汉译英常用结构和句型 一、主语 （一）主语的确定：汉语中长主语，短谓语的句子翻译，即戏称“头大身子小”的句型。【“尾重” 原则（end weight）】 1. 我国政府愿意在平等互利、相互开放、长期合作、共同发展的基础上，进一步加强同亚洲各国 的经济合作和贸易交流。 The Chinese government stands ready to further strengthen economic cooperation and trade ties with other Asianations on the basis of equality and mutual benefit, mutual openness, long-term cooperation and common development. 2. 未来老百姓的生活会更好。 × The life of the people in the future will be better. √ The people will lead/ live a better life in the future. 3. 中国加入世贸组织后，外商参与中国西部开发的机会将越来越多。 × The opportunities for foreign businesses to participate in China’s development of the western region will increase. √ Foreign businesses will have more and more opportunities to participate in China’s development of the western region. 4. 浙江大学建校100年来，办学取得了巨大成功。 × Zhejiang University has been established for more than 100 years, and made great achievements / made a huge success in its school running. √ Zhejiang University has made great achievements / made a huge success in its school running since its establishment 100 years ago. 5. 该产品的主要特点是工艺精湛，经久耐用。 This product is chiefly characterized by its fine workmanship and durability. 6. 语言这个东西不是随便就可以学好的，非下苦工夫不可。 The mastery of language is not easy and requires painstaking effort. 7. 如今，年过半百的他还是时常想起自己童年时代的玩伴。 Even now, memories of his childhood playmates haunt the man in his fifties. 8. 我们相信，在新的一年里，通过双方的努力，我们的业务和友好合作关系会得到发展。 We believe we will be able to develop business relations and friendly cooperation through our common efforts in the coming year. 9. 尽管己退居二线，他的工作热情丝毫不减。 He works enthusiastically as ever even though he has retired from the leading post. 10. 我来到杭州教书，完全是一个巧合。 It has been an unexpected piece of luck for me to become a teacher in Hangzhou. 11. 进行社会主义现代化建设，必须尊重知识，尊重人才。 In our drive for socialist modernization, we must respect knowledge and talented people. （二）名词化 12. 捕获萨达姆·侯赛因并不意味着在伊拉克的冲突会就此结束。 The capture of Saddam Hussein does not mean the end of conflict in Iraq. 13. 医疗服务不能改变预期寿命，许多当代的临床护理在治病中所起的作用也并不重要，这些事实 都是有据可查的。 The impotence of medical services to change life expectancy and insignificance of much contemporary clinical care in the curing of disease are all well-documented. 14. 中国加入世界贸易组织，将为中国和亚洲以及世界各国各地区经济的发展注入新的活力。 China’s entry into the WTO will instill new vitality into the economic growth of China as well as other countries and regions in Asia and beyond. 15. 坚持一个中国的原则，是实现和平统一的基础和前提。 Adherence to the principle of one China is the basis and premise for peaceful reunification.
[标签:标题] 篇一：2015汉译英句子翻译(包括参考译文) 2015年汉译英综合练习 1. 她就是这样风里来，雨里去，成年累月地工作着。 This is how she carries on her work, rain or shine, all the year round. 2. 西湖如明镜，千峰凝翠，洞壑幽深，风光奇丽。 The West Lake is like a mirror, embellished all around with emerald hills and deep caves of enchanting beauty. 3. 但我就是这个脾气，虽然几经努力，却未能改变过来。 But it’s the way I am, and try as I might, I haven’t been able to change it. 4. 一踏上中华人民共和国国土，我们就随时随地地受到关怀和照顾。 From the moment we stepped into the People’s Republic of China, care and kindness surrounded us on every side. 5. 袭人道：“一百年还记得呢！比不得你，拿着我的话当耳边风，夜里说了，早起就忘了。”“I’ll remember it if I live to be a hundred!”said Aroma. “I am not like you, letting what I say go in at one ear and out at the other forgetting what’s said at night by the next morning.” 6. 要制造飞机，就必须仔细考虑空气阻力问题。 Air resistance must be given careful consideration when the aircraft is to be made. 7. 为什么总把这些麻烦事推给我呢？ Why should all the unpleasant jobs be pushed onto me? 8. 只有在我过于劳累，在我长时间无间断地工作，在我感到内心空虚，需要补充精神营养 的时候，我才感到寂寞。 I am lonely when I am overtired, when I have worked too long without a break, when for the time being I feel empty and need filling up. 9. 中国成功地爆炸了第一颗原子弹，在全世界引起了巨大的反响。 The successful explosion of the first atomic bomb in China caused great repercussions all over the world. 10. 我们应该实行国民经济信息化和科研成果产业化。 We should build an information-based national economy and apply scientific research achievements to industrial production. 11. 你说的倒轻巧，你也给我捧个奖杯回来。 You talk as if it were very simple. Why not try yourself and see if you can bring back a trophy, too? 12. 中国应该用实践向世界表明，中国反对霸权主义、强权政治、永不称霸。 China should show the world through actions that she is opposed to hegemonism and power politics and will never seek hegemony. 13. 中国明朝的著名旅行家徐霞客一生周游考察了16个省，足迹几乎遍布全国。 Xu Xiake, a great traveler in China’s Ming Dynasty, visited 16 provinces in his lifetime, leaving his footprints in nearly every corner of the country. 14. 阿Q将衣服摔在地上，吐一口唾沫，说：“这毛虫”！ Ah Q flung his jacket on the ground, spat, and swore, “Hairy worm!”
《欣赏自己》 On Self-Appreciation 不怕直说，我是相当欣赏自己的。我承认自己有许多不如人的地方，但也知道并不老是这样差劲。所以，我做了一件事，写了一篇文章，只要自觉还不错我可以乐上几天，遇有人赞，更飘飘然得不像话；甚至还会忘其所以，插上几句自夸的话。 Frankly, I very much appreciate myself. Yes, I admit I’m in many respects not as good as other people, but I don’t think I’m always no good. When I find what I’ve done or written is okay, I’ll remain pleased with myself for quite a few days, and, in case I receive praise for it, I’ll even become so swollen-headed as to add a few words to glorify myself. 真的，我一点也不谦虚。 True, I’m not modest at all. 或者这就是自负吧，恐怕要给人骂了。但有什么不对呢？ People may call me conceited. But I think otherwise. 我也欣赏别人，凡是好的东西我都欣赏。只懂得欣赏别人而忘了欣赏自己，岂不是太不公平了？ I also appreciate other people. I appreciate anything good. Isn’t it unfair to forget appreciating myself while appreciating others? 但是我们华人总是比较谦虚，而且引以为荣。自己的太太叫拙荆，文章曰拙作。如果你当真叫他的太太山芭婆，文章如狗屁，他保证勃然大怒，和你拍桌子绝交。其实，你所说的，和他说的，可能并没什么两样。 We Chinese are generally inclined to be modest, and we take pride in being so. For example, a Chinese will call his own wife zhuojing, meaning “my humble wife”, and his own writings zhuozuo, meaning “my poor writings”. But if you should call his wife a “rustic women” or his writings “trash”, he would, I’m sure, slap the table in a rage and declare he would make a clean break with you. As a matter of fact, there is probably no difference at all between what is said by him and you respectively. 我认为，如果你的东西确是好的，直接说它好，没有什么不对。老王卖
翻硕考研-汉译英的一些常见问题分析 英语翻译基础是英语MTI复习过程中的重中之重，这篇文章就针对翻译的汉译英部分常见的问题进行分析讨论。 汉译英部分误译的原因可以归结为三个方面：理解不到位、表达不贴切、缺乏社会文化背景知识。表现形式归结为两方面：死译和胡译。理解不到位，常造成不能脱离原文字面意思而死译、硬译；表达不贴切，则使得译文不符合译语的语法习惯表达。 （一）词义虚假对等 汉语很多词汇所要表达的信息都是潜在和隐蔽的，有的具有深层含义，有的还有言外之意，有的则有语用意义和比喻意义。如果没有弄清要表达的真实信息，就会出现机械对等错误。 例：美国内部对中国政策究竟怎么样，我们还要观察。 学译：What China policies are to be pursued after all within the US,we still have to wait and see. 译文：The American authorities have to decide among themselves what China policies to pursue,and so we still have to wait and see. 分析：“美国内部”并非指“美国国内”这个概念，而是指美国领导层，因为决策者是政府高层而不是平民百姓，因此with the US不足以传达这样的意思。（二）词类混用 汉语和英语的词类既有重叠，也有差异。如汉语中有数词和量词，而英语中只有数词；英语中有冠词，而汉语中没有。学生经常犯冠词滥用的错误是：在泛指时漏用不定冠词，首次提到某事物时滥用定冠词，特指某事物时又不用定冠词。即使相同的词类在句子中的用法和充当的成分也不尽相同。 例：一霎时，一阵被人摒弃、为世所遗的悲愤兜上心头。 学译：All of a sudden,the feeling of grief and indignation of being deserted by the relations and being abandoned by the whole world overwhelmed me. 译文：In no time,I was thrown into a feeling of sorrowful anger at being forgotten and abandoned by the rest of the world. 分析：很多学生在本该使用不定冠词的地方却用了定冠词。A feeling和the feeling有细微的差别，前者指“某种不确定的感觉或感受”，而后者指“某种特定的感觉或感受”。 （三）数的概念混乱 汉语数的概念在词法上都缺乏形态特征，因在翻译成英语的时候，译者要根据汉语的上下文在英语的形式中补充上复数的概念。但学生容易受汉语的影响，经常忽略这一点，在用复数表达更合适的地方全部译成了单数。 例：本室助研必须每周工作7天，早10点到晚12时，工作时间必须全力以赴。译文：All the research assistants of this lab must work7days a week, from10a.m.to12p.m.Nothing but work during office hours. （四）用词冗余 简洁是语言的生命，通过综合或省略等手段，用词或词组来表达从句等单位表达的内容。学生的译文经常会出现很多冗余信息，造成了原文和译文长度的不对应，
43. I‘m wondering why he hasn’t turned _____ at the meeting. A. down B. up C. out D. over 44. Contrary _____popular belief，moderate exercise actually decreases your appetite. A. on B. at C. against D. to 45. _____ the storm，we have to postpone the flight. A. Owing to B. Thanks to C. Because D. As 46. By using both ears one can tell the direction _____ a sound comes. A. in which B. from which C. over which D. with which 47. When she worked with the government，she _____ the difficult task of monitoring elections. A. overworked B. overtook C. underwent D. undertook 48. Apparently，it wasn‘t an accident. Someone must have done it on _____. A. intention B. determination C. purpose D. reason 49. _____ conclusion，walking is a cheap，safe and enjoyable form of exercise. A. In B. On C. By D. As
20个重点汉译英句型 1、There be 有迹象表明，不少工厂正面临着十分困难的局面。 There are indications that numerous factories are faced with a very difficult situation 二、形式主语 例：玛丽觉得毕．靠自己的力量执行她的计划是困难的。 Mary thought it difficult to carry out her plan all by herself. 三、Not h i n g b ut··· 例：艾米过去除了咖啡什么都不喝。 Amy used to drink nothing but coffee. 四、发现(看见＼听见)谁做什么 例：亚当斯先生发现他1 3岁的儿子正从他的皮夹子里偷钱时大为震惊。 Mr. Adams was greatly shocked to find his 13-year-old son stealing money from his wallet. 五、动词不定式的否定式 例：他努力控制住自己的感情，假装没有听见那个令人悲痛的消息。 With an effort, he held in his feelings and pretended not to hear the sad news. 1、表手段 例：作者想通过这篇文章向读者传达她对赞扬与批评的看法。 Through the article the author wants to convey to the readers her views on praise and criticism. 七、比较结构 例：他比任何对手的得分都高得多，证明他不愧为一个胜利者。 He scored far more points / much higher than any of his rivals and proved himself a worthy winner 例：我们常常发现，运用一个规律比懂的它要难的多。 We often find it much more difficult to apply a rule than to know it 八、Ca n，t h e I p···d o i n g a b o ut 例：她读这部小说时，不禁想起了她在农村度过的那五年。 When she read the novel, she couldn’t help thinking of the five years she had spent in the countryside. 九、连续性动词。 例：我正忙着做一种新的捕鼠装置时，马克走来拖着我出去看花展了。 I was busy making a new device for catching rats when Mark came and dragged me out to a flowers show. 十、b efo r e句型 例：我想先和你讨论一下这篇文章的英译稿，然后再把它寄给霍布斯先生。
英语医学科技论文写作中的常见错误(I) 国内英语医学科技论文，尤其是尚未经过编辑加工的稿件中几乎都存在许多各种各样的错误，下面是基于我们学校学报的作者来稿，总结的在在编辑工作中常见的一些错误。 医学英语写作中用词方而的一些问题。 1.动词搭配不当，词不达意 如“…and mean survival days of the mice were improved (P<0.05).”一句，谓语动词跟主语就搭配不当。习惯上，我们不讲“时间(the mean survival days)"得到“改善(improve)"，只讲时间“延长”或“缩短”了。因此，应把句中的谓语动词improved改为prolonged. 2.把及物动词当不及物动词用 The alcohol acetylates easily一句，acetylate是及物动词，它的对象是alcohol，但这里用的是主动态，缺了宾语，应改为被动态才合acetylate的用法。故此句应改为The alcohol is acetylated easily.又如The esters hydrolyze with great difficulty.同理，应改写为The esters are hydrolyzed with great difficulty. Acetylate vt.加乙酰基于 Hydrolyze v. 水解 3.把不及物动词当及物动词用 英语中很多动词可既做不及物动词，又做及物动词用，但却不是所有的动词都有这样的特点，而且有时同一个词的及物和不及物用法会有意义上的差别。我们先看几个误用的例子: ①It has already been known that the meniscal(半月板的)arteries are originated from the 5 genicular(膝的) branches of the popliteal artery (腘动脉) and descending branch of the femoral artery. Originate作“起源”解时是不及物动词，没有被动态，所以此句需变被动为主动语态，即去掉are。 ②However, the controversy for its diagnostic value has been continued. (continued——continuing) continue在这里是不及物动词，不能用被动语态。此句除词法错误外，从含义上讲也不应该用被动语态。 另外，常常在一些作者的文稿中见到在appear,exist , happen , occur等不及物动词后而带有宾语。 4.选词不当 ①A very similar phenotype（表型） is found in patients with keratin（角蛋白） K16 gene variations. ②Ras oncogene and p53 gene hotspot variations in colorectal cancers. “基因突变”是一个比较定型的专业名词，“突变”一般用mutation表达。 ③在作者的来稿中，常常能见到这样的句子:…observed with/under electron microscopy或…明was observed by electron microscope。这几种表达是错误的。microscopy和microscope虽然只一字母之差，但前者指一种技术，后者指一种仪器。正确的表达如下： 用显微镜检查或观察. … be examined / observed with /using/…microscope; 在显微镜下检查或观察到:…be examined observed under /in … microscope; 使用显微镜技术检查或观察:…examined /observed by /using … microscopy. 例如: Virus target cells in the bursa, thymus, spleen, and bone marrow were examined by
英语专业考研汉译英常见问题分析 英语翻译基础是英语MTI复习过程中的重中之重，这篇文章就针对翻译的汉译英部分常见的问题进行分析讨论。 汉译英部分误译的原因可以归结为三个方面：理解不到位、表达不贴切、缺乏社会文化背景知识。表现形式归结为两方面：死译和胡译。理解不到位，常造成不能脱离原文字面意思而死译、硬译；表达不贴切，则使得译文不符合译语的语法习惯表达。 （一）词义虚假对等 汉语很多词汇所要表达的信息都是潜在和隐蔽的，有的具有深层含义，有的还有言外之意，有的则有语用意义和比喻意义。如果没有弄清要表达的真实信息，就会出现机械对等错误。 例：美国内部对中国政策究竟怎么样，我们还要观察。 学译：What China policies are to be pursued after all within the US,we still have to wait and see. 译文：The American authorities have to decide among themselves what China policies to pursue,and so we still have to wait and see. 分析：“美国内部”并非指“美国国内”这个概念，而是指美国领导层，因为决策者是政府高层而不是平民百姓，因此with the US不足以传达这样的意思。（二）词类混用 汉语和英语的词类既有重叠，也有差异。如汉语中有数词和量词，而英语中只有数词；英语中有冠词，而汉语中没有。学生经常犯冠词滥用的错误是：在泛指时漏用不定冠词，首次提到某事物时滥用定冠词，特指某事物时又不用定冠词。即使相同的词类在句子中的用法和充当的成分也不尽相同。 例：一霎时，一阵被人摒弃、为世所遗的悲愤兜上心头。 学译：All of a sudden,the feeling of grief and indignation of being deserted by the relations and being abandoned by the whole world overwhelmed me. 译文：In no time,I was thrown into a feeling of sorrowful anger at being forgotten and abandoned by the rest of the world.
汉译英经典例句 1、他这次考试失败使他意识到定期复习功课是多么重要。 He failed in the exam, which has made him aware of the importance of reviewing his lessons regularly. 2、请一定不要忘记离家前你父母对你说过的话。 Be sure not to forget what your parents said to you before you left home. 3、我确信她的英语知识对这项工作来说是足够的。I’m sure her knowledge of English is adequate for the job. 4、这篇文章的目的是告诉学生怎么培养良好的学习习惯。 The purpose of his article is to tell the students how to develop good study habits. 5、在当今时代，人们越来越多地依靠计算机来解决各种各样的难题。 In our age, people depend more on computers to solve various kinds of difficult problems. 6、略读不仅帮助你对将要阅读的东西有所了解，还帮助你读得快些，提高你的阅读理解力。 Skimming not only helps you get some idea of what you
are going to read, but also helps you read faster and improve your comprehension. 7、有些人认为男孩子考试成绩总是比女孩子好。然而，事实未必如此。 Some people think that boys performance on tests is always better than girls. That is not necessarily the case, however. 8、即使智力一般的学生也可以通过改进学习习惯而成为优等生。 Even students of average intelligence can become top students by improving their study habits. 9、幸好附近有家医院，我们立即把他送到了那里。Fortunately there was a hospital nearby and we took him there at once. 10、我们常常发现运用一个规律比懂得它要难的了。We often find it much more difficult to apply a rule than to know it. 11、他决心继续他的实验，不过这次他将用另一种办法来做。 He is determined to continue his experiment but this time he’ll do it another way. 12、她读这部小说时，不禁想起了她在农村度过的那
一、翻译下列句子，注意选词： 1.人民现在为什么拥护我们？就是这十几年有发展。 2.由于全球气候变暖，海平面在一点点地上升。 3.改革开放也使民族精神获得了解放。 4.我们的企业应着重提高国际竞争力。 5.中国的现代化建设离不开与世界各国的经济合作与贸易往来。 6.湖区水位提高可能要危及竹子的生长。这意味着以竹子为食物的大熊猫也将 受到威胁。 参考译文： 1.Why do people support us? Because our economy has been developing. 2.The sea level is rising little by little in the consequence of global warming. 3.Reforms and the open policy have also emancipated the minds of the people. 4.We need to be enhancing international competitiveness. 5.China’s modernization is inseparable from her economic cooperation and trade ties with other nations. 6.Higher water levels in the lake area may endanger the growing of bamboos, which means giant pandas that feed on these plants will suffer, too. 二、物称与人称（翻译下列句子，注意运用物称表达法） 我想到希望，忽然害怕起来了。 他气得话也说不出来。 我一时想不起他的名字。 我疏忽了这个问题。 我兴奋得什么话都说不出来。 走过草地几步，我们就到了一个华丽的大酒店。 你只消仔细比较一下，就会发现不同。 一看到那棵大树，我便想起了童年的情景。 恕我孤陋寡闻，对此关系一无所知。 凭良心讲，你待我礼貌有加，我却受之有愧。 参考译文： The access of hope made me suddenly afraid. Anger choked his words. His name escaped me for the moment. This point slipped my attention. Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance. A few steps across the lawn brought me to a large, splendid hotel.
英语四级汉译英专项练习 虚拟语气 1. I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around (我的家乡四季如春) 2. If you had not run the red light, the accident would not have happened(事故就不会发生了) 3. John couldn’t have known the news,otherwise he would have sent his application.(否则他早发出申请了) 4. But for his help, we could not have rent a house at such a low price. (我们就不会以这么低的价格租到房子了) 5. It was necessary that more mobile shops (should) be set up in the residential area. (在居民区设立更多的流动商店) 倒装 1. It annoyed him that no sooner had he got on the bus than he found he forget to take the wallet with him. (他刚上车，就发现忘了带钱包) 2. Not until he was showed all evidence（直到所有的证据都摆在他面前）did he confess his crime. 3. Were I in your position, I would seize the opportunity without hesitation我会毫不犹豫地抓住机会) 4. Not only did they present a musical performance (他们不仅做了音乐表演), but they also gave a brief introduction to the history of Western brass instruments. 5.Only after the accident did he have his car inspected carefully. (他才让人对他的车进行了仔细地检查). 时态和语态 1.By the end of that year, Henry had collected more than a thousand foreign stamps. (已收集了一千多张外国邮票) 2.I suppose by the time I come back from abroad all those old houses will have been pulled down(将被拆除) 3.If you get into a bath full of water(进入一个装满水的浴缸), some of the water will overflow onto the floor. 4. A broad scientific census says that the earth is experiencing significant global warming (地球气候正在明显变暖). 5. It had been raining for two days（接连下了两天大雨）and the ground was very wet. 从句 1. Mary often attempts to escape being fired whenever she breaks the traffic regulations(每当她违反交通规则的时候). 2. What seems confusing at first（开始看起来模糊不清的事情）might well become clear and organic a third time. 3. The man was left on an isolated island where he stayed for as long as half a year. (他在那里待了半年之久) 4. I’ve already told you that I’m going to buy it, no matter how much it costs. (无论花多少钱) 5.I’ll accept any job as long as I don’t have to get up early（只要无须早起）.
中译英最容易出错的11个经典句子 在长期的口译和听力口语授课中我发现，在难点汉译英的过程中，常常会出现“中式英语”翻译，即所谓的Chinglish，比如“基础建设“同学都是直接翻译成“basic construction ”，其实应该是固定的说法“infrastructure”。再比如“茶树”、“果树”等在翻译成英语时常常省略tree，因为这些词本身就包含“树”的意思，如orange(橘子树)，banana(香蕉树)等。而如果说“淡季”应该是“slack seasons”，而不是想当然的“ light seasons”，又比如“淡茶”(weak tea)，“淡水”(fresh water)等。再比如同学都最怕的一些具有中国特色的变态词汇里，最基本的“第一产业”是“the primary industry”，“第二产业”是“the secondary industry”，但“第三产业”不是“the third industry”，而是“the tertiary industry”。其实tertiary与third是同义的，都是“第三”的意思，这样用只是约定俗成。另外，“第三产业”还可以说成the service industry，因为第三产业主要是指服务业。 回忆当时我去澳大利亚的时候，我住的那家的主人Diana一次带我去悉尼著名的blue mou ntain旅游，在吃饭时我们聊到很多东西方不同的食物，我说到中国美味的dumpling(饺子)和bean curd(豆腐)，但是Diana一头雾水的样子似乎完全不理解，我心想莫非传说中老外词汇量少是事实吗，难道她不认识这两个单词？后来去了当地的超市买食材时我才发现，国外人早有约定俗成的对饺子和豆腐的说法，分别是ravioli(饺子，来自意大利语)和tofu(豆腐，来自日语)，或者其实现在直接对老外说Jiaozi他们也基本都知道，在国外的中国城这个太普遍了。再给大家介绍一系列同学们总是翻译错的 经典句子： 1 永远记住你remember you forever 不对，因为没有人能活到forever ，而应该是a lways remember you。 2 黄头发不是yellow hair，而应该是blond/blonde，西方人没有yellow hair的说法。 3 厕所绝对不是WC 或者toilet，这些是马桶和茅坑的说法，假想一下，你对老外说，不好意思，请问茅坑在哪里？你说话是不是过于洒脱，尺度太大了？正解应该是men's ro om/women's room/restroom/powder room等。 4 还有些很过时的已经可以入土的说法，比如真遗憾不要再用it's a pity ，用that's to o bad/it's a shame更流行些，还有裤子不要用trousers了，而是pants/slacks/jeans。马马虎虎最好用average/fair/all right/not too bad/OK(西方人很少使用so-so)，提到好吃不要只能反应出一个单词，就是delicious，可以多用用yummy/nice/tasty/appetizing等。
汉译英重要句型 1、比较级： It is more difficult for beginners to think in English than to speak it. 对初学者来说，用英语思维比说英语更难。 It was said that some primitive people who ate deer could run as fast as a deer. 据说有些吃鹿肉的原始人能跑得象鹿一样飞快。 The real life is far more complicated than we imagine. 现实生活比我们想象的要复杂的多。 Studies show that men are more likely to suffer from heart attacks than women. 研究表明男人比女人更容易得心脏病。 2、虚拟语气 His daughter would mot have taken apart his watch if he had come home a little earlier yesterday. 要是昨天他早一点回到家，他的女儿就不会把他的手表拆了。 You wouldn’t have got into trouble if you had taken my advice. 如果当你听从我的劝告就不会陷入困境。 Without your help we could not have finished the task yesterday. 没有你的帮忙我们昨天就完不成任务。 3、形式主语 It is not easy to find students who share your views. 要找到与你观点相同的学生并不容易。 It is said that in some single parent families children live a miserable life. 据说有些单亲家庭的孩子生活很悲惨。 It is known that the Atlantic ocean is only half as big as the pacific. 人所众知，大西洋仅有太平洋一半大。 It is not decided who will hold the meeting tomorrow. 谁主持明天的会议还没决定。 形式宾语 Most single parents find it hard to take care of a family alone. 大多数单亲父母发现独自照顾家庭有困难。 Do you think it difficult to remember these new words? 你认为这些生词很难记吗？ 4、宾语从句 Studies show that people who drink a lot are more likely to suffer from heart attacks . 研究表明大量喝酒的人更易得心脏病。 I don’t think she will buy such things as the used clothing and empty bottles. 我认为她不会买象旧衣服和空瓶子这样的东西。 Many Americans complain that the government spends too much money on those programs. 许多美国人抱怨政府在这些面目上花钱太多。 His silence showed that he had no interest in the problem. 他的沉默表明他对这个问题不感兴趣。 I know why she is angry. 我知道他为什么生气。