议论文阅读理解突破
议论文是英语中的重要文体。从近几年各地高考英语试题来看，议论文在阅读理解中占有相当大的比重。议论文说理性强，语言庄重，逻辑缜密，常用难词、长词和复杂句，给我们的阅读理解带来一定难度。很有必要对议论文的文体特点及解题规律作一探索，实现突破。
一、议论文的语篇特点
议论文是运用逻辑推理和证明来阐述某一观点、看法和主张的文体。这类文章或从正面提出某种见解，或驳斥别人的错误观点，以说服读者同意自己的观点为主要目的。
议论文一般有论点、论据和论证三个要素。论点是议论文的核心，即中心思想，是论据和论证的服务对象。论据是作者所引用的用以支持和证明论点的材料，这些材料可以是名人名言、事实例证或统计数据等。论证是作者组织、运用论据的手法。
二、议论文阅读理解的主要题型及对策
从近几年的高考试题来看，议论文阅读理解的命题类型主要有：
1.主旨大意题
【设题方式】
(1)The text is mainly about ___________.
(2)What does the author want to tell us most?
(3)What can be the best title for the text?
(4)What is the main idea of the passage?
(5)What can we learn from the last paragraph?
【对策】
做好此类试题，关键是迅速找准文章或段落的主题句。这就必须对议论文常见论证方法作一了解。（1）归纳法，即从分析个别事例入手，找出事物的共同特点，得出结论、看法或道理。（2）演绎法，即从一般论断出发，对个别事物进行说明、分析后得出结论。（3）驳论法，即先列出错误的观点，然后加以逐条批驳，反证自己观点的正确性。
另外，议论文在语言表达上经常使用一些有辩论、推理等含义的词汇和句型，如：however, take … for example, thus, therefore, consequently（因此），accordingly （因此），It follows that…（因而），…, but it would be far better if we …（如果我们……，那会更好），I am of the opinion that …（我认为……），It’s clear that …等。我们可以通过这些关键词迅速把握作者的写作意图。
例1（2018天津卷D篇，有删减）
To err is human. To blame the other guy is even more human. …
These three popular misquotes（戏谑的引语）are meant to be jokes, and yet they tell us a lot about human nature. To err, or to make mistakes, is indeed a part of being human, but it seems that most people don’t want to accept the responsibility for having made a mistake. They naturally look for someone else who could be responsible for the problem. Perhaps it is the natural thing to do. The original quote about human nature went like this: “To err is human, to forgive, divine （神圣的）.”This saying mirrors an ideal: people should be forgiving of others’mistakes. Instead, we tend to do the opposite—find someone else to pass the blame on to. However, taking responsibility for something that went wrong is a mark of great maturity.
1. What does the author want to tell us most?（原创题）
A. to make as few mistakes as possible.
B. to think seriously about our
wrongdoings.
C. to bear responsibility for our mistakes.
D. to pass the blame on to someone else.
解析：这是一篇典型的驳论文。作者先列出一个错误观点，即To blame the other guy is even more human，然后进行反驳。最后，通过关键词however一转折，说出了作者的观点，即为自己的错误承担责任是成熟的标志。因此，选择C项。
2.推理判断题
【设题方式】
(1)It can be inferred from the passage that …
(2)What does the author imply by saying …
(3)The author’s attitude toward … is ________.
(4)What’s the author’s opinion about …?
【对策】
推理判断题主要包括推断题、结论题和观点态度题。（1）推断题：该类试题的正确选项往往采用同义词、近义词替换原文相关词汇或正话反说的方法设项。所以抓住关键词往往是应对推断题的有效方法。（2）结论题和观点态度题：通过段落或文章中心句把握作者的写作意图，结合分析文章措词，特别是表达情感、态度和观点的词语，在此基础上推断出作者的“言外之意”和未言明的思想内涵。
例2（2018年山东卷B篇，有删减，保留原题号）
Ask someone what they have done to help the environment recently and they will almost certainly mention recycling. Recycling in the home is very important of course. However, being forced to recycle often means we already have more material than we need. We are dealing with the results of that over-consumption in the greenest way possible, but it would be far better if we did not need to bring so much material home in the first place.
The total amount of packaging increased by 12% between 1999 and 2018. It now makes up a third of a typical household’s waste in the UK. In many supermarkets nowadays food items are packaged twice with plastic and cardboard.
62. The author uses figures in Paragraph 2 to show ___________.
A. the tendency of cutting household waste
B. the increase of packaging recycling
C. the rapid growth of super markets
D. the fact of packaging overuse
解析：作者在第一段分析论证之后用了一个关键句式“…, but it would be far better if we …”引出了论点：我们与其回收利用废品，倒不如先不要过度包装。第二段用统计数字作为论据来证明上述论点。因此选择D项。
例3（2018年天津卷D篇，有删减，保留原题号）
Why tell the truth when you can come up with a good excuse?
And what is wrong with a society that thinks that making up a good excuse is like creating a work of art? One of common problems with making excuses is that people, especially young people, get the idea that it’s okay not to be totally honest all the time. There is a corollary(直接推论)to that: if a good excuse is “good”even if it isn’t honest, then where is the place of the truth?
54. What is the author’s opinion about a good excuse?
A. Making a good excuse is sometimes a better policy.
B. Inventing a good excuse needs creative ideas.
C.A good excuse is as rewarding as honesty.
D. Bitter truth is better than a good excuse.
解析：这是一篇驳论文。在第二段中作者用了两个疑问句和一个否定句，对“a good excuse”的怀疑态度体现地淋漓尽致。因此选择D项。
3.句子理解题
【设题方式】
(1)What can we infer from the underlined sentence?
(2)What does the underlined part mean?
(3)The underlined sentence implied that ____________.
【对策】
这是近几年常出现的一个题型。在文章中划出某个句子进行设题。做好此类试题，关键是在把握文章大意的前提下，用联系的方法，仔细琢磨所在句子的上下文，得出结论。有时候，议论文太抽象，读不懂，可以把选择题支读一下，会有意想不到的效果。
例4（2018年湖北卷B篇，有删减，保留原题号）
For many parents, raising a teenager is like fighting a long war, but years go by without any clear winner. Like a border conflict between neighboring countries, the parent-teen war is about boundaries: Where is the line between what I control and what you do?
Both sides want peace, but neither feels it has any power to stop the conflict. In part, this is because neither is willing to admit any responsibility for starting it. From the parents’ point of view, the only cause of their fight is their adolescents’complete unreasonableness. And of course, the teens see it in exactly the same way, except oppositely. Both feel trapped.
56.What does the underlined part in Paragraph 2 mean?
A. The teens blame their parents for starting the conflict.
B. The teens agree with their parents on the cause of the conflict.
C. The teens accuse their parents of misleading them.
D. The teens tend to have a full understanding of their parents.
解析：本文首先提出论点：对很多家长来说，抚养孩子就像打一场长期战争一样，没有赢家。第二段提到“战争”之长的原因：互不服气。抓住关键词：from the parent’s point of view; and of course, the teens, the same way。再结合题支的表述，答案为A。
在议论文阅读理解中还有一种题型：细节理解题。此类试题一般先用寻读法找出与问题相关的词语或句子，再对相关的部分进行细读。尤其注意选项中与原文的细致差别，细节决定成败。
2018年高考英语真题分类汇编专题12：议论 文类阅读理解 一、阅读理解 1. （2018?卷Ⅱ）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。 D We've all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on airplane, surrounded by people who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable silence. What's the problem? It's possible that we all have compromised conversational intelligence. It's more likely that none of us start a conversation because it's awkward and challenging, or we think it's annoying and unnecessary. But the next time you find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say it's an invaluable social practice that results in big benefits. Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can't forget that deep relationships wouldn't even exist if it weren't for casual conversation. Small talk is the grease (润滑剂) for social communication, says Bernardo Carducci, director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast. "Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk," he explains. "The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them." In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, associate professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on their way into a coffee shop. One group was asked to seek out an interaction(互动) with its waiter; the other, to speak only when necessary. The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience. "It's not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband," says Dunn. "But interactions with peripheral(边缘的) members of our social network matter for our well-being also." Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belonging, a bond with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense
1．语言与结构特点：议论文一般观点明确、论据充分、语言精练、论证合理，有严密的逻辑性，通常采用三段论式的结构，即“提出问题(引论)—分析问题(本论)—解决问题(结论)”。因此，要理解议论文有两个关键点，一是要弄清文章的论点是什么、采用了哪些论据、如何论证；二是要理清其基本结构。 2．答题误区：议论文阅读理解题易错点往往在于事实与观点的区分以及观点本身。解题时，一要弄清哪些是所引述的事实，哪些是作者的观点以及引述中不同人物的观点；二要弄清作者真正的观点是什么，既要考虑全文，又要重视结论部分，谨防将文章中引述的某人的观点和作者的观点混为一谈。 3．阅读策略：在阅读解题时，应该从结构和内容两方面同时入手，先通读全文，再区分事实和观点。通常来说，议论文会采用三段论式结构。首段会通过一个故事或对某种现象的描述来引入话题，明确论点；接下来是文章的主体部分，会用两个或两个以上的段落引用事实和理论论据进行论证，常用的论证方法有举例、引用和对比等，这一部分要注意作者所选用的论据，它们往往与细节理解题的考查点相对应，同时还要留意论证的方法；文章的最后一段是结论部分，要弄清作者最后得出了什么结论。在通读全文并了解文章的结构和内容后再阅读试题，到文章中去找相对应的信息，比如事实、观点、作者真正的意图和结论等。 文体分类练(四)——议论文 (限时30分钟) A (2019·山西太原五中阶段检测)Visitors to Hennna, a restaurant outside Nagasaki, Japan, are greeted by an unusual sight: Their food being prepared by a row of humanoid robots. The name of the “head chef”is Andrew. Using his two long arms, he stirs batter (面糊) in a metal bowl, then pours it onto a hot grill. In a nearby hotel, robots check guests into their rooms and help with their luggage. CEO Hideo Sawada, who runs the restaurant and the hotel, predicted that 70% of the jobs at Japan's hotels would be automated (自动化) in the next five years. He said, “Since you
高考英语作文素材：精选文20篇 议论文观点辩论 （1） 2005年10月12日，举世瞩目的神舟六号载人飞船成功发射；10月18日，飞船顺利返航，举国上下为之欢呼雀跃，世界各国媒体给予了极大的关注。请就此事写一篇英语短文，表达自己的高兴和骄傲之情。 1. 字数100左右。 2. 可适当增加细节，使容连贯。 3. 生词提示： 载人的adj. manned 发射v. / n. launch 神舟六号Shenzhou VI 航空n. aviation （2） 某英文报社正在举办有关“英雄”问题的讨论话题，请你根据以下提示用英文写一篇100词左右的文章以便寄到该报社参加讨论。 1. 英雄（见义勇为的人）具有什么样的品质？ 2. 为什么现在英雄越来越少？ 如果让你选择，你愿意做英雄还是普通人？ （3） 假如你叫华，你和笔友Jane互寄了全家的合影。Jane看了合影后来信问为什么你没有兄弟姐妹。请用英语写封100字左右的回信说明情况。容 注意： 2．字数100左右； 3．开头已给出，不计人总字数； 4．参考词汇；计划生育family program独生子女the only child （4） 请以“Reading Newspapers Is A Good Habit” 为题写一篇80—100单词的短文。提示如下： 1．报纸是重要传媒。看报能获得国外最新消息…… 2．报纸能丰富我们的生活，上面有…… 3．对我们学英语的人来说，看类似《中国日报》这样的英文报纸，……
（5） 目前，越来越多的中学生利用周末上各种各样的培训班或请家教。对于这一现象，存在两种不同观点。请你根据下表提示，以Is a Training Class or Family Teacher Necessary?为题，写一篇短文，反映表中容，并简要阐述 （2）词数：120 词左右（文章开头已给出，不计入总词数）； （3）参考词汇：巩固strengthen vt. (6) “神六”返回以后，人们就“普通人去太空旅游”的话题展开了热烈讨论。请你根据下列提示以“The advantages and disadvantages of Space 2、不要逐字逐句翻译。 3、词数110 左右。 (7) 周笔畅宣布退出“超女”演唱会的巡演，重返校园。对此你和同学们展开了激烈的讨论。一部分同学不赞成“超女”重返学校。认为这是对她的一次锻炼，可以获得更多的演出机会，而且可以更早地实现当歌星的梦想。但也有一部分同学赞同“超女”的做法。认为学校的学习比演出更重要，这样可以使声乐基础更加牢固，而且，频繁的演出也是一件很劳累的事情。如果你是她，你会选择退出还是留下？说明你的理由。 注意： 1. 词数：100左右； 2. 参考词汇：过多的excessive； 3. 容要点可用不同方式表达； 4. 对紧扣主题的适当发挥不予扣分。 (8)
教师辅导讲义
Step4：实战演练 Passage 1 It used to be taboo for movie stars to do advertising for products in the United States. We never used to see our favorite movie star in commercials for Frosted Flakes -Catherine Zeta Jones recently broke this unspoken rule by appearing in a series of T-Mobile advertisements. While it is anyone's right on how they want to make money, I can understand why movie stars try to avoid getting involved in advertising for products or services. Charity advertising is one thing. However, advertising products for Madison Avenue might not be a good idea for movie stars. It can be difficult to play a serious police-officer role in your newest movie when you are known as the peanut butter guy from television. In short, movie stars and advertising just do not mix. Occasionally, a celebrity's (名人) success with selling products does depend on the product. George Foreman is now just as well known for his grills as he is as a boxer. I guess the question is: did the grill make Foreman successful or did Foreman make the grill successful? George Foreman was a boxer professionally but he had done a series of advertising for other products before the grill. Perhaps George was so likeable that the combination of a likeable celebrity and a product everyone wants is like gold. This seems the most logical explanation for Foreman's success. Public image is important in advertising. But there is an important question: are we buying the product, or the celebrity? There is a simple answer. Regardless of the celebrities, substandard products only survive for a short time. Failed television shows are a good example of this theory. Jeff Foxworthy is one of the most successful comedians in history, and he is a well liked celebrity. However, his television sitcom The Jeff Foxworthy Show failed terribly. Foxworthy was not negatively affected by the failure of his sitcom because he went on to start the very successful variety show Blue Collar TV. 1.Why do movie stars try to avoid getting involved in advertising? A.Because they have their own style of making money. B.Because advertising may spoil their screen image. C.Because they would rather advertise for charities. D.Because there are too many advertising opportunities. 2.George's success is an example to show ___________ . A.that a celebrity does not at all help product sales B.that product advertisements can benefit a celebrity C.how a celebrity manages to succeed after failures D.that a celebrity advertises best for a well-liked product 3.It is implied in the last paragraph that___________ . A.Foxworthy was a failure as a comedian B.one can succeed where he or she once failed C.when people buy products they buy celebrities as well D.celebrities might not help products of poor quality 4.The best title for the passage is __________ . A. Why Celebrities Advertise B. Success of Product Sales C. Public Image and Advertising D. Advertising: Celebrities' Choice Passage 2 With an increasing number of lives being taken each year, there is a call to control the gun, to restrict its use and the ease with which it may be purchased in many parts of the country, or to be rid of it altogether. However there are also many
（一）感恩:生命中的心灵之花（11分） ①“滴水之恩，涌泉相报”，这是一句并不深奥的话，可是真正理解并做到的人能有多少呢？生活中关于翻脸不认人或以怨报德的“白眼狼”的传说，每每有所耳闻，令人徒然唏嘘不已。于是，说某某人“不知好歹”、“良心被狗吃了”的斥责与评论，就在口头传播中无形地为某人画了像，其人品足以让他失去亲友的关爱与尊重，让他的事业和生活面临很多困难。 ②现在谈论感恩这个话题，具有相当广泛的社会意义。一方面，不少成年人被“金钱万能”所左右，自私自利，只认钱不认人，只讲索取不讲回报，淳朴之风、感恩之心日渐淡化；另一方面，独生子女过分受宠，衣来伸手、饭来张口，不知体贴和心疼父母，虽然能背诵“谁知盘中餐，粒粒皆辛苦”、“慈母手中线，游子身上衣”这样的古诗，可是自我中心意识在家人的不断纵容中强化。因此，感恩教育要将学校教育、社会教育、家庭教育结合起来，决不是仅仅靠书本知识就能奏效的。在价值多元化的状况下，如何弘扬感恩美德，培育青少年感恩的人格并自觉形成感恩的伦理观，这是构建和谐社会的深层次内容之一。 ③感恩不是浅层次的庸俗的“投桃报李”，更不是表面的甜言蜜语。它是人类在生命延续过程中的心灵之花，散发出沁人心脾的芳香；它是人性中真善美的乐章，将爱心传递，使人的理智与情感本身具有了审美的意义；它是为人父母者的幸福与欣慰，是为人子女者的本分与情操，是人与人之间的虔诚。假如没有感恩，人类的繁衍与生存就成为纯粹生物学意义上的基因复制，陷入鸡生蛋、蛋生鸡的简单怪圈。这样，就诞生不了朱自清的美文《背影》，就品味不了朱德感人肺腑的《母亲的回忆》，也欣赏不了童话般的校园歌曲《外婆的澎湖湾》。 ④由此看来，感恩实在是不用勉强的，它是我们人生的必修课，更是一个高尚的人应该具有的境界与素质。 ⑤父母养育子女，并非“施恩图报”，父爱母爱如山高比海深。那么，子女对父母的感恩就是绿叶对根的情意，孝敬在言行上，也在心灵深处。有智者说，看一个人品行如何首先就看他是否孝敬父母，一个人如果连父母都不孝敬，那就既不能做朋友，也不能扛重任。诚哉斯言！ ⑥感恩，就是孝敬父母，就是怀念恩师，就是报效祖国，就是对于成长的一种回馈。感恩，将使我们的心灵永远温暖如春。 1．本文主要观点是什么？（2分） ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 2．第四段在文中起什么作用？（2分） ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 3．第三段主要采用了什么论证方法？有什么作用？（3分） ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 4．如何理解“感恩就是对于成长的一种回馈”这句话的内涵？（2分） ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 5．阅读本文，相信你对感恩有了更深的了解，请说说你在生活中感恩的一件事或准备感恩的一件事。（2分） ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________
2018年全国高考英语I卷CII卷D议论文阅读议论文 篇高考真题集 议论文篇（2018年全国I卷C） Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly knit (联系) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them. Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialization, the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over. At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages. Often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 Languages: the Americas about 1,000. Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number (中位数)of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the worlds languages are spoken by fewer people than that.z.x.xk Already well over 400 of the total of, 6,800 languages are close to extinction(消亡), with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers),Chiapaneco in Mexico(150). Lipan Apache in the United States(two or three)or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a question-mark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival. 28. What can we infer about languages in hunter-gatherer times?
（字数：266，生词量：3，难易度：B） If we want to deal with the association(社交) between boys and girls properly, here are some “dos and don’ts” for you to follow. Keep a normal and healthy state of mind. Our schools and classes are made up of boys and girls. It is very nature for the boys and girls to make friends with each other. We should make as many friends as possible. We should keep touch with the other sex(性别) in public instead of in secret. Don’t be too nervous or too shy. If you are a shy person, you ca n also find a way out. First of all, you can make friends with the students who have the same interest and hobby as you. As both of you have much in common, you may have much to talk about. If you keep doing like that, little by little, you will gladly find you are also as free to express yourself as others. Don’t fall into the ditch of early love. The boys and girls at a adolescence (青春期) are rich in feeling. They are easy to regard the friendship as a sign of love and fall in love with each other at an early age. In my opinion, early love is a green apple that can’t be eaten. An apple won’t taste sweet until it is full ripe. Boys and girls at middle school are too young to carry the heavy duty of love. Do keep out of early love. ( )71. The main idea of the passage is to _______. A. tell students to keep away from early love B. give some advice on how to associate between boys and girls C. tell students how to make friends D. teach boys how to talk with girls ( )72. We should keep touch with the other sex in following ways EXCEPT _______. A. with a good state of mind B. in real friendship C. in public D. in secret ( )73. If you are a shy person, you can ________. A. find friends with the same interest and hobby first B. only have a few friends of the same sex C. not make friends with the other sex D. not fall in love with other students easily ( )74. What does the underlined word “ditch” mean? A. 波浪 B. 泥潭 C. 圈套 D. 迷惑 ( )75. A person at adolescence is ________. A. complicated(复杂的)in feelings B. good at making friends with each other C. old enough to fall in love D. easy to regard the friendship as a sign of love 【答案】BDABD （字数：264，生词量：1，难易度：B） “Three, Two, One, Start”, with the light on, the final test in the Shanghai area of the English Contest in East China began. Fortunately, during the first three parts, my scores were lower only than the first one. But in the last item----quick response(回答), things changed. I knew that if only I could answer one question correctly, I would have the chance to go to Nanjing for the final contest. So as soon as Miss Zhang, the hostess, gave the question “name three of the novels written by Charles Dickens”, I pressed the button at once. Though I know many of the novels written by him very well, such as Hard Times, Oliver Twist, A Tale of Two Cities, Old Curiosity shop,
高考英语作文高级句型及模板 议论文开头 1.随着社会的发展，人们开始注意到...的重要性 Along with the advance of the society , people are attaching much importance to …… 2.最近, …现象引起了人们的广泛关注 Recently, the phenomenon that … has aroused wide public concern 3.全世界都知道... It is universally acknowledged that … 4. 我认为(在我看来,就我看来,我的观点是, 我想….) I am convinced that…. As far as I am concerned, ….. From my point of view, ….. From where I stand, …… 文章结尾 1) From what has been discussed above(Taking into account all these factors), we may safely arrive at/draw/come to/reach the conclusion that ... 2) It is high time that we put considerable/great/special emphasis on ... 3) It is, therefore, obvious/evident that the task of...require immediate attention. 提出建议 1：It is high time that we should….（该是我们的时候了） 2：There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of……（毫无疑问，对……问题应予以足够重视） 3：Obviously, if we want to do something … it is essential that……（显然，如果我们想要做么事，很重要的是……） 4：Only in this way can we ……（只有这样，我们才能……） 5：We should spare no effort to + V （不遗余力的） 说明文常用句型 1简要说明图表内容的句型： 从图表可以看出 The table/chart shows that …… As can be seen from the chart…… From the table/chart/forms we can see… The table tells us that…… 2表示变化/比较的句型： There was a great / slight increase/rise in …… There has been a su dden /slow/rapid fall/ drop in…… It is 20% lower /higher than…… The number/rate has nearly doubled, as against that of last year. The number is … times as much as that of……
济宁市育才中学2006级专题复习---议论文阅读训练学生自主作业 高考英语议论文阅读攻略 一、议论文阅读理解的语篇特点 议论文是英语中的重要文体，在每年的高考阅读理解中占有一定的比例。相对于其它文体，议论文阅读要难一些，因此要多加重视。 议论文就是说理性的文章，一般由论点、论据和论证过程组成。议论文都要提出论题、观点、提供充分的证据，使用一定的逻辑方法证明观点或得出结论。 二、议论文阅读理解的主要题型 从近几年观的高考英语试题来看，议论文类阅读理解的命题类型主要有： 1. 主旨题 考查考生对于议论文基本观点的理解，是主旨题设题的目的。做这种类型的题目要弄清作者想说什么，即作者写此文章的目的。 2. 推理判断题 这种题型的特点是以事实为依据，但其结果有绝不是事实本身。它主要测试考生的逻辑思维能力，侧重于推理。 3. 细节题 细节题也是议论文试题的主要题型。这种题要求考生理解文中的具体观点和具体事实。 三、议论文阅读理解题解题技巧 第一，抓论点、寻论据 阅读议论文我们要抓住论题，即作者提出的观点、给出的例证及最后得出的结论。抓住了论题，我们就把我了中心。 第二，注重文章结构，理清文章脉络。 把握文章结构，有利于对文章大意的理解。从论证方法上讲，常见的议论文结构有以下两类： 1. Put forward a question →Analyze the question →Solve the question这就是“提
出问题、分析问题、解决问题”的过程。 2. Argument/Idea →Evidence →Conclusion/Restating the idea这就是“由论点到论据到结论或者强调论点”的过程。 第三，体会文章语言特点，把握作者写作态度，准确进行推理判断。 能否正确把握作者的观点和态度是体现阅读能力的重要方面。一般来说，对作者的总的态度和倾向，必须在通读全文，掌握了论点和论据后，方能做出判断。在判断作者观点态度时，我们应注意，有时候作者的观点和态度并不是明确地表达出来的，需要我们认真体察。做推理判断时，一定要遵循逻辑规律，以事实为依据进行合理的推理。 下面我们结合2008年高考试题看一下议论文阅读理解的方法。 1. 2008 重庆E篇 Almost every day we come across situations in which we have to make decisions one way or another. Choice, we are given to believe, is a right. But for a good many people in the world，in rich and poor countries, choice is a luxury, something wonderful but hard to get, not a right. And for those who think they are exercising their right to make choices, the whole system is merely an illusion, a false idea created by companies and advertiser, hoping to sell their products. The endless choice gives birth to anxiety in people’s lives. Bu ying something as basic as a coffee pot is not exactly simple. Easy access to a wide range of everyday goods leads to a sense of powerlessness in many people, ending in the shopper giving up and walking away, or just buying an unsuitable item(商品) that is not really wanted. Recent studies in England have shown that many electrical goods bought in almost every family are not really needed. More difficult decision-making is then either avoided or trusted into the hands of the professionals, lifestyle instructors, or advisors. It is not just the availability of the goods that is the problem, but the speed with which new types of products come on the market. Advances in design and production help quicken the process Products also need to have a short lifespan so that the public can be persuaded to replace them within a short time. The typical example is computers, which are almost out-of-date once they are bought. This indeed makes selection a problem. Gone are the days when one could just walk with case into a shop and buy one thing; no choice, no anxiety. 72. What does the author try to argue in Paragraph 1? A.The exercise of rights is a luxury. B.The practice of choice is difficult. C.The right of choice is given but at a price. D.Choice and right exist at the same time. 73. Why do more choices of goods give rise to anxiety? A.Professionals find it hard to decide on a suitable product. B.People are likely to find themselves overcome by business persuasion.