Chapter 2
2. Assume a German tourist buys a Mexican beer in a pub in Houston, Texas. How will the U.S. GDP be affected? C
A.U.S. GDP will be unaffected, since a foreigner buys a foreign product.
B. U.S. GDP will decrease since the beer has to be imported from Mexico
C. U.S. GDP will increase by the value added at the Houston pub
D. U.S. GDP will increase, but only by the sales tax assessed on the beer
7. If nominal GDP is $10,406 billion and the GDP-deflator is 110, then real GDP is about $9,460 billion
8. The GDP-deflator and the CPI differ from each other since C
A. the GDP-deflator does not include services but the CPI does
B. the GDP-deflator includes imported goods but the CPI doesn't
C. the CPI measures a fixed market basket but the GDP-deflator doesn't
D. the CPI includes more goods than the GDP-deflator does
9. Assume you desire a real rate of return of 4% on an investment and you expect the annual average inflation rate to be 3.2%. What should the nominal interest rate be on this investment? 7.2%
Chapter 9
3. Assume a model with no government and no foreign sector. If the consumption function is defined as C = 800 + (0.8)Y, and the income level is Y = 2,000, then the level of total saving is -400
4. Assume a model with no government and no foreign sector. If we have a savings function that is defined as S = - 200 + (0.1)Y and autonomous investment decreases by 50, by how much will consumption change? -450
5. Assume a model without income taxation and no foreign sector. If government purchases are increased by $25 billion financed by a lump sum tax increase of $25 billion, then A
A. national income will increase by $25 billion but the budget deficit is unaffected
B. national income will increase $50 billion but the budget deficit is unaffected
C. neither national income nor the budget deficit will be affected
D. we cannot say for sure what will happen to national income or the budget deficit
6. The size of the expenditure multiplier increases with an increase in C
A. government transfer payments
B. the marginal propensity to save
C. marginal propensity to consume
D. the income tax rate
7. Assume the savings function is S = - 200 + (1/4)YD and the marginal tax rate is t = 20%. If the level of government spending increases by 100, by how much will the level of equilibrium income change? 250
8. Assume a model of the expenditure sector with income taxes. If the level of autonomous investment decreases (due to negative business expectations), which of the following will be true? D
A. the actual budget surplus will not be affected
B. the actual budget surplus will increase
C. the structural budget surplus will decrease
D. the cyclical component of the budget surplus will decrease
9. Assume the consumption function is C = 600 + (3/4)YD and the income tax rate is t = 20%. What will be the effect on the actual budget surplus of an increase in autonomous investment by 200? an increase by 100
10. Assume the consumption function is C = 200 + (0.8)YD and the income tax rate is t = 0.25. What will be the eff ect of an increase in government transfers by ΔTR = 100 on the full-employment budget surplus? an decrease by 100
Chapter 10
4.哪些政策会使IS曲线变陡峭并向左移动？D
A.货币供应量的减少
B.政府转移支付的减少
C.一笔税收的减少
D.所得税率的减少
5.LM曲线左上方表示D
A.商品和服务的过度需求
B.商品和服务的过度供给
C.货币的过度需求
D.货币的过度供给
6.LM曲线会在什么情况下变平坦？B
A.货币需求对利率变化的敏感度低
B.货币需求对收入变化敏感度低
C.货币需求对收入变化敏感度高
D.货币政策乘数变大
7.在IS-LM模型中，如果自主储蓄增加会导致
收入和利率均减少
8. 在IS-LM框架下，扩张性货币政策会
增加消费和投资
9.沿着AD曲线从左向右运动相当于B
A.由于利率下降，IS右移
B.由于实际货币余额增加，LM右移
C.由于增加名义货币供给量，LM右移
D.由于较低的实际货币余额，沿着LM曲线从左向右移动
10.什么情况下AD曲线右移 A
A.政府转移支付增加
B.由于价格水平下降，实际货币余额增加
C.自主储蓄增加
D.央行限制名义货币供给量Chapter 11
1. 在美国，扩张性货币政策常以下方式进行：C A．财政部发行新债券来融资增加预算赤字
B. 美联储要求银行增加贷款活动
C. 美联储从银行或政府安全经销商那购买债券，以换取金钱
D.美联储乡政府出售债券
4.扩张性财政政策的副作用
利率上升会导致国内生产总值的组成发生变化
5.如果央行固定汇率B
A.每次财政扩张后要承担公开市场销售
B.每次IS曲线变动时，央行都要调整货币供给
C.财政政策变化不会影响消费和投资
D.上述所有
6.挤出指的是C
A.当所得税提高时，消费水平降低
B.投资补贴减少后，投资水平降低
C.财政政策的变化通过改变利率影响GDP的构成
D.流动性陷阱时，财政政策完全无效
8. 如果政府通过投资补贴刺激经济，B
A. 投资和产出水平会增加，但消费将不受影响
B. 投资增长的一部分会通过提高利率来抵消
C. 可避免增加利率
D. 央行的帮助下仍然必要的，因为补贴不会使利率上升
10. 如果央行拒绝大量增加政府支出，最可能的结果将是
A.由于利率改变，国际收支的经常账户出现盈余
B.由于利率改变，消费水平下降
C.GDP组成发生变化
D.上述所有
Chapter 12
2. Which of the following items is a surplus item in the balance of payments for the United Sates?
A. a U.S. car dealer buys 20 BMWs from Germany and sells them at a profit in the U.S.
B. a U.S. citizen deposits funds in a bank in the Bahamas
C. a German firm pays to get a license for the use of American technology
D. Bill Gates buys himself a small island off the coast of Indonesia
4. 如果美国商品的价格水平为P = 110，外国商品的价格水平为P f = 220，名义汇率为e=1.2，真正汇率为 2.4
6. The concept of relative purchasing power parity implies that
A. the real exchange rate adjusts slowly to its long-run average level
B. the domestic price level will change rapidly until the real exchange rate is equal to 1
C. the relative demand for domestic goods will rise if the real exchange rate is below 1
D. the long-run relative price level of domestic to foreign goods (P/P f) is equal to 1
7. Restrictive monetary policy in the U.S.
A. lowers the value of the U.S. dollar relative to other currencies
B. increases the value of the U.S. dollar relative to other currencies
C. increases U.S. net exports
D. should not have any effect on the U.S. trade balance
9. In a model with flexible exchange rates and perfect capital mobility, restrictive fiscal policy is likely to cause
A. an appreciation of the domestic currency
B. a decrease in the current account surplus
C. an increase in net exports
D. an inflow of funds
10. A country that follows a beggar-thy-neighbor policy
A. induces an exchange rate depreciation to increase domestic output via monetary policy
B. uses fiscal policy to increase its competitiveness on world markets
C. imposes a tariff on imported goods
D. tries to benefit from an increase in world demand by selling domestic products at higher prices
Chapter 5
2.The Keynesian AS-curve implies that
A) the economy is always at the full-employment level of output
B) the AS-curve is completely vertical
C) wages and prices are completely flexible
D) a change in spending will affect the level of GDP but not the price level
3 In the Keynesian AS-curve case, if the government cuts welfare payments, then
A) the price level will decrease, but the economy will remain at the full-employment level of output
B) the level of output will decrease but the price level will remain the same
C) the levels of output and prices will decrease
D) unemployment will increase, since wages and prices are completely flexible
4.The slope of the AS-curve becomes steeper
A) as wages and prices become more flexible
B) as wages become more rigid
C) as the economy moves further away from full employment
D) as the government implements expansionary fiscal policy
5.If the unemployment rate is assumed to be at its natural rate, then
A) inflation cannot exist
B) the unemployment rate is zero
C) the unemployment rate is positive but at a level that exists when GDP is at its potential level
D) all unemployment is cyclical in nature
6.In the medium run, an increase in oil prices will
A) increase the price level but reduce the level of output
B) lead to a decrease in aggregate demand
C) lead to an increase in aggregate demand
D) not affect the level of real output
10.As potential GDP grows over time
A) the level of output is essentially determined by shifts in the vertical AS-curve
B) the price level remains constant
C) the AD-curve shifts to the right due to a change in the average price level
D) the level of actual output can only change if the AD-curve shifts accordingly
Chapter 6
5.The coordination approach to the Phillips curve focuses on the fact that
A) fiscal and monetary policies often are uncoordinated
B) firms are reluctant to change wages and prices because they aren't sure what their competitors will do
C) workers are well informed about changes in their nominal wages but not about changes in their real wages
D) anticipated changes in monetary policy have no significant effect on the unemployment rate
7.Which of the following equations best describes Okun's law?
A) (Y - Y*) = 0.5(u - u*)
B) (Y - Y*)/ Y* = - 2(u - u*)
C) (Y* - Y) = 2(u - u*)
D) (Y* - Y)/Y = - 0.5(u - u*)
9.Which of the following is the most likely result of an unanticipated increase in money supply?
A) higher prices and output in the medium run but no change in output in the long run
B) higher prices and lower real money balances in both the medium and the long run
C) higher prices and employment in the medium run, but no change in output and prices in the long run
D) higher prices and output in the medium and long runs
10.If the government employs restrictive monetary policy in response to an adverse supply shock,
A) the inflation rate and the natural rate of unemployment will both decrease
B) the rate of unemployment will increase sharply
C) unemployment will remain at its natural level
D) the shift in the AS-curve can be reversed almost immediately
Chapter 3
3.If we assume a Cobb-Douglas production function where the share of labor is 3/4 and the share of capital is 1/4, then the marginal product of capital can be calculated as
A) 3Y/4K
B) Y/4K
C) 4Y/K
D) Y/K
5.Assume a Cobb-Douglas aggregate production function in which labor's share of income is 0.7 and capital's share of income is 0.3. At what rate will real output grow if labor grows at
2.0%, the capital stock grows at 1.0%, and total factor productivity increases by 1.8%?
A) 4.8%
B) 3.5%
C) 3.0%
D) 1.8%
6.In the neoclassical growth model, a decrease in the savings rate
A) raises the growth rate of output per capita
B) lowers the growth rate of output per capita
C) raises the steady-state capital-labor ratio
D) lowers the steady-state capital-labor ratio
7.In the neoclassical growth model, a decrease in the rate of population growth will
A) decrease the growth rate of output
B) decrease the level of output per capita
C) decrease the steady-state capital-labor ratio
D) all of the above
8.In the neoclassical growth model, a one-time increase in technology will
A) increase the growth rate of output
B) shift the investment requirement line up
C) increase the steady-state capital-labor ratio
D) all of the above
Chapter 4
1.Constant returns to scale for capital alone implies that
A) as both capital inputs and labor inputs are doubled, output will more than double
B) as both capital inputs and labor inputs are doubled, output will less than double
C) as both capital inputs and labor inputs are doubled, output will double
D) as capital inputs are doubled, output will less than double
2.Paul Romer's notion of social returns to capital implies that
A) the contribution of any new knowledge will not just go to the producer of new knowledge but be shared by others as well
B) new capital investments have a bigger impact on growth if the owners of capital share their newfound wealth with the poor
C) investment in real capital benefits society as a whole while investment in human capital only benefits those who invest in themselves
D) investment in real capital has a bigger impact on labor productivity than investment in human capital
3.The distinction between private and social returns to capital is important since
A) policy makers want to know how much the government can gain from capital investments
B) capital investments cannot be undertaken profitably unless subsidized by the government
C) capital investments often have important spillover effects
D) capital investment increases labor productivity
4.Assume an endogenous growth model with labor augmenting technology and a production function of the form Y = F(K,AN), with A = 2(K/N) such that y = 2k. If the rate of population growth is n = 0.03, the rate of depreciation is d = 0.04, and the savings rate is s = 0.08, the growth rate of output per capita is
A) 15%
B) 9%
C) 7%
D) 1%
5.Assume an endogenous growth model with labor augmenting technology and a production function of the form Y = F(K,AN), with A = 1.2(K/N) such that y = 1.2k. If the rate of population growth is n = 0.03, the rate of depreciation is d = 0.05, how large would the savings rate (s) have to be to achieve a per-capita growth rate of output of 4 percent?
A) 12%
B) 10%
C) 8%
D) 4%
6.Assume an aggregate production function with a constant marginal product of capital and with capital as the only factor of production, such that Y = aK. If there is neither population growth nor depreciation of capital, the growth rate of per-capita output is
A) Δy/y = sa
B) Δy/y = sa + (n - d)
C) Δy/y = sa + (n + d)
D) Δy/y = sa/(n + d)
7.The idea that increased investment in research and development will enhance economic growth is
A) the key to linking higher savings rates to higher equilibrium growth rates
B) totally unproven
C) a crucial element of conditional convergence
D) an important part of the neoclassical growth model
8.Conditional convergence is predicted for two countries with the same population growth and access to the same technology. This means that they will eventually
A) reach the same income per capita and the same economic growth rate even if they have different savings rates
B) reach a different income per capita but the same economic growth rate even if they have different savings rates
C) reach the same income per capita and different economic growth rates if they have different savings rates
D) reach different income per capita levels and different economic growth rates if they have different savings rates
9.Endogenous growth theory predicts that countries will achieve higher economic growth rates if they manage to
A) lower their population growth
B) increase their savings rates
C) shield their industries from foreign competition
D) all of the above
10.The four "Asian Tigers" achieved their economic growth between 1966 and 1990 mostly through
A) population control
B) protection of domestic industries from foreign competition
C) hard work and sacrifice
D) a large degree of government intervention
Chapter 13
1.Keynes' theory of consumption behavior largely relied on the equation C = Co + cY. This equation implies that the value of the average propensity to consume
A) increases as the economy goes into a recession
B) increases as the economy goes into a boom
C) remains constant whether the economy goes into a boom or a recession
D) is always lower than the value of the marginal propensity to consume
2.Assume a worker at age 30 with no wealth and an expected average annual earnings of $50,000, who wants to retire at age 65 and expects to live until age 80. According to the life-cycle hypothesis what dollar amount does that person consume annually?
A) $45,000
B) $40,000
C) $35,000
D) $30,000
3.If we divide consumption expenditures into the purchases of non-durable goods and the purchases of durable goods, we realize that
A) the life-cycle and permanent-income theories apply much more to the consumption of non-durable goods than durable goods
B) the consumption of non-durable goods is much more interest sensitive than the consumption of durable goods
C) the consumption of non-durable goods is more strongly affected by a surprise change in income than the consumption of durable goods
D) the consumption of durable goods this year is largely the same as the consumption of durable goods last year
4.According to the permanent-income theory of consumption
A) the short-run multiplier is identical to the long-run multiplier
B) the short-run multiplier is larger than the long-run multiplier
C) the short-run mpc is larger than the long-run mpc
D) the short-run mpc is smaller than the long-run mpc
5.According to the permanent-income hypothesis
A) increases in current income lead to large increases in current consumption
B) current consumption is not significantly affected by a temporary change in income
C) the mpc out of transitory income is greater than the mpc out of permanent income
D) increases in the interest rate will affect consumption negatively
6.The random-walk theory of consumption
A) clearly contradicts the permanent-income theory
B) predicts that current consumption is most strongly affected by current income
C) predicts that this year's consumption is most strongly affected by last year's consumption
D) does not support the notion that people have rational expectations
7.The fact that consumption exhibits "excess smoothness" implies that
A) consumption responds too strongly to surprise changes in income
B) current consumption can be predicted based on changes in current income
C) changes in transitory income have no effect on current consumption or saving
D) none of the above
8.If we account for liquidity constraints,
A) we can explain why a temporary tax increase may have an effect on current consumption
B) we have to discard the permanent-income hypothesis
C) consumption becomes much more interest sensitive
D) consumption responds much less severely to surprise changes in income
9.Household savings behavior tends to be fairly interest inelastic, which can be largely explained by
A) a very large substitution effect
B) the fact that the income effect dominates the substitution effect
C) the fact that the substitution effect is largely offset by the income effect
D) the fact that the consumption of durable goods tends to be very interest inelastic
10.Which of the following is an objection to the Barro-Ricardo proposition?
A) people believe that debt-financing merely postpones taxation
B) people who benefit from a tax cut now are often not the same people who pay higher taxes later
C) a tax cut may ease a person's liquidity constraints, inducing the person to consume more
D) most people can borrow funds when necessary and therefore always consume according to their permanent income
Chapter 14
1Which of the following will NOT affect the productive capacity of a country?
A) more people getting a higher education
B) more people investing in government bonds
C) the government improving the infrastructure such as bridges and highways
D) firms replacing old PCs with newer, more efficient ones
2In absence of taxation, the rental cost of capital can be defined as
A) rc = i + πe - d
B) rc = i - πe - d
C) rc = i - πe + d
D) rc = i + πe + d
3If we ignore taxation and know that the rental cost of capital is 12%, the expected rate of inflation is 4%, and the nominal interest rate is 9%, we can conclude that the rate of depreciation must be
A) d = 1%
B) d = 7%
C) d = 17%
D) d = 25%
4If the rental cost of capital is above the marginal product of capital, then a firm should
A) increase its investment spending
B) decrease its investment spending
C) not replace some of the machines that have broken down in the production process
D) undertake primarily replacement investments
5Assume a Cobb-Douglas production function of the form Y = AK0.2N0.8. If the rental cost of capital is rc = 5%, the desired capital stock of a cost-minimizing firm should be equal to
A) K* = 2Y
B) K* = 4Y
C) K* = 5Y
D) K* = 8Y
6Assume the market interest rate is 10% and is not expected to change over the next three years. If an investment project has net returns of $2,420 after one year, $3,630 after the second year, and $3,993 after the third year, what is its net present discounted value?
A) $10,043
B) $9,130
C) $9,020
D) $8,200
7The most likely source of funding for a U.S. firm wishing to finance a new investment project is
A) a credit line with a bank
B) retained earnings
C) selling bonds
D) issuing equity (stocks)
8According to the accelerator model,
A) a change in investment is proportional to the level of output
B) the level of investment spending is proportional to the level of output
C) the level of investment spending is proportional to the change in output
D) the level of investment spending is mainly affected by interest rate changes
9Expansionary monetary policy has an effect on the housing market since it
A) decreases the price of all assets, including housing prices
B) lowers real interest rates in the long run, so people will postpone buying homes
C) lowers nominal interest rates, so banks find mortgage lending less profitable
D) lowers nominal interest rates, so more homebuyers are able to qualify for mortgages
10An unanticipated decrease in the level of inventories may occur
A) in the midst of a boom, as firms prepare for the upcoming recession
B) in a boom when increased sales cannot be met by increases in production
C) in a recession when firms expect lower profits and try to keep their costs low
D) at the beginning of a recession as firms slash their prices to induce more sales
Chapter 15
1.As credit and debit cards are more widely used, we should expect that
A) more money balances will be held in M1
B) more money balances will be held in M2
C) less money balances will be held in M2
D) less money balances will be held in M1, but those held in M2 will remain unchanged 2Which of the following would lead to increased money balances in M1?
A) more purchases made on the internet
B) more credit card purchases
C) lower inflationary expectations
D) all of the above
3A financial asset is considered less liquid if
A) it has a longer maturity
B) it is issued by the government rather than a large corporation such as Microsoft
C) it earns a lower yield
D) none of the above
4The Baumol-Tobin square-root formula for money demand applies primarily to
A) the transactions motive of holding money
B) the precautionary motive of holding money
C) the speculative motive of holding money
D) the store-of-value motive of holding money
5According to the Baumol-Tobin square-root formula, the amount of money balances held for transaction will
A) increase as interest rates increase
B) decrease as the cost of money transactions increases
C) increase less than proportionately to increases in income
D) all of the above
6The speculative demand for money
A) will always increase proportionately to the precautionary demand for money
B) will always increase proportionately to the transactions demand for money
C) is affected by changes in bond yields but not equity yields
D) cannot be easily separated from money demand for transaction or precaution
7If the expected growth rate in real GDP for next year is 2.5%, we can anticipate that the demand for M1 money holdings will
A) also increase by 2.5%
B) increase by more than 2.5%
C) increase by less than 2.5%
D) remain constant
8The income velocity of money is defined as
A) real money supply divided by real GDP
B) nominal money supply divided by nominal GDP
C) nominal GDP divided by nominal money supply
D) national income divided by the currency outstanding
9If the government increases the level of government purchases, we can expect that
A) interest rates and the income velocity of money will both increase
B) interest rates and the income velocity of money will both decrease
C) interest rates will increase but the income velocity of money will decrease
D) interest rates will increase but the income velocity of money will remain the same 10According to the quantity theory of money, in the long run
A) the behavior of velocity is hard to predict
B) a change in money supply will be followed by a proportional change in the price level
C) an increase in nominal money supply will result in a proportional decrease in velocity
D) an increase in nominal money supply will result in a proportional increase in velocity
多恩布什《宏观经济学》第10版课后习题详解 第16章联邦储备、货币与信用 一、概念题 1．信用（credit） 答：信用指未来偿还商品赊销或商品借贷的一种承诺，是关于债权债务关系的约定。它以商品货币的使用权为交易标的，以还本付息为条件，以信任为基础，以利益最大化为目标，是价值运动的特殊形式。 信用主要有银行信用、商业信用、消费信用和国家信用四种形式。银行信用是指有银行参与的货币借贷活动；商业信用是指商品交易中的延期付款或交货；消费信用指由企业、银行或其他消费信用机构向消费者个人提供的信用；国家信用是指政府以债务人的身份筹集资金的一种借贷行为。 2．外汇市场干预（foreign exchange intervention） 答：外汇市场干预指中央银行买卖外汇以稳定汇率的行为。各国中央银行经常对外汇市场进行干预，影响外汇市场供求状况，使得汇率朝有利于本国的方向波动。外汇市场干预会影响基础货币，通过货币乘数影响货币供应量。当中央银行购买黄金或外汇，会使基础货币供应量增加，使货币供应量数倍增加；反之会使货币供应量减少。外汇市场干预使货币供应量变动，会对本国经济产生不利影响，因此一般情况下，一国中央银行在进行外汇市场干预时，会同时在国内货币市场采取反向的操作，使得货币供应量保持不变。 3．公开市场购买（open market purchase） 答：公开市场购买指中央银行在公开市场上买进有价证券或外汇。公开市场购买将产生
三方面的效果： （1）基础货币投放量增加，当货币乘数不变时，货币供应量将增加。美联储在公开市场购买有价证券或外汇时，以自身的负债进行支付，从而创造了高能货币，在货币乘数的影响下造成货币供应量的成倍增加，引起信用扩张。 （2）有价证券和票据的价格上升，市场利率下降，刺激投资增加。 （3）向公众传达放松银根的信息，影响心理预期。 4．信用配给（credit rationing） 答：信用配给指在借贷人愿意支付规定利率甚至更高利率时，贷款人仍不愿发放贷款或发放贷款的数额小于申请贷款额的情形。信用配给有两种情况：一种是银行拒绝发放任何数额的贷款，哪怕借款人愿意支付较高的利率；另一种是银行愿意发放贷款，但数额低于借款人的要求。 信用配额出现的原因是信贷中的逆向选择和道德风险问题。一般愿意支付高利率的借款人，投资项目的风险也相应高，银行不愿意发放此类贷款是因为投资风险太大，如果投资失败，贷款就难以偿还，银行宁愿不发放任何高利率贷款而进行信用配给；信用配给的第二个原因是为了防范道德风险，因为贷款规模越大，借款人从事那些难以归还贷款的活动的动力就越大，因此银行会进行信用配给，向借款人提供的资金少于申请额。 5．钉住利率（pegging the interest rate） 答：钉住利率是将利率设定在某个给定的水平，并通过运用货币政策工具使之保持不变的政策。钉住利率制要求美联储必须时刻维持一定的利率水平，并将其作为货币政策的中介目标，这有利于运用利率杠杆调节经济，但同时使得美联储失去了对货币供给的控制。美联
宏观经济学 第二章概念题 1．如果政府雇用失业工人，他们曾领取TR美元的失业救济金，现在他们作为政府雇员支取TR美元，不做任何工作，GDP会发生什么情况？请解释。 答：国内生产总值指一个国家（地区）领土范围，本国（地区）居民和外国居民在一定时期内所生产和提供的最终使用的产品和劳务的价值。用支出法计算的国内生产总值等于消费C、投资I、政府支出G和净出口NX之和。从支出法核算角度看：C、I、NX保持不变，由于转移支付TR美元变成了政府对劳务的购买即政府支出增加，使得G增加了TR美元，GDP会由于G的增加而增加。 2．GDP和GNP有什么区别？用于计算收入/产量是否一个比另一个更好呢？为什么？ 答：（1）GNP和GDP的区别 GNP指在一定时期内一国或地区的国民所拥有的生产要素所生产的全部最终产品（物品和劳务）的市场价值的总和。它是本国国民生产的最终产品市场价值的总和，是一个国民概念，即无论劳动力和其他生产要素处于国内还是国外，只要本国国民生产的产品和劳务的价值都记入国民生产总值。 GDP指一定时期内一国或地区所拥有的生产要素所生产的全部最终产品（物品和劳务）的市场价值的总和。它是一国范围内生产的最终产品，是一个地域概念。 两者的区别：在经济封闭的国家或地区，国民生产总值等于国内生产总值；在经济开放的国家或地区，国民生产总值等于国内生产总值加上国外净要素收入。两者的关系可以表示为：GNP=GDP+[本国生产要素在其他国家获得的收入（投资利润、劳务收入）-外国生产要素从本国获得的收入]。 （2）使用GDP比使用GNP用于计量产出会更好一些，原因如下： 1）从精确度角度看，GDP的精确度高； 2）GDP衡量综合国力时，比GNP好； 3）相对于GNP而言，GDP是对经济中就业潜力的一个较好的衡量指标。 由于美国经济中GDP和GNP的差异非常小，所以在分析美国经济时，使用这两种的任何一个指标，造成的差异都不会大。但对于其他有些国家的经济来说明，这个差别是相当大的，因此，使用GDP作为衡量指标会更好。但是，在衡量某地区居民生活水平时GNP更好一点。 3．CPI和PPI都计量价格水平，它们有什么区别，什么时候你会选择其中一个，而不选择另一个？ 答：（1）CPI与PPI的区别 消费者价格指数（CPI），是反映消费品（包括劳务）价格水平变动状况的一种价格指数，代表城市消费者购买一篮子固定的商品和服务的费用。生产者价格指数（PPI）指建立在生产中所使用的商品的市场篮子基础上的价格指数，计量既定的一篮子商品的成本。 PPI与CPI的区别在于：1）他们所包括的范围不同：CPI主要包括日用消费品；PPI包括原料和半成品。2）PPI被设计为对销售过程中开始阶段的价格的度量，而CPI衡量的是城市居民实际支付的价格——也即零售价格。
第6章名义刚性 1．什么是卢卡斯批判？为什么卢卡斯批判对凯恩斯宏观经济学的政策建议有影响？ 答：（1）卢卡斯批判的含义 卢卡斯批判，又称卢卡斯批评，是卢卡斯提出的一种认为传统政策分析没有充分考虑到政策变动对人们预期影响的观点，该名称来自卢卡斯的论文《计量经济学的政策评价：一个批判》。卢卡斯指出，由于人们在对将来的事态做出预期时，不但要考虑过去，还要估计现在的事件对将来的影响，并且根据他们所得到的结果而改变他们的行为。这就是说，他们要估计当前的经济政策对将来事态的影响，并且按照估计的影响采取对策，即改变他们的行为，以便取得最大的利益。行为的改变会使经济模型的参数发生变化，而参数的变化又是难以衡量的。因此，经济学者用经济模型很难评价经济政策的效果。 （2）卢卡斯批判的具体内容 具体来说，卢卡斯批判的内容有： ①任何政策都是政府与私人部门之间的博弈，双方力图猜中对方的最优策略。 假如政府把私人部门当成被动的“机器”来控制，其政策的基本假设已经错误了。政府的每一个策略，假如已经被私人部门准确地预见到，则政策的“货币效应”将消失，政府的货币政策将是“中性”的，不会产生任何物质力量。而政府的财政开支将以其物质力量与私人部门竞争资源，产生所谓的“挤出效应”，即以每一元政府开支从市场里挤出去一元钱的私人开支，结果政府开支仅仅是替私人花钱而已。所以政府的任何政策，不论是货币的还是实物的，都不会产生有益于社会的效果。 ②理论解释为什么在战后确实出现了持续繁荣，是否与凯恩斯政策有关系。
卢卡斯认为，凯恩斯政策假如短期内有效，那就是因为市场中存在大量“接电话”的噪音使私人听不清信号。当大多数私人因为听不清信号而放弃行动时，政府相当于在与一个完全被动的机器博弈，所以很轻易实行“最优控制”以达到预期效果。但是当人们反复听取信号，终于搞清楚了政府意图时，博弈就又回到主动的理性人之间的博弈了。战后繁荣的代价就是，政府为了不断造成“惊奇”效应，必须不断使自己的政策强度升级。于是各国财政赤字以加速度上升，终于难以为继，这是凯恩斯式经济政策的代价。 （3）卢卡斯批判对凯恩斯宏观经济学的影响 在传统凯恩斯宏观经济学的理论体系中，由于没有考虑到预期的作用，短期总供给曲线被视为固定不变，从而宏观经济政策通过影响总需求而对实际经济产生影响。而卢卡斯却认为人们会利用一切信息对价格的变动作出自己的预期，当政府政策改变时，人们会对预期进行适时调整，短期总供给曲线并不是固定不变，而是会针对宏观经济政策的变动作出相应调整。因此，在制定宏观经济政策时，政策制定者应该了解和重视这种调整，需要考虑政策如何影响预期，从而影响行为。这是卢卡斯批判对凯恩斯宏观经济学的政策建议有影响的原因。 2．假设给定的菲利普斯曲线是πt＝πt e＋0.08＋0.01μ－2u t。 （1）假设成本利润率μ初始为30%，但是随着竞争程度的加剧，μ下降到10%，那么改变前和改变后的自然失业率分别是多少？ （2）假设预期通胀率πt e＝θπt－1，并且暂时令θ等于0，成本利润率为30%，在第t 年官方决定长期目标失业率为2%，请确定t，t＋1，t＋2和t＋5年的通胀率。 （3）参照上问的假设，现在假设在t＋6年年初，人们的预期改变，θ从0增长到1，并且政府保持长期失业率2%目标不变，那么t＋6和t＋7年的通胀率是多少？ （4）用图形解释（2）和（3）的答案。
CHAPTER 4 GROWTH AND POLICY Solutions to the Problems in the Textbook Conceptual Problems: 1. Endogenous or self-sustained growth supposedly can be achieved by policies that affect a nation's savings rate and therefore the proportion of GDP that goes towards investment. The neoclassical growth model of Chapter 3 predicted that long-term growth can only be achieved through technological progress and that changes in the savings rate have only transitory effects. The endogenous growth model, however, predicts that countries with a higher savings rate can achieve higher long-term growth and that a nation's government can affect the long-term growth rate by implementing policies that affect the savings rate. 2. A simple model with constant returns to scale to capital alone implies increasing returns to scale to all factors taken together, which could cause a single large firm to dominate the economy. However, such a model ignores the possibility that external returns to capital exist, in addition to the internal (private) returns. In other words, more investment not only leads to a higher and more efficient capital stock but also to new ideas and new ways of doing things, which can then be copied by others. Therefore, a single firm does not necessarily reap all of the benefits of increased output. 3.In the neoclassical growth model, an increase in the savings rate does not increase the long-term growth rate of output. However, because of the short-run adjustment process, there is some transitional gain that will lead to a higher level of output per capita. In the endogenous growth model, however, the savings rate does affect the long-term growth rate of output. 4.a. Chapter 4 suggests that the key to long-term economic growth is investment in human and physical capital with particular emphasis on research and development. 4.b. (i) Investment tax credits may potentially affect economic growth in the long run by achieving a higher rate of technological progress. (ii) R&D subsidies and grants lead to technological advances that will have private and social returns. They are very effective in stimulating long-term economic growth. (iii) According to the endogenous growth model, policies designed to increase the savings rate will increase the long-term growth rate of output. However, empirical evidence does not lend much support to that notion. (iv) Increased funding for primary education has large private and social returns and
1、定义：在一定时期一国经济中所生产的全部最终产品和劳务价值。 1)“一定时期”，流量概念，不包括已有商品的交易。例如：新的房屋建筑计算为GDP 的一部分，不包括已经存在的房屋的交易。不过，销售现有房屋的房产经纪人费用作为本期劳务应计算为GDP的一部分。 2)“一国经济中”是指地域范围。 3)“生产的”，以生产而非交易为标准 4)“最终产品和劳务”，不包括中间品，避免重复计算。隐含着GDP本质上指的是一国 在一年时间里各种要素（劳动、资本、土地等）共同劳作而创造的新增的社会财富价值的总和。 5)“价值”，以市场价格而不是以要素的成本来衡量，包含物价因素。一般以当期价格计 算的为名义GDP，以一个基期价格来衡量的为实际GDP 2、核算：支出法——Y=C+I+G+NX 收入法——Y=工资+利润+利息+租金+间接税+折旧 3、计量GDP中存在的若干问题 1)计量不够充分，存在地下交易； 2)一些产品定价有问题； 3)现有GDP计量中引起资源消耗的成本并没有扣除掉，造成GDP虚夸现象； 4)产品异质性难以度量； 1、定义：在一定时期本国的生产要素所有者所生产的最终产品和劳务的价值总和。 GDP-GNP =外国人在本国的收入-本国人在外国的收入= 外国人所获净收入 2、名义GNP——在一定时期的以该期价格计算的产出价值。 实际GNP——以相同的价格（基期价格）来衡量的各个时期所生产的所有产品的价值。 目的是便于各个不同时期经济中的物质产量的相互比较。 1、一定的支出增量带来的产出增量与自身之比，一般产出增量大于支出增量 2、凯恩斯乘数效应理论旨在说明政府政策对于纠正市场失灵的有效性 3、但只有当经济社会存在着闲置资源时，乘数才能发挥作用。相反，如果已经处于充分就业状态，社会资源已经没有闲置的时候，乘数效应对总产出不能发挥作用，如果一味推行，可能导致一些负面效果出现，如通货膨胀问题。比较“1929-1933大萧条时期罗斯福新政的出台对经济的效果”与“长期推行凯恩斯主义在70年代产生的滞胀问题”。 G和增加税收t结合在一起以保持BS不变,将使产出的增加刚好等于政府支出的增加。此时，平衡预算乘数为1 1、一般认为节俭更能增加财富，但在宏观经济波动理论中，消费对产出有乘数的放大作用。如果国民越是节俭，则边际消费倾向越低，均衡产出水平就越低，国民越是贫穷（作图说明）。这种与传统观点相反的情况就叫做节俭悖论 2、节俭悖论在长期的增长模型中不复存在，罗默的内生增长模型表明，储蓄率较高的国家增长较快，巴罗虽然认为高储蓄对增长的影响倾向于暂时性的，但也承认高储蓄率的国家能
第3章内生增长 1．金融危机、货币宽松与经济增长（请阅读下面关于美国量化宽松的描述并简要回答问题，要求简明指出要点）。 2007年中，美国爆发次贷危机和金融危机，金融市场波动增加，风险增大。美联储（美国中央银行）采取了一系列的对抗措施，力图阻止经济产生更大波动，稳定增长和就业，促进经济增长。先是把联邦基金利率从2007年7月的5.25%，下降到2008年12月的几乎为零，一年半的时间内下调了超过5个百分点。然后先后在2008年11月、2010年11月、2012年9月推出三轮量化宽松的政策，大量购买美国国债、机构债、资产抵押债券，向市场注入资金。 （1）根据你的货币政策知识，简要描述降低利率和量化宽松的区别。 （2）2011年9月，美联储推出了扭曲操作，出售4000亿美元中短期国债，购入相同数量的中长期国债。美联储进行这样的操作的预期效果是什么？ 根据《联邦储备法案》，美联储的政策目标是“充分就业、价格稳定和适中的长期利率”。次贷危机和金融危机以来，美国的失业率快速上升而且居高不下，从2007年5月的4.4%上升到2009年10月的10%，后来缓慢下降，但是迄今一直保持在7.2%以上，远远高于6.5%以下的政策目标，而且美国的通货膨胀率也一直不高。因此，美联储一直没有退出量化宽松政策。 （3）基于索罗模型，一个经济体的产出由技术和要素投入决定：Y＝AF（K，L，H），其中Y是产出，A是生产技术，K是资本，L是劳动力，H是附着在劳动力上面的人力资本。这个模型还可以进一步扩展，比如把自然资源包含进去作为生产函数的另一种要素投入，再
比如进一步考虑生产技术A如何变化。 一个有意思的观察是，在增长模型中并没有货币因素，也没有就业，可是为什么美联储认为货币政策可以促进就业呢？请从政策目标之间的关系考虑。 （4）从2007年危机爆发至今，已有6年多的时间。虽然美联储的货币政策一直极为宽松，但是美国的经济复苏一直不强劲、不稳定，而且在此期间美国在技术领域取得了诸多进展，比如页岩气开采技术等等。如果你是政策制定者，根据索罗模型，你认为美国的经济政策应该如何进一步促进增长？ （5）基于你对问题（4）的回答，你认为长时间的货币宽松有助于经济增长吗？简要回答理由。 答：（1）货币当局调节货币供应量的方法有两种：①改变货币的价格，即改变利率。 ②直接改变货币供应量。降息属于前者；量化宽松属于后者，量化宽松主要是指中央银行在实行零利率或近似零利率政策后，通过购买国债等中长期债券，增加基础货币供给，向市场注入大量流动性资金的干预方式，以鼓励开支和借贷，也被简化地形容为间接增印钞票。量化是指扩大一定数量的货币发行，宽松即减少银行的资金压力。当银行和金融机构的有价证券被央行收购时，新发行的钱币便被成功地投入到私有银行体系。量化宽松政策所涉及的政府债券，不仅金额庞大，而且周期也较长。当一个经济体陷入凯恩斯陷阱中，即使货币当局降息，也不会释放出多少流动性时，通常会采取量化宽松货币政策来刺激经济。 （2）从次贷危机爆发开始，美联储先后使用降低利息和量化宽松的手段来稳定经济波动。但是，长时间的量化宽松政策并没有取得良好的效果，美国经济增长仍然乏力，导致就业市场疲软，失业率未有明显降低。此时，由于利率已经被调整至较低水平，而通货膨胀水平也不高。因此，为了实现充分就业的目标，美联储再次采取量化宽松政策。这样做的预期效果是：
第10章收入与支出 一、概念题 1．总需求（aggregate demand） 答：总需求指整个经济社会在每一个价格水平下对产品和劳务的需求总量，它由消费需求、投资需求、政府购买支出和国外需求构成。总需求函数表示产品市场和货币市场同时达到均衡时的价格水平与国民收入间的依存关系，描述这一函数的曲线称为总需求曲线。 总需求曲线向下倾斜，其机制在于：当价格水平上升时，将会同时打破产品市场和货币市场的均衡。在货币市场上，价格水平上升导致实际货币供给下降，从而使曲线向左移动，均衡利率水平上升，国民收入水平下降。在产品市场上，一方面由于利率水平上升造成投资需求下降（即利率效应），总需求随之下降；另一方面，价格水平的上升还导致人们的财富减少和实际收入水平下降，以及本国出口产品相对价格的提高，从而使人们的消费需求下降，本国的出口也会减少、国外需求减少，进口增加。这样，随着价格水平的上升，总需求水平就会下降。 2．消费函数（consumption function） 答：消费函数是描述消费与多种影响因素之间的数学关系的函数。宏观经济中，消费支出受多种因素影响，如国民收入水平、物价水平、利率、收入分配、个人偏好和社会习俗等等。 经济学家一般认为，在影响消费的各种因素中，收入是影响消费最重要、最稳定的因素，即消费是收入的函数，根据凯恩斯的收入决定理论，收入是消费的主要决定因素，利率并不 重要，因而消费函数的表达式为，，，其中即是边际消费倾向
（），为自主消费。 依据收入—消费关系分析时间的长短，消费函数又分为短期消费函数和长期消费函数。 3．边际消费倾向（marginal propensity of consume，MPC） 答：边际消费倾向指可支配收入每增加一美元时消费的增量，可以用以下公式表示： 表示增加的消费，代表增加的收入。一般而言，边际消费倾向在0和1之间波动。在西方经济学中，任何增加的收入无非两个用途：消费和储蓄。所以，边际消费倾向与边际储蓄倾向之和必定为1（即）。边际消费倾向是递减的，当人们收入增加时，消费也会随之增加，但增加的幅度却不断下降。即随着收入的上升，在增加的每单位收入中，消费所占的比重越来越小，储蓄所占的比重却越来越大。 边际消费倾向递减规律的意义：①凯恩斯把边际消费倾向递减看成是经济危机的根源之一。由于收入增加时消费增量所占比例逐步减少，故经济扩张会带来消费需求不足，从而形成生产过剩的经济危机；②一些西方学者利用该规律为资本主义制度辩护。他们认为，既然收入增加时增加的消费所占比例减少，表明高收入的资本家会比工人拿出更大比例的收入用于储蓄。他们的结论是，分配有利于资本家是合理的，可以促进资本循环，促进经济发展； ③还有一些西方学者认为，边际消费倾向递减体现出经济制度的稳定性功能。经济衰退时人们收入水平较低，在增加的收入中将较大的比例用于消费。经济繁荣时人们收入水平较高，在增加的收入中将较小的比例用于消费。这样，该规律在衰退时有利于扩大总需求，在繁荣时有利于缩小总需求，具有使经济自动趋向稳定的作用。 4．自动稳定器（automatic stabilizer）
高级宏观经济学复习练习题 1.中国支出法GDP由哪些项目构成？什么是最终消费率？试分析中 国最终消费率偏低并不断下降的原因 中国支出法GDP由消费、投资、政府支出和净出口组成；偏低并持续下降的原因： 1.劳动报酬份额下降 2.人口年龄结构变动 2.中国人民银行的货币政策工具主要有哪些？如果决定实施紧缩性货币政策，那么这些工具应该如何操作？ 中国人民银行的货币政策工具主要有：1.公开市场业务2.存款准备金率3.利率或贴现率4.信用分配、直接干预、流动性比率、道义劝告、窗口指导等 紧缩性货币政策操作：1.正回购2.提高存款准备金率3.提高利率 3.中国收入法GDP的构成 收入法GDP的收入构成：1.劳动者报酬、2.资本折旧3.营业盈余、4.生产税净额4.中国主要价格指数 1.居民消费价格指数 2.商品零售价格指数 3.生产者价格指数 4.固定资产投资价格指数 5.GDP平减指数 5.CPI的定义及构成 CPI (consumer price index），居民消费价格指数，国外称为“消费者价格指数”，是反映一定时期内城乡居民家庭即普通消费者所购买的生活消费品和服务项目价格变动趋势和程度的相对数。 构成 ?食品 ?烟酒及用品
?衣着 ?家庭设备用品及服务 ?医疗保健及个人用品 ?交通和通信 ?娱乐教育文化用品及服务 ?居住 6.基础货币及中央银行投放基础货币的手段 1.商业银行的准备金+银行系统之外的现金，即为基础货币。 投放手段: 1.再贷款的发放与收回 2.外汇占款的增加与减少 3.公开市场买进与卖出 7.自然失业率及潜在GDP增长率 1.自然失业率为经济社会在正常情况下的失业率，它是劳动市场处于供求稳定的失业率。 2.潜在GDP增长率：现有资源和生产能力被正常充分利用时所能实现的GDP 增长率。 8.分析判断宏观经济形势应该注意哪些主要问题？ 1.确定正确的参照或基准 2.区分自主的与受干预的增长率 3.区分临时性波动与趋势性变化 4.既要看名义变量，也要看真实变量 5.切忌犯“混淆因果”和“多因之果归于一因”的错误 6.全面考察经济系统的平衡关系 7.既要看宏观基本面，又要看微观基础 8.综合考虑国内外因素和影响 9.既要关注政策（事件）的短期效应，又要关注长期效应10.既要看同比，又要看环比
Chapter 2 2. Assume a German tourist buys a Mexican beer in a pub in Houston, Texas. How will the U.S. GDP be affected? C A.U.S. GDP will be unaffected, since a foreigner buys a foreign product. B. U.S. GDP will decrease since the beer has to be imported from Mexico C. U.S. GDP will increase by the value added at the Houston pub D. U.S. GDP will increase, but only by the sales tax assessed on the beer 7. If nominal GDP is $10,406 billion and the GDP-deflator is 110, then real GDP is about $9,460 billion 8. The GDP-deflator and the CPI differ from each other since C A. the GDP-deflator does not include services but the CPI does B. the GDP-deflator includes imported goods but the CPI doesn't C. the CPI measures a fixed market basket but the GDP-deflator doesn't D. the CPI includes more goods than the GDP-deflator does 9. Assume you desire a real rate of return of 4% on an investment and you expect the annual average inflation rate to be 3.2%. What should the nominal interest rate be on this investment? 7.2% Chapter 9 3. Assume a model with no government and no foreign sector. If the consumption function is defined as C = 800 + (0.8)Y, and the income level is Y = 2,000, then the level of total saving is -400 4. Assume a model with no government and no foreign sector. If we have a savings function that is defined as S = - 200 + (0.1)Y and autonomous investment decreases by 50, by how much will consumption change? -450 5. Assume a model without income taxation and no foreign sector. If government purchases are increased by $25 billion financed by a lump sum tax increase of $25 billion, then A A. national income will increase by $25 billion but the budget deficit is unaffected B. national income will increase $50 billion but the budget deficit is unaffected C. neither national income nor the budget deficit will be affected D. we cannot say for sure what will happen to national income or the budget deficit 6. The size of the expenditure multiplier increases with an increase in C A. government transfer payments B. the marginal propensity to save C. marginal propensity to consume D. the income tax rate 7. Assume the savings function is S = - 200 + (1/4)YD and the marginal tax rate is t = 20%. If the level of government spending increases by 100, by how much will the level of equilibrium income change? 250 8. Assume a model of the expenditure sector with income taxes. If the level of autonomous investment decreases (due to negative business expectations), which of the following will be true? D A. the actual budget surplus will not be affected B. the actual budget surplus will increase
罗默《高级宏观经济学》（第3版）第1章 索洛增长模型 跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。 以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。 1.1 增长率的基本性质。利用一个变量的增长率等于其对数的时间导数的事实证明： （a ）两个变量乘积的增长率等于其增长率的和，即若()()()Z t X t Y t =，则 （b ）两变量的比率的增长率等于其增长率的差，即若()()()Z t X t Y t =，则 （c ）如果()()Z t X t α =，则()()()()//Z t Z t X t X t α= 证明：（a ）因为一个变量的增长率等于对该变量取对数后再对时间求导，那么可得下式： 因为两个变量的积的对数等于两个变量各自对数之和，所以有下式： 再简化为下面的结果： 则得到（a ）的结果。 （b ）因为一个变量的增长率等于对该变量取对数后再对时间求导，那么可得下式： 因为两个变量的比率的对数等于两个变量各自对数之差，所以有下式： 再简化为下面的结果: 则得到（b ）的结果。 （c ）因为一个变量的增长率等于对该变量取对数后再对时间求导，那么可得下式： 又由于()()ln ln X t X t αα??=??，其中α是常数，有下面的结果： 则得到（c ）的结果。 1.2 假设某变量X 的增长率为常数且在10~t 时刻等于0a >，在1t 时刻下降为0，在12~t t 时刻逐渐由0上升到a ，在2t 时刻之后不变且等于a 。 （a ）画出作为时间函数的X 的增长率的图形。 （b ）画出作为时间函数的ln X 的图形。 答：（a ）根据题目的规定，X 的增长率的图形如图1-1所示。 从0时刻到1t 时刻X 的增长率为常数且等于a （0a >），为图形中的第一段。X 的增长率从0上升到a ，对应于图中的第二段。从2t 时刻之后，X 的增长率再次变为a 。 图1-1 时间函数X 的增长率 （b ）注意到ln X 关于时间t 的导数（即ln X 的斜率）等于X 的增长率，即： 因此，ln X 关于时间的图形如图1-2所示：从0时刻到1t 时刻，ln X 的斜率为a （0a >），
高级宏观经济学 名词解释 1. 国内生产总值:（GDP）经济社会（一国或一个地区）在一定时期内运用生产 要素所生产的全部最终产品及其劳务的市场价值总和。它不但可反映一个国家的经济表现，更可以反映一国的国力与财富。 2. 消费函数：社会总消费支出主要取决于总收入水平。 3. 投资乘数:指由投资变动引起的收入改变量与投资支出改变量之间的比率，其数值等于边际储蓄倾向的倒数。 4. 投资函数：是指投资于利率之间的关系。可写i=i(r),一般地，投资量于利率呈反方向变动关系。 5. IS曲线：描述产品市场均衡时，国民收入与利率之间关系的曲线，由于在两 部门经济中产品市场均衡时I=S，因此该曲线被称为IS曲线。 6. 货币需求：货币的需求源于人们对货币的流动偏好。是指人们在不同条件下， 出于各种考虑对持有货币的需要。 7. 货币供给：一个国家在某一时点上所保持的不属于政府和银行所有的硬币、 纸币和银行存款的总和。 8. 法定准备率：指中央银行规定的各商业银行和存款机构必须遵守的存款准备 金占其存款总额的比例。法定准备率可因银行类型、存款种类、存款期限和数额 的不同而有所差异。 9. 公开市场业务：又称公开市场操作，是指中央银行在金融市场公开买卖有价 证券和银行承兑票据，来调节货币存量和利率的一项业务活动。公开市场业务是 目前西方国家中央银行调节货币供应量，实现政策目标中最重要、最常用的工具。 10. 总需求曲线：总需求曲线是产品市场和货币市场同时均衡时，产量（国民收入）与价格水平的组合，它是表明价格水平和总需求量之间关系的一条曲线。曲 线上任意一点表示某一确定的价格水平及其对应的产品市场和货币市场同时均 衡时的产量水平。总需求曲线是向右下方倾斜的。 11. 自愿失业：指工人所要求得到的实际工资超过了其边际生产率，或在现行的 工作条件能够就业、但不愿接受此工作条件而未被雇佣所造成的失业。 12. 非自愿失业：指具有劳动能力并愿意按现工资率就业，但由于有效需求不足 而找不到工作造成的失业。 13. 储蓄率：储蓄在国民收入中所占有的份额，也就是这个社会的储蓄比例。用 公式表示为s=S/Y。 14. 名义GDP：名义GDP是指用生产物品和劳务的当年价格计算的全部最终产品
第二章概念题 1．如果政府雇用失业工人，他们曾领取TR美元的失业救济金，现在他们作为政府雇员支取TR美元，不做任何工作，GDP会发生什么情况？请解释。 答：国内生产总值指一个国家（地区）领土范围，本国（地区）居民和外国居民在一定时期内所生产和提 供的最终使用的产品和劳务的价值。用支出法计算的国内生产总值等于消费C、投资I、政府支出G和净出口NX之和。从支出法核算角度看：C、I、NX保持不变，由于转移支付TR美元变成了政府对劳务的 购买即政府支出增加，使得G增加了TR美元，GDP会由于G的增加而增加。 2．GDP和GNP有什么区别？用于计算收入/产量是否一个比另一个更好呢？为什么？ 答：（1）GNP和GDP的区别 GNP指在一定时期内一国或地区的国民所拥有的生产要素所生产的全部最终产品（物品和劳务）的市场价值的总和。它是本国国民生产的最终产品市场价值的总和，是一个国民概念，即无论劳动力和其他生产要 素处于国内还是国外，只要本国国民生产的产品和劳务的价值都记入国民生产总值。 GDP指一定时期内一国或地区所拥有的生产要素所生产的全部最终产品（物品和劳务）的市场价值的总和。它是一国范围内生产的最终产品，是一个地域概念。 两者的区别：在经济封闭的国家或地区，国民生产总值等于国内生产总值；在经济开放的国家或地区，国 民生产总值等于国内生产总值加上国外净要素收入。两者的关系可以表示为：GNP=GDP+[本国生产要素在其他国家获得的收入（投资利润、劳务收入）-外国生产要素从本国获得的收入]。 （2）使用GDP比使用GNP用于计量产出会更好一些，原因如下： 1）从精确度角度看，GDP的精确度高； 2）GDP衡量综合国力时，比GNP好； 3）相对于GNP而言，GDP是对经济中就业潜力的一个较好的衡量指标。 由于美国经济中GDP和GNP的差异非常小，所以在分析美国经济时，使用这两种的任何一个指标， 造成的差异都不会大。但对于其他有些国家的经济来说明，这个差别是相当大的，因此，使用GDP 作为衡量指标会更好。但是，在衡量某地区居民生活水平时GNP更好一点。 3．CPI和PPI都计量价格水平，它们有什么区别，什么时候你会选择其中一个，而不选择另一个？ 答：（1）CPI与PPI的区别 消费者价格指数（CPI），是反映消费品（包括劳务）价格水平变动状况的一种价格指数，代表城市消 费者购买一篮子固定的商品和服务的费用。生产者价格指数（PPI）指建立在生产中所使用的商品的 市场篮子基础上的价格指数，计量既定的一篮子商品的成本。 PPI与CPI的区别在于：1）他们所包括的范围不同：CPI主要包括日用消费品；PPI包括原料和半成品。2）PPI被设计为对销售过程中开始阶段的价格的度量，而CPI衡量的是城市居民实际支付的价格——也即零售价格。 （2）两者选择其一的情形 当关注的是消费品价格波动或通货膨胀问题时，将使用CPI来度量；当关注的是经济周期问题或市场 价格波动预期时，应该使用PPI来度量。这是因为PPI是一种相对可变的价格指数，并且是经常发出 一般价格水平或CPI变化信号的价格指数，有时在它们出现之前就会发出信号。有鉴于此，PPI特别是其某些子指数，如“敏感材料”指数作为经济周期的指标，决策者会给与密切的关注。 4．GDP消胀指数指的是什么？它与消费价格指数和生产价格指数有何区别？在什么情况下，它计量价格比CPI和PPI更有用？ 答：（1）GDP消胀指数的含义
对外经济贸易大学宏观名词解释总结 适合科目：815经济学 1. 国内生产总值 国内生产总值是指经济社会（一国或地区）在一定时期内运用全部生产要素所生产的全部最终产品的市场价值。国内生产总值是一个地域概念。 2. 国民生产总值 国民生产总值是指某国国民所拥有的全部生产要素所生产的最终产品的市场价值。国民生产总值是一个国民概念。国民生产总值核算的方法有生产法，支出法和收入法。 3. 消费物价指数CPI 消费物价指数也称零售物价指数，是反映消费品价格水平变动状况的一种价格指数，一般是用通过对若干种主要消费品的零售价格以及服务费用进行加权平均来编制。用公式表示为： CPI=（一组固定商品按当期价格计算的价值/一组固定商品按基期价格计算的价值）*100% 4. 潜在产出 潜在产出是指经济中实现了充分就业时所达到的产量水平。它不是一个实际产出量，一般认为只有在充分就业时，才有可能实现潜在国内生产总值，增加潜在产出的途径是增加劳动、资本等生产要素投入，实现技术进步。 5. GDP 平减指数 GDP 平减指数是按当年价格计算的国内生产总值和按不变价格计算的国内生产总值的比率。用公式表示为： GDP 平减指数=报告期价格计算的当期国内生产总值/基期价格计算的当期国内生产总值 GDP 平减指数的优点是范围广泛，能比较准确地反映一般物价水平的变动趋向。 6. 相对收入消费理论 相对收入消费理论由美国经济学家 杜森贝利提出，他认为消费者会受自己 过去的消费习惯以及周围消费水准的影 响来决定消费。从而消费是相对地决定 的。按他的看法，消费与所得在长期维 持一固定比率，故长期消费函数是从原 点出发的直线，但短期消费函数则为有 正截距的曲线。 如图所示，当经济稳定增长时，消 费为收入的固定比率，故长期消费函数 为Y C L β=，但当经济景色变动时，短 期消费函数有着不同形态，例如原先收 入为Y 1时，消费为C 1，当收入由Y 1减少时，消费不遵循C L 途径，而是循C S1途径变动，1111Y C Y C t t >，即平均消费倾向变大，反之，当收入由Y t1逐渐恢复时，消费循着C S1的路径变动，直到达到原来的最大水平，当经济稳定增长时，又走Y C L β=的途径，如此，便形成了长期与短期消费函数的区别：