二胡
（音域：D/A + 4 octave above A)
二胡是中国的一种民族弓弦乐器，过去主要流行于长江中下游一带，所以又称为南胡。集中于中高音域的表现，音色接近人声，情感表现力极高，广为大众接受。1920年代，二胡始作为独奏乐器出现在舞台上。在这之前，二胡多用于民间丝竹音乐演奏或民歌、戏曲的伴奏。
历史
二胡是中华民族乐器家族中主要的弓弦乐器（擦弦乐器）之一。唐朝便出现胡琴一词，当时将西方、北方各民族称为胡人，胡琴为西方、北方民族传入乐器的通称。至元朝之后，明清时期，胡琴成为擦弦乐器的通称。
擦弦乐器至少在唐朝便出现了，最早可能是从弹拨乐器筝发展出以竹片为弓拉奏的轧筝。宋朝出现奚琴、马尾胡琴、嵇琴等拉弦乐器，其中马尾胡琴已经以马尾制成琴弓取代竹片进行拉奏。
唐宋至明清时期，随着各地方戏曲及民间表演者的需求，逐渐繁衍出许多不同形制的弓弦乐器，如京胡、梆子戏的板胡、粤剧的粤胡、坠胡、四胡等，据著名胡琴演奏家张韶的统计，至今已发展出50多种弓弦乐器。其中二胡在民间广为流传，大量运用於戏曲伴奏，音色温润动听，受到人们普遍的喜爱。
五四运动时期，刘天华先生融合西方音乐理论、演奏技巧，对二胡的演奏技巧进行了大胆革新，扩展了二胡的表现力，并且创作了多首二胡独奏曲，二胡开始以独奏乐器出现在表演舞台上。1980年代中后期，出版的二胡独奏曲已有数百首之谱，并开始发展叙事曲、协奏曲等大型二胡曲。
结构
主要部分有琴杆（琴柱）、琴轴（轸子）、琴筒、琴托、千金（千斤）、皮膜（蟒皮）、琴码、琴弓、音垫。
弦有两根，内弦定音为d、外弦为a。琴弓类似小提琴的琴弓，但不完全相同，小提琴琴弓是被固定在弓杆上的，而二胡弓以马尾毛与竹制弓杆组成，富有弹性，可以以不同的力道来控制声音的大小。阿炳二胡内弦定音为g、外弦为d。
音垫：又称“噪音抑制垫”，“噪音控制垫”或“制音垫”。目前二胡还是一种不很完善的乐器，表现在音质的不稳定和过大的噪音。为了能使二胡达到演奏要求，必须稳定音质，降低噪音，所以在琴码的下侧加上一块不雅观的振动阻尼音垫。
分类
六角二胡前八后圆
依据制琴产地可分为三类：
1.苏州琴（二胡品牌：杰伦二胡）
2.上海琴
3.北京琴
依据琴筒型状可分为四类：
1.圆筒二胡
2.八角二胡
3.六角二胡
4.扁筒二胡
5.前八后圆
(扁筒二胡由二胡演奏家陈耀星所设计 )
依据材质可分为类：
1.印度小叶紫檀二胡
2.非洲紫檀二胡
3.明清旧料二胡
4.老红木二胡
5.血檀二胡
6.黑檀二胡
演奏技法
拉奏时将弓毛置于双弦中
演奏时多采坐姿，左手持琴按弦，右手拉弓。将弓毛置于
双弦之中拉奏，有别于世界其他地区的擦弦乐器。
弓法
弓弦乐器运用琴弓以表达乐曲的表情。以用弓的长度区分为全弓、长弓、短弓等，以使用部位区分为弓尖、弓根、前弓、中弓、后弓等，以运弓速度区分为快弓、慢弓、颤弓等，以弓序分为推弓、拉弓、分弓、连弓、断弓、顿弓等。
基本上分为圆滑演奏效果的连奏弓跟顿弓、跳弓、飞弓、抛弓、击弓等断奏弓。
指法
以按弦手指的动作创造不同音色，如揉弦、颤音、打音、泛音、滑音、拨弦等。
二胡演奏家
参见二胡演奏家列表
二胡发展里程碑
1.刘天华根据中国民间音乐特性及借镜小提琴，将二胡定弦为D、A。
2.1963年上海之春二胡比赛，将多位二胡演奏家推向更高的舞台，大量优秀的
二胡作品乐曲在全国流行。
3.大型民乐团的诞生，大大增加对二胡专业的需求量。
4.刘文金创作了现代二胡作品《豫北叙事曲》(1959年)、《三门峡畅想曲》(1960
年)、二胡协奏曲《长城随想》(1982年)。
盛世弦和、CCTV民乐大赛、2008台北市民族器乐大赛和其他二胡专业比赛，对二胡专业化、学院派的人来说，提供了很多交流机会。
二胡作品
1930年代
?刘天华
o刘天华二胡十大名曲，包括：《病中吟》(1915) 《月夜》 (1918) 《空山鸟语》(1918) 《苦闷之讴》(1926) 《悲歌》(1927) 《良宵》(1928.1.22) 《闲居吟》(1928.6) 《光明行》(1931) 《独弦操》(1932.1) 《烛影摇红》(1932) ?陆修堂《怀乡行》
?刘北茂《小花鼓》
?陈振铎《田园春色》
?阿炳《听松》(1939) 《二泉映月》《寒春风曲》
1950年代
?孙文明《弹乐》(1951年) 《流波曲》(1952年)
?曾寻《拉骆驼》
?曾加庆《新农村》《山村变了样》《赶集》
?朴东生《在草原上》
?刘文金：二胡协奏曲《豫北叙事曲》(1959)
?钟义良《春诗》
1960年代
?刘文金二胡协奏曲《三门峡畅想曲》 (1960)
?黄怀海《江河水》《赛马》
?刘明源《河南小曲》《美丽的西藏》
?赵振霄鲁日融《秦腔主题随想曲》
?张长城曲原野编曲《红军哥哥回来了》
?张颉诚曲王国潼编曲《翻身歌》
1970年代
?鲁日融《迷胡调》《欢乐的秦川》《采花》《摇篮曲》《曲江吟》
?周维《葡萄熟了》
?闵惠芬《阳关三叠》（改编）《洪湖人民的心愿》编曲（张敬安、欧阳谦叔音乐素材）
?项祖英梆子风
?顾武祥、孟津津《喜送公粮》
?刘长福《草原新牧民》
?陈耀星《战马奔腾》
1980年代
?刘文金《长城随想》
?吴厚元二胡协奏曲《红梅随想曲》
?关铭《蓝花花叙事曲》
?陈钢曲刘天华(当代同名）、步伟纲移植《阳光照耀在塔什库尔干》
?朱昌耀《江南春色》《苏南小曲》《欢庆锣鼓》《五月春潮》
?陈耀星《陕北抒怀》《山村小景》《献给母亲的歌》
o《喜盈门》《追猎》《桃花过渡》《影》
?陈军《椰岛风情》《舞秋》《弦语》《心中的阿尔金》
《狂野飞骏图》《绿色家园》
?张晓峰、朱晓谷二胡叙事曲《新婚别》 (1980)
?何占豪、陈刚《梁山伯与祝英台》
?谭盾二胡、扬琴二重奏《双阙》 (1984)
?关迺忠二胡协奏曲《第一二胡协奏曲》 (1986)
?陈能济二胡协奏曲《明月几时有》 (1988)
?何占豪二胡协奏曲《乱世情》二胡协奏曲《别亦难》
?杨春林双二胡协奏曲《长恨歌》
?何占豪二胡协奏曲《莫愁女幻想曲》(1987)
?阎惠昌二胡与大型民族管弦乐队《幻》(1987)
1990年代
?王建民《第一二胡狂想曲》（1989）《天山风情》 (1992) 二胡与管弦乐队《姑苏行》(1995) 二胡协奏曲《杨贵妃的故事》(1998) 草原风韵（低音二胡与交响乐队，王建民、邓建栋曲）
独个成长（1991）
何占豪蝶恋花---第四二胡协奏曲
?高韶青《随想曲》《随想曲第二号－蒙风》《卡门主题随想曲》
?谭盾《火祭》 (1995)
?郑冰《第三二胡协奏曲 - 江河水的故事》
?黄安伦二胡与交响乐《敦煌古谱四首》 (1997) 二胡与交响乐《中国狂想曲第五号》
?瞿春泉《霓裳曲》 (浙江民间乐曲)
?吴华二胡及革胡双协奏曲《天仙配幻想曲》 (1995)
?黄晓飞二胡协奏曲《爱河之春》 (1997) 二胡协奏曲《长恨歌》
o二胡协奏曲《母亲》二胡与钢琴《怀念》二胡协奏曲《六月雪》
?金复载《春江水暖》
?庐亮辉《疆风舞韵》《贵妃情》
?顾冠仁二胡协奏曲《夜月》
?许可二胡与钢琴《风韵》（91年）二胡与钢琴《思念》(93年)
?《摇篮曲》（96年）
?王燕樵二胡与管弦乐队《百鸟朝凤》（90年）
?陈怡二胡与弦乐队《胡琴组曲》（98年）
?外山雄三二胡与管弦乐队《桥》（98年）、
?松尾祐孝胡琴协奏曲《天风爱舞和庵》（98年）
?邓建栋《姑苏春晓》
?曹元德《相望》
?成公亮《水乡行》
?梁云江二胡协奏曲《江河云梦》
?改编作品
?《查尔达斯》（维多里奥·蒙第曲）《流浪者之歌》（巴布罗·萨拉萨第曲）《中花六板》（江南丝竹）《罗西尼主题变奏曲》（帕格尼尼曲/90年编）
?《浪漫曲》（鲁宾斯坦/93年编）《乘着歌声的翅膀》（门德尔松/93年编）?《夜曲》（柴可夫斯基/95年编）等。
2000年代
?任真慧《行次西郊》（2008）
?刘文金《二胡套曲--如来梦》 (2002) 二胡、琵琶与乐队《火—彩衣姑娘》o单乐章二胡协奏曲《雪山魂塑》（2006）
?李滨扬单乐章二胡协奏曲《图腾》(2005) -- 表达中国遥远而神秘的西南山区与作曲家之间的一种心神之间的沟通
?史志有二胡组曲、交响音画《清明上河图》 (2006)
?刘学轩
o《二胡协奏曲》（第一二胡协奏曲）（2003）《第二二胡协奏曲》（2000）
o《山林之秋》给二胡与丝竹室内乐团《港都、春花、夜雨》给二胡与民族室内乐《霸王别姬》二胡与大提琴双协奏曲 (2009)
o《第三二胡协奏曲霸王别姬》二胡协奏曲 (2009)
?关迺忠
o《第二二胡协奏曲－追梦京华》《第三二胡协奏曲》
o《第四二胡协奏曲－爱恨情仇》《心香》二胡协奏曲 (2009) ?陆橒《西秦王爷》 (2003)
?莫凡胡琴协奏曲《京风》
?谭盾胡琴协奏曲《卧虎藏龙》 (2003)
?王建民 (二胡作曲家)
o《第二二胡狂想曲》（2001年8月）《第三二胡狂想曲》（2003）
o《第四二胡狂想曲》（2009）+2009年9月20日首演 (台北中山堂中正厅), 第七届中国音乐金钟奖二胡指定乐曲
?杨青《秋之韵》
?王之辉、景建树《黄水韵》
?王曙亮、梁奇《剪窗花》
?许可《大莫敦煌》（04年）、《黄沙古道》（04年）
?杨勇二胡与大提琴二重奏《河曲》（01年）
?朱毅二胡与管弦乐队《西域风情》（04年）
?王燕樵二胡、大提琴、钢琴三重奏《阿吐什的朝晨》（01年）
?郑冰《第三二胡协奏曲》
?严洁敏二胡二重奏《阿拉木汗》
?杨勇《河曲》为二胡与大提琴
?温得青《小白菜--为二胡与弦乐四重奏而作的变奏曲》
?Stefano Bellon （意大利）《急板》为二胡与三把胡琴
?陈其刚《逝去的时光》为二胡与管弦乐队
?陈怡《胡琴组曲》为胡琴与管线乐队
?钟耀光二胡协奏曲《快雪时晴》(2008)
?王乙聿《弦二协奏曲》
?朱昌耀《台湾风情组曲》二胡与乐队（2004）
o《台湾民谣四首》联奏（委托创作，世界首演）（编曲：2004）
o《阿里山情话》二胡协奏（2004）
?陈军胡琴组曲（胡琴与乐队）《绿色家园》(2008)
?卢亮辉弦乐室内乐（高胡、二胡、中胡、大提琴）《弦情》(2005) ?周杰伦曲陈燮阳改编二胡、大提琴与乐队《菊花台》
Erhu
The erhu (Chinese: 二胡; pinyin: èrhú), also called nanhu (南胡, "southern fiddle"), and sometimes known in the West as the "Chinese violin" or "Chinese two-string fiddle," is a two-stringed bowed musical instrument, used as a solo instrument as well as in small ensembles and large orchestras. It is the most popular instrument in the huqin family of Chinese bowed string instruments, together with the zhonghu, gaohu, banhu, jinghu, sihu, and numerous others. Used in both traditional and contemporary pieces, it is a versatile instrument.
History
The erhu can be traced back to instruments introduced into China more than a thousand years ago. It is believed to have evolved from the xiqin (奚琴), which was described as a foreign, two-stringed lute in Yue Shu (樂書, yuèshū, lit. book of music), an encyclopedic
work on music written by music theorist Chen Yang in the
Northern Song Dynasty. The xiqin is believed to have originated
from the Xi people of Central Asia, and have come to China in the
10th century.
Erhu with liu jiao qin tong (6 sided body)
The first Chinese character of the name of the instrument (二, èr, two) is believed to come from the fact that it has two strings. An alternate explanation states that it comes from the fact that it is the second highest huqin in pitch to the gaohu in the modern Chinese orchestra. The second character (胡, hú) indicates that it is a member of the huqin family. The name huqin literally means "barbarian instrument," showing that the instrument likely originated from regions to the north or west of China inhabited by non-Han peoples.
Historical erhu and bowed string bows
Historic bowed zithers of China, including the xiqin, yazheng, and yaqin, and also the Korean ajaeng, were originally played by bowing with a rosined stick, which created friction against the strings. As soon as the horsehair bow was invented, it spread very widely. This is a high pitched instrument. The Central Asian horse peoples occupied a territory that included the Silk Road, along which goods and innovations were transported rapidly for thousands of miles across Eurasia.
Construction
The erhu consists of a long vertical stick-like neck, at the top of which are two large tuning pegs, and at the bottom is a small resonator body (sound box) which is covered with python
skin on the front (playing) end. Two strings are attached from the
pegs to the base, and a small loop of string (qian jin) placed
around the neck and strings acting as a nut pulls the strings
towards the skin, holding a small wooden bridge in place.
Picture showing bow hair in between the two strings.
The erhu has some unusual features. First is that its characteristic sound is produced through the vibration of the python skin by bowing. Second, there is no fingerboard; the player stops the strings by pressing their fingertips onto the strings without the strings touching the neck. Third, the horse hair bow is never separated from the strings (which were formerly of twisted silk but which today are usually made of metal); it passes between them as opposed to over them (the latter being the case with western bowed stringed instruments). Lastly, although there are two strings, they are very close to each other and the player's left hand in effect plays as if on one string.
The inside string (nearest to player) is generally tuned to D4 and the outside string to A4, a fifth higher. The maximum range of the instrument is three and a half octaves, from D4 up to A7, before a stopping finger reaches the part of the string in contact with the bow hair. The usual playing range is about two and a half octaves.
Various dense and heavy hardwoods are used in making the erhu. According to Chinese references the woods include zi tan (紫檀red sandalwood and other woods of the genus Pterocarpus such as padauk), lao hong mu (老红木aged red wood), wu mu (乌木black wood), and hong mu (红木red wood). Particularly fine erhu s are often made from pieces of old furniture. A typical erhu measures 81 cm from top to bottom, the length of the bow also being 81 cm.
Erhu with ba jiao qin tong (8 sided body)
The parts of the erhu:
Qín tong (琴筒), sound box or resonator body; it is
hexagonal (liu jiao, southern), octagonal (ba jiao, northern), or, less commonly,
round.
?Qín pí/She pí (琴皮/蛇皮), skin, made from python. The python skin gives the erhu its characteristic sound.
?Qín gan (琴杆), neck.
?Qín tou (琴头), top or tip of neck, usually a simple curve with a piece of bone or plastic on top, but is sometimes elaborately carved with a dragon's head.
?Qín zhou (琴轴). tuning pegs, traditional wooden, or metal machine gear pegs.
?Qiān ji n (千斤), nut, made from string, or, less commonly, a metal hook.
?Nèi xián (内弦), inside or inner string, usually tuned to D4, nearest to player.
?Wai xián (外弦), outside or outer string, usually tuned to A4.
?Qín ma (琴码), bridge, made from wood.
?Gong (弓), bow, has screw device to vary bow hair tension.
?Gong gan (弓杆), bow stick, made from bamboo.
?Gong máo (弓毛), bow hair, usually white horsehair.
?Qín diàn (琴垫), pad, a piece of sponge, felt, or cloth placed between the strings and skin below the bridge to improve its sound.
?Qín tuō (琴托) - base, a piece of wood attached to the bottom of the qín tong to provide a smooth surface on which to rest on the leg.
Most erhu are mass produced in factories. The three most esteemed centres of erhu making are Beijing, Shanghai, and Suzhou. In the collectivist period after the establishment of the People's Republic of China, these factories were formed by merging what had been previously private workshops. Although most erhu were machine-made in production lines, the highest quality instruments were hand made by specialist craftsmen.[1]
In the 20th century, there have been attempts to standardize and improve the erhu, with the
aim of producing a louder and better sounding instrument. One
major change was the use of steel strings instead of silk. The move
to steel strings was made gradually. By 1950, the thinner A string
had been replaced by a violin E string with the thicker D string
remaining silk. By 1958, professional players were using purpose
made D and A steel erhu strings as standard.[2]
Picture showing qianjin (a loop of string, which acts as a nut)
Use of python skin
In 1988, China passed its Law on the Protection of Endangered Species after ratifying the UN Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), making it illegal to use and trade unlicensed pythons.[3] To regulate the use of python skins, China's State Forestry Administration introduced a certification scheme between python skin sellers in Southeast Asia and musical instrument makers in China. From January 1, 2005, new regulations also require erhu s to have a certificate from the State Forestry Administration, which certify that the erhu python skin is not made with wild pythons, but from farm-raised pythons. Individuals are allowed to take up to two erhu s out of China when traveling; commercial buyers need additional export certificates.
Outside China, manufacturers of erhu are able to issue their own CITES licenses with approval by governments of their respective countries. Such exports are legal as they have been made from legal skin sources.
Some erhus are made of recycled products.
Erhu music
A notable composer for the erhu was Liu Tianhua (刘天华/劉天華; Liú Tiānhuá)
(1895-1932), a Chinese musician who studied Western music as well. He composed 47 exercises and 10 solo pieces (1918-32) which were central to the development of the erhu as a solo instrument. His works for the instrument include Yue Ye (月夜; Yuè yè, Moon Night) and Zhu ying Yao hong (烛影摇红; Zhú yǐng yáo hóng, Shadows of Candles Flickering Red).
Other solo pieces include Er Quan Ying Yue (1950, Moon Reflected on Second Spring) by A Bing, Sai Ma (Horse Race) by Huang Haihuai, Henan Xiaoqu (Henan folk tune) by Liu Mingyuan, and Sanmenxia Changxiangqu (1961, Sanmen Gorge Capriccio) by Liu Wenjin. Most solo works are commonly performed with yangqin accompaniment, although pieces such as the ten solos by Liu Tianhua and Er Quan Ying Yue originally did not have accompaniment.
In addition to the solo repertoire, the erhu is also one of the main instruments in regional music ensembles such as Jiangnan sizhu, Chinese opera ensembles, and the modern large Chinese orchestra.
The erhu is also used in the music of the Cirque du Soleil show O. Even fusion progressive rock groups like The Hsu-nami have incorporated the erhu into their music and it is their lead instrument. It is also incorporated in the Taiwanese black metal band ChthoniC. The Erhu is also used in the song Field Below by Regina Spektor.
An Erhu instrumental album Along the River During the Qingming Festival (清明上河图;Qingming Shanghe tu) was issued at Nov 22nd 2006,Performed by a famous youth erhu artist Song Fei (宋飞; Song Fei),to express a picture draw in the Song Dynasty by Zhang Zeduan (张择端; Zhang Zeduan),the play was performed by Erhu,Jinghu,Banhu,Gaohu etc. to show the Livelihood,Trade,Festival of the Song Dynasty,the album contains 18
parts.The album represented the greatest achievement of Chinese classical music and it made the China's modern national landmark music works.
The erhu (played by George Gao) is also featured prominently in the soundtrack for the TV series Earth: Final Conflict.
In 2009's Star Trek soundtrack by Michael Giacchino, an erhu solo is featured in the soundtrack "That New Car Smell."
Playing technique
?Tuning
The erhu is almost always tuned to the interval of a fifth. The inside string (nearest to player) is generally tuned to D4 and the outside string to A4. This is the same as the two middle strings of the violin.
?Position
The erhu is played sitting down, with the sound box placed on the top of the left thigh and the neck held vertically.
?Right hand
The bow is held with an underhand grip. The bow hair is adjusted so it is slightly loose. Tension is provided by the fingers of the right hand. The bow hair is placed in between the two strings and both sides of the bow hair are used to produce sound, the player pushes the bow away from the body when bowing the A string (the outside string), and pulls it inwards when bowing the "inside" D string.
Aside from the usual bowing technique used for most pieces, the erhu can also be plucked, usually using the second finger of the right hand. This produces a dry, muted tone (if either of the open strings is plucked, the sound is somewhat more resonant) which is sometimes desired in contemporary pieces.
?Left hand
The left hand alters the tone of the strings by pressing on the string at the normal harmonic points. As the instrument has no frets, the tone is slightly muddled, but resonant. Techniques include hua yin (slides), rou xian (vibrato), huan ba (changing positions), etc.
Notable performers
See also: List of erhu players
Twelve member concert group at the Hubei
Provincial Museum. Fourth from left is the
erhu
Prior to the 20th century, most huqin instruments were used primarily to accompany various forms of Chinese opera and narrative. The use of the erhu as a solo instrument began in the early 20th century along with the development of guoyue (literally "national music"), a modernized form of Chinese traditional music written or adapted for the professional concert stage. Active in the early 20th century were Zhou Shaomei (周少梅, 1885-1938) and Liu Tianhua (刘天华, 1895-1932). Liu laid the foundations of modern erhu playing with his ten unaccompanied solos and 47 studies composed in the 1920s and 1930s. Liu Beimao (刘北茂, 1903-1981) was born in Jiangyin, Jiangsu. His compositions include Xiao hua gu (1943) (Little flower drum). Jiang Fengzhi (蔣风之) (1908-1986) and Chen Zhenduo (陈振铎) were students of Liu Tianhua, the piece Hangong Qiuyue (Autumn Moon Han Palace) was adapted and arranged by Jiang. Hua Yanjun (A Bing) (华彥君-阿炳, c. 1893-1950) was a blind street musician. Shortly before his death in 1950, two Chinese musicologists recorded him playing a few erhu and pipa solo pieces, the best known being Erquan Yingyue.
With the founding of the PRC and the expansion of the conservatory system, the solo erhu tradition continued to develop. Important performers during this time include Lu Xiutang (陆修堂, 1911-1966), Zhang Rui (张锐, 1920- ) Sun Wenming (孙文明, 1928-1962), Huang Haihuai (黄海怀), Liu Mingyuan (刘明源, 1931-1996), Tang Liangde (汤良德, 1938-2010), Zhang Shao (张韶), and Song Guosheng(宋国生).
Liu Mingyuan (刘明源) (1931-1996) was born in Tianjin. He was known for his virtuosity on many instruments of the huqin family, in particular the banhu. His compositions and arrangements include Henan Xiaoqu (Henan folk tune), and Cao Yuan Shang (On Grassland) for zhonghu. For many years he taught at the China Conservatory of Music in Beijing.
Tang Liangde (Tong Leung Tak, 汤良德, 1938-2010) was born in Shanghai into a famous Shanghainese musical family. He won the "Shanghai's Spring" erhu competition and
continued to be the soloist for the Chinese Film Orchestra in Beijing, his composition and solos can be heard throughout the Nixon to China documentary movie. Tang was the soloist and performed at the Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra, then went onto music broadcasting and education for the Hong Kong Government's Music Office making worldwide tours, and was named Art Educator of the Year in 1991 by the Hong Kong Artist Guild.
Wang Guotong (王国潼, b. 1939) was born in Dalian, Liaoning. He studied with Jiang Fengzhi, Lan Yusong and Chen Zhenduo, and in 1960 graduated from the Central Conservatory of Music in Beijing. He performed the premiere of Sanmenxia Changxiangqu (Sanmen Gorge Rhapsody) composed by Liu Wenjin. In 1972 Wang became the erhu soloist, and later art director, with the China Broadcasting Traditional Orchestra. He returned to the Central Conservatory of Music in 1983 as head of the Chinese music department. He has written many books and articles on erhu playing and has performed in many countries. Wang also worked with the Beijing National Instruments Factory to further develop erhu design.
Min Huifen (閔惠芬, 1945- ) was born in Yixing, Jiangsu. Min first became known as the winner of the 1964 fourth Shanghai Spring national erhu competition. She studied with Lu Xiutang and Wang Yi, and graduated from the Shanghai Conservatory of Music in 1968, and became the erhu soloist with the Shanghai minzu yuetuan (Shanghai Folk Orchestra).
Yang Ying (杨英, b. 1959) was the featured soloist for the Chinese National Song and Dance Ensemble (中央歌舞团) of Beijing from 1978-1996. She was a national erhu champion, frequently recorded for the Chinese film and record industry, and is listed in famous persons of China.
The erhu is featured along with other traditional Chinese instruments such as the pipa in the contemporary Chinese instrumental music group, Twelve Girls Band. They perform traditional Chinese music as well as Western classical and popular music.
A few groups have utilized the erhu in a rock context. The Taiwanese black metal band Chthonic uses the erhu; they are the only black metal band to do so. The New Jersey-based progressive rock band The Hsu-nami plays a variety of rock sub-styles including metal, psychedelic, prog rock, and funk. An amplified erhu takes the place of lead vocals. Chie Mukai of the Japanese improv unit Ché-SHIZU also plays the erhu.
Another group which falls more under Electronica/Drum & Bass is a musical duo from Parkdale, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The group, known as USS or Ubiquitous Synergy Seeker,[4] uses an erhu in a different context. The USS sound is a mixture of drum and bass
beats, grunge-like guitar riffs and 2-step rhythms. The erhu is one of their notable instruments they use in the course of their two released CDs, "Wielding the C:/" and "Questamation".
《二胡教程》（一）
Erhu Tutorial Part1
1 几点说明Instructions
2 坐姿与持琴Sitting gesture and Erhu-holding method
3 空弦练习Empty-string exercise open string
4 分弓换弦Bow-separation string-shift
5 左手按弦准备练习Left-hand string-pressing preparatory exercise
6 左手单项练习Specific left-hand exercise
7 指序与换弦练习Fingering sequence and string-shift exercise
8 小指按弦练习Little finger string-pressing exercise
《二胡教程》（二）
Erhu Tutorial Part2
1 发音训练Sound-making training
2 G调第一把位指法练习G key 1st holding position fingering exercise
3 阶段的复习Review by stages
4 A调第一把位的指法练习A key 1st holding position fingering exercise
5 连音Liaison
6 连弓换弦Cross-bow string-shift
7 G调第一把位模进练习G key 1st holding position exercise
8 快速分弓换弦练习Fast bow-separation and string-shift exercise
《二胡教程》（三）
Erhu Tutorial Part3
1 把位与换把Holding position and position shift
2 揉弦String-kneading
3 揉弦的应用String-kneading applications
4 F调指法F key fingering
5 C调指法C key fingering
6 打音Beating tone
7 快弓Fast bow
8 弱项手指的训练Reinforced fingering training
9 二胡考级曲目解析与示范
Analysis of Playing Techniques of Music Pieces for Erhu Performers'
《田园春色》胡越演秦
Scoring Exam and Exemplary music piece by: Hu Yue
10 《敖包相会》胡越演秦by: Hu Yue
《二胡教程》（四）
Erhu Tutorial Part4
1 《南泥湾》胡越演秦by: Hu Yue
2 《良霄》刘蕾演秦by: Liu Lei
3 《独影摇红》刘蕾演秦by: Liu Lei
4 三连音与换音练习赵磊演秦Triple liaison tone and tone shift exercises
by:ZhaoLei
5 综合练习二赵磊演秦General exercise II: by: Zhao Lei
6 八度换弦综合练习刘蕾演秦General exercise on octachord string-shift by:Liu Lei
7 各调五音阶练习金良演秦Pentachord exercise of all keys by: Jin Linang
8 《月夜》
9 各调琶音的练习Exercise of arpeggio of all keys
10 怀乡曲Homesick Melody
11 喜送公粮Xi-Song-Gong-Liang
12 翻身歌Fan-shen song
13 《良宵》解析Analysis
14 《听松》解析Analysis
15 《月夜》解析Analysis
16 《翻身歌》解析Analysis
二胡课程简介 指导思想： 小学音乐教学是美育的重要组成部分,进行音乐素质教育的手段是多种多样的。二胡作为教学用具进入课堂,利用二胡进行民族音乐素质教育和能力训练,是近年来教学改革的新尝试。二胡作为民族乐器具有其特有的魅力:音色优美近似人声、由于现代二胡演奏形成了多种特殊的技巧，使其表现力很强。通过教学研究与教学实践证明，这是整个音乐教育中不可忽视的一部分。 课程目标： 1、它可以对儿童产生强烈的吸引力,激发儿童探索的好奇心,引起 儿童的兴趣和爱好。 2、让儿童身、手、脑和口并用,能够陶冶情操、美化心灵、促进 记忆、开发智力、增进身心健康; 3、二胡是拉弦乐器，在实际教学中困难较大，尤其是入门阶段， 必须打下坚实的基础才能使提高阶段的教学顺利进行。所以在入门阶段应循序渐进，宁慢勿错，重点强化，难点攻关。使学生一步一个脚印地成长。 课程结构： 1、教育学生养成良好的卫生习惯 2、对二胡有简单的认识，能说出各部分名称 3、学习二胡演奏的基本技巧
4、运用学过的演奏技巧及音乐知识。能演奏简单的乐曲。 课程理念： 乐器进入课堂是小学新课程标准的一项要求，为提高孩子们的音乐素质，激发孩子们学习乐器的兴趣，锻炼孩子们的左右手，及左右大脑的协调能力，使孩子们在学习的过程中养成良好的集体合作意识，学校开设了这门民族乐器校本课程，并根据课程的实施编写本教程，同时教学中还把《二胡基础教程》（赵寒阳著）作为参考教材。爱让孩子们有章可循。在实施的课程中，本着孩子爱玩爱动的天性，在课堂上边学边玩，个体带动全体，注重个性的发展，重视集体的合作的意识，让学生养成良好的学习卫生习惯。同时，在音乐课堂的学习也会轻松自然。 课程特点： 采用大班集体教学的形式，培养集体合作意识，面向全体学生的发展，以一帮一的形式，让全体孩子感受到学习二胡的乐趣。
公司简介中英文 怒江方正植物生化有限责任公司简介 NUJIANG FOUNDER PLANT BIOCHEMICAL Co. Ltd, 怒江方正植物生化有限责任公司成立于2003年，成立以来与中国科学院昆明植物研究所共同研究开发天然药物“云南萝芙木”人工种植及加工提取生物总碱，以云南特色资源“萝芙木综合利用开发研究，开发实用型新产品”，提高云南萝芙木的经济价值。 公司现有职工38人，高级职称4人，中级职称7人，其他职工27人，拥有生产利血平、育亨宾设备一套。公司占地面积6亩，其中办公楼建筑1-4层900平方米、厂房车间及仓库850平方米、宿舍楼1-3层建筑面积1100平方米。从2003年引种试验至2007年示范化种植成功后至今累计种植云南萝芙木面积4000多亩。拥有苗圃基地80亩，试验示范基地150亩。公司2005年11月被列为“省县域经济发展的第一批产业化重点项目”，2006年11月认定为“怒江州产业化重点龙头企业”，2007年萝芙木推广试验示范被怒江州政府评定为“科技技术进步奖”，2008年被国家科技部列为“国家级星火计划项目”。2010年获得国家工商行政管理总局核准的“萝芙木”商标，2011年7月获得国家知识产权局颁发的专利一项。同年“萝芙木”品牌产品获得国家有关部门认证为“中国著名品牌”“中国市场优质名牌产品”“全国消费者满意产品”。我公司也获得“全国质量服务信誉A级企业”等称号。 公司坚持“以人为本”的思想，形成了一支年轻化、素质高、能力强，具务实、高效、科学的工作作风的管理队伍。我公司现已发展成为全国最大的云南萝芙木种植研究开发及精深加工的生产基地。
coefficient not greater than 1.3; High efficiency: control 1 hour travel time between any two points within the various groups within the area up to half an hour, 1-hour access to the airport, 45min reached the city's main traffic hub, external highway for half an hour with the main channels connecting bus 1.5 hours between any two groups of core areas; Intensive: 2030 transit share rate of around 35%, 2050 bus sharing rate of 45% per cent. 3rd chapter, Yibin city, traffic situation and General ... 3.1.1 city traffic status 1, external transport passenger and cargo traffic in Yibin city, traffic at the present main railway, highway, waterway and air four modes of passenger and freight transport, thereand cultural heritage, highlighting the cultural taste and shape characteristics of the city in Yibin. According to forecasts, vision 2050 population will reach 2.1 million people in the center of Yibin city, urban land is around 210km2. Figure 2.6-1 2050 figure 2.7 land use planning in the Center City, Yibin city development requires the development of bus rapid transit construction and socio-economic development trends, Yibin city coordination, supporting urban space layout and infrastructure networks, transport organized, internal and external traffic hub smoothly linking, realizing sustainable development of Yibin city integrated transportation system. Concrete can be summarized as, accessible, efficient, intensive and sustainable. Accessibility: Central built-up area road network density of about 7.0km/km2; bus line density of 3-4 km/km2, bus transfer
清远盛兴中英文学校 招生考试七年级数学试卷 考生现就读＿＿＿＿年级 一、选择题（本大题5小题，每小题5分，共25分.每小题只有一个答案是 正确的，请把正确答案的序号填在题后的括号内.） 1. 在下列代数式3ab ，－4，2y x -，x 3，πa 中，单项式有（ ） A. 2个 B. 3个 C. 4个 D. 5个 2. 用四舍五入法对31500取近似值，保留2个有效数字是（ ） A. 320000 B. 3.2×104 C. 32×104 D. 3.2×105 3. 下列运算不能用平方差公式的是（ ） A.)41)(14(22a a +- B.)1)(1(y x y x ---+ C.)32)(32(y x y x +- D.)32)(23(a b b a -- 4. 下列计算正确的是（ ） A. 1)1(0-=- B.1)1(1=-- C.33212a a =- D. 437)()(a a a =-÷- 5. 在下列所给条件中，不能判定AB//DF 的是（ ） A. ∠A+∠2=180° B. ∠1=∠4 C. ∠1=∠A D. ∠A=∠3 二、填空题（本大题6小题，每小题4分，共24分.） 6、如图，a //b ，且∠2是∠1的2倍，则∠2的度数为 第6题图 第8题图 考生姓名_______________ 考室号________ 座位号_______ 现就读学校________________________ 家 庭 住址__________________ ________ _ ____ 家长姓名_ _____________ 联系电话____________ _ __ _ - - -- - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - -- - -- - -- - - - - -- - -- - - - 密 - - - - - - - - - - -- - -- - -- - -- - --封 - - -- - - - - - - - - - -- - -- - -- - 线- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - -- - -- - -- - - 12 a b 1432B D C F A E A B D E C 1
古琴：Qin, also known as Yao Qin, Yu-Qin, a lyre, for the Chinese one of the oldest plucked instruments, the qin is already prevalent in the Confucian period instruments, there are words to consider the history of thousand years, according to "Historical Records" contains, The emergence of Qin period no later than Yao and Shun. The beginning of this century, only for the distinction of Western instruments in the "piano" added in front of a word "historic", called "Qin." Still ringing in his study so far, the ancient musical instruments on stage. 巴乌Bau, is a bamboo reed instruments copper, spring for the tongue. The Yi, Hani, Dai, Wa, Blang, Miao and other ethnic wind instruments. Yi called the local "and Fei Limo", Hani called "Meiba." Bau is popular in southwest China Yi, Miao, Hani and other single-reed wind instrument family, Bau is made with bamboo, has eight finger holes (seven before the latter), disposed in the mouthpiece of a brass reed tongue tip, blowing across the top of playing, vibrating reed sound. Bau smaller volume, but the sound soft, southwest China's people call it a talking instrument. Bau popular in t he Red River in Yunnan Province, Wenshan, Simao, Xishuangbanna, Lincang, Dehong, meltwater Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guizhou Province, Guizhou and South Guizhou and other places. Dizi （笛子）: The dizi is a bamboo flute.It has been suggested thatthe instrument originated in Southern orCentral Asia over 2000 yearsago. It is a unique solo instrument and isalso used extensively inensembles and orchestras. These flutes have 6open holes and a lovelybright sound. 笛子是由竹子做成的乐器，据说在2000年前最早出现于南亚和中亚。笛子是一种独特的单人弹奏乐器，但也在合唱团和管弦乐队里被频繁弹奏。笛子有6个吹气孔，奏出的声音响亮清脆。
产品远销英国、美国、日本、意大利和东南亚，深受消费者欢迎和好评 Our products are sold in Britain, America, Japan, Italy and South East Asia and well appreciated by their purchasers. 畅销全球selling well all over the world 典雅大方elegant and graceful 顾客第一Customers first 美观大方elegant appearance 美观耐用attractive and durable 品种繁多great varieties [v??rai?ti] 品种齐全complete range of articles; a great variety of goods 让我们的商品走向世界Let our commodities go to the world. 色彩鲜艳bright in colour 深受顾客欢迎We have won praise from customers 供不应求in short supply; Demand exceeding supply 回味隽永pleasant in after-taste 货源充足ample supply and prompt delivery 技术先进modern techniques 技艺精湛exquisite craftsmanship; Fine craftsmanship 价格公道reasonable price; Street price; moderate price 价格适中moderate cost 节日送礼之佳品ideal gift for all occasions 居同类产品之魁首to rank first among similar products 深受国内外客户的信赖和称誉to win a high admiration[??dm??re???n]and is widely trusted at home and abroad. 品质优良，疗效显著，誉满全球，欢迎选购excellent quality, evident effect, good reputation over the world, orders are welcome. 价廉物美high quality and inexpensive; less expensive, high quality goods; high quality and low overhead NTN创业于1918年3月，公司创业初期主要从事轴承的研发、制造业务。 NTN Corporation was founded in March 1918, which was principally engaged in research, development and manufacture of bearing in the early stage. 随着事业的逐步扩大, NTN进行了股份制改制，公司主要从事轴承、等速万向节、精密机械等的生产以及销售业务。 With evolution, most of NTN's effort has been changed into the manufacture and sales of bearings, Constant V elocity Joints (CVJ) and precision machinery since the Joint-stock reform in 1934. 中国电子进出口总公司（CEIEC）成立于1980年4月，是中国最早成立的全国性专业外贸公司之一。经过３０年的发展，业务范围涉及国际贸易、海外工程、防务电子、船舶业务、招标业务、展览广告及现代物流等多个领域 China Electronics Import & Export Corp. (CEIEC) was established as a national foreign trader, with the approval of the State Council in Apr. 1980. After thirty years’ operation, CEIEC has evolved into a comprehensive enterprise, extending its business scope of from international trade, to overseas engineering, tendering, ship business, defense electronics, exhibition service, and modern logistics.
The Introduction of Erhu The erhu is a two-stringed Chinese instrument, like an upside down hammer. It can be traced back to proto-Mongolic instruments introduced to China more than a thousand years ago. It consists of three parts. It has a long neck made of hardwood, at the top of which are two large turning pegs. And two large strings are attached from the pegs to the base. At the bottom, there is a small resonator body which is covered with snake skin on the front end. What’s more, there is a bow made of horse hair and tied to a bamboo stick. When you want to play it, you should first sit on a chair and put the erhu’s body on your lap to keep it steady. Then, you should use your left hand holding the long thin neck with four fingers pressing on the strings to make various sounds by rubbing either one of them. And you also have to pass the bow between the two strings at the same time. Erhu is mostly used in Chinese folk operas. As a very versatile instrument, the erhu is also widely used in both traditional and contemporary music arrangements, such as in pop, rock and jazz,now. And it makes a calm sound.
学校景点介绍中文英文 导语：学校是我们学习的地方，那么大家都是怎么去介绍自己的学校的呢？，接下来为大家介绍学校景点介绍中文英文文章，仅供参考！ 学校景点介绍中文英文 英文： Wuhan Heping Middle School Our shool, Wuhan Heping Middle School, lies in the center of Wuhan city. It was just built and has the perfect size. The school yard is two hundred meters long, one hundred meters wide, and is surrounded by trees. When you walk throught the front gate, there is a huge garden that greets you with every kind of natural things. To the left is the school library in which there are more than 100, 000 books. To the right is the experiment building. In the very middle of the school yard stands the teaching building that stretches for one hundred and fifty meters. This teaching building has four floors with the teachers’ offices at either end of each floor. Standing on the top of the teaching building, you can see a flower bed. Behind the teaching building is a large playground on the right side. The students often do sports here after class.
?ABC公司是XX产品的生产商，拥有齐全的检测设备和雄厚的技术力量。 品种齐全，质量好，价格合理，外观精美，我们的产品广泛的应用于XX(应用 的行业领域)和其他行业。 我们的产品已得到广大用户的一致认可和信赖，并能满足不断发展的经济和社会需求。我们热诚欢迎各行各业的商友，期望与您建立友好合作的商务联系并达到 双赢的目标。 对应英文介绍模板 (公司英文名称) is a manufacturer of (主营产品) with well-equipped testing facilities and strong technical force. With a wide range, good quality, reasonable prices and stylish designs, our products are extensively used in (应用的行业领域) and other industries. Our products are widely recognized and trusted by users and can meet continuously changing economic and social needs. We welcome new and old customers from all walks of life to contact us for future business relationships and mutual success! 中文介绍模板 ?XX公司地处XX,专业生产ABC产品。公司拥有一支经验丰富的专业队伍。我们的产品出口到全世界很多国家和地区,特别是XX。产品深受客户的 好评。 我们欢迎客户、商业协会以及来自世界各地的朋友联系我们,寻求共赢的合作。 对应英文介绍模板 (公司英文名称) is located in (公司所在城市) and is specialized in manufacturing (主营产品). With an experienced and professional team, we have exported our products to many countries and regions all over the world, especially (产品销往地).Our products enjoy a good reputation among our customers. We welcome customers, business associations and friends from all parts of the world to contact us and seek cooperation for mutual benefits.
学校介绍： 滨州学院是经国家教育部批准成立的一所综合性普通本科院校,坐落在“兵圣”孙子故里、充满生机与活力的黄河三角洲新兴城市——滨州市新区。近年来，学校党委、行政审时度势，科学分析，确定了办学定位，提出了“合格、强校、名校”三步走的发展战略，实施了改革创新、人才强校、品牌兴校、硬件带动、文明校园“五大工程”，全校上下聚精会神搞建设，一心一意谋发展，各项事业呈现出生机勃勃、跨越发展之势。 Binzhou National Institute is the Ministry of Education approved the establishment of a comprehensive general undergraduate institutions, located in the "saint soldiers" Master Sun's native place, full of vigor and vitality of the Yellow River Delta emerging city - Binzhou City, the new district. In recent years, all the upper and lower concentrate on construction and development, showing the cause of vitality and the potential development by leaps and bounds. 学校实施“特色兴校”战略。依托滨州人文环境资源、高新技术和自身优势，精心打造了包括黄河三角洲生态文化等7大特色品牌。Binzhou university carries out the strategy of“developing the university with own characteristics”,has developed 7 characteristic fields including Yellow River Delta ecological culture by the full use of its own advantages as well as local humanity resources and high
公司全称 发动机及涡轮机联盟弗里的希哈芬股份有限公司 全称：Motoren-und Turbinen-Union Friedrichshafen GmbH 简称：MTU公司或MTU-F 公司 MTU公司=MTU-F 公司 公司简介 MTU为戴姆勒-奔驰集团属下公司，是世界领先的柴油发动机制造商，其柴油发动机功率从35kw-9000kw，广泛用于舰船、重型汽车和工程机械、铁路机车。MTU不仅仅制造柴油发动机，还制造面向最终用户的完整成套产品。 公司历史 自1899年起，MTU的前身Friedrichshafen engine manufacturer，开始重型发动机制造，以其技术的开创性，为世界发动机行业树立了诸多里程碑。 1919年的凡尔赛条约，禁止德国公司的产品用于飞行器。因此Friedrichshafen engine manufacturer发动机更多地用于铁路机车和坦克、军舰动力，曾在1936年创造了铁路史上160公里时速的记录。在1934年，Friedrichshafen engine manufacturer制造了世界上首台涡轮增压的柴油发动机。此后不断的创新，使Friedrichshafen engine manufacturer成为世界上最大、最先进的发动机制造商之一。 1960年梅赛德斯-奔驰（Mercedes-Benz）收购了Friedrichshafen engine manufacturer。MTU公司前身，德国Friedrichshafen(弗里的希哈芬)制造过Zeppelin（齐柏林硬式飞艇）发 动机，Maybach、Zeppelin（迈巴赫、齐柏林）超级豪华轿车及Maybach引擎等最昂贵的德 国工业产品，Friedrichshafen的创办者、天才设计师威廉·迈巴赫在1907年创办Friedrichshafen以前作为Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft(DMG)的技术总监，是第一辆梅赛德 斯-奔驰汽车（1901年）的设计者，这是汽车历史上公认的第一辆现代轿车，而凭借于此，威廉·迈巴赫在汽车界也被尊称为“设计之父”。 Friedrichshafen在1960年并入Daimler集团，一个新品牌诞生了：Motoren-und Turbinen-Union Friedrichshafen GmbH(发动机及涡轮机联盟弗里的希哈芬股份有限公司，简 称MTU)。自此，MTU Friedrichshafen工厂，成为了铁路机车引擎，舰船引擎、柴油发电机 组引擎的主要制造商。 产品声誉 MTU作为陆用、水用和铁路推动系统以及发电设备引擎的供应商，MTU以其领先的技术、高可靠性的产品以及一流的售后服务，在世界范围内享有盛誉。MTU一向以输出功率大、效
《二胡概况》教案 姜堰叶甸中心小学殷灿华教学目标：1、认识二胡，了解二胡的结构、定弦、记谱、音色、音域以及它的地位和作用。 2、了解二胡的历史，认识华彦钧和刘天华两位音乐家，了解他们为 二胡艺术发展所做出的突出贡献。 3、欣赏二胡曲《光明行》 教学重点：1、认识二胡，了解二胡的定弦、记谱、音域、音色以及它在民族乐器中的分类。 2、了解二胡的历史，认识华彦钧和刘天华两位音乐家，了解他们为 二胡艺术发展所做出的突出贡献。 教学难点：了解二胡的历史和它的构造。 教学过程：一、二胡图片导入 二、什么是二胡？ 二胡由胡琴发展而来，曾被称为胡琴或南胡。流传之广非其它乐器可比。音色优美、表现力强，是流行最广的乐器之一，无论是大街 小巷还是穷乡僻野，处处皆可闻到二胡声。 1、二胡的结构 二胡由琴筒、琴杆、琴头、弦轴、千斤、弦马、弓子和琴弦等部件组成。 （1）琴筒（结合图片介绍）： 琴筒就是乐器的共鸣体，大多是用红木、紫檀或乌木制成的。从70年代开始，又出现了用低发泡材料模压成型的琴筒。二胡琴筒的 基本形状是六方形的，长13厘米，前口的对边直径为8．8厘米。筒 腰比较细，前口蒙着蟒皮，后口有的敞开，有的装有各种式样花孔的 音窗。总之，二胡的琴筒起着扩大和渲染琴弦振动的作用。 （2）琴杆（结合图片介绍）： 琴杆又叫"担子"，用料和琴筒一样，全长81厘米。琴杆的顶端是呈弯脖形的琴头，上端装有两个弦轴，下端插在琴筒里。二胡的琴 杆是张弦的支架，也是演奏者持琴运指的支柱。 （3）弦轴（结合图片介绍）： 弦轴又叫“轸（念：枕）子”，它们是一对木质的圆锥体，大多是用黄杨木或者黄檀木制成，前端比较细小，上面有一个穿弦的小孔。 二胡的弦轴起到系弦和调整琴弦张力的作用，上轴拴内弦，下轴拴外 弦。在60年代初期，乐器制作家们开始在二胡上装置螺丝弦轴，这 种弦轴不仅在外观上保持了原有的民族形式。而且还克服了拧转费 力、容易跑弦和日久损裂琴杆的缺点。 （4）千斤（结合图片介绍）： 千斤是用比较细的软丝弦绕扎而成的，它通常是绕在琴筒和上轴之间的三分之二位置上。二胡的弦马经常用木材或竹材制成，形状有 桥空式和空心式两种。竹马发音响亮，比较适合演奏活泼轻快的曲调。
大学校园生活英文演讲稿、 friendship is indispensable to peoples life. a man without friends is an angel without wings, whose life will suffer in the long tolerance of loneliness and depression. friendship is the mother of our psyche, wholl warm her kid when hurt occurs. we have much to share with our friends in life, perplexity, excitement, bitterness etc. alas, its magnificent to maintain a genuine friendship. it also takes a special kind of love that seems to know no end. never hesitate to show your heartfelt care and kindness to your friend when he/she is in trouble. love is not selfish. love is endowed by god that we should treasure all our life. 绿色校园英文演讲稿 a beautiful world hello! everyone! now i want to talk about a beautiful world! it is our duty to keep our environment clean and tidy. you might ask yourself. have i ever picked up some rubbish and thrown it into a dustbin? have i ever planted any trees or flowers near my neighborhood? if your answers are yes”, it means that you have already done something useful to improve the environment. we should always remember that protecting the environment is our duty that we can never neglect. by protecting nature, we protect ourselves. finally let me end this speech with a little poem, “be kind to the river. be good to the trees. smile at the sunshine, and bow to the breeze. be friendly to nature, and nature will be friendly to you! ”just think what a wonderful world it will be! let’s do our best to make our world more beautiful! thanks everybody篇三：学校演讲稿 尊敬的各位领导、老师，亲爱的同学们： 大家上午好！ 今天在这个隆重而热烈的庆典上，我非常荣幸代表2008届全体毕业研究生在这里发言， 向我们的母校道别，向我们的师长道别，向朝夕相处的同窗道别，也向这段美好的岁月道别。 寒暑往来，三易春秋，三年前，当我们满怀求知的欲望踏进学校大门的时候，你的第一反应 是什么，我相信很多人可能和我一样，那就是这个学校真大。三年里，一栋栋大楼拔地而起， 气势宏伟的图书馆，厚重而又不乏生机的新实验大楼，还有那崭新的研究生公寓，无不为我 们提供了良好的学习环境。有人说，这是学校发展的必然，是的，但我们也深知，鸡不鸣而 起，月已落而不息，这里面包含了学校领导和员工们太多的辛勤和汗水。这一切我们看在眼 里，记在心里，离别时刻，我代表全体研究生向关心我们的各级领导、老师道一声：您辛苦 了。 研究生与本科有很多不同，让我感受最深刻的就是我们的生活里多了一位良师益友，他 就是我们的导师。从我们拜见导师的那一刻起，我们的一切就牵动着导师的心，从一篇篇文 章到一门门课程，从论文选题到实验取证，每一个环节都使我们受益匪浅。一千多个日日夜 夜，敬爱的导师，您又因为学生而新添白发，因为我们而新添皱纹。多少次，您第一个踏进 实验室；多少次，您和我们一起为课题加班到废寝忘食；多少次，夜已深，人已静，可有一 扇窗却仍然雕刻着您躬耕的身影。您不是简单的说教，而是身体力行的向我们传授知识，教 我们做人。我是一个不善于，甚至不懂得如何去表达感谢的人，但是有一句话在我心底深埋 了三年，在这里，在这个时刻，我代表所有的研究生向我们敬爱的导师们深深鞠躬，谢谢您，
FOSHAN NENWELL IMPORT&EXPORT TRADING CO., LTD Welcome to our company (https://www.doczj.com/doc/3c11764911.html,). Our main products are freezers, refrigerators, showcases, commercial chillers, wine coolers, food equipment, etc. Our company can handle all the processes for the export. We are focusing on the quality testing, logistic issues and provide new supplier/factory sources in China for you and your company. Except for freezers, we can also handle other product export processing for customers. In a word, we can handle the whole export service for our clients. Our company aims at providing our cooperation partners with the most optimized service which composes of product, quality, price and service. Meanwhile, we will constantly strengthen our cooperation relationships with our partners all over the world. Let us expand business scope and increase the market share together. Based on the "People-oriented" basic operation concept and the "mutual benefit, constant innovation" service concept, we will provide more valuable service for market and society. We hope to establish long-term, stable and cooperative relationships with customers from all over the world. Basic Information Company Name: Foshan Nenwell Import& Export Trading Co., Ltd. Year Established: 2010 Business Type: Trading Company Main Products: Freezer Other Products/Services: Refrigerator,Washing machine,water dispenser,showcase,fryer Operational Address: (Office Function Only) Rm. 901, Bldg. 3, Tian'an Nanhai Digital New City, No. 1, Jianping Rd., Guicheng St., Nanhai District, Foshan, Guangdong, China (Mainland) Number of Employees: 11 - 50 People View management No. of R&D Staff: Less than 5 People No. of QC Staff: Less than 5 People more QA/QC details
烟台市中英文学校简介 烟台市中英文学校始建于2003年4月，是经烟台市教委批准，由烟台宏源集团投资创办，集初中、高中为一体的现代化全日制寄宿学校。学校占地面积230亩，分设初中部、高中部、复读部；现有91个班，5200名学生，400名教职工。 学校每个教室都有多媒体、电子白板，为丰富课堂信息、提高教学效率提供了保障；学校微机室、实验室、图书室、阅览室一应俱全；有水、电、暖、卫生间齐全的标准化学生公寓，还有可容纳3000人同时就餐的两个大型餐厅。 烟台中英文学校已经走过了10个年头，10年来学校在社会各界的支持下得到了快速发展。学校教学质量连年提升，稳居烟台市一流，有11名同学考入北京大学、清华大学（还有十多名同学成绩达到清华、北大的录取线因为专业的原因，报考其他名牌大学），其中2010年我校程春晓同学以706分的原始分获全省理科第一名；2013年，我校一本上线率超过50%，达715人，更令人振奋的是优生以群体的形式出现，理科660分以上15人，文科全市前10名均出自我校；学校连续7年被烟台市教育局授予“优生培养先进高中”；高中课堂教学经验在烟台得到推广，并《中国教育报》等媒体予以报道。学校一切以学生发展为中心，一切为学生成功做准备。把“开启智慧，润泽生命”作为育人目标，把“培养美好的人性，形成美好的人格，拥有美好的人生”作为教育理念。着眼于学生的未来，为学生的未来奠基。倾心把学校打造成烟台市的示范学校，并努力创建山东省名校，为烟台市提供优质教育资源。 教育理念先进，追求科学育人思想。学校从学生心灵需求出发，以学生为主体，开展丰富多彩的活动，把培养学生品德、塑造学生健全人格放在第一位，真正做到了全面提高学生素质。号召学生学习身边的学习榜样——学习之星、校园之星等，营造比学习、比进步、比提高的教育氛围；设立学生会，建立学生自治体制，引导学生自我管理、自我提高；广泛开展篮球赛、运动会、拔河比赛等竞技类体育活动，培养学生积极向上、拼搏进取的健康心态；开展文艺晚会、书画展、主题演讲比赛等活动，让学生的潜能得到开发，个性和才能得到发挥。 教学方法科学，追求课堂教学的高效。坚持“先学后教”、“以学定教”的先进教学理念，辩证的处理教与学的关系，把学放在首位；辩证的处理了学生和教师的关系，落实了学生的主体地位；辩证的处理了先和后的关系，确立了