2014年职称英语理工类教材新增文章
﹡第八篇 What Is a Dream?
For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others, however, think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact., many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person's mind and emotions.
Before modern times,many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It Was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way.
The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud, was probably the first person to Study dreams scientifically. In his famous book, The interpretation of Dreams ( 1900) , Freud wrote th at dreams are an expression of a person's wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings , thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life.
The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung was once a student of Freud's. Jung,however,had a diffent idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer.He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams.For example,people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand,people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves.
Modem-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example,psychologist William Domhoff from the University of Califoria, Santa Cruz, believes that dreams are ti gh tly linked to a person's daily life, thoughts, and behavior. A criminal, for example, might dream about crime.
Domhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that ch ildren do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop.
He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. For example, the people in men's dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of women's dreams. Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from ll cultures around the world,including both modern and traditional ones.
Can dreams help us understand ourselves? Psychologists continue to try to answer th is question in different ways. However,one thing they agree on is this :If you dream that something terrible is going to occur,you shouldn't panic. The dream may have meaning,but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. It's important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world.
词汇：
psychologist [sa??k?l?d??st] n．心理学家
psychiatrist [sa??ka??tr?st]，2．精神病学家（医生）
Austrian[??str??n] adj奥地利的 gender[?d?end?] n．性别
注释：
Sigmund Freud：西格蒙德·弗洛伊德（1856一1939），犹太人，奥地利精神病医生及精神分析学家。精神分析学派的创始人。他认为被压抑的欲望绝大部分是属于性的，性的扰乱是精神病的根本原因。著有《性学三论》《梦的释义》《图腾与禁忌》《日常生活的心理病理学》《精神分析引论》《精神分析引论新编》等。
2．Carl Jung：卡尔·荣格，瑞士著名精神分析专家，分析心理学的创始人。
3．For example, the people in men's dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of women's dreams：例如，男人做梦会梦到男人，并且常与打斗有关；女人做梦则与男人不同。
练习：
l. Not everyone agrees that dreams are meaningful.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
2. According to Freud,people dream about things that they cannot talk about.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
3. Jung believed that dreams did not help one to understand oneself.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
4. In the past,people believed that dreams involved emotions.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
5. According to Domhoff,babies do not have the same ability to.dream as adults do.
A Riglit
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
6. Men and women dream about different things.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
7.Scientists agree that dreams predict the future.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
答案与题解：
1．A 这句话恰好表达了本文第一段的意思。即有些心理学家认为人脑睡眠中的活动没有特
别意义；而有些人则认为，梦可以揭示人的思维和情感。
2．A第三段的最后一句讲的是弗洛伊德认为梦反映了人们在现实情况下害怕表达的情感、思想和恐惧。此句与本叙述一致。，．
3．B 第四段的第三句和第四句：Jung believed that the purpose of adream was to communicate a message to the dreamer．（荣格认为做梦的目的是向做梦的人传递一个信息o）He thought people could leam more about themselves by thinking about their dreams．（他认为人们通过思考自己所做的梦能更好地了解自己）o他给出了两个例子来说明他的论点。
4．C 文中没有提及。
5．A 依据第六段，Domboff研究得出：孩子不像成人做那么多的梦，做梦是一种需要时间提高的技能。这就说明了孩子不具备成人做梦的能力。
6．A 本文第七段讲述了做梦与性别的关系。第二句更指出男人和女人做的梦是不同的。
7．B 最后一段的倒数第二句讲的是：梦确实有含义，但并不表示一些可怕的事蜻就一定会发生。因而梦不能预测
未来。
﹡第十篇 The Biology of Music
Humans use music as a powerful way to communicate. It may also play an important role in love. But what is music, and how does it work its magic? Science does not yet have all the answers.
What are two things that make humans different from animals? One is language, and me other is music. It is true that some animals can sing ( and many birds sing better than a lot of people).
However,the songs of animals, such as birds and whales, are very limited. It is also true that I humans, not animals , have developed musical instruments.
Music is strange stuff. It is clearly different from language. However,people can use music to communicate things - especially their emotions. When music is combined with speech in a song .it is a very powerful form of communication. But,biologically speaking , what is music"?
If' music is truly different from speech,then we should process music and language in different parts of the brain. The scientific evidence suggests that this is true.
Sometime people who suffer brain damage lose their ability to process langua . However, they don't automatically lose their musical abilities. For example, Vissarion Shebalin, a Russian composer,had a stroke in 1953. It injured the left side of his brain. He could no longer speak or understand speech. He could, however, still compose music until his death ten years later. On the other hand, sometimes strokes cause people to lose their musical ability , but they can still speak and understand speech. This shows that the brain processes music and language separately.
By studying the physical effects of music on the body, scientists have also learned a lot about how music influences the emotions. But why does music have such a strong effect on us' That is a harder question to answer. Geoffrey Miller, a researcher at University College, Lon don, thinks that muSiC and love have a strong connection Music requires special talent, practice, and physicai ability. That's why it may be a way of showing your fitness to be someone's mate. For examplel singing in tune or playing a musical instrument requires fine muscular control. You also need a good, memory to remember the notes. And playing or singing those notes correctly suggests that your hearing is in excellent condition. Finally , when a man sings to the woman he loves ( or vice versa) , it may be a way of showing off.
However , Miller's theory still doesn't explain why certain combinations of sounds influence our emotions so deeply. For scientists, this is clearly an area that needs further research.
automatically [??:t??m?t?k?l?] adv. 自动地
note [n?ut] n.音符
stroke [str?uk] n.中风
注释：
1.It is also true that humans, not animals, have developed musical instruments：人研制出了乐器，而动
物则不能。develop：研制，例如：Scientists are developing new drugs to treat cancer．科学家们正在研发
新药用以治疗癌症。
l. Humans,but not animals,can sing.
A Rig t
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
2. People can use music to communicate their emotions.
A Right
B Wron ;
C Not mentioned
34 We use the same part of the brain for music and language.
A Rig t
B Wrong C, Not mentioned
4. Geoffery Miler has done research on muSlC and emotions.
A Rig t
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
5. It's hard for humans to compose music.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
6. Memory is not an important part in Singing in tune.
A Right
B wrong ;
C Not mentioned
7. Scientists does not know all the answers about the effects of music on humans.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
答案与题解：
1．B 第二段的第三句：It is true that some animals can sing(and many birds sing better than a lot of people)。可以看出有些动物会唱歌，而不只人类会唱歌。
2．A 第三段的第三句：However,people can use music to communicate things – especially
their emotions．这句清楚表明，人们可以用音乐来表达情感。
3．B 第四段说明：科学证明人们用大脑的不同区域处理语言和音乐。在第五段，作者用 Vissarion Shebalin的例子进一步说明人脑处理语言和音乐的位置不同，Shebalin中风以后不能讲话也听不懂别人的话，但他却能创作乐曲。
4．A 第六段的第四句：Geoffrev Miller,a researcher at University College, London, thinks that music and love have a strong connection．这句说明Miller对音乐和爱（情感）的关系进行了研究，他得出的结论是：音乐和爱有密切的关联。
5．C 文中没有提及创作乐曲是否困难。
6．B 笫六段有一句：You also need a good memory to remember the notes，此句说明必须具备好的记忆力记音符才能唱得符合调子。
7．A 最后一段讲的是：科学家们需要做更多的研究才能解释为什么有些声音影响我们的情感会如此之深。也就是说，科学家不能全部解释音乐对人类的影响。
第十一篇 Bill Gates: Unleashing Your Creativity
I've always been an optimist and I suppose it is rooted inl my belief that the power of creativity and intelligence can make the. world a better place.
For as long as I can remember, I've loved leaning new things and solving problems. So when I sat down at a computer for the first time in seventh grade, I was hooked. It was a clunky old teletype machine and it could barely do anything compared to the computers we have today. 2 But. it changed my life. When my friend Paul Allen and I started Microsoft 30 years ago, we had a vision of“a computer on every desk and in every home" , which probably sounded a little too optimistic at a time when most computers were the size of refrigerators. But we believed that personal computers would change the world. And they have.
And after 30 years, I'm still as inspired by computers as I was back in seventh grade.
I believe that computers are the most incredible tool we can use to feed our curiosity and inventiveness-to help us solve problems that even the smartest people couldn't solve on their own.
Computer have transformed how we learn, giving kids everywhere a window into all of the world's knowledge. They're helping us build communicates around the things we care about and to stay close to the people who are important to us, no matter where they are.Like my friend Warren Buffett, I feel particularly lucky to do something every day I love to do. He calls it "tap-dancing to work". My job at Microsoft is as challenging as ever, but what makes me "tap-dancing to the work" is when we show people
something new, like a computer that can recognize your handwriting or your speech, or one that can store a lifetime's worth of photos, and the say: "I didn't know you can do that with a pc!"
But for all the cool things that a person can do with a pc, there are lots other ways we can put our creativity and intelligence to work to improve our world. There are still far too many people in the world whose most basic needs go unmet. Every year, for example, millions of people die from diseases that are easy to prevent or treat in the developed world.
I believe that my own good fortune brings with it a responsibility tp give back to the world. My wife, Melinda, and I have committed to improving health and education in a way that can help as many people as possible.
As a father, I believe that the death of a child in Africa is no less poignant. or tragic than the death of a child anywhere else. And that doesn't take much to make an immense difference in these children's lives.
I'm still very optimist, and I believe that progress on even the world's toughest problems is possible-and it's happening every day. We're seeing new drugs for deadly diseases, new diagnostic tools, and new attention paid to the health problems in the developing world.
I'm excited by the possibilities I see for medicine, for education and, of course, for technology. And I believe that through our natural inventiveness , creativity and willingness to solve tough problems, we're going to make some amazing achievements in all these areas in my lifetime.
词汇：
unleash [?n?li?] vt．解开；放纵；使自由
inspire [?n?spa?r] vt．鼓舞
optimist[??pt?m?st] n，乐观主义者
incredible [in?kred?bl] adj.难以置信的
clunky (clonky) ['kl??ki] adj 发出沉闷金属声的
curiosity [?kju?ri??siti] n．好奇心
inventiveness n．发明创造的能力
teletype[?teli?taip] (teletype-writer)n．电传，打字机
poignant[?p?in?nt] adj.令人悲痛的，可怜的
tragic [?tr?d?ik] adj.悲剧的，悲惨的
vision[?vi??n] n．想象；幻想；美景
immense [i?mens] adj.巨大的
注释：
1．be rooted in扎根于；深深地存在于
2.it was a clunky old teletypemachine and it could barely do anything compared the computers we have today．那是一台笨重的旧式电传打字机，跟我们今天的电脑相比几乎于不了什么事。本句中，barely意为almost not; compare to在美国英语中也可以等同compare with （与......相比）
3.They're helping us build communities around the things we care about and to stay close to the people who are important to us,no matter where they are．电脑帮助我们就我们所关心的事情建立一个交流的场所，并且与那些我们认为对我们有重要意义的人密切相处。不管他们存何处，care about指不管喜欢或不喜欢的事情都很关心、介意、在乎、计较。
4．“tap-dancing to work’’：“跳着踢踏舞工作”。tap原意是“叩击、轻敲”；tap dance是“踢踏舞”。这里实际意思是“（手指）轻轻敲击键盘的工作”。
5．PC(personal computer)：个人计算机
6.But for all the cool things that a person can do with a PC,there are lots of other ways we can put
our creativity and intelligence to work to improve our world．除了我们能用计算机做的所有神奇的事情，
还有很多其他方式发挥我们的创造力和智慧，从而使世界更加美好。
7．go unmet：得不到满足。在这里go是系动词，unmet是过去分词作表语。
8．commit to此处意为承诺，保证做某事。
9．no less.than：和…一样，不亚于.....
IO.and that it doesn't take much to make an immense difference in these children's lives．而且要改善
这些孩子们的命运，其实不难。此处it是形式主语，真正的主语是不定式短语to make an immense difference in these children's lives。
练习 :
1. A computer was as big as an icebox when Bill Gates was a high school student.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
2. Bill Gates has been dreaming of the popularity of computers for his lifetime.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
3. Bill Gates compares his hard work on a PC to‘‘tap_dancing to work".
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
4. To Bill Gates' mind, there is a big difference between the death of the poor's children and the death
of the rich's children.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
5. So far Bill Gates has contributed several dozen billion dollars to the charities.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
6. Bill Gates and his wife consider it their duty to help the poor better their health and education
as much as possible.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
7. Bill Gates will leave only a small portion of his wealth for his children.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
答案与题解：
1．A 文章第三段中比尔·盖茨说，当他念七年级时，电脑就是冰箱那么大小。
2．A 文章第三段比尔·盖茨说，他30年前与Paul Allen一起创办微软公司时就梦想一桌一机、一户一机，而且
从其他各段也可以看到他对电脑有很多的期待。．
3．B从第七段第二句可以看到作这样比较的是他的朋友Warren Buffett，而不是他自己。
4．B 在倒数第三段，比尔·盖茨已经明确说，所有这些儿童的死亡都一样令人伤心和悲痛，没有什么区别。
5．C 文章没有提到他给慈善机构捐款的事。
6．A 倒数第四段比尔·盖茨认为他一生好运，就理应回报社会，所以他和他的妻子做出了承诺，要帮助尽可能多
的人改善医疗和教育条件。
7．C 文章没有提到。
第十四篇 Stage Fright
Fall down as you come onstage. That's an odd trick. Not recommended. But it saved the pianist Vladimir Feltsman when he was a teenager back in Moscow. The veteran cellist Mstislav Rostropovich tripped him purposely to cure him of pre-performance panic , Mr. Feltsman said,“ All my fright was gone. I
already fell. What else could happen?"
Today,music schools are addressing the problem of anxiety in classes that deal with performance techniques and career preparation. There are a variety of strategies that musicians can learn to fight stage fright and its symptoms :icy fingers, shaky limbs, racing heart,blank mind
Teachers and psychologists offer wide-ranging advice, from basics like learning pieces inside OUt,to mental discipline, such as visualizing a performance and taking steps to relax. Don't deny that you're jittery , they urge; some excitement is natural, even necessary for dynamic playing. And
play in public often, simply for the experience.
Psychotherapist Diane Nichols suggests some strategies for the moments before performance, Take two deep abdominal breaths, open up your shoulders , then smile, " she says.‘‘ And not one of these ‘please don't kill me' smiles. Then choose three friendly faces in the audience,people you woul comm unicate with and make music to, and make eye contact with them. " She doesn't want performers to think of the audience as a judge.
Extreme demands by mentors or parents are often at the root of stage fright, says Dorothy Delay,a well-known violin teacher. She tells other teachers to demand only what their students are able to achieve. When Lynn Harrell was 20 , he became the principal cellist of the Cleverland Orchestra, and he suffered extreme stage fright.‘‘ There were times when I got so nervous I was sure th e audience could see my chest responding to the throbbing. It was just total panic. I came to a point where I thought, 6If I have to go through this to play music,l think I' m going to look for another job.
Recovery, he said, involved developing humility-recognizing that whatever his talent, he was fallible, and that an imperfect concert was not a disaster.
It is not only young artists who suffer, of course. The legendary pianist Vladimir Horowitz'snerves were famous. The great tenor Franco Corelli is another example.“They had to push him on stage, " Soprano Renata Scotto recalled.
Actually , success can make th ings worse. "In the beginning of your career,when you're scared to death, nobody knows who you are, and they don't have any expectations," Soprano June Anderson said.“There's less to lose. Later on,when you're known,people are coming to see you,and they have certain expectations. You have a lot to lose. "
Anderson added,“I never stop being nervous until I've sung my last note. "
词汇：
veteran[?vet?r?n] adj，经验丰富的
cellist[?t?el?st] n．大提琴演奏家
jittery[?d??t?ri:] adj，紧张不安的
abdominal[?b?d?m?n?l,?b?dɑm?n?l] adj．腹部的
mentor[?men?t?:, -t?] n．指导者
fallible[?f?l?b?l] adj．易犯错误的
soprano [s??pr?n??,-?prɑ:n??] n．女高音；女高音歌手
tenor [?ten?] n．男高音
注释：，
1．Stage Fright：怯场
2.The veteran cellist Mstislav Rostropovich tripped him purposely to cure him of pre- performance panic．资深大提琴家Mstislav Rostropovich故意把Vladimir Feltsman绊倒，因而治愈了他的上台前的恐惧症ocure somebody of something(illness, problem)：医治好病（解决问题）o 。、
3．its symptoms：icy fingers，shaky limbs，racing heart，blank mind：怯场的症状有：手指冰凉、四肢发抖、心跳加速、大脑一片空白。
4.Teachers and psychologists offer wide-ranging advice, from basics like learning pieces-inside Out：老师和心理学家提出了方方面面的建议，从基础的做法，比如，将演奏曲目烂熟于心……inside out：in great detail（详细的，从里到外的）
5.I came to a point where I thought,。If I have to go through this to play music,I think I'm going to look for another job．’我曾经一度认为，如果演出要经历这种慌乱，我宁可另找一份工作。
6.Recovery,he said,involved developing humility - recognizing that whatever his talent,he was fallible，and that an imperfect concert was not a disaster．要克服怯场，就要学会谦虚，即认识到不论自己有多大的才能，都可能犯错误；一场音乐会即使有不完美的地方，也不是要命的事情。
l. Falling down onstage was not a good way for Vladimir Feltsman to deal with his stage fright.
A Rigt
B Wrong
C Not mentioned '
2. There are many signs of stage fright.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
3. Teachers and psychologists cannot help people with extreme stage fright.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
4. To perform well on stage,you need to have some feelings of excitement.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
5. If you have stage fright,it's helpful to have friendly audience.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
6. Often people have stage fright because parents or teachers expect too much of them.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
7. Famous musicians never suffer from stage fright.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
答案与题解：
1．B 本文第一段讲的是钢琴家Vladimir Feltsman被Mstislav Rostropovich绊倒后，他的怯场被治愈了的经历。2．A第二段的最后一句点出怯场的诸多症状：手指冰凉、四肢发抖、心跳加速、大脑一片空白。
3．B 本文的第三、第四、第五和第六段都在讲老师和心理学家为怯场者提供全方位的建议。
4．A 依据第三段的倒数第二句：some excitement is natural, even necessary for dynamic playing．（适度的兴奋对于精彩演出是正常甚至是必要的）
5．C 第四段提到克服怯场的方法之一是：在观众中选择三名比较友善的人，与他们做眼神交流。所以克服怯场要靠自己而不是指望所有的观众都友好。
6．A第五段讲了怯场的根源在于导师或父母对表演者要求太高。Extreme demands就是
expect too much of them的意思。
7．B 第七段讲的是：不只年轻艺术家会怯场，钢琴家Vladimir Horowitz和男高音Franco Corelli亦不能幸免。Never一词不恰当。
*第二十九篇 I'M Be Bach
Composer David Cope is the inventor of a computer program that writes original: works of classical music.It took Cope 30 years to develop the software. Now most people can't tell the difference between music by the famous German composer.J.S.Bach(1685-1750)and the Bach-like compositions from Cope's computer.
It all started in 1980 in the United States,when Cope was trying to write an opera. He was having
trouble thinking of new melodies, so he wrote a computer program to create the melodies.At first this music was not easy to listen to.What did Cope do? He began to rethink how human beings compose music. He realized that composers' brains work like big databases. First , they take in all the music they have ever heard. Then they take out the music that they dislike .Finally,they make
new music from what is left. According to Cope,only the great composers are able to create the database accurately ,remember it, and form new musical patterns from it.
Cope built a huge database of existing music. He began with hundreds of works by Bach. The software analyzed the data:it broke it down into smaller pieces and looked for patterns.It then combined the pieces into new patterns. Before long, the program could compose short， Bach-likeworks. They weren't good,but it was a start.
Cope knew he had more work to-do-he had a whole opera to write. He continued to improve the software. Soon it could analyze more complex music. He also added many other composers.including his own work, to the database.
A few years later,Cope's computer program,called "Ernmy" , was ready to help him with his opera. The process required a lot of collaboration between the composer and Emmy.Cope listened to the computer's musical ideas and used the ones that he likeed. With Emmy , the opera took only two weeks to finish. It was called Cradle Falling, and it was a great success ! Cope received some of the best reviews of his career,but no one knew exactly how he had composed the work.
Since that first opera,Emmy has written thousands of compositions. Cope still gives Emmy feedback on what he likes and doesn't like of her music , but she is doing most of the hard work of composing these days!
词汇：
original [??rid?in?l] adj．有独创性的
collaboranon [k??l?b??rei??n] n.合作
revlew[ ri?vju:] n．评论
feedback [?fi:db?k]／n．反馈
注释：
1．J．S．Bach：约翰·塞巴斯蒂安·巴赫（德语：Johann Sebastian Bach,1685年3月3 1日-1750 年7月28日），巴洛克时期的德国作曲家，杰出的管风琴、小提琴、大键琴演奏家，同作曲家亨德尔和泰勒曼齐名.巴赫被普遍认为是音乐史上最重要的作曲家之一，并被尊称为“西方‘现代音乐’之父”，也是西方文化史上最重要的人物之一。
1. The music composed by David cope is about
A classical music.
B pop music.
C drama.
D country music.
2. By developing a computer software,David Cope aimed
A to be like Bach.
B to study Bach.
C to write an opera.
D to create a musical database
l). What did Cope realize about a great composer's brain?
A It forms new musical patterns all by itself.
B It writes a computer program.
C It can recognize any music patterns.
D It creates an accurate database.
4. Who is Emmy?
A a database
B a computer software
C a composer who helped David
D an opera
5.We can inferfromm the passage that
ADavid Cope is a computer programmer.
BDavid Cope loves music.
CBach's music helped him a lot.
DEmmv did much more work: than a COmposer.
答案与题解：
1．A 第一段的第一句：David Cope发明了一个可以编写出古典音乐的电脑软件？
2．C 从第二段的第…句可以看出，David编写电脑软件的目的是写歌剧。A、B和D都属于创作歌剧的一部分。
3．D 第二段的后半部分讲的是伟大的歌剧作者与…般的歌剧作者的不同之处是通过对数剧进行准确的构建、记忆而后创作出新的音乐形式。
4．B 从第五段第一句可知Emmy是一计算机软件。
5．D 从本文第一句可知David是一个作曲家，不是计算机程序员，所以排除A；B、C内容没有提及；从本文的第五段和第六段可知，Emmy大大提高了David的创作速度，最后一句，大部分困难的工作都由Emmy来做，所以作曲家只干一小部分二作。
补全短文第四篇 The Bilingual Brain
When Karl Kim immigrated to the United States from Korea as a teenager,he had a hard time learning En glish. Now he speaks it fluently , and he had a unique opportunity to see how our brains adapt to a second language. As a graduate student, Kim worked in the lab of" Joy Hirsch,a neuroscientist in New York. 1 They found evidence that children and adults don't use the same parts of the brain when they learn a second language.
The researchers used an instrument called an MRI ( magnetic resonance imaging) scanner to study the brains of two groups of bilingual people. 2 . The other consisted of people who,like Kim,learned their second language later in life. People, from. both groups were placed inside the MRI scanner. This allowed Kim and Hirsch to see which parts of the brain were getting more blood
and were more active. They asked people from both groups to think about what they had done the day before, first in one language and then the other. They couldn't speak out loud because any movement would disrupt the scanning.
Kim and Hirsch looked specifically at two language centers in the brain - Broca's area , which is believed to control speech production, and Wernic e's area, which is th ought to process meaning. Kim and Hirsch found that both groups of people used the same part of Wernicke's area no matter what language they were speaking. 3
People who learned a second language as children used the same region i.n Broca's area for both their first and second languages. People who learned a second language later in life used a different part of Broca's area for their second language. 4 Hjrsch believes that when language is first being programmed in young children, their brains may mix the sounds and structures of all languages in the same area. Once that programming is complete , the processing of a new language must be taken over by a different part of the brain.
A second possibility is simply that we may acquire languages differently as children than we do as adults. Hirsch thinks that mothers teach a baby to speak by using different methods involving touch , sound , and sight. 5
词汇：
immigrate[??m??gre?t] vt．使移居入境
unique[ju:?ni:k] adj．独特的
scanner[?sk?n?] n．扫描仪
disrupt[dis?r?pt] vt．使中断
bilingual [ba??l??gw?l] adj，具备双语能力的
neuroscientist [nj??r??sa??ns?st] n．神经系统科学家
注释：
1.Now he speaks it fluently, and he had a unique opportunity to see how our bralns adapt to a second language：现在他英语讲得很流利，并且有一个独特的机会来审视我们的大脑是如何适应第二语言的 adapt to：
适应’
2．MRI(magnetic resonance imaging)：核磁共振成像
3．Broca's area＆Wernicke's area:Broca's area，即布洛卡区，也译为布罗卡区，是大脑的一区，它主管语言信
息的处理、话语的产生。Wernicke's area，即韦尼克区，也译为威尼克区，是大脑写中枢，视觉性语言中枢二Broca's area与Wernicke's area共同形成语言系统。布洛卡区与韦尼克区通常位于脑部的优势半脑（通常位于左侧），这是
由于大多数人( 97%)是右利的缘故￡1861年法国神经学家兼外科医生保罗·布洛卡( Paul Broca ,1824-1880)对一
些失语症患者进行研究及治疗时发现此一区域，位于大脑皮层额下同后部的44区、45区，故以发现者的名字命名为
布洛卡区。
练习：
A But their use of Broca's areaWas different.
B One group consisted of those who had learned a second language as children.
C How does Hirsch explain this difference？
D We use special parts of the brain for languaae learning.
E And that is very different from Iearning a language in a high school or college class.
F Their work led to an important discovery.
答案与题解：
1．F 根据本空白的后一句：They found evidence that children and adults don't use the same parts of the brain when they learn a second language．其中they found evidence与discovery相呼应。
2．B 依据本空的后一句The other consisted of people who like Kim. learned their second language later in life. one，．．the other是固定搭配，用来比较同类事物。
3．A 整段讲的是对大脑的两个语言中心的分析，得出两组测试人员都使用Wernicke's area中同一部位，紧接
着即谈到测试者们使用Broca's area的情况。
4．C 本段的开头谈．到孩子学习第一和第二语言都用Broca's area相同的部位；而成人学习第二语言时使用Broca's area不同的部位。后面都是Hirsch对这一现象的解释；Hirsch believes．．．根据上下文C是恰当的。 5.E 该句是伞文的结束语：本段前两句都讲成年人与小孩习得语言方式的不同，Hirsch认为，母亲教小孩说话，是通过使用不同的方法？涉及触觉、听觉和视觉：differcnt是关键词，所以，我们在高中或大学的课堂上学习语言
的方法和母亲教孩子的方法是不同的。
* 第十篇 How Deafness Makes It Easier to Hear
Most people think of Beethoven's hearing loss as an obstacle to composing music.Howevcr.he produced his most powerful works in the last decade of his life when he was completely deal’．
This is one of the most glorious cases of the triumph of will over adversity, but his biographer,Maynard Solomon, takes a different view. l . In his deaf world Beethoven could experiment, free from the sounds of the outside world, free to create new forms and harmonies.
Hearing loss does not seem to affect the musicai ability of musicians who become deaf. They continue to “hear" music with as much, or greater, accuracy than if they 'were actually hearing it being played.
2 . He described a fascinating phenomenon that happened within three months:
my former musicai experiences began to play back to me. I couldn't differentiate between what I heard and real hearing. After many years , it is still rewarding to listen to these playbacks, to
‘hear’ mu sic which is new to me and to find many quiet accompaniments for all of my moods. "
How is it that the world we see ,touch,hear, and smell is both“out there" and at the same time within us？There is no better example of this connection between external stimulus and internal perception than the cochlear implant, 3 . However,it. might be possible to use the brain's remarkable power to make sense of the electrical signals the implant produces.
When Michael Edgar first“ switched on" his cochlear implant, the sounds he heard were not at all clear. Gradually , with much hard work , he began to identify everyday sounds. For example,“ The insistent ringing of telephone became clear almost at once. "
The primary purpose of the implant is to allow communication with others.When people spoke to Eagar,
he heard their Voices¨ coming through like a long-distance telephone call on a poor connection. " But
w h en it came to his beloved m usic， the implant was of no help.
4 . He said,“I play the piano as I used to and hear it in my head at the same time.
The moverment of my fingers and the feel of the keys giv e added‘ clarity ’ to hearing in my head.
Cochlear implants allow the deaf to hear again in a way that is not perfect, but which can change their lives. 5 . Even the most amazing cochlear implants would have been useless to Beethoven as he composed his Ninth Symphony at the end- of his life.
词汇：
obstacle [??bst?kl] n．障碍
adversity [?d?v?:s?ti:] n．逆境；不幸
biographer[bai??ɡr?f?] n.传记作者
fascinate [?f?sineit] Vt．使着迷，使神魂颠倒
insistent [?n?s?st?nt] adj.连续的
accompaniment [??k?mp?ni:m?nt, ??k?mpni:-] n．伴奏
注释：
1.the triumph of will over adversity:the successful overcoming of difficulty throuh determination 用
意志力战胜不幸
2．I couldn't differentiate between what I heard and real hearing：我无法区别真正听到的和曾经听过的
声音。
3.cochlear implant:a device, surgically placed in the ear, that changes sounds into electric signals 人工耳蜗；耳蜗植入
4．But when it came to his beloved music, the implant was of no help．但是，当听到钟爱的音乐时，人
工耳蜗就毫无用处（我不用人工耳蜗就能听出来）。
5.The movement of my fingers and the feel of the keys give added'clarity' to hearing in my head：
我手指的移动以及对琴键的感觉使我听到的声音在脑海里更加清晰。
练习：
A No man-m ade device could replace the ability to hear.
B When he wanted to appreciate music,Eagar played the piano.
C Still, as Michael Eagar discovered, when it comes to musical harmonies, hearing is irrelevant.
D Michael Eagar,who died in 2003 ,became deaf at the age of 21.
E Beethoven produced his most wonderful works after he became deaf.
F Solomon argues that Beethoven's deafness "heightened" his achievement as a composer.
答案与题解：
1．F 本段的开头讲：贝多芬的例子是一个意志力战胜失聪的极好的例子。但是，他的传记作家Maynard Solomon
却持不同的意见。贝多芬的失聪不是一种灾难；相反，对他成为作曲家起到了促进作用。后一句解释了失聪是如何
使贝多芬更好地创作。
2．D 该句是本段的开头，根据后一句：他描述了在3个月之内发生的奇妙的现象：我之前的音乐经历开始在脑
中回放。再有后一句的what I heard and real hearing可以判定D是恰当的。
3．A 依据前一句：只有人工耳蜗才能使外部刺激和内心感知联系起来（失聪的人通过人工耳蜗听到外部的声音）。
人工耳蜗就是一种man-made device，后一一句也是在讲人工耳蜗的功能。所以A是对的。
4．B 依据后一句的play the piano呼应When he wanted to appreciate music, Eagar played the piano，
可以断定答案为B。
5．C 前一句讲人工耳蜗的作用：它能使失聪的人听到声音，尽管不完美，但改变了他们的生活；Still表示转折，
该句承上启下，虽然人工耳蜗能帮助失聪的人，但谈到音乐的和声时，听力就无关紧要了（听力不起作用）。所以后
一句讲贝多芬在他牛命的最后时刻创作第九交响曲时，无论多么完美的人工耳蜗对他来说都没有用。
+ 十五篇 A Memory Drug?
It's difficult to imaging many things that people would welcome more than a memory-enhancing drug.
1 Furthermore,such a drug could help people remember past experiences more clearly and help us acquire new information more easily for school and at work. As scientists learn more about memory,we are closing
in on this tantalizing goal.
Some of the most exciting evidence comes from research that has built on earlier findings linking LTP- and memory to identify a gene that improves memory in mice. 2 _ Mice bred to have extra copies of this gene showed more activity in their NMDA receptors, more LTP, and improved performance on several different memory tasks - learning a spatial layout , recognizing familiar objects, and recalling
a fear-inducing shock.
If these basic insights about genes,LTP,and the synaptic basis of memory can be translated to people
- and that remains to be seen - they could pave the way for niemory-enhancing treatments. 3 As exciting as this may sound,it also raises troubling issues. Consider the potential educational implications
of memory-enhancing drugs. If memory enhancers were available,children who used them might be able to acquire and retain extraordinary amounts of information.allowing them to progress far more rapidly in school than they could otherwise. How well could the brain handle such an onslaught of information？ What happens to children who don't have access to the latest memory enhancers'l Are they lef't behind in school
- and as a result handicapped later in life？
_4__ Ie that you are applyin g for a job that requires a good memory, such as a manager at a technology company or a sales position that requires remembering customers' names as well as the attributes of different products and services. Would you take a memory-enhancing drug to increase your chances of landing the position'l Would people who felt uncomfortable taking such a drug find themselves
cut out of lucrative career opportunities？
Memory drugs might also help take the sting out of disturbing memories that we wish we could forget
but can't. The 2004 hit movie Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind told the story of a young man seeking
just such freedom from the painful memories of a romantic breakup. As you will see in the section on persistence later in the chapter, emotionally arousing events often create intrusive memories,and researchers have already muted emotional memories with drugs that block the action of key hormones. Should emergency workers who must conf-ront horrifying accident scenes that can burden them with persisting
memories be provided with such drugs？ Should such drugs be given to rape victims who can't forget the trauma？ Memory drugs might provide some relief to such individuals. But could they also interfere with an individual's ability to assimilate and come to terms with- a difficult experience？ 5
词汇：
tantalizing [?t?nt?la?z??] adj．诱人的
synaptic [s??n?pt?k] adj．（解剖学）突触的
steroid [?sti?r?id] n．类同醇
onslaught[??n?sl?:t,??:n-] n 大量
lucrative[?lju:kr?tiv] adj．有利可图的
hit [hit] n．（演出等）成功
注释：
1．As scientists learn more about memory, we are closing in on this tantalizing goal：随着利，学家对记忆了解增多，我们正在接近这一诱人的目标。
2．LTP：(Long-term Potentiation) 1973年Bliss及其合作者电刺激麻醉兔的内嗅皮层，使海马表层的穿通纤维兴奋，可在齿状回记录到场电位。先用高频电刺激几秒钟后，冉川单个电刺激，记录到的部分场电位幅度大大超过原先记。录的对照值，并可持续儿小时至几天、这一现象称为长时程增强效应( LTP)。海马LTP可能是学习记忆的分子基础。1 983年发现
NMDA(N一甲基一D一门冬氨酸)受体通道复合体在LTP过程中起重要作用’进一步深化了，对LTP在大脑学习记忆中作用的理解。
3．a spatial layout：空间布局
4.Memory drugs might also help take the sting out of disturbing memories that we wish we could forget but can't：记忆药物使我们想忘记却又不能忘记的令人烦扰的记忆变得令人易干接受， take the sting out of：使……易于被接受；使……令人感到愉快
5．come to terms with：让步；屈服
练习：
A Like steroids for bulking up the muscles,these drugs would bulk up memory.
B A memory enhancer could help eliminate forgetting associated with aging and disease.
C What are the potential implications of memory-enhancing drugs for the workplace？
D We may find ourselves struggling with these kinds of- questions in the not-too-distant future.
E There is a pill that you could take every day to allow you to remember everything.
F The gene makes a protein that assists the NMDA receptor, which plays an important role in long-term memory by helping to initiate LTP.
答案与题解：
1．B 依据上一句的“很难想象还有比能提高人们记忆力的药物会更受人们欢迎的东西了”；
下面应该对这一现象做出解释，即这种药物有什么疗效；而后一句的Furthermore这一指示词起到了递进的作用，进一步说明这种药物的益处。More than：非常，极其，十分
2．F 前一句的关键词是LTP ,gene和mice，它讲的是有些令人兴奋的证据是从研究中得出的；该研究基于早期连接LTP和记忆的发现，该结果确定了提高老鼠记忆的基因；而后一句进，一步阐述这一发现，开头的mice可以是一个连接词。
3．A 前一句讲：如果这种结果用于人类的话，人们就有可能把提高人的记忆力用于临床。这一句讲：就像类固醇用于提高人的肌肉能力，这种药物也可以提高人的记忆力。
4．C 一般情况下，每一段的第一句都是本段的主题句。而该句是一个问句：这种提高记忆力的药物用于职场有什么潜在的影响呢？紧接着本段其余几句都提出关于这种药物是否会对职场的提升有什么影响的问题
5．D 本句是全文的最后一句，一般是总结性的。鉴于前面都列举了这种提高记忆力的药所面临的‘系列问题，所以，我们在不久的将来要面临这些问题。
2015年职称英语理工类C级考试真题及答案第一部分：词汇选项 1. The weather last summer was awful. A. bad B. fair C. dry D. hot 参考答案：A 2. The law carries a penalty of up to three years in prison. A. message B. guilt C. obligation D. punishment 参考答案：D 3. My piano playing has improved significantly since I had a new teacher. A. definitely B. generally C. certainly D. greatly 参考答案：D 4. There is a need for radical changes in education.
A. revolutionary B. long-term C. short-term D. systematic 参考答案：A 5. It frustrates me that I‘m not able to put any of my ideas into practice. A. discourages B. shows C. surprises D. frightens 参考答案：A 6. I realized to my horror that I had forgotten the present. A. limit B. fear C. power D. fool 参考答案：B 7. He tried to assemble his thoughts. A. gather B. clear C. share D. spare
2015综合A真题及答案 第一部分词汇选项 1. I will not tolerate that sort of behavior in my class a. control b. observe c. regulate d. accept 2 .she showed a natural aptitude for the work. a. sense b. talent c. flavor d. taste 3. most people find rejection hard to accept. a. Excuse b. client c. refusal d. destiny 4. The organization was bold enough to face the press. a. Pleased b. powerful c. brave d. sensible 5. They were locked in mortal combat. a. Deadly b. open c. actual d. active 6. We were attracted by the lure of quick money. a. Amount b. supply c. tempt d. sum 7. The procedures were perceived as complex and less transparent. a. Clear b. necessary c. special d. correct 8. The stock exchange is in turmoil following a huge wave of selling. a. Service b. danger c. disorder d. threat 9 .He believed that Europe must change or it will perish. A. Survive b. last c. die d. move 10. There was a simultaneous trial taking place in the next building. a. Fair b. full c. coexisting d. public 11. They promote assimilation of ethnic groups into the main-stream culture. a. Policy b. value c. equality d. integration 12. A salesman’s cardinal rule is to satisfy customers. a. Principal b. official c. simple d. legal 13. I must compliment you on your handling of a very difficult situation. a. Silence b. praise c. assure d. complain 14. We lived for years in a perpetual state of fear. a. Emotional b. nervous c. terrible d. continuous 15. The starving children were a pathetic sight. a. Common b. unexpected c. unforgettable d. pitiful
2015年全国职称英语考试理工类新增文章汇总 word版全网独一份 注：押题皇后王霞老师授意，新增文章仍然是考试热门文章，务必掌 握。 2015年职称英语教材理工类的变动比较小，一共只有5篇新增文章。2015年职称英语教材理工类新增的5篇文章，分布在阅读理解和补全短文：阅读理解理工C和理工B各新增一篇文章；补全短文理工A、B和C各新增一篇文章。完形填空理工类整体都没有新增文章。
理工C阅读理解新增文章 第九篇An Essential Scientific Process All life on the earth depends upon green plants. Using sunlight, the plants produce their own food. Then animals feed upon the plants. They take in the nutrients the plants have made and stored. But that’s not all. Sunlight also helps a plant produce oxygen. Some of the oxygen is used by the plant, but a plant usually produces more oxygen than it uses. The excess oxygen is necessary for animals and other organisms to live. The process of changing light into food and oxygen is called photosynthesis. Besides light energy from the sun, plants also use water and carbon dioxide. The water gets to the plant through its roots. The carbon dioxide enters the leaves through tiny openings called stomata. The carbon dioxide travels to chloroplasts, special cells in the bodies of green plants. This is where photosynthesis takes place. Chloroplasts contain the chlorophylls that give plants their green color. The chlorophylls are the molecules that trap light energy. The trapped light energy changes water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and a simple sugar called glucose. Carbon dioxide and oxygen move into and out of the stomata. Water vapor also moves out of the stomata. More than 90 percent of water a plant takes in through its roots escapes through the stomata. During the daytime, the stomata of most plants are open. This allows carbon dioxide to enter the leaves for photosynthesis. As night falls, carbon dioxide is not needed. The stomata of most plants close. Water loss stops. If photosynthesis ceased, there would be little food or other organic matter on the earth. Most organisms would disappear. The earth’s atmosphere would no longer contain oxygen. Photosynthesis is essential for life on our planet. 词汇： nutrient n.营养物 organism n.生物体，有机体 carbon dioxide n.二氧化碳 chloroplast n.叶绿体 molecule n.分子 vapor n.水蒸气 oxygen n.氧气 photosynthesis n.光合作用 chlorophyll n.叶绿素 glucose n.葡萄糖 cease v.停止 注释： 1．Then animals feed upon the plants.动物以植物为食。 练习： 1．In the first paragraph，the word “excess” means Aheavy. Bextra. Cgreen. Dliquid.
2015年职称英语理工类B级考试真题 第一部分：词汇选项 1.The organization was bold enough to face the press. A.pleased B.powerful C.brave D.sensible 参考答案：C 2.I will not tolerate that sort of behavior in my class. A.accept B.control C.observe D.regulate 参考答案：A 3.I realized to my horror that I had forgotten the present. A.limit B.fear C.power D.fool 参考答案：B 4.Most people find rejection hard to accept. A.excuse B.client C.destiny D.refusal 参考答案：D 5.She's extremely competent and industrious. A.hardworking B.honest C.objective D.independent 参考答案：A 6.The doctors did not reveal the truth to him. A.hide B.handle C.disclose D.establish 参考答案：C 7.He tried to assemble his thoughts. A.clear B.share C.gather D.spare 参考答案：C
8.The law carries a penalty of up to three years in prison. A.message B.punishment C.guilt D.obligation 参考答案：B 9.Prisoners were kept in the most appalling conditions. A.flexible B.terrible C.reasonable D.serious 参考答案：B 10.These products are inferior to those we brought last year. A.poorer than B.narrower than https://www.doczj.com/doc/3e12515630.html,rger than D.richer than 参考答案：A 11.The political situation in the region has deteriorated rapidly. A.improved B.changed C.worsened D.developed 参考答案：C 12.There was a simultaneous trial taking place in the next building. A.coexisting B.fair C.full D.pubic 参考答案：A 13.They're petitioning for better facilities for the disabled on public transport. A.requesting B.planning C.preparing D.looking 参考答案：A 14.He said some harsh words about his brother. A.unkind B.proper C.normal D.unclear 参考答案：A 15.We were attracted by the lure of quick money. A.amount
2014职称英语《理工B》真题及答案(代码22) 第一部分：词汇选项 下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与划线部分意义最相近的词或短语。 1. The majority of people around here are decent. A. real B. honest C. normal D. wealthy 答案：D 2. The curriculum was too narrow and too rigid. A. hidden B. traditional C. inflexible D. official 答案：C 3. The committee was asked to render a report on the housing situation. A. furnish B. copy C. publish D. summarize 答案：A 4. Afterwards there was just a feeling of let-down. A. excitement B. disappointment C. anger D. calm 答案：B 5. Several windows had been smashed. A. cleaned
C. fixed D. broken 答案：D 6. The worst agonies of the war were now beginning. A. pains B. parts C. aspects D. results 答案：A 7. London quickly became a flourishing port. A. major B. large C. successful D. commercial 答案：C 8. She felt that she had done her good deed for the day. A. homework B. justice C. model D. act 答案：D 9. He led a very moral life. A. human B. intelligent C. natural D. honourable 答案：D 好学教育2015年职称英语考试过关课程课件汇总：https://www.doczj.com/doc/3e12515630.html,/RhFad1W 10. His stomach felt hollow with fear.
M Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared Cities A new examination of urban policies has been carried out recently by Patricia Romero Lankao. She is a sociologist specializing in climate change and urban development. She warns that many of the world’s fast -growing urban areas, especially in developing countries, will likely1 suffer from the impacts of changing climate. Her work also concludes that most cities are failing to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. These gases are known to affect the atmosphere. “Climate change is a deeply local issue and poses profound threats to the growing cities of the world,” says Romero Lankao. “But too few cities are developing effective strategies to protect their residents. ” Cities are major sources of greenhouse gases. And urban populations are likely to be among those most severely affected by future climate change. Lankao’s findings3 highlight ways in which city-residents are particularly vulnerable, and suggest policy interventions that could offer immediate and longer-term benefits The locations and dense construction patterns of cities often place their populations at greater risk for natural disasters. Potential threats associated with climate include storm surges and prolonged hot weather. Storm surges can flood coastal areas and prolonged hot weather can heat heavily paved cities more than surrounding areas. The impacts of such natural events can be more serious in an urban environment. For example, a prolonged heat wave can increase existing levels of air pollution, causing widespread health problems. Poorer neighborhoods that may lack basic facilities such as drinking water or a dependable network of roads, are especially vulnerable to natural disasters. Many residents in poorer countries live in substandard housing without access to reliable drinking water, roads and basic services. Local governments,therefore,should take measures to protect their residents. “Unfortunately, they tend to move towards rhetoric rather than meaningful responses,” Romero Lankao writes. “They don’t impose construction standards that could reduce heating and air conditioning needs. They don’t emphasize mass transit and reduce automobile, use. In fact, many local governments are taking a hands-off approach.” Thus, she urges them to change their idle policies and to take strong steps to prevent the harmful effects of’ climate change on cities. Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk Fast food outlets could provide statin drugs free of charge so that customers can reduce the heart disease dangers of fatty food, researchers at Imperial College London suggest in a new study. Statins reduce the amount of unhealthy “LDL ” cholesterol in the blood. A wealth of trial data4 has proven them to be highly effective at lowering a person ’s heart attack risk In a paper published in the American Journal of Cardiology, Dr Darrel Francis and colleagues calculate that the reduction in heart attack risk offered by a statin is enough to offset the increase in heart attack risk from eating a cheeseburger and drinking a milkshake. Dr Francis, from the National Heart and Lung Institute at Imperial College London, who is the senior author of the study, said: “Statins don ’t cut out all of the unhealthy effects of cheeseburgers and French fries. It ’s better to avoid fatty food altogeth er. But we’ve worked out that in terms of your possibility of having a heart attack, taking a statin can reduce your risk to more or less the same degree as a fast food meal increases it. ” It ’s ironic that people are free to take as many unhealthy condiments in fast food outlets as they like, but statins, which are beneficial to heart health, have to be prescribed. It makes sense to make risk-reducing statins available just as easily as the unhealthy condiments that are provided free of charge. It would cost less than 5 pence per customer —— not much different to a sachet of sugar, “ Dr Francis said. When people engage in risky behaviours like driving or smoking, they ’re encouraged to take measures that lower their risk, like wearing a seatbelt or choosing cigarettes with filters. Taking a stain is a rational way of lowering some of the risks of eating a fatty meal. Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More Light Solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems, or PVTs, generate both heat and electricity, but until now they haven’t been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone solar thermal collector. That’s because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells, which lets the silicon generate more electricity but isn’t a very efficient way to gather heat. That ’s a problem of economics. Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower cost. And it ，s also a space problem ：photovoltaic cells can take up all the space on the roof, leaving little room for thermal applications. In a pair of studies, Joshua Pearce, an associate professor of materials science and engineering, has devised a solution in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon. His research collaborators are Kunal Girotra from ThinSilicon in California and Michael Pathak and Stephen Harrison from Queen’s Universi ty, Canada." Most solar panels are made with crystalline silicon ， but you can also make solar cells out of amorphous silicon,commonly known as thin-film silicon. They don ’t create as much electricity, but they are lighter, flexible, and cheaper. And, because they require much less silicon, they have a greener footprint. Unfortunately ，thin-film silicon solar cells are vulnerable to some bad-news physics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect.
职称英语新增文章一 职称英语文章一 1. On the night of August 17, 1959, at about 20 minutes before midnight, the ground in the vicinity of Yellowstone National Park began shaking violently. At the time there was a rumbling sound, something like a huge truck would make. Both the heaving of the ground and the noise were very frightening but lasted not quite 45 seconds. 1、1959年8月17日的晚上，大约午夜前20分钟，黄石国家公园附近大地开始猛烈 摇动。同时，大地发出如同重型卡车发出的轰响。大地的升降和啸叫都令人非常害怕，但 是一切不超过45秒。 2. What was even more frightening was the sound of huge boulders which began rolling down the steep mountain. In one part of the upper reaches of the Madison River, a whole mountain began shifting, then came crashing down to fill the deep valley and dam the great river with millions of tons rock and trees. 2、更令人害怕的是巨石开始从陡峭的山上滚下来的声音。在麦迪生河上游的一条支 流处，一整座山开始移动，之后，它崩塌下来填满深深的山谷，上百万吨岩石和大树如坝 般阻挡住大河。 3. A dozen or more campers along the river were buried deep beneath the great landslide. Others were able to climb to safety, some of them badly hurt, but were trapped by the slide. Finally these people were saved, many of them by helicopter. 3、十几个，或许更多沿河的露营者被深埋在大滑坡下。幸存的野营者开始爬向较安 全的地方，其中一些人伤得很重，仍然不时陷入滑坡。最后这些人都获救了，其中多人得 救于直升飞机。 4. This earthquake near Yellowstone Park was just one of nearly a million that happen every year all over the world. And as bad as this quake was, many have been worse. Earthquake experts say that the Yellowstone quake of 1959 was about as bad as the one which hit San Francisco in 1906.But the San Francisco quake caused more damage because it struck in a place where there were so many people living. In San Francisco 700 person lost their lives. An earthquake in Japan in 1923 took 160,000 lives. In china in 1920 an earthquake took 200,000 lives. It is easy to understand why earthquake are so feared.
职称英语理工类B级阅读理解真题及答案(第三篇) 第4部分：阅读理解（第31——45题，每题3分，共45分） 下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个选项。 第三篇 Can You Hear This? When something creates a sound wave in a room or anauditorium, listeners hear the sound wave directly from the source. They alsohear the reflections as the sound bounces off thewalls. floor, and ceiling. These are called the reflected wave or reverberant(反射)sound, which can be heard evenafter the sound is no longer coming from the source. The reverberation time of an auditorium isdetermined by the volume or interior size of the auditorium. It is alsodetermined by how well or how poorly the walls, ceiling, floor, and contents ofthe room (including the people) absorb sound. There is no ideal reverberation time,because each use of an auditorium calls for different reverberation. Speechneeds to be understood clearly; therefore rooms used for talking must have ashort reverberation time. The full-sound performance of music such ad Wagneroperas or Mahler symphonies should have a long reverberation time. The light,rapid musical passages of Bach or Mozart need a reverberation time somewherebetween. Acoustic problems often are caused by poorauditorium design. Smooth, curved reflecting surfaces create large reflections.Parallel (平行的）wallsreflect sound back and forth, creating a rapid, repetitive pulsing https://www.doczj.com/doc/3e12515630.html,rge pillars (柱）and comerscan cause acoustic shadows as the sound waves try to pass around the object.Some of these
职称英语考试理工类B级考试试题(1)2 第2部分：阅读判断（第16-22题，每题1分，共7分） 阅读下面这篇短文。短文后列出了7个句子。请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断。如果该句提供的是正确信息。请在答题卡上把A涂黑：如果该句提供的是错误信息。请在答题卡上把B涂黑：如果该句的信息文章中没有提及。请在答题卡上把C涂黑。 The Smog（烟雾） For over a month. Indonesia was in crisis. Forest fires raged out of control as the country Suffered its worst drought for 50 years . Smoke form the fires mixed with sunlight and hot dry air to form a cloud of smog This pollution quickly spread and within days it was hanging over neighbouring countries including Malaysia.Singapore and Thailand When the smoke combined with pollution from factories and cars.it soon became poisonous （有毒的）。Dangerous amounts of CO became trapped under the smog and pollution levels rose. People wheezed f喘息）and coughed as they left the house and their eyes watered immediately. The smog made it impossible to see across streets and whole cities disappeared as grey soot （烟灰）covered everything.In some areas，water was hosed（用胶管浇）from high—rise city buildings to tIY and break up the smog.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/3e12515630.html,/ .375. School Lunch Research has shown that over half the children in Britain who take their own lunches to school do not eat properly in the middle of the day.In Britain schools have to provide meals at lunchtime.Children can choose to bring their own food or have lunch at the school canteen. One shocking finding of this research is that school meals are much healthier than lunches prepared by parents.There are strict standards for the preparation of school meals,which have to include one portion of fruit and one of vegetables,as well as meat,a dairy item and starchy food like bread or pasta.Lunchboxes examined by researchers contained sweet drinks,crisps and chocolate bars.Children consume twice as much sugar as they should at lunch time. The research will provide a better understanding of why the percentage of overweight students in Britain has increased in the last decade.Unfortunately,the government cannot criticise parents,but it can remind them of the nutritional value of milk,fruit and vegetables.Small changes in their children’s diet can_affect their future health.Children can easily develop bad eating_habits at this age,and parents are the only ones who can prevent it.A Powerful Influence There can be no doubt at all that the Internet has made a huge difference1to our lives.Parents are worried that children spend too much time playing on the Internet,hardly ever doing anything else in their spare time.Naturally,parents are curious to find out why the Internet is so attractive,and they want to know if it can be harmful for their children.Should parents worry if their children are spending that much time staring at their computers? Obviously,if children are bent over their computers for hours,absorbed in some game,instead of doing their homework,then something is wrong.Parents and children could decide how much use the child should_make of the Internet,and the child should give his or her word that it won’t interfere with homework.If the child is not holding to this arrangement,the parent can take more drastic steps dealing with a child’s use of the Internet is not much different from negotiating any other sort of bargain about behaviour.Any parent who is_seriously alarmed about a child’s behaviour should make an appointment to discuss the matter with a teacher.Spending time in front of the screen does not necessarily affect a child’s performance at school.Even if a child is absolutely crazy about using the Internet,he or she is probably just going through a phase,and in a few months there will be something else to worry about!The Old Gate In the Middle Ages the vast majority of European cities had walls around them.This was partly for defensive reasons but another factor was the need to keep out anyone regarded as undesirable,like people with contagious diseases.The Old City of London gates were all demolished by the end of the 18th century.The last of London’s gates was removed a century ago,but by a stroke of luck,it was never destroyed. This gate is,in actual fact,not called a gate at all;its name is Temple Bar,and it marked the boundary between the Old City of London and Westminster.In 1878the Council of London took the Bar down,numbered the stones and put the gate in storage because its design was unfashionable it was expensive to maintain and it was blocking the traffic. The Temple Bar Trust was set up in the 1970’s with the intention of returning the gate home.The aim of the Trust is the preservation of the nation’s architectural heritage.Transporting the gate will mean physically pulling it down,stone by stone,removing and rebuilding it near St Paul’s Cathedral.Most of the facade of the gate will probably be replaced,though there is a good chance that the basic structure will be sound.The hardest job of all,however,will be to recreate the statues of the monarchs that once stood on top of the gate.Family History In an age when technology is developing faster than ever before,many people are being attracted to the idea of looking back into the past.One way they can do this is by investigating their own family history.They can try to find out more about where their families came from and what they did.This is now a fast-growing hobby,especially in countries with a fairly short history,like Australia and the United States. It is one thing to spend some time going through a book on family history and to take the decision to investigate your own family’s past.It is quite another to carry out the research work successfully.It is easy to set about it in a disorganized way and_cause yourself many problems which could have been avoided with a little forward planning. If your own family stories tell you that you are connected with a famous character,whether hero or criminal,do not let this idea take over your research.Just treat it as an interesting possibility.A simple system for collecting and storing your information will be adequate to start with;a more complex one may only get in your way.The most important thing,though,is to get started.Who knows what you might find? Helen and Martin With a thoughtful sigh,Helen turned away from the window and walked back to her favourite armchair.Would her brother never arrive?For a brief moment,she wondered if she really cared that much. Over the years Helen had given up waiting for Martin to take an interest in her.Her feelings for him had gradually weakened until now,as she sat waiting for him,she experienced no more than a sister’s curiosity to see what had become of her brother. Almost without warning,Martin had lost his job with a busy publishing company after spending the last eight years in New York as a key figure in the US office.Somehow the two of them hadn’t bothered to keep in touch and,left alone,Helen had slowly found