附录A
机械制造技术是研究产品设计、生产、加工制造、销售使用、维修服务乃至回收再生的整个过程的工程学科,是以提高质量、效益、竞争力为目标,包含物质流、信息流和能量流的完整的系统工程。随着社会的发展,人们对产品的要求也发生了很大变化,要求品种要多样、更新要快捷、质量要高档、使用要方便、价格要合理、外形要美观、自动化程度要高、售后服务要好、要满足人们越来越高的要求,就必须采用先进的机械制造技术。
1 先进制造技术的特点
1.1面向21世纪的技术
先进制造技术是制造技术的最新发展阶段，是由传统的制造技术发展起来的，既保持了过去制造技术中的有效要素，又要不断吸收各种高新技术成果，并渗透到产品生产的所有领域及其全部过程。先进制造技术与现代高新技术相结合而产生了一个完整的技术群，它是具有明确范畴的新的技术领域，是面向21世纪的技术。
1.2 是面向工业应用的技术
先进制造技术并不限于制造过程本身，它涉及到产品从市场调研、产品开发及工艺设计、生产准备、加工制造、售后服务等产品寿命周期的所有内容，并将它们结合成一个有机的整体。先进制造技术的应用特别注意产生最好的实际效果，其目标是为了提高企业竞争和促进国家经济和综合实力的增长。目的是要提高制造业的综合经济效益和社会效益。
1.3驾驭生产过程的系统工程
先进制造技术特别强调计算机技术、信息技术、传感技术、自动化技术、新材料技术和现代系统管理技术在产品设计、制造和生产组织管理、销售及售后服务等方面的应用。它要不断吸收各种高新技术成果与传统制造技术相结合，使制造技术成为能驾驭生产过程的物质流、能量流和信息流的系统工程。
1.4 面向全球竞争的技术
20世纪 80年代以来，市场的全球化有了进一步的发展，发达国家通过金融、经济、科技手段争夺市场，倾销产品，输出资本。随着全球市场的形成，使得市场竞争变得越来越激烈，先进制造技术正是为适应这种激烈的市场竞争而出
现的。因此，一个国家的先进制造技术，它的主体应该具有世界先进水平，应能支持该国制造业在全球市场的竞争力。
1.5市场竞争三要素的统一
在20世纪 70年代以前，产品的技术相对比较简单，一个新产品上市，很快就会有相同功能的产品跟着上市。因此，市场竞争的核心是如何提高生产率。到了20世纪80年代以后，制造业要赢得市场竞争的主要矛盾已经从提高劳动生产率转变为以时间为核心的时间、成本和质量的三要素的矛盾。先进制造技术把这三个矛盾有机结合起来，使三者达到了统一。
2 先进机械制造技术的发展现状
近年来，我国的制造业不断采用先进制造技术，但与工业发达国家相比，仍然存在一个阶段性的整体上的差距。
（1）管理方面。工业发达国家广泛采用计算机管理，重视组织和管理体制、生产模式的更新发展，推出了准时生产（JIT）、敏捷制造（AM）、精益生产（LP）、并行工程（CE）等新的管理思想和技术。我国只有少数大型企业局部采用了计算机辅助管理，多数小型企业仍处于经验管理阶段。
（2）设计方面。工业发达国家不断更新设计数据和准则，采用新的设计方法，广泛采用计算机辅助设计技术（CAD/CAM），大型企业开始无图纸的设计和生产。我国采用CAD/CAM技术的比例较低。
（3）制造工艺方面。工业发达国家较广泛的采用高精密加工、精细加工、微细加工、微型机械和微米/纳米技术、激光加工技术、电磁加工技术、超塑加工技术以及复合加工技术等新型加工方法。我国普及率不高，尚在开发、掌握之中。
（4）自动化技术方面。工业发达国家普遍采用数控机床、加工中心及柔性制造单元（FMC）、柔性制造系统（FMS）、计算机集成制造系统（CIMS），实现了柔性自动化、知识智能化、集成化。我国尚处在单机自动化、刚性自动化阶段，柔性制造单元和系统仅在少数企业使用。
3 我国先进机械制造技术的发展趋势
（1）全球化。一方面由于国际和国内市场上的竞争越来越激烈，例如在机械制造业中，国内外已有不少企业，甚至是知名度很高的企业，在这种无情的竞
争中纷纷落败，有的倒闭，有的被兼并。不少暂时还在国内市场上占有份额的企业，不得不扩展新的市场；另一方面，网络通讯技术的快速发展推动了企业向着既竞争又合作的方向发展，这种发展进一步激化了国际间市场的竞争。这两个原因的相互作用，已成为全球化制造业发展的动力，全球化制造的第一个技术基础是网络化，网络通讯技术使制造的全球化得以实现。
（2）网络化。网络通讯技术的迅速发展和普及，给企业的生产和经营活动带来了革命性的变革。产品设计、物料选择、零件制造、市场开拓与产品销售都可以异地或跨越国界进行。此外，网络通讯技术的快速发展，加速技术信息的交流、加强产品开发的合作和经营管理的学习，推动了企业向着既竞争又合作的方向发展。
（3）虚拟化。制造过程中的虚拟技术是指面向产品生产过程的模拟和检验。检验产品的可加工性、加工方法和工艺的合理性，以优化产品的制造工艺、保证产品质量、生产周期和最低成本为目标，进行生产过程计划、组织管理、车间调度、供应链及物流设计的建模和仿真。虚拟化的核心是计算机仿真，通过仿真软件来模拟真实系统，以保证产品设计和产品工艺的合理性，保证产品制造的成功和生产周期，发现设计、生产中不可避免的缺陷和错误。
（4）自动化。自动化是一个动态概念，目前它的研究主要表现在制造系统中的集成技术和系统技术、人机一体化制造系统、制造单元技术、制造过程的计划和调度、柔性制造技术和适应现化生产模式的制造环境等方面。制造自动化技术的发展趋势是制造全球化、制造敏捷化、制造网络化、制造虚拟化、制造智能化和制造绿色化。
（5）绿色化。绿色制造则通过绿色生产过程、绿色设计、绿色材料、绿色设备、绿色工艺、绿色包装、绿色管理等生产出绿色产品，产品使用完以后再通过绿色处理后加以回收利用。采用绿色制造能最大限度地减少制造对环境的负面影响，同时使原材料和能源的利用效率达到最高。
制造业特别是机械制造业是国民经济的支柱产业，现代制造业正在改变着人们的生产方式、生活方式、经营管理模式乃至社会的组织结构和文化。由于中国潜在的巨大市场和丰富的劳动力资源，世界的制造业正在向中国转移，中国正在成为世界的制造大国。我国在家电等若干产品的产量已居世界第一位。但是在自
主知识产权的创新设计、先进制造工艺和装备及现代化管理等方面仍然存在很大差距，所以我们还不是制造强国。本文仅就机械制造企业目前管理中存在的问题、如何利用信息技术提高管理水平、管理信息化的特点和技术发展趋势作一些研究，供机械制造企业制定信息化方案时参考。
中国机械制造业经过几十年的努力已经具有相当的规模，积累了大量的技术和经验。但是随着世界经济一体化的形成，由于中国潜在的巨大市场和丰富的劳动力资源，国外的技术、资金、产品大量涌入中国，中国企业面临前所未有的国内外激烈的竞争局面。竞争要求企业产品更新换代快、产品质量高、价格低、交货及时、服务好。这些市场竞争的武器与企业管理的模式、管理方法、管理手段、组织结构、业务流程密切相关。然而中国企业及人们的思想意识由于受到30-40年计划经济的影响，上述竞争武器与发达国家相比存在很大差距。
中国机械制造业管理的特点: 机械制造业与其它制造业的管理具有共性也有个性；机械制造业本身随着生产类型，生产批量，生产组织方式不同其管理方法存在差异；中国的制造业与发达国家相比，由于企业文化、法律、制度的不同也有其特殊性。
械械制造业管理信息化的发展趋势: 随着全球经济一体化进程的加快，新的管理模式和管理方法不断涌现，计算机和网络通信技术高速发展，特别是国际互联网络渗透到世界的每个角落。作为机械制造企业管理信息化的重要工具---企业资源计划ERP系统，正在发生着深刻的变化和发展。下面我们从管理思想、系统性能和软件开发平台三个方面讲述其发展趋势。
（1）管理思想的发展
1.在网络系统支持下，新的ERP系统将给世界带入这样一种境界：消费者或客户通过互联网络在电子商场了解产品性能、价格，通过电子商务给生产厂商下达订单；生产者通过ERP系统下达物料采购和生产制造指令，通过电子商务完成物料采购、支付活动；经过生产制造，最后将商品按时送交用户，在网上完成交易和结算。它使供应商、生产者、分销商、客户，通过供应链紧密集成，物料不间断的流动，达到减少库存，最大限度减少经营成本，快速响应客户需求，提高企业市场竞争能力和经济效益。所以供应链管理SCM，电子商务EC将必不可少。
2.由于市场竞争加剧，制造商要从过去的“以产品为中心”转向以“客户为中
心”的经营策略。
客户关系管理CRM它为企业提供全方位的客户视角，赋予企业更完善的与客户交流的能力，是一种最大化客户收益率的方法。它在充分了解客户的特殊需求基础上，进行“一对一”的个性化服务，提高客户对企业的满意度和忠诚度，使企业取得竞争优势。其目的在于建立一个系统，使企业在客户服务、市场竞争、销售及支持方面形成彼此协调的全新的关系。CRM既是技术，又是一种新型的管理哲理和机制。
3.支持敏捷制造和虚拟制造。
敏捷制造是使企业具有卓越的自适应能力，在多变的环境中占据竞争主导地位的总体战略。在经营管理范畴中其实现的技术手段包括：准时生产JIT，精良生产LP，并行工程CE，业务流程再造BPR，虚拟制造VM等。通过快速建模工具和参考模型库，加快业务流程再造的过程。采用基于浏览器/服务的体系结构和软构件技术，通过标准虚拟专用网VPN技术，完全可以构建虚拟制造的环境，支持虚拟企业和虚拟制造的管理需求。
4.企业绩效管理EPM（Enterprise Performance Management）。
EPM根据企业的战略目标和经营目标，设置各个部门的目标，并将这些目标层层分解为每个员工的目标，通过ERP系统采集其执行情况，并与分配的目标进行比较，以确定员工的报酬和奖励。并对整个公司、部门和员工的绩效进行分析。EPM包括计划、管理和分析的全过程。以建立完善的激励机制，促成公司目标的实现，提高企业的绩效。
5.ERP要走专业化的道路。
鉴于不同行业在管理细节上存在较大差异，需要针对不同的行业特点、运作机理，设置相应的业务流程、搭建相应的组织结构并设计相应的软件架构去实现。不能指望用一个通用解决方案去适用所有行业，特别是在涉及到生产、销售、采购和成本这样的企业业务细节时，必须拥有专注于某一行业的方案才能有效解决不同应用环境的信息化问题。另外专业化的ERP软件产品其开发周期短、升级换代快、实施容易、成本低等特点。
制造技术不仅是衡量一个国家科技发展水平的重要标志,也是国际间科技竞争的重点。我国正处于经济发展的关键时期,制造技术是我们的薄弱环节。只有
跟上发展先进制造技术的世界潮流,将其放在战略优先地位,并以足够的力度予以实施,才能尽快缩小与发达国家的差距,才能在激烈的市场竞争中立于不败之地。总之,在我国研究和发展先进制造技术势在必行。
附录B
The machine manufacture technology mainly studies the product design, theproduction, the processing manufacture, the sales use, the serviceserves and even recycles the regeneration the entire process projectdiscipline, taking improves the quality, the benefit, the competitiveability as the goal, contains the material class, the information flowand Energy integrity systems engineering. Along with society'sdevelopment, the people also had very sweeping change to the productrequest, the request variety have had diverse, the renewal to havequickly, the quality to have upscale, the use to have convenient, theprice to have reasonable, the contour to have artistic, theautomaticity to have high, the post-sale clothing to have to be good,want to satisfy the people more and more high request, had to use theadvanced machine manufacture technology. 1 advanced manufacture technology characteristic
1.1 the technologies of Facing 21st century
The advanced manufacture technology is the manufacturetechnology most recent development stage, is by the traditionalmanufacture technological development, both maintained in the pastmanufacture technology active principle, and must unceasingly absorbeach kind of high-tech achievement, and seeps to product productionall domains and its the complete process. The advanced manufacturetechnology and the modern high-tech unified has produced a completetechnical group, it was has is clear about the category the new areaof technology, was faceing for the 21st century the technologies.
1.2 the technology of facing the industrial application
The advanced manufacture technology certainly is not restrictedin manufacture process itself, it involves to the product from productlife cycle and so on market investigation and study, productdevelopment and technological design, production preparation,processing manufacture, post-sale service all contents, and ties themsynthesizes an organic whole. The advanced manufacture technologyapplication specially pays attention has the best actual effect, itsgoal is for enhance the enterprise competition and the promotion stateeconomy and the synthesis strength growth. The
goal is must enhancethe manufacturing industry the comprehensive economic efficiency andthe social efficiency.
1.3 controling production process systems engineering
The advanced manufacture technology specially emphasized thecomputer technology, the information technology, Transmission induction the technology, the automated technology, the new material technology andthe modern system administration technology in the product design, themanufacture and the production organization manages, aspect the and soon sale and post-sale service application. It must unceasingly absorbeach kind of high-tech achievement and the traditional manufacturetechnology unifies, causes the manufacture technology to become cancontrol the production process the matter to flow,energy and theinformation flow systems engineering.
1.4 faces the global competition the technology Since the 1980s, the market globalization had the furtherdevelopment, the developed country through the finance, the economy,the technical method capture the market, dumps the product, the outputcapital. Along with the global market formation, causes the marketcompetition to change more and more intensely, the advancedmanufacture technology is precisely for adapts this kind of intensemarket competition to appear. Therefore, a national advancedmanufacture technology, its main body should have the world advancedlevel, ought to be able to support this country manufacturing industryin the global market competitive ability.
1.5 marketing competitions three essential factors unifications
Before 20th century 70's, product technology relative quitesimple, a new product goes on the market, is very quick can have thesame function the product with to go on the market. Therefore, how themarket competition core does enhance the productivity. To 1980s after,the manufacturing industry had to win the market competition theprincipal contradiction already to transform from the enhancementlabor productivity into take the time as the core time, the cost andthe quality three essential factors contradictions. The advancedmanufacture technology these three contradictions organic synthesis,enabled three to achieve the unification.
2 .advanced machine manufactures technology development presentsituation In recent years, our country manufacturing industry unceasinglyused the advanced manufacture technology, but compared with theindustry developed country, still had in a gradual whole thedisparity.
(1) managing the aspect. The industry developed country widely uses thecomputer management, takes to organize and the management system, theproduction pattern renewal development, has promoted the punctualproduction (JIT), the agile manufacture (AM), the fine profitproduction (LP), the parallel project (CE) and so on the newmanagement thought and the technology. Our country only the minoritymajor industry partially to use the computer assistance management,the most small businesses still were in the experience to manage thestage.
(2) designing the aspect. The industry developed country unceasinglyrenews the design data and the criterion, uses the new design method,widely uses the
computer-aided design technology (CAD/CAM), the majorindustry starts the non- blueprint design and the production. Ourcountry uses the CAD/CAM technology the proportion to be lower.
(3) makingthe craft aspect. The industry developed country morewidespread use high precise processing, the fine processing, the tinyprocessing, the miniature machinery and a micron/nanotechnology, thelaser processing technology, the electromagnetism processingtechnology, ultra model the processing technology as well as thecompound processing technology and so on the new processing method.Our country popular rate is not high in, still at develops, grasps.
(4) automated technology aspect. The industry developed countrygenerally uses numerical control engine bed, processing center and theflexible manufacture unit (FMC), the flexible manufacture system(FMS), the computer integration manufacture system (CIMS), hasrealized the flexible automation, the knowledge intellectualization,the integration. Our country still occupied the single planeautomation, the rigid automation stage, the flexible manufacture unitand the system only uses in the minority business enterprise.
3 .our country advanced machine manufacture technology developmenttendency
(1) globalization. On the one hand because international and inthe domestic market competition is more and more intense, for examplein the mechanical manufacturing industry, domestic and foreign hadmany enterprises, even is the
well-knownness very high enterprise,falls the defeat in abundance in this kind of heartless competition,some going out of business, some are annexed. Many temporarily alsoholds the share in the domestic market the enterprise, can not butexpand the new market; On the other hand, the network communicationtechnology fast development impelled the enterprise to both to competethe direction which and cooperated to develop, this kind ofdevelopment further intensified the international market competition.These two reasons mutual function, has become the globalizationmanufacturing industry development the power, the globalizationmanufacture first technology base is the network, the networkcommunication technology enables the manufacture the globalization torealize.
(2) network. The network communication technology rapid developmentand the popularization, have brought the revolutionary transformationfor enterprise's production and management. The product design, thematerial choice, the components manufacture, the market developmentand the product sale all may different or surmounts the nationalboundary to carry on. In addition, the network communicationtechnology fast development, the acceleration technical informationexchange, strengthens the product development the cooperation and themanagement management study, impelled the enterprise to both tocompete the direction which and cooperated to develop.
(3) hypothesized. In the manufacture process hypothesized technologyis refers face the product production process simulation and theexamination. The examination product workability, the processingmethod and the craft rationality, take optimizes the product themanufacture craft, the guarantee product quality, the production cycleand the most low cost as a goal, carries on the production processplan, the organization manages, the workshop dispatcher, supplies thechain and the thing flows the design the modelling and the simulation.The hypothesized core is the computer
simulation, simulates the realsystem through simulation software, guarantees the product design andthe product craft rationality, the guarantee product manufacturesuccess and the production cycle, in the discovery design, theproduction the inevitable flaw and the mistake.
(4) automation. The automation is a dynamic concept, at present itsresearch mainly displays in the manufacture system the integratedtechnology and the system technology, the man-machine integrationmanufacture system, the manufacture unit technology, the manufactureprocess plan and the dispatch, the flexible manufacture technology andthe adaption presently melts production pattern aspect and so onmanufacture environment. The manufacture automation technologydevelopment tendency is makes the globalization, the manufacture isagile, the manufacture network, the manufacture hypothesized, themanufacture intellectualization and makes the green.
(5) green. The green manufacture through the green production process,the green design, the green material, the green equipment, the greencraft, the green packing, the green management and so on will producethe green product, the product add-on uses later to recycle the useagain through green processing. Uses the green manufacture to be ablemaximum limit to reduce the manufacture to the environment negativeinfluence, simultaneously causes the raw material and the energy useefficiency achieves high.
Machinery manufacturing industry, especially the manufacturing sector is a pillar industry in the national economy. Modern manufacturing industry is changing people's ways of production and lifestyle, management patterns, and even the social structure and culture. China's huge market potential and rich labor resources, is the world's manufacturing to China, China is becoming the world's manufacturer. China's household appliance products in a number of ranking first in the world. But the independent intellectual property rights of innovative designs, advanced manufacturing technology and equipment and modern management, and other areas there is a big gap, so we do not create power. This article will present machinery manufacturing enterprises in the Management of the problem, how to use information
technology to improve the level of management, Information management and technical characteristics of the development trend for some, for the machinery manufacturing enterprises develop information programs reference.
China's machinery industry after several decades of effort has grown to a considerable size and has accumulated a great deal of skill and experience. However, with the integration of the world economy formed, because China's huge market potential and rich labor resources. foreign technology, capital and products into China, Chinese enterprises are facing an unprecedented internal and external situation of fierce competition. Competitive products require less the product of high quality, low price, prompt delivery, and good service. These weapons market competition and enterprise management mode and the method of management, management tools, organizational structures, business processes are closely linked. However, the Chinese enterprises and people's consciousness due to 30 -40 years of the planned economy, These competitive weapons Compared with developed countries, there are very large discrepancies.
China's machinery manufacturing management characteristics of machinery manufacturing and the management of other manufacturing industries common to have personality; machinery manufacturing itself with the type of production, production volume, production organization, its mode of management differences; China's manufacturing Compared with the developed countries, because of corporate culture, law, a different system has its particularity.
Armed with firearms manufacturing management information with the development trend of global economic integration process is accelerated, The new management model and management methods are constantly emerging, computer and high-speed network communications technology development, especially Internet to infiltrate every corner of the world. Machinery manufacturing enterprises as a management information tool -- the Enterprise Resource Planning system, is undergoing profound changes and developments. Now we are thinking from management, system performance and software development platform on three aspects of its development trend.
1.the development of management thinking of one. The network system support, The new ERP system will give this world into a realm : consumers or customers through the Internet in electronic malls understand product performance, price, through e-commerce for manufacturers to issue orders; Producer issued through the ERP system materials procurement and manufacturing orders through e-commerce completed materials procurement, pay; After manufacturing, the final products will be delivered on time users, the Internet completion of the transaction and settlement. It enables suppliers, producers, distributors, customers, supply chain through closer integration, uninterrupted flow of materials, reduce the amount of inventory, minimize operating costs, rapid response to customer demand, enhance market competitiveness and economic benefits. Therefore, SCM, e-commerce EC will be essential.
2. As market competition intensifies, manufacturers from the past "to the product as the center" to a "customer-centric" operating strategy. Customer Relationship Management CRM it to provide a full range of enterprise customers perspective, give enterprises more comprehensive exchanges with the customer's ability to maximize customer is a yield method. It fully understood the special needs of customers, based on the "one-on-one" personalized services, enhance customer of the business satisfaction and loyalty, and enable enterprises to gain a competitive edge. Its purpose is to establish a system so that enterprises in customer service, market competition, Sales and support each other to form a new coordinating relations. CRM is both a technology and is a new type of management philosophy and mechanisms.
3. Agile manufacturing and virtual manufacturing. Agile manufacturing is the enterprise has a remarkable adaptive capacity, in volatile competitive environment to occupy the leading position in the overall strategy. In the area of management to achieve its technical means, including : JIT JIT, sophisticated production LP, concurrent engineering, BPR BPR, such as VM virtual manufacturing. Through rapid modeling tools and reference models for accelerating business process reengineering process. Based on the browser / server architecture and software component
technology, a standard VPN technology, can build virtual manufacturing environment to support virtual enterprises and virtual manufacturing management needs.
4.Enterprise Performance Management EPM (Enterprise Performance Managem ent). EPM enterprises under the strategic goals and operational objectives, the various departments set up the goal, and decomposition of these goals for each level of staff and through its acquisition of ERP system implementation, and the distribution and the goal, to determine the remuneration of staff and incentives. As well as the whole company, departments and staff in the performance analysis. EPM including planning, management and analysis of the entire process. To establish and improve the incentive mechanism to promote the achievement of corporate objectives, and improve enterprise performance.
5.ERP follow the path of specialization. Given the different sectors in the management of the details, there are big differences in the need for different to the characteristics, operation mechanism, setting the corresponding business processes and structures corresponding organizational structure and design
of the software structure to be realized. Can not rely on a generic solution applicable to all industries, especially in the context of the production, sale, procurement and the cost of business details. must have focused on a particular industry program can be effectively address different application of environmental information issues. In addition to the specialization of its ERP software product development cycle short, upgrading fast, easy implementation, and low cost.
The manufacture technology not only is weighs a nationalscience and technology level of development the important symbol, alsois the international technical competition key point. Our country isbeing in the economical development the crucial time, the manufacturetechnology is our weak link. Only follows the development advancedmanufacture technology the trends in the world, puts it on thestrategic first status, and implements by the enough dynamics, canreduce as soon as possible with the developed country disparity, canin the intense market competition neutrality to the invincibleposition. In brief, studies in our country with the developmentadvanced manufacture technology imperative.
数控加工中心技术发展趋势及对策 原文来源：Zhao Chang-ming Liu Wang-ju (CNC Machining Process and equipment, 2002,China) 一、摘要 Equip the engineering level, level of determining the whole national economy of the modernized degree and modernized degree of industry, numerical control technology is it develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry to equip (such as information technology and his industry, biotechnology and his industry, aviation, spaceflight, etc. national defense industry) last technology and getting more basic most equipment. Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electromechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry, Keywords:Numerical ControlTechnology, E quipment,industry 二、译文 数控技术和装备发展趋势及对策 装备工业的技术水平和现代化程度决定着整个国民经济的水平和现代化程度，数控技术及装备是发展新兴高新技术产业和尖端工业（如信息技术及其产业、生物技术及其产业、航空、航天等国防工业产业）的使能技术和最基本的装备。马克思曾经说过“各种经济时代的区别，不在于生产什么，而在于怎样生产，用什么劳动资料生产”。制造技术和装备就是人类生产活动的最基本的生产资料，而数控技术又是当今先进制造技术和装备最为核心的技术。当今世界各国制造业广泛采用数控技术，以提高制造能力和水平，提高对动态多变市场的适应能力和竞争能力。此外，世界上各工业发达国家还将数控技术及数控装备列为国家的战
译文资料： 机器人 首先我介绍一下机器人产生的背景，机器人技术的发展，它应该说是一个科学技术发展共同的一个综合性的结果，同时，为社会经济发展产生了一个重大影响的一门科学技术，它的发展归功于在第二次世界大战中各国加强了经济的投入，就加强了本国的经济的发展。另一方面它也是生产力发展的需求的必然结果，也是人类自身发展的必然结果，那么随着人类的发展，人们在不断探讨自然过程中，在认识和改造自然过程中，需要能够解放人的一种奴隶。那么这种奴隶就是代替人们去能够从事复杂和繁重的体力劳动，实现人们对不可达世界的认识和改造，这也是人们在科技发展过程中的一个客观需要。 机器人有三个发展阶段，那么也就是说，我们习惯于把机器人分成三类，一种是第一代机器人，那么也叫示教再现型机器人，它是通过一个计算机，来控制一个多自由度的一个机械，通过示教存储程序和信息，工作时把信息读取出来，然后发出指令，这样的话机器人可以重复的根据人当时示教的结果，再现出这种动作，比方说汽车的点焊机器人，它只要把这个点焊的过程示教完以后，它总是重复这样一种工作，它对于外界的环境没有感知，这个力操作力的大小，这个工件存在不存在，焊的好与坏，它并不知道，那么实际上这种从第一代机器人，也就存在它这种缺陷，因此，在20世纪70年代后期，人们开始研究第二代机器人，叫带感觉的机器人，这种带感觉的机器人是类似人在某种功能的感觉，比如说力觉、触觉、滑觉、视觉、听觉和人进行相类比，有了各种各样的感觉，比方说在机器人抓一个物体的时候，它实际上力的大小能感觉出来，它能够通过视觉，能够去感受和识别它的形状、大小、颜色。抓一个鸡蛋，它能通过一个触觉，知道它的力的大小和滑动的情况。第三代机器人，也是我们机器人学中一个理想的所追求的最高级的阶段，叫智能机器人，那么只要告诉它做什么，不用告诉它怎么去做，它就能完成运动，感知思维和人机通讯的这种功能和机能，那么这个目前的发展还是相对的只是在局部有这种智能的概念和含义，但真正完整意义的这种智能机器人实际上并没有存在，而只是随着我们不断的科学技术的发展，智能的概念越来越丰富，它内涵越来越宽。 下面我简单介绍一下我国机器人发展的基本概况。由于我们国家存在很多其
加工中心数控技术 出处：数控加工中心的分类以及各自特点 出版社:化学工业出版社; 第1版 (2009年3月16日) 作者：徐衡、段晓旭 加工中心是典型的集高技术于一体的机械加工设备，它的发展代表了一个国家设计制造的水平也大大提高了劳动生产率，降低了劳动成本，改善了工人的工作环境，降低了工人的劳动强度。本文经过对不同运动方案和各部件的设计方案的定性分析比较确定该教立式加工中心的进给传动方案为：采用固定床身，电主轴通过安装座安装在床身导轨的滑座上，床身导轨采用滚动导轨，可以实现Y 方向的进给运动。由X-Y双向精密数控工作台带动工件完成X，Y两个方向的进给运动;X，Y，Z三个方向的进给运动均滚珠丝杠，并由交流伺服电机驱动。导轨、滚珠丝杠有相应的润滑、防护等装置。 加工中心（英文缩写为CNC 全称为Computerized Numerical Control）：是带有刀库和自动换刀装置的一种高度自动化的多功能数控机床。在中国香港，台湾及广东一代也有很多人叫它电脑锣。 工件在加工中心上经一次装夹后，数字控制系统能控制机床按不同工序，自动选择和更换刀具，自动改变机床主轴转速、进给量和刀具相对工件的运动轨迹及其他辅助机能，依次完成工件几个面上多工序的加工。并且有多种换刀或选刀功能，从而使生产效率大大提高。 加工中心数控机床是一种装有计算机数字控制系统的机床，数控系统能够处理加工程序，控制机床完成各种动作。与普通机床相比，数控机床能够完成平面曲线和空间曲面的加工，加工精度和生产效率都比较高，因而应用日益广泛。 数控机床的组成 一般来说，数控机床由机械部分、数字控制计算机、伺服系统、PC控制部分、液压气压传动系统、冷却润滑和排泄装置组成。数控机床是由程序控制的，零件的编程工作是数控机床加工的重要组成部分。伺服系统是数控机床的驱动部分，计算机输出的控制命令是通过伺服系统产生坐标移动的。普通的立式加工中心有三个伺服电机，分别驱动纵向工作台、横向工作台、主轴箱沿X向、Y向、Z向运动。X、Y、Z是互相垂直的坐标轴，因而当机床三坐标联动时可以加工空
附录A Lathe fixture design and analysis Ma Feiyue (School of Mechanical Engineering, Hefei, Anhui Hefei 230022, China) Abstract: From the start the main types of lathe fixture, fixture on the flower disc and angle iron clamp lathe was introduced, and on the basis of analysis of a lathe fixture design points. Keywords: lathe fixture; design; points Lathe for machining parts on the rotating surface, such as the outer cylinder, inner cylinder and so on. Parts in the processing, the fixture can be installed in the lathe with rotary machine with main primary uranium movement. However, in order to expand the use of lathe, the work piece can also be installed in the lathe of the pallet, tool mounted on the spindle. THE MAIN TYPES OF LATHE FIXTURE Installed on the lathe spindle on the lathe fixture
毕业设计中英文翻译 英文原文 Hard gear processing [abstract ] uses in the power drive gear and the gear box, its size request smaller, the gear drive noise is lower, thus causes to the hard gear demand, also gave the gear manufacturer to propose explored the gear to process the new method the request Outline Uses in the power drive gear and the gear box, its size request smaller, the gear drive noise is lower, thus causes to the hard gear demand, also gave the gear manufacturer to propose explored the gear to process the new method the request. The gear in the hard heat treatment process, its material organization and the stress change, usually can cause the gear to have the distortion, namely tooth profile, tooth to and tooth pitch error. This this error will cause the tooth profile not correctly to mesh in the transmission time, thus has enlarged the load, will have the gear noise. Therefore, the hard gear after the heat treatment, should increase together the precision work working procedure generally. The hard gear precision work craft may divide into two kinds: A kind is uses non- formed the cutting edge, like the gear rubs truncates the processing; Another kind then is has formed the cutting edge like hard gear (HRC48 ~ 53) to roll truncates the processing. This article strongly will discuss will use in hardly rolling the hard alloy tools forming cutting edge precision work process which the tooth will process. The now hard alloy material, the cutting tool coating and the gear-hobbing machine technology development, has caused the hard gear to roll cuts the processing technology to have the remarkable enhancement, specially is smaller than in the processing or was equal to when 12DP center small modulus gear, may withstand the enormous cutting force which in the hard cutting process produces. Hard alloy hob selection The hard alloy hob has the very big progress in the material variety specification. Superfine, is thin, medium or the big pellet hard alloy now all has the product. In addition, the hard alloy hob semifinished materials formed craft technology also had the remarkable enhancement, like uses static pressure and so on heat (HIP) the craft, this craft under the high-pressured high temperature, increased the hard alloy semifinished materials intrinsic binding force, enhanced the hard alloy anti- curved intensity. According to the ISO stipulation, the entity hard alloy material may differently divide into certain kinds according to the application situation: The gear cutting tool divides into K kind and P kind, K kind of hard alloy has a higher
人工智能的形成及其发展现状分析 冯海东 （长江大学管理学院荆州434023） 摘要：人工智能的历史并不久远，故将从人工智能的出现、形成、发展现 状及前景几个方面对其进行分析，总结其发展过程中所出现的问题，以及发展现状中的不足之处，分析其今后的发展方向。 关键词：人工智能，发展过程，现状分析，前景。 一．引言 人工智能最早是在1936年被英国的科学家图灵提出，并不为多数人所认知。 当时，他编写了一个下象棋的程序，这就是最早期的人工智能的应用。也有著名的“图灵测试”，这也是最初判断是否是人工智能的方案,因此，图灵被尊称为“人工智能之父”。人工智能从产生到发展经历了一个起伏跌宕的过程，直到目前为止，人工智能的应用技术也不是很成熟，而且存在相当的缺陷。 通过搜集的资料，将详细的介绍人工智能这个领域的具体情况，剖析其面临的挑战和未来的前景。 二．人工智能的发展历程 1. 1956年前的孕育期 (1) 从公元前伟大的哲学家亚里斯多德(Aristotle)到16世纪英国哲学家培根(F. Bacon)，他们提出的形式逻辑的三段论、归纳法以及“知识就是力量”的警句，都对人类思维过程的研究产生了重要影响。 （2）17世纪德国数学家莱布尼兹(G..Leibniz)提出了万能符号和推理计算思想，为数理逻辑的产生和发展奠定了基础，播下了现代机器思维设计思想的种子。而19世纪的英国逻辑学家布尔（G. Boole）创立的布尔代数，实现了用符号语言描述人类思维活动的基本推理法则。 （3） 20世纪30年代迅速发展的数学逻辑和关于计算的新思想，使人们在计算机出现之前，就建立了计算与智能关系的概念。被誉为人工智能之父的英国天才的数学家图灵（A. Tur-ing）在1936年提出了一种理想计算机的数学模型，即图灵机之后,1946年就由美国数学家莫克利（J. Mauchly）和埃柯特（J. Echert）研制出了世界上第一台数字计算机，它为人工智能的研究奠定了不可缺少的物质基础。1950年图灵又发表了“计算机与智能”的论文，提出了著名的“图灵测试”，形象地指出什么是人工智能以及机器具有智能的标准，对人工智能的发展产生了极其深远的影响。 （4） 1934年美国神经生理学家麦克洛奇(W. McCulloch) 和匹兹(W. Pitts )建立了第一个神经网络模型，为以后的人工神经网络研究奠定了基础。 2. 1956年至1969年的诞生发育期 (1)1956年夏季，麻省理工学院（MIT)的麦卡锡（J．McCarthy）、明斯基（M. Minshy）、塞尔夫里奇（O. Selfridge)与索罗门夫(R. Solomonff)、 IBM的洛
毕业设计 外文翻译 题目曲轴的加工工艺及夹具设计学院航海学院 专业轮机工程 学生佟宝诚 学号 10960123 指导教师彭中波 重庆交通大学 2014年
Proceedings of IMECE2008 2008 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition October 31-November 6, 2008, Boston, Massachusetts, USA IMECE2008-67447 MULTI-OBJECTIVE SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION OF ENGINE CRANKSHAFTS USING AN INTEGRATION APPROACH Albert Albers/IPEK Institute of Product Development University of Karlsruhe Germany Noel Leon/CIDyT Center for Innovation andDesign Monterrey Institute of Technology,Mexico Humberto Aguayo/CIDyT Center forInnovation and Design, Monterrey Institute ofTechnology, Mexico Thomas Maier/IPEK Institute of Product Development University of Karlsruhe Germany ABSTRACT The ever increasing computer capabilities allow faster analysis in the field of Computer Aided Design and Engineering (CAD & CAE). CAD and CAE systems are currently used in Parametric and Structural Optimization to find optimal topologies and shapes of given parts under certain conditions. This paper describes a general strategy to optimize the balance of a crankshaft, using CAD and CAE software integrated with Genetic Algorithms (GAs) via programming in Java. An introduction to the groundings of this strategy is made among different tools used for its implementation. The analyzed crankshaft is modeled in commercial parametric 3D CAD software. CAD is used for evaluating the fitness function (the balance) and to make geometric modifications. CAE is used for evaluating dynamic restrictions (the eigenfrequencies). A Java interface is programmed to link the CAD model to the CAE software and to the genetic algorithms. In order to make geometry modifications to
附录A 机械制造技术是研究产品设计、生产、加工制造、销售使用、维修服务乃至回收再生的整个过程的工程学科,是以提高质量、效益、竞争力为目标,包含物质流、信息流和能量流的完整的系统工程。随着社会的发展,人们对产品的要求也发生了很大变化,要求品种要多样、更新要快捷、质量要高档、使用要方便、价格要合理、外形要美观、自动化程度要高、售后服务要好、要满足人们越来越高的要求,就必须采用先进的机械制造技术。 1 先进制造技术的特点 1.1面向21世纪的技术 先进制造技术是制造技术的最新发展阶段，是由传统的制造技术发展起来的，既保持了过去制造技术中的有效要素，又要不断吸收各种高新技术成果，并渗透到产品生产的所有领域及其全部过程。先进制造技术与现代高新技术相结合而产生了一个完整的技术群，它是具有明确范畴的新的技术领域，是面向21世纪的技术。 1.2 是面向工业应用的技术 先进制造技术并不限于制造过程本身，它涉及到产品从市场调研、产品开发及工艺设计、生产准备、加工制造、售后服务等产品寿命周期的所有内容，并将它们结合成一个有机的整体。先进制造技术的应用特别注意产生最好的实际效果，其目标是为了提高企业竞争和促进国家经济和综合实力的增长。目的是要提高制造业的综合经济效益和社会效益。 1.3驾驭生产过程的系统工程 先进制造技术特别强调计算机技术、信息技术、传感技术、自动化技术、新材料技术和现代系统管理技术在产品设计、制造和生产组织管理、销售及售后服务等方面的应用。它要不断吸收各种高新技术成果与传统制造技术相结合，使制造技术成为能驾驭生产过程的物质流、能量流和信息流的系统工程。 1.4 面向全球竞争的技术 20世纪 80年代以来，市场的全球化有了进一步的发展，发达国家通过金融、经济、科技手段争夺市场，倾销产品，输出资本。随着全球市场的形成，使得市场竞争变得越来越激烈，先进制造技术正是为适应这种激烈的市场竞争而出
人工智能 【摘要】：人工智能是一门极富挑战性的科学，但也是一门边沿学科。它属于自然科学和社会科学的交叉。涉及的学科主要有哲学、认知科学、数学、神经生理学、心理学、计算机科学、信息论、控制论、不定性论、仿生学等。人工智能(Artificial Intelligence)，英文缩写为AI。它是研究、开发用于模拟、延伸和扩展人的智能的理论、方法、技术及应用系统的一门新的技术科学。人工智能是计算机科学的一个分支，它企图了解智能的实质，并生产出一种新的能以人类智能相似的方式做出反应的智能机器，该领域的研究包括机器人、语言识别、图像识别、自然语言处理和专家系统等1。 【关键词】：人工智能；应用领域；发展方向；人工检索。 1．人工智能描述 人工智能(Artificial Intelligence) ，英文缩写为AI。它是研究、开发用于模拟、延伸和扩展人的智能的理论、方法、技术及应用系统的一门新的技术科学2。人工智能是计 算机科学的一个分支，它企图了解智 能的实质，并生产出一种新的能以人 类智能相似的方式作出反应的智能 机器，该领域的研究包括机器人、语 言识别、图像识别、自然语言处理和 专家系统等。“人工智能”一词最初 是在1956 年Dartmouth学会上提出 的。从那以后,研究者们发展了众多 理论和原理,人工智能的概念也随之扩展。人工智能是一门极富挑战性的科学，从事这项工作的人必须懂得计算机知识，心理学和哲学。人工智能是包括十分广泛的科学，它由不同的领域组成，如机器学习，计算机视觉等等，总的说来，人工智能研究的一个主要目标是使机器能够胜任一些通常需要人类智能才能完成的复杂工作。但不同的时代、不同的人对这种“复杂工作”的理解是不同的。例如繁重的科学和工程计算本来是要人脑来承担的，现在计算机不但能完成这种计算, 而且能够比人脑做得更快、更准确，因之当代人已不再把这种计算看作是“需要人类智能才能完成的复 1.蔡自兴，徐光祐.人工智能及其应用.北京：清华大学出版社，2010 2元慧·议当人工智能的应用领域与发展状态〖Ｊ〗．2008
附录1：外文原文 The machinability of material The machinability of a material usually defined in terms of four factors: （1）. Surface finish and integrity of the machined part; （2）. Tool life obtained; （3）. Force and power requirements; （4）. Chip control. Thus, good machinability good surface finish and integrity, long tool life, and low force And power requirements. As for chip control, long and thin (stringy) cured chips, if not broken up, can severely interfere with the cutting operation by becoming entangled in the cutting zone. Because of the complex nature of cutting operations, it is difficult to establish relationships that quantitatively define the machinability of a material. In manufacturing plants, tool life and surface roughness are generally considered to be the most important factors in machinability. Although not used much any more, approximate machinability ratings are available in the example below. 1. Machinability Of Steels Because steels are among the most important engineering materials , their machinability has been studied extensively. The machinability of steels has been mainly improved by adding lead and sulfur to obtain so-called free-machining steels. Resulfurized and Rephosphorized steels. Sulfur in steels forms manganese sulfide inclusions (second-phase particles), which act as stress raisers in the primary shear zone. As a result, the chips produced break up easily and are small; this improves machinability. The size, shape, distribution, and concentration of these inclusions significantly influence machinability. Elements such as tellurium and selenium, which are both chemically similar to sulfur, act as inclusion modifiers in resulfurized steels. Phosphorus in steels has two major effects. It strengthens the ferrite, causing increased hardness. Harder steels result in better chip formation and surface finish.
2604130359 CNC Cutting Technology Review Numerical control high speed cutting technology (High Speed Machining, HSM, or High Speed Cutting, HSC), is one of the advanced manufacturing technology to improve the machining efficiency and quality, the study of related technology has become an important research direction of advanced manufacturing technology at home and abroad. China is a big manufacturing country, in the world of industry transfer to accept the front instead of back-end of the transfer, to master the core technology of advanced manufacturing, or in a new round of international industrial structure adjustment, our country manufacturing industry will further behind. Imminent research on the theory and application of advanced technology. 1, high-speed CNC machining meaning High speed cutting theory put forward by the German physicist Carl.J.Salomon in the last century and early thirty's. He concluded by a lot of experiments: in the normal range of cutting speed, cutting speed if the increase, will cause the cutting temperature rise, exacerbating the wear of cutting tool; however, when the cutting speed is increased to a certain value, as long as more than the inflection point, with the increase of the cutting speed, cutting temperature can not rise, but will decline, so as long as the cutting speed is high enough, it can be solved very well in high cutting temperature caused by tool wear is not conducive to the cutting problem, obtained good processing efficiency. With the development of manufacturing industry, this theory is gradually paid more attention to, and attracted a lot of attention, on the basis of this theory has gradually formed the field of high-speed cutting technology of NC, relatively early research on NC High-speed Machining Technology in developed countries, through the theoretical basis of the research, basic research and applied research and development application, at present applications have entered the substantive stage in some areas. The high-speed cutting processing category, generally have the following several kinds of classification methods, one is to see that cutting speed, cutting speed over conventional cutting speed is 5-10 times of high speed cutting. Also has the scholar to spindle speed as the definition of high-speed processing standards, that the spindle speed is higher than that of 8000r\/min for high speed machining. And from the machine tool spindle design point of view, with the product of DN diameter of spindle and spindle speed, if the value of DN to (5~2000) * 105mm.r\/min, is considered to be of high speed machining. In practice, different processing methods, different materials, high speed cutting speed corresponding to different. Is generally believed that the turning speed of (700~7000) m\/min, milling speed reaches m\/min (300~6000), that is in the high-speed cutting. In addition, from the practical considerations, high-speed machining concept not only contains the high speed cutting process, integration and optimization also contains the process of cutting, is a
前言 在目前激烈的市场竞争中，产品投入市场的迟早往往是成败的关键。模具是高质量、高效率的产品生产工具，模具开发周期占整个产品开发周期的主要部分。因此客户对模具开发周期要求越来越短，不少客户把模具的交货期放在第一位置，然后才是质量和价格。因此，如何在保证质量、控制成本的前提下加工模具是值得认真考虑的问题。模具加工工艺是一项先进的制造工艺，已成为重要发展方向，在航空航天、汽车、机械等各行业得到越来越广泛的应用。模具加工技术，可以提高制造业的综合效益和竞争力。研究和建立模具工艺数据库，为生产企业提供迫切需要的高速切削加工数据，对推广高速切削加工技术具有非常重要的意义。本文的主要目标就是构建一个冲压模具工艺过程，将模具制造企业在实际生产中结合刀具、工件、机床与企业自身的实际情况积累得高速切削加工实例、工艺参数和经验等数据有选择地存储到高速切削数据库中，不但可以节省大量的人力、物力、财力，而且可以指导高速加工生产实践，达到提高加工效率，降低刀具费用，获得更高的经济效益。 1.冲压的概念、特点及应用 冲压是利用安装在冲压设备（主要是压力机）上的模具对材料施加压力，使其产生分离或塑性变形，从而获得所需零件（俗称冲压或冲压件）的一种压力加工方法。冲压通常是在常温下对材料进行冷变形加工，且主要采用板料来加工成所需零件，所以也叫冷冲压或板料冲压。冲压是材料压力加工或塑性加工的主要方法之一，隶属于材料成型工程术。 冲压所使用的模具称为冲压模具，简称冲模。冲模是将材料（金属或非金属）批量加工成所需冲件的专用工具。冲模在冲压中至关重要，没有符合要求的冲模，批量冲压生产就难以进行；没有先进的冲模，先进的冲压工艺就无法实现。冲压工艺与模具、冲压设备和冲压材料构成冲压加工的三要素，只有它们相互结合才能得出冲压件。 与机械加工及塑性加工的其它方法相比，冲压加工无论在技术方面还是经济方面都具有许多独特的优点，主要表现如下； (1) 冲压加工的生产效率高，且操作方便，易于实现机械化与自动化。这是
A review and analysis of current computer-aided fixture design approaches Iain Boyle, Yiming Rong, David C. Brown Keywords: Computer-aided fixture design Fixture design Fixture planning Fixture verification Setup planning Unit design ABSTRACT A key characteristic of the modern market place is the consumer demand for variety. To respond effectively to this demand, manufacturers need to ensure that their manufacturing practices are sufficiently flexible to allow them to achieve rapid product development. Fixturing, which involves using fixtures to secure work pieces during machining so that they can be transformed into parts that meet required design specifications, is a significant contributing factor towards achieving manufacturing flexibility. To enable flexible fixturing, considerable levels of research effort have been devoted to supporting the process of fixture design through the development of computer-aided fixture design (CAFD) tools and approaches. This paper contains a review of these research efforts. Over seventy-five CAFD tools and approaches are reviewed in terms of the fixture design phases they support and the underlying technology upon which they are based. The primary conclusion of the review is that while significant advances have been made in supporting fixture design, there are primarily two research issues that require further effort. The first of these is that current CAFD research is segmented in nature and there remains a need to provide more cohesive fixture design support. Secondly, a greater focus is required on supporting the detailed design of a fixture’s physical structure. 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Introduction (2) 2. Fixture design (2) 3. Current CAFD approaches (4) 3.1 Setup planning (4) 3.1.1 Approaches to setup planning (4) 3.2 Fixture planning (4) 3.2.1 Approaches to defining the fixturing requirement (6) 3.2.2 Approaches to non-optimized layout planning (6) 3.2.3 Approaches to layout planning optimization (6) 3.3 Unit design (7) 3.3.1 Approaches to conceptual unit design (7)