
1、Introduction
The knowledge of gender differences in language is very helpful for language learners, and gender differences may exist not only one but all languages. Men and women, on average, tend to use slightly different language styles. These differences tend to be quantitative rather than qualitative. That is, to say that women make more minimal responses than men is akin to saying that men are taller than women. The initial identification of a women's register was by Robin Lakoff in 1975, who argued that the style of language served to maintain women's role in society. A later refinement of this argument was that gender differences in language reflected a power difference. However, both these perspective have the language style of men as normative, implying that women's style is inferior. More recently, Deborah Tannen has compared gender differences in language as more similar to 'cultural' differences. Comparing conversational goals, she argued that men have a report style, aiming to communicate factual information, whereas women have a rapport style, more concerned with building and maintaining relationships. Such differences are pervasive across mediums, including face-to-face conversation, written essays of primary school children, email, and even toilet graffiti. Communication styles are always a product of context, and as such, gender differences tend to be most pronounced in single-gender groups. One explanation for this, is that people accommodate their language towards the style of the person they are interacting with. Thus, in a mixed-gender group, gender differences tend to be less pronounced. A similarly important observation is that this accommodation is usually towards the language style, not the gender of the person. That is, a polite and empathic male will tend to be accommodated to on the basis of their being polite and empathic, rather than their being male.
All in all, gender differences can be reflected in many aspects in our daily life, we should pay more attention to it, thus we can avoid many misunderstandings between men and women.
2. Literature Review
Categories of Gender Differences in Language
According to Wolfson, the research about language and sex can be divided into two categories. The first category is about sexism in language and the ways in which speakers demonstrate their different cultural attitudes toward men and women. Two areas of sexism in English have been well-studied. One is that females are excluded from mention in English because the generic he/man problem. Men are regarded as the representatives of all human beings and their speech is the standard, while women are seen as inferior and secondary in society. The second is that females are give negative treatment in society. Bad words in our daily is always related to female words. Female words are often used to insult a male, whereas male words are usually used to compliment female.
The second category is about the differences in the actual speech of men and women. The formation of these differences in language may have historical, physiological, social and psychological factors. Lakoff (1973) was one of the early articles to deal with the issue of differences in men’s and women’s speech. She has concluded six major characteristics of women’s speech: lexical choice, question intonation in statements, hedges which includes tag questions and statement modifiers which remove assertive force, emphatic modifiers and intonational emphasis, hypercorrect grammar and pronunciation and superpolite forms.
3. Theoretical Framework
The contrast analysis of male and female language in daily conversation concerns many aspects, such as the topic of the conversation, the mode of the conversation and so on. The differences of the speech between men and women may result from their conception of value, their hobby and their interest etc. They hold different opinions according to the same matter. So we can refer to the ethnography of speaking in describing the gender differences in language. Ethnography refers to the
investigation of cultures using a particular methodology, that of participant observation. The ethnography of speaking proposed by Dell Hymes in 1962.
…The ethnography of speaking is concerned with the situations and uses, the patterns and functions, of speaking as an activity in its own right. (Hymes 1962:101) This ethnographic framework takes into account the various factors that are involved in speaking. An ethnography of a communicative event is a description of all the factors that are relevant in understanding how that particular communicative event achieves its objectives. (Wardhaugh1998)
Conversation means to exchange ideas through interaction, so we can also employ the approach of interactional sociolinguistics—rapport talk proposed by Deborah Tannen (1984,1982) to analyze the gender differences in language. Tannen (1990a) has described the characteristics of men and women’s speech from nine dimensions: intimacy-independence, connection-status, inclusive-exclusive, relationship-information, rapport-report, community-contest, problems-solutions, novice-expert and listening-lecturing. From the description, we can conclude that women’s speech tends to be solidarity, yet men’s speech tends to be independent.
4. Research Methodology
There is a binary distinction between qualitative and quantitative research. Qualitative research is inductive, subjective, ungeneralisable, soft, process and verification oriented, hypothesis-driven, and hypothesis generating research, while quantitative research is deductive, objective, generalisable, hard, outcome and discovery oriented, data-driven and hypothesis testing research.
In this paper, I employ the quantitative and descriptive methodology to discuss the differences of the speech between men and women. Firstly, the characteristics of women and men’s speech are collected. Secondly, the differences are described through the collection.
5. Contrast Analysis of Speech of Men and Women in Daily Conversation
The speech of women differs from the speech of men in daily conversation. Men and women differ in the kinds of language they use because men and women often fill distinctly different roles in society. We can analyze the differences of the speech of men and women from many aspects, such as the purpose of the speech, the topics of the speech and the mode of the speech. Many of the differences may result from different socialization practices.
5.1 The purpose of the conversation
The purpose of the women’s speech is to establish the rapport relationship among the members in the community. They try their best to become a member of the community. They want to keep intimate relationship through interaction. So in their speech, the main purpose is to express their feelings and listen to others. The style of their speech appears more obedient and negative.
However, the purpose of men’s speech is task-oriented, they have a more analytical approach, so they try to solve problems and troubles through interaction. They seldom express their intimate feelings to others. They also want show their independence in the communication. So it is absolutely different from the purpose of the women’s conversation.
5.2 The topic of the conversation
The topic of women’s conversation is different from that of men’s. The topic of the women’s conversation mainly concerns social life, emotion, this can not be separated from their position, profession, social status, and personality. Women’s speech is regarded as trivial and gossip-laden because in the speech community of women, they mainly discuss clothing, love, family, trifles in daily life, experience, emotion, food and drink, life’s troubles. The purpose of the speech is to show the intimate relationship with the addressees, and through the speech they want to reinforce their membership in the community.
On the contrast, men show great interest in topics concerning business, politics, legal matters, sports, geography, economy and military etc., these aspects can reflect their solid position in society.
6. Conclusion
It can never be denied that gender differences do exist in all languages. Since women and women play different role in social life, they will definitely employ the different skills or methods in their communication or conversation.
Women’s speech is different from men’s speech in lexical choice, syntax and pragmatics in daily life. Like O’Barr and Atkins said, “women’s language ” would be more appropriately termed “powerless language”. It demonstrated to us that means this kind of language is less convincing, less intelligent, less competent, and less trustworthy, because women are more concerned about the emotion, intimacy, food, dress, relationship in conversation, they are always ready to share their happiness and sadness with people close to them or even strangers. However, men’s language is regarded as power because the controlling status in society, and what they are interested in is business, military, politics, sport and geography, they communicate with others in order to exchange ideas with them.
After learned the sociolinguistics as well as this brief analysis of the gender differences in language, I came to realize that, as a language learner, we should not only learn the basic knowledge about language, but also know the culture of the language. What’s more, I realize that the gender differences in language can never be neglected in language learning for the essential role it plays.
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On Anti-Gothicism in Northanger Abbey by Li Xiaohui Under the Supervision of Wang Junhua Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts School of Foreign Studies Shandong University of Finance and Economics May 2012
从社会语言学角度分析美国俚语 一．Definitions of slangs 二．Characteristics of American slangs 三．Social analysis of slangs from the perspective of gender, age, occupation and social settings to use slang 四．Social functions of slang 五．Social reasons for the use of slang 1.Introduction To study slang scientifically,we can take the anthropological tradition of cultural relativism.“According to Bryjak and Soroka(1994:57),‘cultural relativism is the belief that there is no universal standard of good and bad or right and wrong and that an aspect of any given culture can be judged only within its own context.’Cultural relativists appear to suggest that all cultures or institutions are equally valid or fitting and tend to assume that the mere presence of a cultural trait warrants our valuing it”(Lin Dajing,1997). 俚语作为语言的一种，引起特殊性发挥着自己独特的作用，然而很多人并未对俚语有正确的认识，很多人把俚语作为地俗语对待，笔者认为，语言作为一种社会现象，尤其存在的合理性，从社会语言学的角度讲，任何语言种类都是平等的，没有层级之分。本文将从社会语言学的角度对俚语这一语言特殊现象做一粗浅分
附1：英语专业学年论文参考选题 文学类 1 解读布莱克诗篇《老虎》的象征意义 2 弥尔顿创作目的和结果的矛盾之我见 3 华滋华斯诗歌的自然观 4 简析《秋颂》的美学价值 5 由《云雀颂》看雪莱的诗歌创作观 6 论叶芝诗歌中的象征主义 7 狄金森诗歌的现实意义 8 论现代诗歌与后现代诗歌的异同 9 解读《麦克白》的创作意义 10 由海明威的《杀人者》理解客观叙述法 11 解读福克纳的《干燥七月》 12 中外文学作品比较 13 英文作品中的人物分析 14 英文作品的社会意义 15 英文作品的文体风格 16 一个值得同情的复仇者--- 评希思克力夫被扭曲的心路历程 17 小议《红字》中红字的寓意 18 试论马克?吐温短篇小说的幽默特色 19 惠特曼的死亡哲学 20 “罪”与“罚”的对立统一--- 浅析《红字》的主要人物 21 一个复杂的人--- 《呼啸山庄》男主人公希克后性格分析 22 论《呼啸山庄》--- 原始古朴与文明理性的交错色彩 23 一人分饰两角--- 论《了不起的盖茨比》中“二元主角”手法的运用 24 思嘉的精神家园--- 陶乐 25 是母亲，还是情人--- 论《儿子与情人》中莫雷尔太太的任务性格 26 善恶交织的心灵挣扎--- 透过小说《威廉?威尔逊》和《黑猫》看艾伦?坡的善恶观 27 五颜六色的语言世界--- 论英汉语言中的颜色与颜色词 28 恐怖与美丽--- 浅议爱德加?艾伦?坡的恐怖小说 29 论《美国丽人》一片中任务的两面性 30 爱的超越--- 浅析《查泰莱夫人的情人》中的性的描写 31 《简?爱》中的女权思想评析 32 死亡，人生永恒的主题--- 《因为我不能停步等待死神》与《死之念》之比较 33 论海明威小说中的死亡主题 34 The Charm of Lady Chatterley 35 奏响生命的新乐章--- 浅析艾立丝?沃克的《紫颜色》 36 安诺波佩--- 南太平洋上美国社会的幻灯片 37 站在传统和现代之间--- 《荆棘鸟》和《穆斯林的葬礼》的比较赏析 38 Domby and Son --- the Portrait of a Capitalist 39 “女权主义”运动与英语语言中的“性别歧视”现象 40 从《苔丝》看哈代小说的悲剧意识 41 谈简?爱的叛逆性格
社会语言学论文 A Brief Analysis of Gender Differences in Language 姓名：何丽丽 学号：201110010107 院系：外国语学院 班级：英语1101 指导教师：邓林 二〇一四年五月二十三日
A Brief Analysis of Gender Differences in Language Abstract Sociolinguistics is the descriptive study that concentrates on the study of how language is used, and the effects of language use on society. It also studies how language varieties differ between groups separated by certain social variables, for instance, ethnicity, religion, status, gender, level of education, etc. With regard to this paper, the emphasis will be put onto the differences in the actual speech of different gender. We can classify the gender differences in language into two categories. The first category is mainly about sexism in language, as for this category, we mainly focus on how speakers demonstrate their different cultural attitudes toward different genders. The second category is about the differences in the actual speech of men and women. In the first part, I will make a brief introduction about sociolinguistics and gender differences in language. In the second part, it will concern the categories of gender differences in language and previous study of gender differences in language. The third part concentrates on the approach of the analysis. The fourth is about the data collection and research methodology. The fifth part analyzes the differences of the speech between men and women from three perspectives— the purpose of the speech, the topic of the conversation and the mode of the speech. The final part comes to the conclusion about the gender differences in language. Key words: Gender differences, sociolinguistics, analysis
A STUDY ON DIFFERENCES IN MARKETING STRATEGIES IMPLEMENTED BY WULIANGYE AND MAOTAI by 拼音姓名 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION for Joint Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) Program between Tianjin University of Technology (TUT), Tianjin City, P. R. China and Thompson Rivers University (TRU), Kamloops, B. C., Canada May 28, 2012
摘要白酒在中国具有悠久的历史 关键词：白酒竞争营销策略
ABSTRACT Wine has a long history in China, and has always been famous for its superb brewing process, the unique taste and legendary culture. However, in recent years, the market share of wine has gradually declined. The competition in the wine industry is becoming increasingly intense. MAOTAI and WULIANGYE are two well-deserved giants of Chinese wine industry and have made great success doing business. Comparing their marketing approach, there are a lot of differences. Recently, the major consumers are gradually aging. In the coming decade, the after eighties and nineties will become the major force of consumption. To change the fate of wine, companies must improve marketing methods to adapt to modern society and the needs of new generation of customers. Referring to the related theory, this thesis will focus on analyzing the differences of marketing strategy and method between MAOTAI and WULIANGYE. Recommendations for the current wine market have also been proposed for companies in this industry to learn from. Key Words: Wine Competition Marketing Strategy
英语专业本科毕业论文选题汇总表(文化方向) The Reflection of Chinese Culture from Chinese Fuwa in 2008 Beijing Olympics Different Personalities between American and Chinese People from Dinner Table Culture Nationalism of Classical Music in Western Romantic Age Cultural Differences between China and Western Countries Reflected on Family Education On Chinese and European Nationalities from Different Painting Aesthetic Conception Hollywood's Inspiration to Chinese Movie's Globalization Contrast of Chinese and American National Characters Brief Analysis about the Love values of Chinese and American in the Last 20 Years of 20th Century Cultural Differences between China and Western Countries Reflected on the Connotation of Animal Words From the Rock Music to See the Rebellions Spirit of Young People in American Briefly Analyze the Role Played by Martin Luther King in American Blacks Cultural Differences Exhibioted in Daily Conversation between Chinese and American The Comparison of Family Education between China and America The Symbolic Meanings of Fairy Tales in Big Fish Differences of Names in Chinese and Western Culture Internal and External Culture of America Comparison between Chinese and English Name Culture Culture Differenc Reflected in Movies Differences between Chinese and Western Dietary Cultures
语言学专业毕业论文题目汇编 1、基于语料库的认知功能语言学理论指导下的语音研究 2、应用语言学中“语言能力”的多元性探究 3、聚类分析在外国语言学研究中的应用 4、浅谈社会语言学视角下性别差异的体现 5、普通语言学浅析 6、大数据时代语言学研究的新趋势 7、认知语言学之框架语义学探析 8、以《长恨歌》为例浅析现代语言学批评的特征 9、基于档案学视角对语档语言学的探讨 10、心理语言学在二语习得研究中的主要问题 11、简析认知语言学与批评话语分析的融合 12、语言学家时枝诚记的语言过程理论研究 13、认知语言学理论中交际话语原则研究 14、生态语言学的兴起与发展 15、刍议认知语言学三个基本假设与语言习得 16、认知语言学视角下的词汇多义观 17、应用语言学研究方法新探：复杂系统的视角 18、系统功能语言学及物性理论发展综述 19、论社会关系与角色关系的跨文化差异--基于社会语言学视角 20、从理性到沟通：哈贝马斯的“语言学转向” 21、国际应用语言学期刊效应值报告与解释现状研究 22、应用语言学的研究现状与展望 23、浅析语言相对论对当代认知语言学的影响 24、系统功能语言学中韩礼德语言理论概说 25、语言学中介词的语用功能作用研究 26、认知语言学视域下语言与思维的关系 27、心理语言学视阈下的二语词汇教学 28、认知语言学前沿动态--对话句法学初探 29、国外应用语言学早期发展综观
30、论政治语言学的根基与研究路向 31、认知语言学视角下的隐喻理论分析 32、认知语言学中的语篇连贯研究 33、评几种质疑共时和历时划分的语言学观点 34、西方语言学中的科学范式及其转换 35、应用语言学研究的多模态分析方法 36、认知社会语言学的界定、取向与外延 37、社会语言学视界中的语言变体 38、翻译主体性的范式转换--从语言学、文化学到生态学 39、卡西尔的符号哲学转向及其语言学意义 40、认知语言学理论视角下的一词多义现象实证研究 41、从社会语言学看网络火星文 42、索绪尔语言学革命与“文化主义范式”的奠基 43、系统功能语言学研究 44、普遍语言学下的语言模因研究 45、翻译教学的认知语言学观 46、网络称呼语“女汉子”的社会语言学分析 47、论系统功能语言学在计算语言学中的应用 48、法兰西社会心理学派的语言学贡献述要 49、认知语言学研究方法解析 50、形式与功能：西方语言学转向的二维统一 51、外国汽车商标词汉译新探--以认知语言学为切入点 52、现代语言学理论形成与发展研究 53、认知语言学视角下的语义和语用解读 54、语言学模因论指导下的多义词研究 55、论索绪尔语言学研究的跨学科视野 56、乡村社区的社会语言学价值阐释 57、认知语言学定量研究的几种新方法 58、社会语言学视角下的民俗语言研究方法--以陕北说书研究为例 59、生态语言学视阙下的“绿色语法”研究
英语专业本科毕业论文范文 [摘要]英语专业本科写作是本科生在毕业之前最重要的一项学习任务。文章针对目 前毕业论文中存在的主要问题，如写作基本功欠缺、学术基础和意识薄弱、选题不合适及论文缺乏深度和创新等问题并对其原因进行了探讨，据此提出相应的改进措施，以期提高毕业的质量。 [关键词]毕业论文;问题;改进措施 高校英语专业英语教学大纲认为毕业论文是考察学生综合能力、评估学业成绩的一个重要方式。在2004年开始实行的高等学校外语专业本科教学评估方案中毕业论文的质量 被列为一级指标“学生创新能力”的主要观测点(教育部高等教育司， 2004)。根据英语专业教学大纲的精神，学生的毕业论文写作不仅是对学生学业和专业成绩的一次综合测评，也是对学校设置和培养方案以及教师教学活动的一次考验。毕业论文写作是高等院校英语专业教学计划中一个不可缺少的组成部分和实践性环节，是考查学生综合能力、评价学生成绩的一个重要方式。 一、毕业论文写作的现状 在国内，近年来各高校英语专业对学生毕业论文的撰写比较重视。为了提高论文的质量，加强论文的严谨性和规范性，各高校近年来都出台了一系列政策，如的撰写、中期检查、抽查评估，有些高等院校从三年级开始增设学年论文教学环节等等。英语专业本科毕业论文的质量虽然有一定的进步，但也存在着一些问题。原上海外国语大学校长戴炜栋教授等的研究和调查证实了高等学校英语专业毕业论文质量的滑坡趋势(戴炜栋2007)。学 生在论文实际的撰写过程中，出现了写作基本功、格式规范、选题、论文的深度、外文资料不足的问题。其中的原因是多方面的，例如:在培养中偏重技能训练，轻视知识吸纳的 连贯性，使学生缺乏学术的内涵和深度，缺乏认识能力和思辨能力(文秋芳2006);在第八 学期才开始毕业论文的写作，不仅毕业生在短时间内无从选题，而且导致论文质量下降。这种现象对本科教学带来的负面影响应引起各高校英语专业的高度关注。 二、毕业论文写作存在的主要问题 目前高校毕业论文存在不少问题，如语言技能较弱，查阅文献资料的能力比较差，不知道怎样确立自己的观点等等，但以下几个方面的问题尤为明显:第一，写作基本功欠缺。英语专业毕业论文中一个显著的问题就是学生的写作能力较差，反映出学生英语语言能力欠缺。例如:论文结构不严谨、松散;一篇论文有多个中心论点;章节之间缺乏连贯性;语法、拼写错误多;学生随意使用非正式文体，书面语和口语混用的现象比比皆是。
语言性别差异对比分析 社会语言学是一门研究语言和社会关系的学科，其中包括语言与社会、语言学与文化，语言与思维、语言与性别等诸多方面。自从20世纪初，关于语言与性别的研究在现代语言学领域受到越来越多的关注。然而，直到20世纪60年代，随着社会语言学的发展，语言性别差异才成为语言学家研究的重要课题。社会语言学家逐渐认识到，作为一种言语标记，说话人的心病别应当同其年龄、地位、角色身份这些内容同等对待，因而应当成为社会语言学研究中的一个独立研究变量。（杨永林） 语言性别差异可以分为两类：一类是语言本身性别歧视，说话人的说话方式显示出他们对男性和女性的不同态度。一类是男女使用语言的差异。 本文主要是针对男女使用语言的差异展开谈论的。男女使用语言方面的差异主要体现在：词汇的选择、句法和语用方面。文章的第一部分对社会语言学及语言性别差异作了简要的介绍。第二部分对语言性别差异的分类及前人研究成果综述。第三部分集中分析了研究理论框架。第四部分是关于研究方法的分析。第五部分从三个方面（言语目的、谈话话题及言语表达方式）讨论男性与女性在使用语言方面的差异。最后是结论部分。 通过对语言性别差异的分析发现它对外语教学有很大帮助。一方面，作为将来的英语教育者，我们有必要了解语言性别差异，从而可以教授学生正确的言语形式。男性与女性语言存在许多差异，了解这些差异对于外语教学领域是十分重要的。另一方面，我们需要尽可能地了解以英语为本族语的男性与女性的说话方式。 关键词：语言性别差异，社会语言学，分析
Contrast Analysis of Gender Differences in Language Abstract Sociolinguistics is defined as the study of language in relation to society, it involves many aspects, such as language and society, language and culture, language and thought, language and gender etc. The research of language and gender has been paid more attention to in modern linguistics since the beginning of the 20th century. Yet it is since 1960s that gender differences in language has been an important subject with the development of sociolinguistics. Sociolinguists come to realize that as a speech marker, the gender of the speaker should be treated equally with age, status, and role, so it should be an independent variable in sociolinguistics. Gender differences in language may be divided into two categories. The first category is about sexism in language and the ways in which speakers demonstrate their different cultural attitudes toward men and women. The second category is about the differences in the actual speech of men and women. This paper is concerning the differences in the actual speech of men and women. Differences in the speech of men and women may exist in many aspects, such as lexical choice, syntax and pragmatics. The first part makes a brief introduction about sociolinguistics and gender differences in language. The second part mentions categories of gender differences in language and previous study of gender differences in language. The third part concentrates on the approach of the analysis. The fourth is about the data collection and research methodology. The fifth part analyzes the differences of the speech between men and women from three perspectives—the purpose of the speech, the topic of the conversation and the mode of the speech. The final part comes to the conclusion about the gender differences in language. Through the analysis of gender differences in language, I have realized that it is useful in teaching foreign language. On the one hand, as language teachers in the