当前位置:文档之家› Noise and vibration DC-motor(直流电机噪音及振动)

Noise and vibration DC-motor(直流电机噪音及振动)

Noise and vibration DC-motor(直流电机噪音及振动)
Noise and vibration DC-motor(直流电机噪音及振动)

3482
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 40, NO. 6, NOVEMBER 2004
Characterization of Noise and Vibration Sources in Interior Permanent-Magnet Brushless DC Motors
Hong-Seok Ko and Kwang-Joon Kim
Abstract—This paper characterizes electromagnetic excitation forces in interior permanent-magnet (IPM) brushless direct current (BLDC) motors and investigates their effects on noise and vibration. First, the electromagnetic excitations are classi?ed into three sources: 1) so-called cogging torque, for which we propose an ef?cient technique of computation that takes into account saturation effects as a function of rotor position; 2) ripples of mutual and reluctance torque, for which we develop an equation to characterize the combination of space harmonics of inductances and ?ux linkages related to permanent magnets and time harmonics of current; and 3) ?uctuation of attractive forces in the radial direction between the stator and rotor, for which we analyze contributions of electric currents as well as permanent magnets by the ?nite-element method. Then, the paper reports on an experimental investigation of in?uences of structural dynamic characteristics such as natural frequencies and mode shapes, as well as electromagnetic excitation forces, on noise and vibration in an IPM motor used in washing machines. Index Terms—Brushless machines, electromagnetic forces, noise, permanent magnet, vibrations.
Fig. 1.
Cross sections of BLDC motors.
I. INTRODUCTION
C
ONVENTIONAL direct current commutator motors with permanent magnets are easy to control and require few semiconductor devices. Yet, they have serious operational problems in association with brushes. For examples, the brushes require regular maintenance and induce noise by friction with the commutators. A solution for these problems is brushless direct current (BLDC) motors. BLDC motors can be classi?ed into two types, as shown in Fig. 1 according to the geometric shape and location of permanent magnets. Compared with surface mounted permanent-magnet (SPM) motors, interior permanent-magnet (IPM) motors have several advantages. One advantage comes from the position of magnets. Because permanent magnets are embedded in the rotor, the IPM motors can be used at higher speeds without debonding of the permanent magnets from the rotor due to the centrifugal forces. Another obvious advantage of the IPM motors is higher ef?ciency. That is, in addition to the mutual torque from the permanent magnets, the IPM motors utilize the reluctance torque generated by the rotor saliency [1].
Manuscript received June 28, 2002; revised June 7, 2004. H.-S. Ko was with the Mechanical Engineering Department, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejon 305-701, Korea. He is now with Samsung Electronics Company Ltd., Suwon 443-742, Korea (e-mail: hskatom@yahoo.co.kr). K.-J. Kim is with the Mechanical Engineering Department, KAIST, Daejon 305-701, Korea (e-mail: kjkim@mail.kaist.ac.kr). Digital Object Identi?er 10.1109/TMAG.2004.832991
Regarding the noise and vibration, the IPM motors have more sources than the SPM motors. Furthermore, analysis of magnetic ?eld in the IPM motors is more dif?cult due to the magnetic saturations, especially in the rotors. In an IPM motor, the electromagnetic excitation sources can be classi?ed into three parts: cogging torque, ripples of mutual and reluctance torque, and ?uctuations of radial attractive force between the rotor and stator. In an SPM motor, only the mutual torque is generally considered and an analytical method can be used [2], [3]. For the IPM motors, however, the ?nite-element method (FEM) is used to account for the magnetic saturation at the rotor core and, besides the mutual torque, the reluctance torque needs to be considered. In addition, although only the permanent magnet may be considered to calculate the radial attractive forces between the rotor and stator in the IPM motors [4], the electromagnetic ?eld due to the currents may become signi?cant depending on the loading and generate serious excitation forces. In this paper, a technique that can ef?ciently calculate the cogging torque as a function of rotor position by including saturation effects is proposed. Then, a torque equation for characterizing the space and time harmonics with respect to the mutual and reluctance torque ripples is used to extract their ?uctuating components. The radial attractive forces due to the electric currents in the stator as well as the permanent magnets in the rotor are calculated by the FEM and its effects on noise and vibration are investigated. The noise and vibration in the motors are mostly generated by the electromagnetic sources and subsequently can be ampli?ed by the dynamic characteristics of the motor structure. Therefore, in?uences of natural frequencies and mode shapes of the structures are experimentally investigated for the noise and vibration of an IPM motor under study. II. ELECTROMAGNETIC EXCITATION SOURCES Electromagnetic excitations in electric motors are caused by variation of both circumferential and radial forces acting between the stator and the rotor with respect to the time and space.
0018-9464/04$20.00 ? 2004 IEEE

KO AND KIM: CHARACTERIZATION OF NOISE AND VIBRATION SOURCES IN IPM BLDC MOTORS
3483
Torque ripples in an IPM motor, the result of dynamic circumferential forces multiplied by an appropriate radius, are composed of two sources; cogging torque and ripples of mutual and reluctance torque. The cogging torque is due to physical geometry of the stator teeth and the rotor magnets. The ripples of mutual and reluctance torque are produced by harmonics of the ?ux linkages related to magnets, inductances, and currents. In addition, ?uctuation of attractive forces in the radial direction between the rotor and stator works as excitation sources. The cogging torque, ripples of mutual and reluctance torque, and ?uctuation of the radial attractive forces will be discussed next in more detail.
Fig. 2. Geometric con?guration of IPM motor.
A. Cogging Torque The cogging torque is de?ned as a torque produced by magnetic forces in the circumferential direction between the stator teeth and the magnets of rotor. Because it is superposed on the mean output torque as a ?uctuating component, it can be an important performance index of noise and vibration as well as smoothness in rotations of the rotor. In order to calculate the resultant torque for a given position of the rotor relative to the stator by taking the magnetic saturation in the rotor core and the complex geometric shapes of the stator teeth and rotor magnets into account, it is inevitable to employ numerical methods such as the FEM. Since this torque is rotor-position dependent, the numerical calculation must be repeated for every position of the rotor, which should be very time consuming and, hence, may not be a good tool at the phase of parametric study [5]. In this section, an ef?cient technique that can be useful in the initial design and modi?cation stages is suggested. The technique is composed of the following steps. The ?rst step is to calculate the ?ux density through the magnet, rotor core, air gap, slotless stator, rotor core, and the magnet by employing the FEM, just once to deal with the saturation problems in the rotor core. The second step is to obtain the boundary conditions in the slotted air gap by employing the concept of relative permeance [6]. The third is to compute the ?ux density in the slotted air gap as a series solution of the magnetic potential equation with the boundary conditions obtained from the second step. Finally, the cogging torque is derived from the Maxwell stress formula with movement of the rotor with respect to the stator. The ?ux density and ?eld intensity in the air gap can be related as given in the following equation by assuming magnetic saturation does not occur in the air-gap region: (1) where is the permeability of air. Since the ?eld intensity can be represented in terms of a magnetic scalar potential de?ned as (2) governing equation of the magnetic potential in the air-gap region is given by (3) where is the number of slots. Therefore, the second boundary condition is written as The circumferential coordinate denotes the angular displacement of the stator-?xed coordinate and the circumferential coordinate denotes the angular displacement of the rotor-?xed coordinate as shown in Fig. 2. The coordinate is related to the , where the coordinate by the rotor movement is the rotational displacement of the rotor with coordinate respect to the stator and given by the rotation frequency multiplied by the time, i.e., is equal to . Therefore, the ?ux density on the inner surface of the stator in the radial direction and the one on the outer surface of the rotor in the circumferential direction in the slotless air gap can be respectively represented by Fourier series as (4) (5) where is the number of pole pairs. The ?ux density in the slotted air gap can be obtained by solving the governing equation (3) with two boundary conditions. One comes from the fact that the slotting effect on the circumferential ?ux distribution on the outer surface of rotor can be neglected. Therefore, the circumferential ?ux density along the outer surface of the rotor can be represented by (5). The other comes from the fact that the radial ?ux density on the inner surface of the stator in slotted air gap can be calculated by the product of the radial ?ux density in the slotless air gap and the relative permeance in (6) (6)
(7)

3484
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 40, NO. 6, NOVEMBER 2004
The general solution of (5) in the slotted air gap may be proposed as follows:
(8) Hence, the ?ux density in the slotted air gap can be written as
Fig. 3.
Cogging torque pro?le with rotor positions. TABLE I PARAMETERS OF IPM MOTOR UNDER STUDY
(9)
Fig. 4.
Harmonic components of cogging torque.
The circumferential stress in air gap is calculated by the Maxwell stress tensor as (11) Therefore, the cogging torque can be calculated as (12) where is an arbitrary circle in the air gap with the radius from the center of the rotor , and is the axial length of the rotor. Fig. 3 shows estimations of the cogging torque by the proposed technique together with those by measurements and the conventional FEM, where the ?ux density is computed with parameters as shown in Table I. The results of the proposed technique show good agreement with those of FEM and measurement both in magnitude and waveform. Fig. 4 shows the components of the cogging torque harmonics. Therefore, the
(10)

KO AND KIM: CHARACTERIZATION OF NOISE AND VIBRATION SOURCES IN IPM BLDC MOTORS
3485
cogging torque can generate the noise and vibration at the frequency of the rotor rotation multiplied by 24 and its higher harmonics. B. Mutual and Reluctance Torque Ripples As explained in the introduction, the output torque of an IPM motor is given by sum of the mutual torque and the reluctance torque, each of which can be expressed by using the following energy method [7]: (13)
By substituting (15) and (17) into (13), the mutual torque can be rewritten as follows:
(18) harmonics, and where is the order of the ?ux linkage is the order of current harmonics. When is zero, the mutual torque is constant, i.e., completely static. When and are multiples of three, the mutual torque should have harmonics at the source frequency multiplied by such multiples of three. By substituting (16) and (17) into (14), the reluctance torque can be rewritten as follows:
(14) In the above equations, the coordinate is the electrical angle and given by the mechanical angle multiplied by the number , , , and the currents of pole pairs , i.e., is equal to in the coils of phase , , and , respectively, the inductance between the phase and the phase , and the ?ux by the permanent magnets linking the phase . Ripples of the mutual and reluctance torque, de?ned as ?uctuating components of the output torque, are governed by several factors such as the shape of currents with respect to time, variations of inductances, and with respect to rotor movement, which are ?ux linkages further discussed in the following. in (13) can be represented by Fourier The ?ux linkage series as (15) where , , and are 0, , and , respectively. The inductance matrix can be formulated as follows [8]:
(19) where and stand for the order of current harmonics and the order of inductance harmonics. It can be seen from (19) that or the reluctance torque become static only when is zero and, when , or are multiples of three, it should have harmonics at the source frequency times multiples of three. Equation (18) and (19) are very useful for characterizing and, hence, reducing the mutual and reluctance torque ripples. For example, when the space harmonics ( and ) are beyond control or the ripples of the mutual and reluctance torque can be reduced by controlling the waveform of the current . The ?ux linkage of the IPM motor under study can be obtained by an integral of the ?ux density due to the permanent magnet in air gap as follows: (20) where is the number of coils per phase per pole pairs and a half of the slot pitch. The ?ux density in the middle of air
(16) where is harmonic coef?cients of the self inductance and those of mutual inductance. Variations of inductance with respect to the rotor position are caused by the magnetic saturation of the rotor core. Therefore, in IPM motors the inductance matrix should be obtained by the FEM or measurements. The currents supplied to the IPM motors are often not a pure harmonic function of time and, hence, can be represented by Fourier series as follows: (17) where the leading angle is an angle between the fundamental component of the ?ux ?elds by the magnets and that by the currents. The electrical angle is also given by the source frequency multiplied by the time, i.e., is equal to .

3486
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 40, NO. 6, NOVEMBER 2004
Fig. 5. Harmonic coef?cients of ?ux linkage 
.
Fig. 6. Self inductance L
by measurements.
Fig. 7. (a) Waveform and (b) harmonic coef?cients of current at 500 r/min.
gap due to the permanent magnets can be obtained by (9) and can be rewritten as (21) Therefore, the harmonic coef?cients of the ?ux linkages around the phase , , and can be derived by substituting (21) into (20) as follows: (22) Fig. 5 shows harmonic coef?cients of the ?ux linkage and Fig. 6 measured self inductance . The inductance is close to a sinusoidal wave and, hence, higher harmonics of the inductance except the fundamental can be neglected. The IPM motor under study is for washing machines and runs at 500 r/min in the slow washing mode and at 10 000 r/min in the fast dehydration mode. Fig. 7 shows the current at 500 r/min under the load of 9.6 kg cm and Fig. 8 harmonic with components of the mutual, reluctance, and total torque, where it can be seen that the reluctance torque which does not exist in the SPM motors, resulted in increase of the static torque by about component by 19.7% and, surprisingly, decrease of the about 47%. Here, the stands for the rotation frequency, which is twice the source frequency for a 4-pole IPM motor. Yet, the component, which does not show up in the SPM motors, showed up undesirably. Fig. 9 shows waveform in time domain and harmonic coef?cients of currents for the motor running at under no-load. The output torque 10 000 r/min with and the ripples are shown in Fig. 10, where it can be seen that not only and component but also component has
Fig. 8. Harmonic components of output torque at 500 r/min when lead angle is 30 .
0
shown up, and the reluctance torque has contributed to decrease of the static torque as well as the dynamic torque. C. Fluctuation of Attractive Forces Between the Rotor and Stator Excitation sources explained in Section II-A and B are variations with time of the output torques, which were classi?ed into cogging torques independent of the electric current and ripples of the mutual and reluctance torque due to the currents. In this subsection, another type of excitation source is discussed, which is related to the spatial distribution of the radial attractive forces between the stator and the rotor. The radial attractive force or so called the Maxwell stress on the inner surface of the stator can be written as [4]: (23)

KO AND KIM: CHARACTERIZATION OF NOISE AND VIBRATION SOURCES IN IPM BLDC MOTORS
3487
Fig. 11.
Distributions of radial ?ux density on inner surface of stator.
Fig. 9. Waveform and harmonic coef?cients of current at 10 000 r/min (a) waveform (b) harmonic coef?cients.
Fig. 12. Radial attractive force at given stator’s slot with respect to rotor positions.
Fig. 10. Harmonic components of output torque at 10 000 r/min when lead angle is 15 .
Since permeability of the iron in the rotor and stator is extremely large compared with that of the air, the stress due to the ?ux , which is inversely proportional to the density in the iron, permeability of the iron, can be neglected. Therefore, the radial attractive force on the end surfaces of the stator’s teeth can be written as (24) The equivalent air gap of the SPM motor given by is rather large compared with the pure air gap since the relative recoil permeability of the magnets is approximately 1. Therefore, the magnetic ?ux in the air gap by the currents in the stator can be neglected. The air gap in the
IPM motors, however, is just because the magnets are embedded into the rotor. As a consequence, it is essential to take the magnetic ?eld by the currents into consideration to analyze the effects of the attractive forces on noise and vibration in the IPM motor. Fig. 11 shows distributions of the radial ?ux density on the inner surface of the stator when the magnitude of currents is 2.5 A. The maximum ?ux density by both magnets and currents is three times larger than that by the magnets alone. Fig. 12 shows variations of the radial attractive force on a given stator teeth with movement of the rotor with respect to the stator. Fig. 13 shows harmonic components of the corresponding attractive forces, where it can be seen that integer multiples of component show up and the radial attractive force at by both magnets and currents is about 14 times larger than that by the magnets alone. Therefore, it can be claimed in general that the radial attractive forces in the IPM motors are far larger than those in the SPM motors regarding the noise and vibration and that the motor structure will be excited at harmonics of the frequency of rotor rotation multiplied by the number of poles or twice the number of pair of poles. In summary of this section, it is claimed that the electric current in the stator in the IPM BLDC motors is far more strongly responsible for noise and vibration than in the SPM motors and that the frequency characteristics of the electromagnetic excitation sources in the IPM BLDC motors can be described as follows.

3488
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 40, NO. 6, NOVEMBER 2004
Fig. 13.
Harmonic components of radial attractive force.
1) Cogging torque: the lowest common multiple of numbers of slots and poles times the rotating frequency and its higher harmonics. and its 2) Ripples of mutual and reluctance torque: higher harmonics. 3) Fluctuations of radial attractive force: number of poles times and its higher harmonics. III. NOISE AND VIBRATION OF MOTOR UNDER OPERATION In this section, the noise and vibration measured for an IPM motor running are presented and discussed for the purpose of supporting the claims in Section II. For the IPM motor, which had noticeable noise problems at 10 000 r/min, measurements were made with power on and immediately after disconnection of the power in order to investigate contribution of the electromagnetic excitation sources. The spectrum of an acceleration signal measured from a point on the outer surface of the stator is shown in Fig. 14. Since the axial length of the stator is short relative to the diameter, transverse modes were not observed in the frequency range shown in Fig. 14 but the acceleration signal was taken at one position on the center plane where the vibrations were largest. After the disconnection of the electric power, the rotating frequency decreased slightly from 188 Hz (11 200 r/min) to 168 Hz (10 000 r/min) and, as can be seen in the ?gure, most of the peaks with power on disappeared after power off, which are believed to be related to the electromagnetic excitations. Although the peak at was reduced in its magnitude by power off, it did not disappear completely because this peak was contributed by ?uctuations of the radial attractive force due to the permanent magnets. A power spectrum of sound pressure level was measured at 10 000 r/min with power on and is shown in Fig. 15, where the ?rst peak at 168 Hz, which was observed also in the acceleration shown in Fig. 14, is believed to be due to the rotor unbalance. Comparing the peak frequencies of the sound pressure level spectrum in Fig. 15 with those in Figs. 4, 10, and 13 allows the source of each peak to be understood. That is, the peaks at , , , and are due to variation of the radial attractive forces with rotation of rotors with four poles, the peak at due to the ripples of torque, and the peaks at and due to both ?uctuation of the attractive force and ripples of the mutual and reluctance torque. The peaks at and seem to have been magni?ed by resonance because natural modes happened to exist at these frequencies, 1.34 and 2.67 kHz, respectively, which were found at
Fig. 14.
Distributions of radial ?ux density on inner surface of stator.
Fig. 15.
Noise of IPM motor at 10 000 r/min.
the stage of modal testing and operational de?ection shape analysis for investigation of possible coincidence between excitation frequencies and modal properties of the structure. The natural frequencies and mode shapes were obtained from the measurements along the centerline on the surface of the stator and are shown in Fig. 16. The ?rst mode at 865 Hz looks like a rigid body motion of the stator relative to the rotor and the modes at 1.34 and 2.64 kHz the ?rst and the second elastic mode, respectively. Fig. 17 shows operational de?ection shapes of the stator at major peak frequencies in Fig. 15. The de?ection shape at 168 Hz, the rotating frequency of the rotor seems to be a rigid body motion where the stator itself whirls. The de?ection shapes at both 1.34 and 2.67 kHz coincided with mode shapes at the corresponding natural frequencies, as could be expected.

KO AND KIM: CHARACTERIZATION OF NOISE AND VIBRATION SOURCES IN IPM BLDC MOTORS
3489
Fig. 16.
Mode shapes of IPM motor under study.
attractive forces due to the magnetic ?ux by the permanent magnets in the rotor and electric currents in the stator was computed by the FEM to include nonlinear effects, where signi?cance of the magnetic ?ux due to the electric current that is often neglected in the SPM motors was pointed out. In an illustrative investigation into an IPM motor, peak frequencies in the spectrum of the sound pressure level could be linked with such excitation sources and modal characteristics of the motor structure as well. REFERENCES
[1] T. J. E. Miller, Brushless Permanent-Magnet and Reluctance Motor Drives. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1989. [2] Z. Q. Zhu and D. Howe, “Analytical prediction of the cogging torque in radial-?eld permanent magnet brushless motors,” IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 28, pp. 1371–1374, Mar. 1992. [3] A. B. Proca, A. Keyhani, and A. EL-Antably, “Analytical model for permanent magnet motors with surface mounted magnets,” in Proc. IEMD ’99, pp. 767–769. [4] K. T. Kim, K. S. Kim, S. M. Hwang, T. J. Kim, and Y. H. Jung, “Comparison of magnetic forces for IPM and SPM motor with rotor eccentricity,” IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 37, pp. 3448–3451, Sept. 2001. [5] D. Howe and Z. Q. Zhu, “The in?uence of ?nite element discretization on the prediction of cogging torque in permanent magnet excited motors,” IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 28, pp. 1080–1083, Mar. 1992. [6] Z. Q. Zhu and D. Howe, “Instantaneous magnetic ?eld distribution in brushless permanent magnet dc motor, part III: Effect of stator slotting,” IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 29, pp. 143–151, Jan. 1993. [7] T. S. Low, K. J. Tseng, T. H. Lee, K. W. Lim, and K. S. Lock, “Strategy for the instantaneous torque control of permanent-magnet brushless DC drives,” Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng. , vol. 137, pp. 355–363, Nov. 1990. [8] P. C. Kraus, Analysis of Electric Machines. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1987.
Fig. 17.
Operational de?ection shapes at 10 000 r/min.
IV. CONCLUSION Analysis of electromagnetic excitation sources in the IPM motors is far more dif?cult than in the SPM motors because magnetic saturations in the rotor core are more likely to occur in the former. In this paper, such sources were classi?ed into three types and ef?cient methods were presented to characterize each source, and then contribution of the sources to the noise and vibration was investigated for an IPM motor. An ef?cient technique was presented for computation of the cogging torque, where magnetic saturations in the rotor can be taken into account by employing the FEM just once for the slotless stator and effects of the stator slot are re?ected by the concept of relative permeance. A formula was derived for representation of ripples of the torque based on the output torque formula. It was shown that the space and time harmonics are responsible for the torque ripples at three times the source frequency and their integer multiples. Then distribution of radial
Hong-Seok Ko received the B.S. degree in mechanical engineering from Korea University, Seoul, Korea, in 1991, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in mechanical engineering from Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejon, in 1993 and 2003, respectively. From 1993 to 1998, he was with LG Innotec Corporation. He is currently with Samsung Electronics Company Ltd., Suwon, Korea. His academic interests involve the noise and vibration induced by the electromagnetic excitation sources.
Kwang-Joon Kim received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in mechanical engineering from Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, in 1976 and 1978, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree from the University of Wisconsin, Madison, in 1982. He is a Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejon. His current interests include the application of viscoelastic materials for vibration control, vibration isolation based on power transmission approach, modal testing and operational de?ection shape analysis, and noise and vibration of electric motors.

驱动轮直流电机选择计算

驱动轮直流电机选择计算 The final edition was revised on December 14th, 2020.

驱动轮电机用于驱动 AGV 的运行,包括AGV 的直行及差速转弯。在选择电机时,我们通常需要计算出电机的额定功率、额定转矩、额定转速等[28]。而在驱动电机的参数计算之前首先需要明确 AGV 的各项设计要求,如表3-1 所示。 3.1.1 电动机的选择 1. 驱动力与转矩关系 AGV 在地面行驶时,轮子与地面接触,AGV 克服摩擦力向前行驶,电机输出转矩Tq 为小车提供驱动力。而Tq 经减速机减速后得到输出转矩Tt 输出至驱动轮,输出转矩Tt 为: 式中 g i ——减速机减速比; q T ——电机输出转矩; t T ——输出转矩; ——电机轴经减速机到驱动轮的效率。 驱动轮在电机驱动下在地面转动,此时相对于地将形成一个圆周力,而地面对驱动轮也将产生一个等值、反向的力t F ,该力即为驱动轮的驱动力[29] 。驱动力为: 式中 q R ——驱动轮的驱动半径。 由于驱动轮一般刚性较好,视其自由半径、静力半径、滚动半径三者相同,均为q R 。 2. 驱动力与阻力计算 小车在行驶过程中要克服各种阻碍力,这些力包括:滚动阻力f F 、空气阻力w F 、坡度阻力r F 、加速度阻力j F 。这些阻力均由驱动力t F 来克服,因此: (1) 滚动阻力f F 滚动阻力在 AGV 行驶过程中,主要由车轮轴承阻力以及车轮与道路的滚动摩擦阻力所组成,f F 大小为:

式中 F——车轮与轴承间阻力; fz F——车轮与道路的滚动摩擦阻力。 fg 其中,车轮轴承阻力 F为: fz 式中P——车轮与地面间的压力,AGV设计中,小车自重m为100kg,最大载重量 M为200kg,因此最大整车重量为300kg,一般情况下,AGV前行过程中,有三轮m ax 同时着地,满足三点决定一平面的规则,各轮的压力为P=1000N[30]; d——车轮轴直径,驱动轮在本次设计中选择8寸的工业车轮,即d=48mm; D——车轮直径,查文献[40]可知,驱动轮在本次设计中选择8 寸的工业车轮,即D=200mm; μ——车轮轴承摩擦因数,良好的沥青或混凝土路面摩擦阻力系数为—,μ =。 F为: 车轮与道路的滚动摩擦阻力 fg 式中Q——车轮承受载荷,Q=1000N; f——路面摩擦阻力系数,f=。 则: F: (2)空气阻力 w 空气阻力是 AGV 行驶过程当中,车身与空气间形成了相对运动而产生于车身上的阻力,该阻力主要由法向力以及侧向力两部分组成。空气阻力与AGV 沿行驶方向的投影面积以及车身与空气的相对运动速度有关,但由于AGV工作于室内,基本工作环境中无风,且速度不快,同时 AGV 前后方的投影面积均不大,因此认为空气阻力F[31]。 ≈ w F: (3)坡度阻力 r AGV 所实际行驶的路面并非理想化绝对平整,而是存在一定的坡度[32],当 AGV行驶到该坡度处时,重力将产生一个沿着坡度方向的阻力,这个阻力就被称之为坡度阻F,表达式为: 力 r 式中G——AGV 满载总重量; α——最大坡度。 在 GB/T 20721-2006“自动导引小车国标”中表示:路面坡度(H/L)定义为在100mm 以上的长度范围内,路线水平高度差与长度的最大比值,路面坡度的最大比值需要小于(含),对于 AGV 精确定位的停车点,路面坡度需要小于(含)[33]。取坡度: 因此: F: (4)加速度阻力 j

永磁无刷直流电动机的基本工作原理

永磁无刷直流电动机的基本工作原理 无刷直流电动机由电动机主体和驱动器组成,是一种典型的机电一体化产品。 1. 电动机的定子绕组多做成三相对称星形接法,同三相异步电动机十分相似。电动机的转子上粘有已充磁的永磁体,为了检测电动机转子的极性,在电动机内装有位置传感器。驱动器由功率电子器件和集成电路等构成,其功能是:接受电动机的启动、停止、制动信号,以控制电动机的启动、停止和制动;接受位置传感器信号和正反转信号,用来控制逆变桥各功率管的通断,产生连续转矩;接受速度指令和速度反馈信号,用来控制和调整转速;提供保护和显示等等。 无刷直流电动机的原理简图如图一所示: 永磁无刷直流电动机的基本工作原理 主电路是一个典型的电压型交-直-交电路,逆变器提供等幅等频5-26KHZ调制波的对称交变矩形波。 永磁体N-S交替交换,使位置传感器产生相位差120°的U、V、W方波,结合正/反转信号产生有效的六状态编码信号:101、100、110、010、011、001,通过逻辑组件处理产生T1-T4导通、T1-T6导通、T3-T6导通、T3-T2导通、T5-T2导通、T5-T4导通,也就是说将直流母线电压依次加在A+B-、A+C-、B+C-、B+A-、C+A-、C+B-上,这样转子每转过一对N-S极,T1-T6功率管即按固定组合成六种状态的依次导通。每种状态下,仅有两相绕组通电,依次改变一种状态,定子绕组产生的磁场轴线在空间转动60°电角度,转子跟随定子磁场转动相当于60°电角度空间位置,转子在新位置上,使位置传感器U、V、W按约定产生一组新编码,新的编码又改变了功率管的导通组合,使定子绕组产生的磁场轴再前进60°电角度,如此循环,无刷直流电动机将产生连续转矩,拖动负载作连续旋转。正因为无刷直流电动机的换向是自身产生的,而不是由逆变器强制换向的,所以也称作自控式同步电动机。 2. 无刷直流电动机的位置传感器编码使通电的两相绕组合成磁场轴线位置超前转子磁场轴线位置,所以不论转子的起始位置处在何处,电动机在启动瞬间就会产生足够大的启动转矩,因此转子上不需另设启动绕组。 由于定子磁场轴线可视作同转子轴线垂直,在铁芯不饱和的情况下,产生的平均电磁转矩与绕组电流成正比,这正是他励直流电动机的电流-转矩特性。 电动机的转矩正比于绕组平均电流: Tm=KtIav (N·m) 电动机两相绕组反电势的差正比于电动机的角速度: ELL=Keω (V) 所以电动机绕组中的平均电流为: Iav=(Vm-ELL)/2Ra (A) 其中,Vm=δ·VDC是加在电动机线间电压平均值,VDC是直流母线电压,δ是调制波的占空比,Ra为每相绕组电阻。由此可以得到直流电动机的电磁转矩: Tm=δ·(VDC·Kt/2Ra)-Kt·(Keω/2Ra) Kt、Ke是电动机的结构常数,ω为电动机的角速度(rad/s),所以,在一定的ω时,改变占空比δ,就可以线性地改变电动机的电磁转矩,得到与他励直流电动机电枢电压控制相同的控制特性和机械特性。

机器人直流无刷电机参数

机器人直流无刷电机是一种应用在智能机器人驱动上的微型电机产品,具备驱动、减速、提升扭矩功能,主要由微型直流无刷电机、齿轮箱组装而成,也称为机器人电机;这种直流无刷电机属于非标电机齿轮箱,采用定制参数、性能特点、结构方式,定制参数范围,直径规格在3.4mm-38mm之间,额定电压在3V-24V,输出力矩范围:1gf.cm到50Kgf.cm之间,减速比范围:5-1500;输出转速范围:5-2000rpm; 机器人直流无刷电机产品参数: 产品名称:儿童智能陪护机器人电机齿轮箱 电压:3V-24V 空载转速:15000 空载电流:300MA 工作温度:-20 (85) 产品说明:儿童智能陪护机器人电机齿轮箱为特定客户开发设计,只作为儿童智能陪护机器人电机齿轮箱的方案展示。 标准直流无刷电机产品参数: 产品名称:5v直流减速电机 产品分类:直流减速电机 电压:5 VDC 材质:五金 旋转方向:cw&ccw 齿轮箱回程差:≤2°(可定制) 轴承:烧结轴承;滚动轴承 轴向窜动:≤0.1mm(烧结轴承);≤0.1mm(滚动轴承) 输出轴径向负载:≤20N(烧结轴承);≤30N(滚动轴承) 输入速度:≤15000rpm 工作温度:-30 (100)

产品名称:直流无刷减速电机(齿轮电机) 产品分类:无刷减速电机 产品规格:Φ20MM产品 电压:12V 空载电流:220 mA (可定制) 负载转速:2.4-1000 rpm(可定制) 减速比:5/25/125/625:1(可定制) 机器人直流无刷电机定制参数、规格范围: 尺寸规格系列:3.4mm、4mm、6mm、8mm、10mm、12mm、16mm、18mm、20mm、22mm、24mm、28mm、32mm、38mm; 电压范围:3V-24V 功率范围:0.1W-40W 输出力矩范围:1gf.cm到50Kgf.cm 减速比范围:5-1500; 输出转速范围:5-2000rpm; 生产厂家

直流无刷电机的控制技术

直流无刷电机的控制技术 摘要围绕直流无刷电机控制运用广泛技术——基于DSP的控制系统进行了系统研究,采取模糊控制策略,设计出上位监控系统,数字化、智能化的控制系统提出方案,实践证明了系统的平稳性和快速性满足要求。 关键词直流无刷电机;DSP控制;模糊控制 0引言 数字信号(Digital Signal Processing ,DSP)是涉及很多学科,它广泛被用于很多学科与技术领域。数字信号处理器称为DSP芯片,适用在数字信号处理运算的微处理器,能够快速的在数字信号处理算法上实现。现今,DSP芯片用于运动上的控制、数控机床的控制、航天航空的控制、电力系统上的操作、自动化仪器的控制等各个领域[1],该文主要介绍这种基于DSP芯片控制直流无刷电机智能化控制系统的设计。 1 系统结构设计 系统组成由“PC 上位机、电源单元、TMS320LF2407 DSP芯片、无刷直流电机、检测单元、功率驱动模块、通讯接口”等。(见图1) 1.1 DSP芯片的选择 DSP芯片的选择是很重要的,选对了DSP芯片才能设计出其外围电路和其他电路。DSP芯片的选择要根据实际的应用系统进行确定。DSP芯片由于场合不同选择的也就不同,我们要考虑DSP芯片的运算速度、价格、运算精度、功耗、硬件的资源等。我们根据系统要求,选择TI公司TMS320LF2407芯片。 1.2无刷直流电机 该电机采取1500转/分, 无刷直流电机采用1.78A、27V电压进行供电,电机换向电路主要是由控制和驱动组成,直流无刷电机自身属于机电能量转换部分,该部分由电机电枢、永磁、传感器组成。我们把电机的电轴绕组在定子上、把永磁放在转子上,其目的是为了实现换向。无刷直流电机的工作方式是两相导通的星型3相6状态,这样操作方式是因为转子在旋转定子电流中进行不断换相来保证两个磁场电流方向不发生改变,控制3相定子电流通电顺序与大小控制电机旋转的速度。 1.3功率的驱动模块 TOSHIBA公司采用IPM系列智能型模块,IPM主要集成了检测、控制、逻辑、保护电路这样有效提高了稳定性与可靠性。东芝的高速光耦TLP550(F)是

无刷直流电机的工作原理(带霍尔传感器)

无刷直流电机的工作原理 无刷直流电机的控制结构 无刷直流电机是同步电机的一种,也就是说电机转子的转速受电机定子旋转磁场的速度及转子极数(P)影响: N=120.f / P。在转子极数固定情况下,改变定子旋转磁场的频率就可以改变转子的转速。无刷直流电机即是将同步电机加上电子式控制(驱动器),控制定子旋转磁场的频率并将电机转子的转速回授至控制中心反复校正,以期达到接近直流电机特性的方式。也就是说无刷直流电机能够在额定负载范围内当负载变化时仍可以控制电机转子维持一定的转速。 无刷直流驱动器包括电源部及控制部如图 (1) :电源部提供三相电源给电机,控制部则依需求转换输入电源频率。 电源部可以直接以直流电输入(一般为24V)或以交流电输入(110V/220 V),如果输入是交流电就得先经转换器(converter)转成直流。不论是直流电输入或交流电输入要转入电机线圈前须先将直流电压由换流器(inverter)转成3相电压来驱动电机。换流器(inverter)一般由6个功率晶体管(Q1~Q6)分为上臂(Q1、Q3、Q5)/下臂(Q2、Q4、Q6)连接电机作为控制流经电机线圈的开关。控制部则提供PWM(脉冲宽度调制)决定功率晶体管开关频度及换流器(inverter)换相的时机。无刷直流电机一般希望使用在当负载变动时速度可以稳定于设定值而不会变动太大的速度控制,所以电机内部装有能感应磁场的霍尔传感器(hall-sensor),做为速度之闭回路控制,同时也做为相序控制的依据。但这只是用来做为速度控制并不能拿来做为定位控制。

(图一) 无刷直流电机的控制原理 要让电机转动起来,首先控制部就必须根据hall-sensor感应到的电机转子目前所在位置,然后依照定子绕线决定开启(或关闭)换流器(inverter)中功率晶体管的顺序,如 下(图二) inverter中之AH、BH、CH(这些称为上臂功率晶体管)及AL、BL、CL(这些称为下臂功率晶体管),使电流依序流经电机线圈产生顺向(或逆向)旋转磁场,并与转子的磁铁相互作用,如此就能使电机顺时/逆时转动。当电机转子转动到hall-sensor感应出另一组信号的位置时,控制部又再开启下一组功率晶体管,如此循环电机就可以依同一方向继续转动直到控制部决定要电机转子停止则关闭功率晶体管(或只开下臂功率晶体管);要电机转子反向则功率晶体管开启顺序相反。 基本上功率晶体管的开法可举例如下: AH、BL一组→AH、CL一组→BH、CL一组→BH、AL一组→CH、AL一组→CH、BL 一组, 但绝不能开成AH、AL或BH、BL或CH、CL。此外因为电子零件总有开关的响应时间,所以功率晶体管在关与开的交错时间要将零件的响应时间考虑进去,否则

无刷直流电机的组成及工作原理

无刷直流电机的组成及工作原理 引言 直流无刷电动机一般由电子换相电路、转子位置检测电路和电动机本体三部分组成,电子换相电路一般由控制部分和驱动部分组成,而对转子位置的检测一般用位置传感器来完成。工作时,控制器根据位置传感器测得的电机转子位置有序的触发驱动电路中的各个功率管,进行有序换流,以驱动直流电动机。下文从无刷直流电动机的三个部分对其发展进行分析。 无刷直流电机的组成 电动机本体 无刷直流电动机在电磁结构上和有刷直流电动机基本一样,但它的电枢绕组放在定子上,转子采用的重量、简化了结构、提高了性能,使其可*性得以提高。无刷电动机的发展与永磁材料的发展是分不开的,磁性材料的发展过程基本上经历了以下几个发展阶段:铝镍钴,铁氧体磁性材料,钕铁硼(NdFeB)。钕铁 硼有高磁能积,它的出现引起了磁性材料的一场革命。第三代钕铁硼永磁材料的应用,进一步减少了电机的用铜量,促使无刷电机向高效率、小型化、节能的方向发展。 目前,为提高电动机的功率密度,出现了横向磁场永磁电机,其定子齿槽与电枢线圈在空间位置上相互垂直,电机中的主磁通沿电机轴向流通,这种结构提高了气隙磁密,能够提供比传统电机大得多的输出转矩。该类型电机正处于研究开发阶段。 电子换相电路 控制电路:无刷直流电动机通过控制驱动电路中的功率开关器件,来控制电机的转速、转向、转矩以及保护电机,包括过流、过压、过热等保护。控制电路最初采用模拟电路,控制比较简单。如果将电路数字化,许多硬件工作可以直接由软件完成,可以减少硬件电路,提高其可靠性,同时可以提高控制电路抗干扰的能力,因而控制电路由模拟电路发展到数字电路。 驱动电路:驱动电路输出电功率,驱动电动机的电枢绕组,并受控于控制电路。驱动电路由大功率开关器件组成。正是由于晶闸管的出现,直流电动机才从有刷实现到无刷的飞跃。但由于晶闸管是只具备控制接通,而无自关断能力的半控性开关器件,其开关频率较低,不能满足无刷直流电动机性能的进一步提高。随着电力电子技术的飞速发展,出现了全控型的功率开关器件,其中有可关断晶体管(GTO)、电力场效应晶体管(MOSFET)、金属栅双极性晶体管IGBT 模块、集成门极换流晶闸管(IGCT)及近年新开发的电子注入增强栅晶体管(IEGT)。随着这些功率器件性能的不断提高,相应的无刷电动机的驱动电路也获得了飞速发展。目前,全控型开关器件正在逐渐取代线路复杂、体积庞大、功能指标低的普通晶闸管,驱动电路已从线性放大状态转换为脉宽调制的开关状态,相应的电路组成也由功率管分立电路转成模块化集成电路,为驱动电路实现智能化、高频化、小型化创造了条件。 转子位置检测电路

无刷直流减速电机参数

概述 无刷直流电机由电动机主体和驱动器组成,是一种典型的机电一体化产品。无刷电机是指无电刷和换向器(或集电环)的电机,又称无换向器电机。 无刷直流电机由电动机主体和驱动器组成,是一种典型的机电一体化产品。电动机的定子绕组多做成三相对称星形接法,同三相异步电动机十分相似。电动机的转子上粘有已充磁的永磁体,为了检测电动机转子的极性,在电动机内装有位置传感器。驱动器由功率电子器件和集成电路等构成,其功能是:接受电动机的启动、停止、制动信号,以控制电动机的启动、停止和制动;接受位置传感器信号和正反转信号,用来控制逆变桥各功率管的通断,产生连续转矩;接受速度指令和速度反馈信号,用来控制和调整转速;提供保护和显示等等。 参数 无刷直流减速电机参数分为标准参数和定制电机参数; 标准小型电机参数如下: 直径尺寸:4mm、6mm、8mm、10mm、12mm、16mm、18mm、20mm、22mm、28mm、32mm、38mm; 齿轮箱材质分为:金属、塑胶材质结构; 输出转速:5-2000rpm; 减速比:5-1500; 功率:3V-24V; 输出扭矩:1gf-cm到50KGf-cm; 定制参数,即可按照项目设备需求定制无刷直流减速电机参数、规格和性能需求。

用途 小型无刷直流减速电机广泛应用在医疗器械,智能家居,机器人,汽车驱动,自动化设备,光学设备,精密仪器,工控设备等领域;按照应用方式分为:持续负载应用、可变负载应用、定位应用;在智能家居、智慧城市、机器人自动化领域均有广泛应用,通常是定制参数,规格模式。 品牌介绍 深圳市兆威机电股份有限公司成立于2001年,是一家研发、生产精密传动系统及汽车精密注塑零组件的制造型企业,为客户提供传动方案设计,零件的生产与组装的定制化服务。

无刷直流电机控制系统的设计

1引言无刷直流电机最本质的特征是没有机械换向器和电刷所构成的机械接触式换向机构。现在,无刷直流电机定义有俩种:一种是方波/梯形波直流电机才可以被称为无刷直流电机,而正弦波直流电机则被认为是永磁同步电机。另一种是方波/梯形波直流电机和正弦波直流电机都是无刷直流电机。国际电器制造业协会在1987年将无刷直流电机定义为“一种转子为永磁体,带转子位置信号,通过电子换相控制的自同步旋转电机”,其换相电路可以是独立的或集成于电机本体上的。本次设计采用第一种定义,把具有方波/梯形波无刷直流电机称为无刷直流电机。从20世纪90年代开始,由于人们生活水平的不断提高和现代化生产、办公自动化的发展,家用电器、工业机器人等设备都向着高效率化、小型化及高智能化发展,电机作为设备的重要组成部分,必须具有精度高、速度快、效率高等优点,因此无刷直流电机的应用也发展迅速[1]。 1.1 无刷直流电机的发展概况 无刷直流电动机是由有刷直流电动机的基础上发展过来的。 19世纪40年代,第一台直流电动机研制成功,经过70多年不断的发展,直流电机进入成熟阶段,并且运用广泛。 1955年,美国的D.Harrison申请了用晶体管换相线路代替有刷直流电动机的机械电刷的专利,形成了现代无刷直流电动机的雏形。 在20世纪60年代初,霍尔元件等位置传感器和电子换向线路的发现,标志着真正的无刷直流电机的出现。 20世纪70年代初,德国人Blaschke提出矢量控制理论,无刷直流电机的性能控制水平得到进一步的提高,极大地推动了电机在高性能领域的应用。 1987年,在北京举办的德国金属加工设备展览会上,西门子和博世两公司展出了永磁自同步伺服系统和驱动器,引起了我国有关学者的注意,自此我国开始了研制和开发电机控制系统和驱动的热潮。目前,我国无刷直流电机的系列产品越来越多,形成了生产规模。 无刷直流电动机的发展主要取决于电子电力技术的发展,无刷直流电机发展的初期,由于大功率开关器件的发展处于初级阶段,性能差,价格贵,而且受永磁材料和驱动控制技术的约束,这让无刷直流电动机问世以后的很长一段时间内,都停

直流无刷低速电机参数

直流无刷低速电机是一种低转速驱动电机,主要传动结构由减速齿轮箱、驱动无刷电机组装而成,这种低转速设备也称为直流无刷减速电机,减速齿轮箱是采用定制参数的非标齿轮箱作为减速器,直径规格在3.4mm-38mm之间,额定电压在3V-24V,输出力矩范围:1gf.cm到50Kgf.cm之间,减速比范围:5-1500;输出转速范围:5-2000rpm; 直流无刷低速电机参数: 产品名称:直流无刷减速电机(齿轮电机) 产品分类:无刷减速电机 产品规格:Φ20MM产品 电压:12V 空载电流:220 mA (可定制) 负载转速:2.4-1000 rpm(可定制) 减速比:5/25/125/625:1(可定制) 产品名称:6V直流减速电机 产品分类:直流减速电机 外径:6mm 材质:塑料 旋转方向:cw&ccw 齿轮箱回程差:≤3° 轴承:烧结轴承;滚动轴承 轴向窜动:≤0.3mm(烧结轴承);≤0.2mm(滚动轴承) 输出轴径向负载:≤0.3N(烧结轴承);≤4N(滚动轴承)

产品名称:24v直流减速电机 外径:22mm 材质:塑料 旋转方向:cw&ccw 齿轮箱回程差:≤3°(可定制) 轴承:烧结轴承;滚动轴承 轴向窜动:≤0.1mm(烧结轴承);≤0.1mm(滚动轴承)输出轴径向负载:≤50N(烧结轴承);≤100N(滚动轴承)输入速度:≤15000rpm 工作温度:-20 (85)

定制直流无刷低速电机参数、规格范围: 尺寸规格系列:3.4mm、4mm、6mm、8mm、10mm、12mm、16mm、18mm、20mm、22mm、24mm、28mm、32mm、38mm; 电压范围:3V-24V 功率范围:0.1W-40W 输出力矩范围:1gf.cm到50Kgf.cm 减速比范围:5-1500; 输出转速范围:5-2000rpm; 产品特点:体积小、质量轻、减速范围广、扭矩大、噪音低、精度高、应用范围广。 产品应用: 直流无刷低速电机广泛应用在智能家居领域、智能汽车驱动、智能通讯设备、电子产品设备、智能医疗设备、智能机器人设备、智慧物流设备、工业自动化设备等。

无刷直流电机工作原理详解

无刷直流电机工作原理详解 日期: 2014-05-28 / 作者: admin / 分类: 技术文章 1. 简介 本文要介绍电机种类中发展快速且应用广泛的无刷直流电机(以下简称BLDC)。BLDC被广泛的用于日常生活用具、汽车工业、航空、消费电子、医学电子、工业自动化等装置和仪表。顾名思义,BLDC不使用机械结构的换向电刷而直接使用电子换向器,在使用中BLDC相比有刷电机有许多的优点,比如: 能获得更好的扭矩转速特性; 高速动态响应; 高效率; 长寿命; 低噪声; 高转速。 另外,BLDC更优的扭矩和外形尺寸比使得它更适合用于对电机自身重量和大小比较敏感的场合。 2. BLDC结构和基本工作原理 BLDC属于同步电机的一种,这就意味着它的定子产生的磁场和转子产生的磁场是同频率的,所以BLDC并不会产生普通感应电机的频差现象。BLDC中又有单相、2相和3相电机的区别,相类型的不同决定其定子线圈绕组的多少。在这里我们将集中讨论的是应用最为 广泛的3相BLDC。 2.1 定子 BLDC定子是由许多硅钢片经过叠压和轴向冲压而成,每个冲槽内都有一定的线圈组成了绕组,可以参见图2.1.1。从传统意义上讲,BLDC的定子和感应电机的定子有点类似,不过在定子绕组的分布上有一定的差别。大多数的BLDC定子有3个呈星行排列的绕组,每 个绕组又由许多内部结合的钢片按照一定的方式组成,偶数个绕组分布在定子的周围组成了偶数个磁极。

BLDC的定子绕组可以分为梯形和正弦两种绕组,它们的根本区别在于由于绕组的不同连接方式使它们产生的反电动势(反电动势的相关介绍请参加EMF一节)不同,分别呈现梯形和正弦波形,故用此命名了。梯形和正弦绕组产生的反电动势的波形图如图2.1.2和图 2.1.3所示。

无刷直流电机SPEED计算

SPEED分析87SWS-1电磁性能 一、 分析计算说明: 1、转子的材料为TP—A27E,转子的充磁方式为正弦(通过测量电机反电动势 得出)。 根据厂家提供的退磁曲线得出 剩磁Br=0.286T, 内禀矫顽力Hcj=2.34×105A/m, 相对回复磁导率为1.05, 密度为3800kg/m3 2、定子材料为50DW470,其B-H曲线如图(1)所示 图(1) 3、转子和定子的参数设置后如图(2)所示: 此处简化成空气 图(2)

4、本次电机分析 1)电参数:绕组为星形联接,绕组的线径为Φ0.19mm,匝数为670匝,漆膜厚度为0.02mm,骨架厚度liner设为0.625mm,槽隙绝缘参数等都按理想默认值设置。绕组的具体绕法如图(3)所示: 图(3) 2)磁参数:通过修正XBrT参数把电机的反电动势调至于实际相符。经过调整XBrT=1.4,SPEED软件计算出的EFM与实际的反电动势如图所示: 电机500r/min时的反电动势波形 实际测量波形SPEED计算波形 3)控制参数: 额定电压为:310V,驱动方式:Drive为方波驱动,峰值限流ISP:0.6, 占空比DuCy:1,控制方式SW_CtL为:V120_Q1(上桥壁斩波),斩波形式为Soft,斩波频率为20KHz。晶体管正向导通压降设为1V,二极管正向导通压降设为0.6V,其余均按理想的默认设置。 4)损耗:设置为1400r/min是的损耗功率为0.5W。

二、设置完成后用SPEED进行模拟计算分析得出下组曲线: 1、转矩——转速曲线 2、电流——转速曲线

3、输出功率——转速曲线 4、效率——转速曲线

直流无刷微型电机参数

直流无刷微型电机是一种常用的驱动电机,具有减速、提升扭矩功能,主要结构由直流无刷电机,减速齿轮箱集成制造组装而成,也称为直流无刷减速电机;非标直流无刷微型电机通常采用定制参数开发而成,例如定制参数范围,直径规格在3.4mm-38mm之间,额定电压在3V-24V,输出力矩范围:1gf.cm到50Kgf.cm之间,减速比范围:5-1500;输出转速范围:5-2000rpm; 直流无刷微型电机参数: 产品名称:直流无刷减速电机(齿轮电机) 产品分类:无刷减速电机 产品规格:Φ20MM产品 电压:12V 驱动电机:无刷电机 齿轮箱类型:行星齿轮箱 空载电流:220 mA(可定制) 负载转速:2.4-1000 rpm(可定制) 减速比:5/25/125/625:1(可定制) 微型无刷直流减速电机齿轮箱具有体积小、重量轻、力矩大、低噪音、超长寿命、不易损坏的特点。兆威生产的微型直流无刷减速电机,采用、通用的直流无刷电机,性能稳定,匹配性,适用于多种领域。

非标定制无刷微型电机齿轮箱产品: 产品名称:机器关节无刷舵机 产品分类:无刷减速电机 产品名称:无刷舵机 工作电压:24V 额定电流:1.22A 额定扭矩:4.2NM 空载转速:38RPM 额定转速:34RPM 小控制角:0.17° 关节模式:0~360° 操作温度:0~60°C 产品说明:机器关节无刷舵机应用于机器人的角度传感器和齿轮传动装置,提高了机器人的关节控制,让机器人关节转动和其它可移动部位的位置更具灵活性。

无刷微型电机标准参数产品: 产品名称:6V直流减速电机 产品分类:直流减速电机 外径:6mm 材质:塑料 旋转方向:cw&ccw 齿轮箱回程差:≤3° 轴承:烧结轴承;滚动轴承 轴向窜动:≤0.3mm(烧结轴承);≤0.2mm(滚动轴承)输出轴径向负载:≤0.3N(烧结轴承);≤4N(滚动轴承)

无刷直流电机控制技术综述

龙源期刊网 https://www.doczj.com/doc/3c15353479.html, 无刷直流电机控制技术综述 作者:黄秀勇 来源:《山东工业技术》2017年第14期 摘要:在十九世纪电机诞生的时候,其中实用性的电机就是无刷的形式,其得到了广泛 的运用,随着时代的发展,在上世纪中叶的时候晶体管诞生,直流无刷电机也随之应运而生,无刷直流电机的应用十分广泛,在各个领域都有涉猎。 关键词:直流无刷电机;技术研究;控制技术 DOI:10.16640/https://www.doczj.com/doc/3c15353479.html,ki.37-1222/t.2017.14.201 0 引言 经过不断的演变与发展,无刷直流电机综合了交流电机和直流电机的全部优点出现在人们的视野当中,它的出现大大的提高了生产的效率,减少了能源的消耗,得到了广泛的应用和普及。在电机领域中,新型无刷电机的品种众多,其性能和价格都不尽相同,就其的控制来说具有多种方法。 1 无刷直流电机的特点 随着科技的发展,无刷直流电机的出现代替了许多传统的电机,在各个领域都得到了广泛的应用,它具有传统直流电机的全部优点,但同时又除去了碳刷、滑环结构,它在投入使用的过程中具有速度很低的优点,这就大大的减少了用电率,虽说其速度低但其产生的功率却十分巨大,其体积小、重量轻的优点省去了减速机的超大负载量,在使用的过程中效率十分高。由于其除去了碳刷,所以减少了很多消耗,这就使它的省电率相当高,再加上其在运作时不会产生火花,对于一些爆炸性的场所来说更具备安全性,对其的维修和保养方面来说也是十分容易的。综合其特点来看,和其他种类的电机相比其优异性非常显著,因此,无刷直流电机凭借着其充分的优势在很多场合都发挥着重要的作用。 2 转子位置检测技术 逆变器功率器在进行运转的时候,转子在进行运转的时候位置会发生改变,在其位置发生改变的同时会触发组合,使其组合的状态进行不同的改变,这就是无刷直流电机的运行原理,由此看来,想要准确的控制无刷直流电机的运行就必要确保转子的位置,与此同时还要对转子触发的功率器件组合进行相应准时的切换,想要做到这一点是相当困难的。 通过科技水平的不断提高,相关学者提出了检测转子位置的一种新的办法。首先准备一些非磁性导电质地的材料,把这些材料粘在永磁转子的外部;其次,相关设备在工作时会使非磁性材料上产生涡流效应,进而使转子的位置发生相应的改变,最后通过观察检测电压来确定转

开题报告无刷直流电机的控制系统

合肥师范学院本科生毕业论文(设计)开题报告 (学生用表) 装 订 线

第l章主要叙述了无刷直流电机的发展趋势、无刷直流电机的控制技术、研究背景及意义。 第2章首先介绍了无刷直流电机的基本结构和工作原理,然后给出了常见的无刷直流电机的数学模型及其推导过程,在此基础上对无刷直流电机的稳态特性进行了详细分析。 第3章对本控制系统的总体结构和设计进行介绍。主要包括控制系统的整体方案,控制芯片,控制技术以及控制策略的选择。 第4章对控制系统的硬件电路进行设计,包括DSP最小系统、功率驱动电路、采样检测电路、保护电路等的设计,并对各个部分进行了详细的分析。 第5章以TI公司的CCS开发环境为开发工具,对整个控制系统的软件部分进行了设计。 第6章总结与展望,总结了本文的主要工作,展望了以后工作的研究方向。 五、可行性分析 此次研究是在指导老师的指导下搜集,查阅相关资料,确定能够通过应用DSP 芯片进行控制是最优方案,采用TI公司的TMS320F2812作为控制器。根据现在无刷直流电机的控制技术的发展水平和未来的发展趋势及可操作性进行分析,该课题能够顺利进行。 六、设计方案 6.1无刷直流电机的基本结构 无刷直流电机的设计思想来源于利用电子开关电路代替有刷直流电机的机械换向器。普通有刷直流电机由于电刷的换向作用,使得电枢磁场和主磁场的方向在电机运行的过程中始终保持相互垂直,这样能够产生最大的转矩,从而驱动电机不停地运转下去。无刷直流电机取消电刷实现了无机械接触换相,做成“倒装式直流电机"的结构,将电枢绕组和永磁磁钢分别放在定子和转子侧。无刷直流电机必须具有由控制电路、功率逆变桥和转子位置传感器共同组成的换相装置以实现电机速度和方向的控制[5]。因此,可以认为无刷直流电机是典型的机电一体化器件,其基本结构由电动机本体、驱动控制电路及转子位置传感器三部分组成,如图所示。 无刷直流电机的构成 6.2无刷直流电机的工作原理 普通直流电机的电枢在转子上,而定子产生固定不变的磁场。为了使直流电机旋转,需要通过换相器和电刷不断地改变电枢绕组中电流的方向,使两个磁场的方向始终保持相互垂直,从而产生恒定的转矩驱动电动机不断旋转[6]。 无刷直流电动机为了去掉电刷,将电枢放到定子上,而转子做成永磁体,这样的结构正好与普通直流电动机相反。然而即便是这样的改变仍然不够,因为直流电通入定子上的电枢以后,产生的不变磁场还是不能使电动机转动起来。为了达到使电动机

无刷直流电机的工作原理

无刷直流电机原理 无刷直流电动机得工作原理?普通直流电动机得电枢在转子上,而定子产生固定不动得磁场。为了使直流电动机旋转,需要通过换向器与电刷不断改变电枢绕组中电流得方向,使两个磁场得方向始终保持相互垂直,从而产生恒定得转矩驱动电动机不断旋转。 无刷直流电动机为了去掉电刷,将电枢放到定子上去,而转子制成永磁体,这样得结构正好与普通直流电动机相反;然而,即使这样改变还不够,因为定子上得电枢通过直流电后,只能产生不变得磁场,电动机依然转不起来。为了使电动机转起来,必须使定子电枢各相绕组不断地换相通电,这样才能使定子磁场随着转子得位置在不断地变化,使定子磁场与转子永磁磁场始终保持左右得空间角,产生转矩推动转子旋转。 无刷直流电动机由电动机主体与驱动器组成,就是一种典型得机电一体化产品。?●电动机得定子绕组多做成三相对称星形接法,同三相异步电动机十分相似。电动机得转子上粘有已充磁得永磁体,为了检测电动机转子得极性,在电动机内装有位置传感器。驱动器由功率电子器件与集成电路等构成,其功能就是:接受电动机得启动、停止、制动信号,以控制电动机得启动、停止与制动;接受位置传感器信号与正反转信号,用来控制逆变桥各功率管得通断,产生连续转矩;接受速度指令与速度反馈信号,用来控制与调整转速;提供保护与显示等等。无刷直流电动机得原理简图如图一所示: ? 主电路就是一个典型得电压型交-直-交电路,逆变器提供等幅等频5-26KH Z调制波得对称交变矩形波。永磁体N-S交替交换,使位置传感器产生相位差120°得U、V、W方波,结合正/反转信号产生有效得六状态编码信号:101、100、110、010、011、001,通过逻辑组建处理产生T1-T4导通、T1-T6导通、T3-T6导通、T3-T2导通、T5-T2导通、T5-T4导通,也就就是说将直流母线电压依次加在A+B-、A+C-、B+C-、B+A-、C+A-、C+B-上,这样转子每转过一对N-S极,T1-T6功率管即按固定组合成六种状态得依次导通。每种状态下,仅有两相绕组通电,依次改变一种状态,定子绕组产生得磁场轴线在空间转动60°电度角,转子跟随定子磁场转动相当于60°电度角空间位置,转子在新位置上,使位置传感器U、V、W按约定产生一组新编码,新得编码又改变了功率管得导通组合,使定子绕组产生得磁场轴再前进60°电度角,如此循环,无刷直流电动机将产

无刷直流电机控制系统的设计

无刷直流电机控制系统 的设计 Pleasure Group Office【T985AB-B866SYT-B182C-BS682T-STT18】

1引言无刷直流电机最本质的特征是没有机械换向器和电刷所构成的机械接触式换向机构。现在,无刷直流电机定义有俩种:一种是方波/梯形波直流电机才可以被称为无刷直流电机,而正弦波直流电机则被认为是永磁同步电机。另一种是方波/梯形波直流电机和正弦波直流电机都是无刷直流电机。国际电器制造业协会在1987年将无刷直流电机定义为“一种转子为永磁体,带转子位置信号,通过电子换相控制的自同步旋转电机”,其换相电路可以是独立的或集成于电机本体上的。本次设计采用第一种定义,把具有方波/梯形波无刷直流电机称为无刷直流电机。从20世纪90年代开始,由于人们生活水平的不断提高和现代化生产、办公自动化的发展,家用电器、工业机器人等设备都向着高效率化、小型化及高智能化发展,电机作为设备的重要组成部分,必须具有精度高、速度快、效率高等优点,因此无刷直流电机的应用也发展迅速[1]。 无刷直流电机的发展概况 无刷直流电动机是由有刷直流电动机的基础上发展过来的。 19世纪40年代,第一台直流电动机研制成功,经过70多年不断的发展,直流电机进入成熟阶段,并且运用广泛。 1955年,美国的申请了用晶体管换相线路代替有刷直流电动机的机械电刷的专利,形成了现代无刷直流电动机的雏形。 在20世纪60年代初,霍尔元件等位置传感器和电子换向线路的发现,标志着真正的无刷直流电机的出现。 20世纪70年代初,德国人Blaschke提出矢量控制理论,无刷直流电机的性能控制水平得到进一步的提高,极大地推动了电机在高性能领域的应用。 1987年,在北京举办的德国金属加工设备展览会上,西门子和博世两公司展出了永磁自同步伺服系统和驱动器,引起了我国有关学者的注意,自此我国开始了研制和开发电机控制系统和驱动的热潮。目前,我国无刷直流电机的系列产品越来越多,形成了生产规模。

无刷直流电动机简介和基本工作原理

无刷直流电动机简介和基本工作原理 无刷直流电动机简介和基本工作原理 无刷直流电动机简介 直流无刷电机 : 又称“无换向器电机交一直一交系统”或“直交系统” 。是将交流电源整流后变成直流, 再由逆变器转换成 频率可调的交流电, 但是, 注意此处逆变器是工作在直流斩波方式。 无刷直流电动机Brushless Direct Current Motor ,BLDC, 采用方波自控式永磁同步 电机,以霍尔传感器取代碳刷换向器, 以钕铁硼作为转子的永磁材料; 产品性能超越传统直流电机的所有优点, 同时又解决了直流电机碳刷滑环的缺点, 数字式控 制, 是当今最理想的调速电机。 无刷直流电动机具有上述的三高特性, 非常适合使用在24 小时连续运转的产业机械及空调冷冻主机、风机水泵、空气压缩机负载; 低速高转矩及高频繁正反转不发热的特性,更适合应用于机床工作母机及牵引电机的驱动; 其稳速运转精度比直流有刷电机更高, 比矢量控制或直接转矩控制速度闭环的变频驱动还要高, 性能价格比更好, 是现代化调速驱动的最佳 选择。 基本工作原理 无刷直流电动机由同步电动机和驱动器组成,是一种典型的机电一体化产品。同步电动机的定子绕组多做成三相对称星形接法,同三相异步电动机十分相似。而转子上粘有已充磁的永磁体,为了检测电动机转子的极性,在电动机内装有位置传感器。驱动器由功率电子器件和集成电路等构成,其功能是:接受电动机的启动、停止、制动信号,以控制电动机的启动、停止和制动;接受位置传感器信号和正反转信号,用来控制逆变桥各功率管的通断,产生连续转矩;接受速 度指令和速度反馈信号,用来控制和调整转速;提供保护和显示等等 无刷直流电动机的位置传感器编码使通电的两相绕组合成磁场轴线位置超前转子磁场轴线位置,所以不论转子的起始

图文讲解无刷直流电机地工作原理

图文讲解无刷直流电机的工作原理 导读:无刷直流电机由电动机主体和驱动器组成,是一种典型的机电一体化产品。电动机的定子绕组多做成三相对称星形接法,同三相异步电动机十分相似。它的应用非常广泛,在很多机电一体化设备上都有它的身影。 什么是无刷电机? 无刷直流电机由电动机主体和驱动器组成,是一种典型的机电一体化产品。由于无刷直流电动机是以自控式运行的,所以不会像变频调速下重载启动的同步电机那样在转子上另加启动绕组,也不会在负载突变时产生振荡和失步。中小容量的无刷直流电动机的永磁体,现在多采用高磁能级的稀土钕铁硼(Nd-Fe-B)材料。因此,稀土永磁无刷电动机的体积比同容量三相异步电动机缩小了一个机座号。

无刷直流电动机是采用半导体开关器件来实现电子换向的,即用电子开关器件代替传统的接触式换向器和电刷。它具有可靠性高、无换向火花、机械噪声低等优点,广泛应用于高档录音座、录像机、电子仪器及自动化办公设备中。 无刷直流电动机由永磁体转子、多极绕组定子、位置传感器等组成。位置传感按转子位置的变化,沿着一定次序对定子绕组的电流进行换流(即检测转子磁极相对定子绕组的位置,并在确定的位置处产生位置传感信号,经信号转换电路处理后去控制功率开关电路,按一定的逻辑关系进行绕组电流切换)。定子绕组的工作电压由位置传感器输出控制的电子开关电路提供。 位置传感器有磁敏式、光电式和电磁式三种类型。 采用磁敏式位置传感器的无刷直流电动机,其磁敏传感器件(例如霍尔元件、磁敏二极管、磁敏诂极管、磁敏电阻器或专用集成电路等)装在定子组件上,用来检测永磁体、转子旋转时产生的磁场变化。 采用光电式位置传感器的无刷直流电动机,在定子组件上按一定位置配置了光电传感器件,转子上装有遮光板,光源为发光二极管或小灯泡。转子旋转时,由于遮光板的作用,定子上的光敏元器件将会按一定频率间歇间生脉冲信号。 采用电磁式位置传感器的无刷直流电动机,是在定子组件上安装有电磁传感器部件(例如耦合变压器、接近开关、LC谐振电路等),当永磁体转子位置发生变化时,电磁效应将使电磁传感器产生高频调制信号(其幅值随转子位置而变化)。 看看这个工程师怎么说?

直流无刷电动机工作原理控制方法

直流无刷电动机工作原 理控制方法 Document number:PBGCG-0857-BTDO-0089-PTT1998

直流无刷电动机工作原理与控制方法 序言 由于直流无刷电动机既具有交流电动机的结构简单、运行可靠、维护方便等一系列优点,又具备直流电动机的运行效率高、无励磁损耗以及调速性能好等诸多优点,故在当今国民经济各领域应用日益普及。 一个多世纪以来,电动机作为机电能量转换装置,其应用范围已遍及国民经济的各个领域以及人们的日常生活中。其主要类型有同步电动机、异步电动机和直流电动机三种。由于传统的直流电动机均采用电刷以机械方法进行换向,因而存在相对的机械摩擦,由此带来了噪声、火化、无线电干扰以及寿命短等弱点,再加上制造成本高及维修困难等缺点,从而大大限制了它的应用范围,致使目前工农业生产上大多数均采用三相异步电动机。 针对上述传统直流电动机的弊病,早在上世纪30年代就有人开始研制以电子换向代替电刷机械换向的直流无刷电动机。经过了几十年的努力,直至上世纪60年代初终于实现了这一愿望。上世纪70年代以来,随着电力电子工业的飞速发展,许多高性能半导体功率器件,如GTR、MOSFET、IGBT、IPM等相继出现,以及高性能永磁材料的问世,均为直流无刷电动机的广泛应 用奠定了坚实的基础。 三相直流无刷电动机的基本组成 直流无刷永磁电动机主要由电动机本体、位置传感器和电子开关线路三部分组成。其定子绕组一般制成多相(三相、四相、五相不等),转子由永久磁钢按一定极对数(2p=2,4,…)组成。图1所示为三相两极直流无刷电机结构, 图1 三相两极直流无刷电机组成 三相定子绕组分别与电子开关线路中相应的功率开关器件联结,A、B、C相绕组分别与功率开关管V1、V2、V3相接。位 置传感器的跟踪转子与电动机转轴相联结。

基于单片机的无刷直流电机的控制系统

绪论 随着计算机进入控制领域,以及新型的电力电子功率器件的不断出现,采用全控型的开关功率元件进行脉冲调制(paulse width modulation,简称PWM)控制的无刷直流电机已成为主流。随着半导体工业,特别是大功率电子器件及微控制器的发展,变速驱动变的更加现实且成本更低。 本文充分利用单片机的数字信号处理器运算快、外围电路少、系统组成简单、可靠的特点,将其应用于无刷电机的驱动设计。实验表明,该设计使得无刷直流电机的组成简化和性能的改进成为可能,有利于电机的小型化和智能化。 (一)电机的分类 电机按工作电源种类可分为: 1.直流电机 (1)有刷直流电机 ①永磁直流电机 ·稀土永磁直流电动机 ·铁氧体永磁直流电动机 ·铝镍钴永磁直流电动机 ②电磁直流电机 ·串励直流电动机 ·并励直流电动机 ·他励直流电动机 ·复励直流电动机 (2)无刷直流电机 稀土永磁无刷直流电机 2.交流电机 (1)单相电动机

(2)三相电动机 (二)无刷直流电机及其控制技术的发展 1831年,法拉第发现了电磁感应现象,奠定了现代电机的基本理论基础。从19世纪40年代研制成功第一台直流电机,经过大约17年的时间,直流电机技术才趋于成熟。随着应用领域的扩大,对直流电机的要求也就越来越高,有接触的机械换向装置限制了有刷直流电机在许多场合中的应用。为了取代有刷直流电机的电刷-换向器结构的机械接触装置,人们曾对此作过长期的探索。1915年,美国人Langnall发明了带控制栅极的汞弧整流器,制成了由直流变交流的逆变装置。20世纪30年代,有人提出用离子装置实现电机的定子绕组按转子位置换接的所谓换向器电机,但此种电机由于可靠性差、效率低、整个装置笨重又复杂而无实用价值。 科学技术的迅猛发展,带来了电力半导体技术的飞跃。开关型晶体管的研制成功,为创造新型直流电机——无刷直流电机带来了生机。1955年,美国人Harrison首次提出了用晶体管换相线路代替电机电刷接触的思想,这就是无刷直流电机的雏形。它由功率放大部分、信号检测部分、磁极体和晶体管开关电路等组成,其工作原理是当转子旋转时,在信号绕组中感应出周期性的信号电动势,此信号电动势份别使晶体管轮流导通实现换相。问题在于,首先,当转子不转时,信号绕组内不能产生感应电动势,晶体管无偏置,功率绕组也就无法馈电,所以这种无刷直流电机没有起动转矩;其次,由于信号电动势的前沿陡度不大,晶体管的功耗大。为了克服这些弊病,人们采用了离心装置的换向器,或采用在定子上放置辅助磁钢的方法来保证电机可靠地起动。但前者结构复杂,而后者需要附加的起动脉冲。其后,经过反复的试验和不断的实践,人们终于找到了用位置传感器和电子换相线路来代替有刷直流电机的机械换向装置,从而为直流电机的发展开辟了新的途径。20世纪60年代初期,接近开关式位置传感器、电磁谐振式位置传感器和高频耦合式位置传感器相继问世,之后又出现了磁电耦合式和光电式位置传感器。半导体技术的飞速发展,使人们对1879年美国人霍尔发现的霍尔效应再次发生兴趣,经过多年的努力,终于在1962年试制成功了借助霍尔元件(霍尔效应转子位置传感器)来实现换相的无刷直流电机。在⒛世纪70年代初期,又试制成功了借助比霍尔元件的灵敏度高千倍左右的磁敏二极管实现换相

相关主题
文本预览
相关文档 最新文档