The "standard of living" of any country means the average person's share of the goods and services which the country produces. A country's standard of living, therefore, depends first and foremost on its capacity to produce wealth. "Wealth" in this sense is not money, for we do not live on money but on things that money can buy: "goods" such as food and clothing, and "services" such as transport and entertainment.
A country's capacity to produce wealth depends upon many factors, most of which have an effect on one another. Wealth depends to a great extent upon a country's natural resources, such as coal, gold, and other minerals, water supply and so on. Some regions of the world are well supplied with coal and minerals, and have a fertile soil and a favorable climate; other regions possess perhaps only one of these things, and some regions possess none of them. The U. S. A is one of the wealthiest regions of the world because she has vast natural resources within her borders, her soil is fertile, and her climate is varied. The Sahara Desert, on the other hand, is one of the least wealthy.
Next to natural resources comes the ability to turn them to use. China is perhaps as well off as the U. S. A. in natural resources, but suffered for many years from civil and external wars, and for this and other reasons was. unable to develop her resources. Sound and stable political conditions, and freedom from foreign invasion, enable a country to develop its natural resources peacefully and steadily, and to produce more wealth than another country equally well served by nature but less well ordered. Another important factor is the technical efficiency of a country's people. Old countries that have, through many centuries, trained up numerous skilled craftsmen and technicians are better placed to produce wealth than countries whose workers are largely unskilled. Wealth also produces wealth. As a country becomes wealthier, its people have a large margin for saving, and can put their savings into factories and machines which will help workers to turn out more goods in their working day.
1. A country's wealth depends upon______. ,
A. its standard of living
B. its money
C. its ability to provide goods and services
D. its ability to provide transport and entertainment
2. The word "foremost" means______.
A. most importantly
B. firstly
C. largely
D. for the most part
3. The main idea of the second paragraph is that______.
A. a country's wealth depends on many factors
B. the U. S. A. is one of the wealthiest countries in the world
C. the Sahara Desert is a very poor region
D. natural resources are an important factor in the wealth or poverty of a country
4. The third paragraph mentions some of the advantages which one country may have over another in making use of its resources. How many such advantages are mentioned in this paragraph?
A. 2
B. 3考试大论坛
C. 4
D. 5
5. The second sentence.in Paragraph 3 is______.
A. the main idea of the paragraph
B. an example supporting the main idea of the paragraph
C. the conclusion of the paragraph
D. not related to the paragraph
1. C
2. A
3. A
4. B
5. B
Sugar is so much a part of our modern life that we only really think about it when, for some ___1___ , we cannot obtain it. It has been known to man for at least 3,000 years, but has ___2___ into common use only in ___3___times. Until quite recently it was considered as a medicine and as a luxury for the very rich only.
Sugar is, then, ___4 ___to our civilization. But what___5___ is it? Of course, most of us recognize sugar immediately as the sweet material which we put in coffee or cakes. This common form of sugar is derived from two plants: the sugar cane (a type of grass which grows to a height of twenty feet) and the sugar beet (which grows under ground). But there are in fact many types of sugar, and the chemist recognizes hundreds of different ___6___ , each coming from a different source.
About 90% of the sugar is produced as food. Only 10% is used in industry for ___7___other than food production. Yet sugar has great possibilities for use as the basis of chemicals. It can even be used for making plastics. In the future these potential uses will certainly be developed more than in the past.来源：考试大的美女编辑们
There are many reasons why we should ___8___the production of sugar. Most important is that it is one of the most highly concentrated of energy foods.
Thus sugar cane and beet produce an average of 7,000,000 calories per acre. In this way they have the advantage over potatoes which give only 4, 000, 000, while the___9___ for wheat and beans is 2 ,000,000 each. So three acres of land growing wheat, beans and potatoes give only ___10__more energy than one acre of sugar.
A. slightly
B. intention
C. reason
D. modern
E. strongly
F. figure
G. come
H. significant
I. exactly J. increase K. proposals L. turn
M. purposes N. varieties O. serious
I. C 2. G 3. D 4. H 5. I 6. N 7. M 8. J 9. F 10. A
Pronouncing a language is a skill. Every normal person is expert in the skill of pronouncing his own language; but few people are even moderately proficient at pronouncing foreign languages. Now there are many reasons for this, some obvious, some perhaps not so obvious. But I suggest that the fundamental reason why people in general do not speak foreign languages very much better than they do is that they fail to grasp the true nature of the problem of learning to pronounce, and consequently never set about tackling it in the right way. Far too many people fail to realize that pronouncing a foreign language is a skill—one that needs careful training of a special kind, and one that cannot be acquired by just leaving it to take care of itself. I think even teachers of language, while recognizing the importance of a good accent, tend to neglect, in their practical teaching, the branch of study concerned with speaking the language. So the first point I want to make is that English pronunciation must be taught; the teacher should be prepared to devote some of the lesson time to this, and should get the student to feel that here is a matter worthy of receiving his close attention. So, there should be occasions when other aspects of English, such as grammar or spelling, are allowed for the moment to take second place.
Apart from this question of the time given to pronunciation, there are two other requirements for the teacher: the first, knowledge; the second, technique.
It is important that the teacher should be in possession of the necessary information. This can generally be obtained from books. It is possible to get from books some idea of the mechanics of speech, and of what we call general phonetic theory. It is also possible in this way to get a clear mental picture of the relationship between the sounds of different languages, between the speech habits of English people and those, say, of your students. Unless the teacher has such a picture, any comments he may make on his students' pronunciation are unlikely to be of much use, and lesson time spent on pronunciation may well be time wasted.
26. What does the writer actually say about pronouncing foreign languages?
A. Only a few people are really proficient.
B. No one is really an expert in the skill.
C. There aren't many people who are even fairly good.
D. There are even some people who are moderately proficient.
27. The writer argues that going about the problem of pronunciation in the wrong way is
A. an obvious cause of not grasping the problem correctly
B. a fundamental consequence of not speaking well
C. a consequence of not grasping the problem correctly
D. not an obvious cause of speaking poorly
28. The best way of learning to speak a foreign language, he suggests, is by_______.
A. picking it up naturally as a child
B. learning from a native speaker
C. not concentrating on pronunciation as such
D. undertaking systematic work考试大－全国最大教育类网站(www．Examda。com)
29. The value the student puts on correct speech habits depends upon_______.
A. how closely he attends to the matter
B. whether it is English that is being taught
C. his teacher's approach to pronunciation
D. the importance normally given to grammar and spelling
30. How might the teacher find himself wasting lesson time?
A. By spending lesson time on pronunciation.
B. By making ill-informed comments upon pronunciation.
C. By not using books on phonetics in the classroom.
D. By not giving students a clear mental picture of the difference between sounds.
26. C 27. C 28. D 29. C
An industrial society, especially one as centralized and concentrated as that of Britain, is heavily dependant on certain essential services: for instance, electricity supply, water, rail and road transport, the harbors. The area of dependency has widened to include removing rubbish, hospital and ambulance services, and, as the economy develops, central computer and information services as well. If any of these services ceases to operate, the whole economic system is in danger.
It is this interdependency of the economic system that makes the power of trade unions such an important issue. Single trade unions have the ability to cut off many economic blood supplies. This can happen more easily in Britain than in some other countries, in part because the labor force is highly organized. About 55 per cent of British workers belong to unions, compared to under a quarter in the
United States. For historical reasons, Britain's unions have tended to develop along trade and occupational lines, rather than on an industry-by-industry basis, which makes wage policy, democracy in industry and the improvement of procedures for fixing wage levels difficult to achieve.
There are considerable strains and tensions in the trade union movement, some of them arising from their outdated and inefficient structure. Some unions have lost many members because of industrial changes. Others are involved in arguments about who should represent workers in new trades. Unions for skilled trades are separate from general unions, which means that different levels of wages for certain jobs are often a source of bad feeling between unions. In traditional trades which are being pushed out of existence by advancing technologies, unions can fight for their members' disappearing jobs to the point where the jobs of other union's members are threatened or destroyed. The printing of newspapers both in the United States and in Britain has frequently been halted by the efforts of printers to hold on to their traditional highly-paid jobs.
1. Why is the question of trade union power important in Britain?
A. The economy is very much interdependent.
B. Unions have been established a long time.
C. There are more unions in Britain than elsewhere.
D. There are many essential services.
2. Because of their out-of-date organization some unions find it difficult to______.
A. change as industries change
B. get new members to join them
C. learn new technologies
D. bargain for high enough wages
3. Disagreements arise between unions because some of them
A. try to win over members of other unions
B. ignore agreements
C. protect their own members at the expense of others
D. take over other union's jobs来源：https://www.doczj.com/doc/3110835843.html,
4. It is difficult to improve the procedures for fixing wage levels because______.
A. some industries have no unions
B. unions are not organized according to industries
C. only 55 per cent of workers belong to unions
D. some unions are too powerful
5. Which of the following is NOT TRUE?
A. There are strains and tensions in the trade union movement.
B. Some unions have lost many members.
C. Some unions exist in the outdated structure.
D. A higher percentage of American workers belong to unions than that of British workers.
1. A
2. A
3. C
4. B
5. D
I have never attended a large company's board meeting in my life, but I feel certain that the discussion often takes the following lines. The __1__ of producing a new—for example—toothpaste would make 8 Op the decent price for it, so we will market it at ￡l. 20. It is not a bad toothpaste (not specially good either, but not bad) , and as people like to try new things it will sell well to start with; but the __2__ of novelty soon fades, so sales will __3__ . When that starts to happen we will reduce the price to ￡l. 15. And we will turn it into a bargain by printing 5p OFF all over it, whereupon people will rush to buy it
even though it still costs about forty-three percent more than its __4 __price.
Sometimes it is not 5p OFF but lp OFF. What a shame to advertise lp OFF your soap or washing powder or dog food or whatever. Even the poorest old-age pensioner ought to regard this as an insult, but he doesn't. A bargain must not be __5__ To be offered a "gift" of one penny is like being invited to dinner and offered one single pea (tastily cooked), and nothing else. Even if it represented a __6__ reduction it would be an insult. Still, people say, one has to have washing powder (or whatever) and one might as well buy it a penny cheaper. When I was a boy in Hungary a man was __7__ of murdering some?one for the sake of one pengo, the equivalent of a shilling, and pleaded__8__ The judge shouted __9__ : "To kill a man for a shilling! What can you say in your __10__ ?" The murderer replied: "A shilling here. . . a shilling there. . . " And that's what today's shopper says, too: "A penny here... a penny there. . . "
A. missed
B. defense
C. real
D. cost考试大－全国最大教育类网站(www．Examda。com)
E. anxiously
F. attraction
G. fair
H. expense
I. fall J. angrily K. dismissed L. accused
M. guilty N. faulty O. security
I. D 2. F 3. I 4. G 5. A 6. C 7. L 8. M 9. J
Putting the Sun to Work
It's a hot summer day, and you, your family, and friends decide to drive to the beach for a cookout.
When you get to the beach, the sand and the rocks are so hot that they hurt your bare feet. You put on sneakers in a hurry. The water is so bright and shining in the sun that you can hardly look at it. While the charcoal (木炭) fire is starting to burn in the cookout stove, every one goes for a swim. The water feels good—warm at the top, but cooler down around your toes.
A little wind is blowing when you come out. The fire isn't quite ready for cooking yet, so you play tag (儿童捉人游戏) or read.
For lunch there are hot dog, corn, salad and rolls, sodas, fruit, and coffee for the adults. By the time the coffee water boils and the corn and hot dogs are cooked, all the bathing suits are dry. So are the towels spread out on the rocks, in the sun.
Lunch is good. Just as you are finishing, it starts to rain so you pack up and run. But nobody minds the rain. It will cool things off.
At the same time you were having fun at the beach, work was being done. Energy from the sun was doing work. Energy, in one form or another, does all the work in the world.
Heat energy from the sun dried the towels. It heated the sand and the rocks, the water and the air. It even made the rain and the wind. Heat from the sun does small work and big work, all over the earth.
Light energy from the sun was working on the beach too. It supplied the daylight.
It lit the earth and made the sand bright and the water sparkling.
The sun also supplied the energy that grew the food you ate.
Plants use light energy from the sun to make food for themselves. The food is a kind of sugar. It is also a kind of energy called chemical energy. Green plants change light energy from the sun into chemical energy.
Plants use some of that energy for everyday living and growing. They store the rest in their leaves and seeds, in fruit, roots, stems, and berries.
The salad and the corn, the rolls, fruit, and coffee all came from plants. You and all animals depend on plants for food.
The charcoal you used for cooking began as a plant too. Once, that charcoal was a living tree that used sunlight to make food and then stored part of the food it made. The energy in this stored food remained, even after the tree died. You used that energy when you burned the charcoal.
The gasoline you used for driving to the beach began with energy from the sun, too. It was made from oil.
Oil was formed from the remains of plants and animals that lived on earth millions of years ago. The remains of ancient living things are called fossils. This is why oil is called a fossil fuel. Coal and natural gas are fossil fuels, too.
Now fossil fuels are beginning to be used up.
That's why people worry about running out of energy.
But as long as the sun shines, the earth will not run out of energy. The sun pours more energy on earth than we can ever use. Most of that energy comes to us as heat and light. Energy from the sun is called solar energy.
Solar energy is a safe kind of energy. It doesn't make pollution or have dangerous leftovers. That is why scientists and inventors are experimenting with ways of harnessing the sun to do some of the jobs fossil fuels have been doing.
But to make the sun do work like that, they have to solve some problems.
They have to collect the sun's energy. Collecting sunshine isn't easy, unless you are a plant.
Sunshine isn't easy to store, either. You can't fill a tank with it or put it in the wood box. You can't move it through a pipe or a wire. You can't turn it on.
Still, people have been using solar energy to help do their work for a long time. There are old ways and new ways of catching sunshine and putting it to work.
Suppose you were living in a cold place and going to spend the winter in a cave. Would you choose a cave that faced the winter sun or a cave that faced away from it?
You might make the same choice if you were building a house in a cold place. You would probably build the house, so the winter sun would pour in the windows to warm it. People have been building houses that way for a long time.
Is it possible to catch still more of the sun's heat in a house? Yes, Some houses also collect heat on the roof, move it indoors, store some, use some to make hot water and the rest for heating. A house like that is called a solar house.
People who build solar houses have learned how to do those things by observing how the earth itself uses solar energy.
Remember the beach?
Remember the hot sand and the hot rocks?
Some materials take in heat energy from the sun and hold it. They absorb the heat. Sand and rocks do this. So do some other solid materials, such as metals. Water absorbs the sun's heat too.
Color can also be important. Dark, dull colors absorb heat. Light-colored, shiny surfaces reflect heat. They bounce it back. That's why dark clothes are warmer in the winter and light colored clothes are cooler in the summer.
The longer it takes something to heat up, the longer that thing holds the heat. Materials that heat up fast cool off fast.
If you go back to the beach in the evening after sunset, the sand and the rocks, which heated up fast,
will be cool. But the water, which heated up slowly, will still be warm.
It takes a long time for the sun to heat the water in a big lake or ocean. But by the end of summer, a large body of water will have caught and stored enough heat from the sun to last for a good part of the winter. Water stores heat very well.
That's why land near a large body of water never gets quite as cold in the winter as land far away from the water. The stored heat in the water keeps the land around it warm.来源：考试大Slowly, all winter long, heat from the water moves out into the cold air. Heat always moves that way —from a warmer place or thing to a cooler one. Once you know which way heat moves, you understand how things get hot and how they lose heat.
1. All the work in the world is done by energy coming from the sun in one form or another.
2. As we humans depend on plants for food, plants live on chemical energy converted from light energy.
3. Unless the sun dies, it will supply endless energy on earth.
4. It has been a long time since people began to use solar energy because sunshine can be stored in houses.
5. The advantage of the solar house is that it has hot water and heating.
6. A solar house doesn't have to use electricity when it makes a good use of solar energy.
7. The passage gives a brief account of how solar energy is employed.
8. We can understand how things get hot or lose heat as long as we know______.
9. Most of the energy the sun supplies to us is in the forms of______.
10. People like to use fossil fuels to get almost all kinds of energy because they are______.
I. Y 2. Y 3. Y 4. N 5. N 6. NG 7. N 8. which way heat moves 9. heat and light 10. easy to use
四六级阅读不看文章直接选答案方法 英语四六级阅读理解如何不看文章就能答题呢？四六级英语测试中阅读理解部分是最让考生紧张而又担心的部分。许多考生在做阅读理解部分时，最大感受就是时间紧、答案选项迷惑性大。如何在没有足够时间进行深入阅读或文章太难而看不懂的情况下进行答题，我们在总结、归纳历年四、六级真题特点是基础上，向考生介绍一些紧急情况下的应试技巧。 通过研究历届四、六级阅读理解题，我们发现，在所列出的四个选项中，也有一些普遍性规律可循。如果考生了解、熟悉并掌握了这些规律，他们就可以找到做题时的“第六感觉”，达到所谓超常发挥的水平。如果考生来不及看文章，万般无奈下凭这些规律可以选中不少正确选项。 (一)答案项中有绝对语气词的一般不是正确答案项 这些语气词有：must，always，never，the most，all，only，have to，any，no，very，completely，none，hardly等。 例(1) One of the great changes brought about by the knowledge society is that _____ .(1995年6月六级题22) A. the difference between the employee and the employer has become insignificant. B. people’s traditional concepts about work no longer hold true. C. most people have to take part-time jobs. D. people have to change their jobs from time to time. 分析：四个选项中，C、D两项中都含有“have to”，语气太绝对化，一般被排除。考生在剩下两项中进行选择，就大大降低了难度。 例（2）The main idea of this passage is that _____ .(1991年6月六级题40) A．better use of green space facilities should be made so as to improve the quality of our life. B. attention must be directed to the improvement of recreative possibilities. C. the urban environment is providing more recreation activities than it did many years ago. D. priority must be given to the development of obligatory activities. 分析：B、D两项中均有must be，语气太绝对化，故一般被排除。考生结合短文内容在剩下两项中进行选择，命中率就极高了。 （二）选项中含有不十分肯定的语气词一般是正确答案项 这些语气词有：can，could，may，should，usually，might，most(大多数)，more or less，relatively，be likely to，possible，whether or，not necessarily 等。 例（1）It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes .(1999年6月四级题30) A．Americans are more ambitious than people in other countries B. in many countries success often depends on one’s social status C. American businesses are more democratic than those in other countries D. businesses in other countries are not as competitive as those in America 分析：选项B中often 一词，语气委婉，不十分肯定，故为答案。而其它三项中所表达出的语气都明显绝对化。) 例(2) According to the passage the problems of college education partly arise from the fact that A. society can’t provide enough jobs for properly trained college graduates B. high school graduates do not fit the pattern of college education C. too many students have to earn their own living D. college administrators encourage students to drop out
1、考试对象： 大学英语四、六级考试口语考试(CET Spoken English Test ，简称 CET-SET)用于考察 大学生运用英语进行口头交际的能力。CET-SET 报考对象为获得全国大学英语四、六级证书且成绩达到一定分数线的在校大学生。 教育部规定，四级笔试550分、六级520分以上的考生可以报名参加口试。 2、考试时间及地点： 四、六级口语考试为一年两次，分别在5月和11月。考试地点在考生报名的考点，具体考场在考生报名后随机编组确定。 3、报名流程： 全国大学英语四、六级考试委员会根据教育部主管部门的文件规定，在有关城市设立 若干个考点。考生到所在考试中心指定的考点报名并参加考试，报名时须随身携带身份证、二寸报名照一张及报名费用。 注意事项 考生须携带本人的准考证和身份证准时到规定的候考室报到，逾时 15 分钟不得进考场。 考生如发现准考证上的姓名有误，请在正式开考前将修改后的准考证交给主考，由主 考按身份证上的姓名核对并签名确认。 如中途无故退场，将作自动放弃考试处理，成绩一律记为不合格。 自备饮料；不得携带手机、拷机等通讯工具进入候考室。 考生须在候考室等候参加考试，在候考期间未经同意不得随意离开候考室。 考试期间，必须遵守考场纪律，服从管理人员安排。 考试结束时，必须将准考证交给主考，同时记下自己的准考证号。 考试结束后，必须立即离开考区。 4、考试形式及试题构成： CET-SET 考试采用面对面的形式，每场考试由 2 名主考和 3 (或 4 )名考生组成 CET-SET 考试分三部分： 第一部分是考生和 CET 授权的主考进行交谈，采用问答的形式。时间约 5 分钟。包括考生自我介绍、回答问题等。 第二部分包括 1.5 分钟的考生个人发言和 4.5 分钟的小组讨论。时间共约 10 分钟。 第三部分由主考再次提问以进一步确定考生的口头交际能力，由主考老师进一步提问。时间约 5 分钟。 5、考试成绩及合格证书： 口语考试成绩合格者由教育部高等教育司发给证书，证书分为 A、B 、C 三个等级，C 等以上者将获得由教育部高教司颁发的注有CET Spoken English Test成绩等级的 CET 证书，成绩低于 C 等的不发给证书。 大学英语四、六级考试口语考试能力等级标准如下： 等级等级描述 A 等能用英语就熟悉的题材进行口头交际，基本上没有困难 B 等能用英语就熟悉的题材进行口头交际，虽有些困难，但不影响交际
大学英语四级阅读理解试题及答案.
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3 大学英语四级阅读理解试题及答案（四） 十六 Trees should only be pruned when there is a good and clear reason for doing so and , fortunately,the number of such reasons is small. Pruning involves the cutting away of obergrown and unwanted branches, and the inexperienced gardener can be encouraged by the thought that more damage results from doing it unnecessarily than from leaving the tree to grow in its own way. First, pruning may be done to make sure that trees have a desired shape or size. The object may be to get a tree of the right height, and at the same time to help the growth of small side branches which will thicken its appearance or give it a special shape. Secondly, pruning may be done to make the tree healthier. You may cut diseaed or dead wood, or branches that are rubbing against each other and thus cause wounds. The health of a tree may be encouraged by removing branches that are blocking up the centre and so preventing the free movement of air. One result of pruning is that an open wound is left on the tree and this provides an easy entry for disease, but itis a wound that will heal. Often there is a race between the healing and the desease as to whether the tree will live or die, so that there is a period when the tree is at risk. It should be the aim of every gardener to reduce which has been pruned smooth and clean, for healing will be slowed down by roughness. You should allow the cut surface to dry for a few hurs and then paint it with one of the substances available from garden shops produced especially for this purpose. Pruning is usually without interference from the leaves and also it is very unlikely that the cuts yu make will bleed. If this does happen,it is, of course,impossible to paint them properly. 1.Pruning should be done to ______. a.make the tree grow taller
Passage1 Reading leadership literature, you’d sometimes think that everyone has the potential to be an effective leader. 读领导文学，你有时会认为每个人都有可能成为一个有效的领导者。 I don’t believe that to be true. In fact, I see way fewer truly effective leaders than I see people stuck in positions of leadership who arc sadly incompetent and seriously misguided about their own abilities. 我不相信这是真的。事实上，我认为真正有效的领导者的方式比我看到的人都陷在领导的职位上，遗憾的是他们自己的能力不称职，严重误导了他们。 Part of the reason this happens is a lack of honest self-assessment by those who aspire to（追求）leadership in the first place. 对产生这种现象的原因一部分是由那些渴望缺乏诚实的自我评估（追求）放在首位的领导 We've all met the type of individual who simply must take charge. Whether it's a decision-making session, a basketball game, or a family outing, they can't help grabbing the lead dog position and clinging on to it for dear life. They believe they're natural born leaders. 我们都遇到了个人的类型，他们必须负责。无论是决策会议，篮球比赛，还是家庭外出，他们都不能不抓住领导的狗的地位，并紧紧抓住它，因为亲爱的生命。他们相信他们是天生的领袖。 Truth is, they're nothing of the sort. True leaders don't assume that it's their divine（神圣的）right to take charge every time two or more people get together. Quite the opposite. A great leader will assess each situation on its merits, and will only take charge when their position, the situation, and/or the needs of the moment demand it. 事实是，他们没有什么样的。真正的领导者不认为这是他们的神圣（神圣的）负责每次两个或两个以上的人在一起吧。恰恰相反。一个伟大的领导者会对每一个情况进行评估，并在他们的位置、情况和/或需要的情况下，只会负责。
大学英语四、六级考试分数解释 大学英语四、六级考试（CET）分为四级（CET-4）和六级（CET-6）两个级别。大学英语四、六级考试的设计参照了《大学英语课程教学要求》（以下简称教学要求）。四级参照《教学要求》中规定的“一般要求”；六级参照《教学要求》中规定的“较高要求”。大学英语四、六级考试的分数报道采用常模参照方式，不设及格线。四级考试的常模群体选自全国16所高校的约三万名非英语专业的考生；六级常模群体选自全国五所重点大学的约五千名非英语专业的考生。每次考试等值后的卷面分数都参照常模转换为报道分。四、六级考试报道总分为710分，计算公式为： 公式中TotSco表示总分，X表示每位考生常模转换前的原始总分，Mean表示常模均值，SD表示常模标准差。每次四、六级考试等值后的卷面分数都将参照此常模公式转换为报道分数。 四、六级考试单项成绩有四个部分，这四个部分以及所占的分值比例为：听力占35%，阅读占35%，翻译和写作占30%。各单项报道分的满分为：听力249分，阅读249分，翻译和写作212分。各单项报道分之和等于报道总分。 每位考生的报道分在常模群体中都有一个相应的百分位位置。下面的表1 和表2是大学英语四、六级考试报道分数常模百分位对照表。举例说明表1的使用方法如下（表2的使用方法和表1相同）。 例1：某考生四级报道总分是450分，从表1可以查到其在常模群体中的相应百分位是25%，表示这名考生的英语成绩优于常模群体中25%的人，但劣于75%的人。
例2：某考生四级报道总分是500分，从表1可以查到其在常模群体中的相应百分位在44%～55%之间，表示这名考生的英语成绩至少优于常模群体中44%的人，但不会优于55%的人。 例3：某考生四级报道的听力单项分是140分，从表1可以查到其在常模群体中的相应百分位在12%，表示这名考生的听力成绩优于常模群体中12%的人。 例4：某考生四级报道的阅读单项分是140分，从表1可以查到其在常模群体中的相应百分位在17%，表示这名考生的阅读成绩优于常模群体中17%的人。 表 1：大学英语四级考试报道分数的常模百分位对照表
大学英语四级阅读理解试 题及答案一 It was last revised on January 2, 2021
大学英语四级阅读理解试题及答案（一） 一 There are three kinds of goals: short-term,medium-range and long-term goals. Short-range goals are those that usually deal with current activities,which we can apply on a daily goals can be achieved in a week or less,or two weeks,or possible should be remembered that just as a building is no stronger than its foundation ,out long-term goals cannot amount to very munch without the achievement of solid short-term completing our short-term goals,we should date the occasion and then add new short-term goals that will build on those that have been completed. The intermediate goals bukld on the foundation of the short-range might deal with just one term of school or the entire school year,or they could even extend for several time you move a step at a time,you should never allow yourself to become discouraged or overwhelmed. As you complete each step,you will enforce the belief in your ability to grow adn as your list of completion dates grow,your motivation and desire will increase. Long-range goals may be related to our dreams of the future. They might cover five years or more. Life is not a static should never allow a long-term goal to limit us or our course of action. long-term goals mean a lot__. we complete our short-range goals we cannot reach solid short-term goals we write down the dates we put forward some plans short-term goals are bulid upon__. years goals activities goals that have been completed we complete each step of our goals ,__. will win final success are overwhelmed should build up confidence of success should strong desire for setting new goals our goals are drawn up,__. should stick to them until we complete them may change our goals as we have new ideas and opportunities had better wait for the exciting news of success have made great decision is implied but not stated in the passage that ___. who habe long-term goals will succeed down the dates may discourage you
英语四六级阅读理解 1.选词填空 选词填空题是大学英语四级考试的新题型，占整个考试分值的10%。选词填空题的文章长度在220—250词左右，要求从给出的15个词中选择10个填入合适的空中。选词填空题的题目在考试*大设计时并非拿来一篇短文随便去掉几个词，设计者一般遵循以下原则：首句不设空;一句话中不设两空;设空比较均匀，基本覆盖整个段落;设空不影响考生对文章大意的理解;选项所提供的词皆为实义词，包括：名词、动词、形容词、副词等，它们与文章的上下文紧密联系;每个正确选项均有干扰项，相互干扰的选项之间不是同义词或近义词。因此，要做好选词填空题，必须要在熟悉选项、通读全文、把握文章结构与大意的前提下，根据所提供的词汇及句子的结构、语法和语篇等信息，通过逻辑推理、对比等手段最后确定答案。 (一)题型介绍 一篇长度为220个单词左右的文章，在文章当中挖掉10个单词，后面设置15个选项，要求选择正确的单词填入文章。该部分测试主要考查考生对诸如连贯性、一致性、逻辑联系等语篇、语段整体特征以及单词在实际语境中的理解。 即：要求考生在理解文章的基础上弄清篇章的宏观结构，并进一步地具体细化到对每个单词的微观处理，如词性，时态等方面。 (二)解题技巧 首先，各位考生跳读全文，根据首末段原则以及首末句原则，快速抓住文章的主题。 其次，仔细阅读各个选项。把每个单词进行分类归纳。 然后，回到文中，分析句子结构，判断出句中所缺成分及所需要词性。 最后，返回原文，检查是否通顺、内在逻辑关系是否连贯，如有问题，需要谨慎地进行微调。 (三)注意事项
①重点分析动词的时态和语态(注意一般现在时中第三人称单数形式)，名词的单复数等。根据上下文时态对应等原则，进一步缩小选择范围。 ②选项中出现一组反义词时，有一个是干扰选项。 ③选项中出现代词时，该选项一定不能放在首句。 ④选项中出现一组近义词时，有一个通常是干扰选项，它注重考查的是词汇的精确理解。 ⑤选项为连词时，要特别注意句子间存在的逻辑关系。 常见的逻辑关系：因果，并列平行，递进，转折，对比，前后意思一致等。 ⑥先易后难，要有全局观。 做题时先把最有把握的词挑出，然后去除该选项，逐步缩小选择范围。 选词填空题的解题步骤及技巧： 一、浏览全文和选项 这一步是为了了解文章的大致内容和选项，做到心中有数。主要关注文章中涉及的人物、事件、地方、原因以及结果。反复出现的词将会是帮助大家掌握文章大致内容的重要线索。 二、确定选项的词性 选项中的15个词是考查的关键，对于熟悉的单词标明词性和词义，不熟悉的单词或者不认识的单词只需标明词性。 辨别词性要注意以下几点： 1. 动词分为谓语动词和非谓语动词。非谓语动词包括：动词不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词。过去分词有两种可能性(形容词和动词的过去分词), 无法确定时标问号。
大学英语四级阅读理解（1）We find that bright children are rarely held back by mixed-ability teaching. On the contrary, both their knowledge and experience are enriched. We feel that there are many disadvantages in streaming(把......按能力分班) pupils. It does not take into account the fact that children develop at different rates. It can have a bad effect on both the bright and the not-so-bright child. After all, it can be quite discouraging to be at the bottom of the top grade! Besides, it is rather unreal to grade people just according to their intellectual ability. This is only one aspect of their total personality. We are concerned to develop the abilities of all our pupils to the full, not just their academic ability. We also value personal qualities and social skills, and we find that mixed-ability teaching contributes to all these aspects of learning. In our classrooms, we work in various ways. The pupils often work in groups: this gives them the opportunity to learn to co-operate, to share, and to develop leadership skills. They also learn how to cope with personal problems as well as learning how to think, to make decisions, to analyse and evaluate, and to communicate effectively. The pupils learn from each other as well as from the teacher. Sometimes the pupils work in pairs; sometimes they work on individual tasks and assignments, and they can do this at their own speed. They also have some formal class teaching when this is appropriate. We encourage our pupils to use the library, and we teach them the skills they need in order to do this efficiently. An advanced pupil can do advanced work: it does not matter what age the child is. We expect our pupils to do their best, not their least, and we give them every
英语四六级考试全攻略 一、英语四六级考试大纲简介 1、四级 l）词汇：4200单词（复用式掌握2500）＋1600短语；4200＝1800（中学）＋2400（大学）。 2）语法：固定结构和搭配 3）阅读：300词篇幅；70词/分；生词不超过总词数3％；快速阅读100词/分。4）听力：130-150词/分；简短会话、谈话、报道或讲座。 5）说话：语音语调；简短发言。 6）写作：120-150词的短文；日常应用文（如信函、简历）。 7）翻译：英译汉，300词/时；汉译英，250字/时。 2、六级 1．词汇：5500词（复用式掌握3000）＋1900短语（含4级短语）；5500＝4200（4级）＋1300（5－6级）。 2．阅读：350词篇幅；70词/分；生词不超过总词数3％；快速阅读120词/分。3．听力：分析、判断和推理；150－170词/分；较长的会话、谈话、报道和讲座。 4．说话：语音语调；简短的交谈、讨论和发言。 5．写作：150－180词的短文；日常应用文（如信函、简历）。 6．翻译：英译汉，350词/时；英译汉，300字/时。 二、考前准备 1．整理为主，专攻为辅：在考试只剩10来天时间里面，考生应把精力主要放在整理之前所做过的练习，总结自己的错误和弱点，并采取相应的解决措施。2．自信先行，寓学于乐：自信心理的调整是极其重要的，考生应学会进行积极有效的自我心理暗示，要知道，四六级只不过是你们通往考研或是其它更高目标的第一步而已。此外，在最后的这些天，大家可以放松心情，看看原声电影或是收听英语节目，这样既可以避免考前厌倦或疲惫，又可以调整应试状态。 三、应试技巧
大学英语四级阅读理解试题 Many people believe the glare from snow causes snowblindnenss. Yet, dark glasses or not , they find themselves suffering from headaches and watering eyes,and even snowblindness,when exposed to several hours of "snow light" . The United States Army has now determined that glare from snow does not cause snowblindness in troops in a snow- covered , a man's eyes frequently find nothing to foucs on in a broad expanse of barren snow-covered terrain. So his gaze continually shifts and jumps back and forth over the entire landscape in search of tsomething to look at. Finding nothing, hour after hour, the eyes never sotp searching and the eyeballs become sore and the eye muscles ache. Nature offsets this irritation by producing more and fluid which covers the eyeball. The fluid coversthe eyeball in increasing quantity until vision blurs, then is obsured,and the result is total, even though temporary,snowblindness. Experiments led the Army to a simple method of overcoming this problem. Scouts ahead of a main body of troops are
四级第二套 Section C Passage One Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage. Across the rich world, well-educated people increasingly work longer than the less-skilled. Some 65% of American men aged 62-74 with a professional degree are in the workforce, compared with 32% of men with only a high-school certificate. This gap is part of a deepening divide between the well-educatedwell-off and the unskilled poor. Rapid technological advance has raised the incomes of the highly skilled while squeezing those of the unskilled. The consequences, for individuals and society, are profound. The world is facing an astonishing rise in the of old people, and they will live longer than ever before. Over the next 20 years the global population of those aged 65 or more will almost double, from 600 million to 1.1 billion. The experience of the 20th century, when greater longevity(长寿)translated into more years in retirement rather than more years at work, has persuaded many observers that this shift will lead to slower economic growth, while the swelling ranks of pensioners will create government budget problems. But the notion of a sharp division between the working young and the idle old misses a new trend, the growing gap between the skilled and the unskilled. Employment rates are failing among younger unskilled people, whereas older skilled folk are working longer.The divide is most extreme in America, where well-educated baby-boomers(二战后生育高峰期出生的美国人)areputting off retirement while many less-skilled younger people have abandoned policies that used Xto retire early. Rising life expectancy(预期生命),combined with the replace- Xpension plans with less generous defined-contribution ones, means that even the better-off must work longer to have a comfortable retirement. But the changing nature of work also plays a big role. Pay has risen sharply for the highly educated, and those people continue to reap rich rewards into old age because these days the educated elderly are more productive that the preceding generation. Technological charge may well reinforce that shift; the skills that complement computers, from management knowhow to creativity, do not necessarily decline with age. 57.What is happening in the workforce in rich countries? A.Younger people are replacing the elderly. B.Well-educated people tend to work longer. C.Unemployment rates are rising year after year. D.People with no collage degree do not easily find work. 【答案】B 58.What has helped deepen the divide between the well-off and the poor? A.Longer life expectancies. B.A rapid technological advance. C.Profound changes in the workforce. D.A growing number of the well-educated. 【答案】B 59.What do many observers predict in view of the experience of the experience of the 20th century? A.Economic growth will slow down.
As the pace of life continues to increase ,we are fast losing the art of relaxation. Once you are in the habit of rushing through lift,being on the go from morning till night, it is hard to slow down. But relaxation is essential for a healthy mind and body. Stress is an natural part of everyday lift and there is no way to avoid it. In fact ,it is not the bad thing it is often supposed to be .A certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation adn give purpose to life. It is only when the stress gets out of control that it can lead to poor performance and ill health. The amount of stress a person can withstand depends very much on the individual. Some people are not afraid of stress,and such characters are obviously prime material for managerial responsibilities. Others lose heart at the first signs of unusual difficulties. When exposed to stress,in whatever form,we react both chemically and physically. In fact we make choice between "fight" or "flight" and in more primitive days the choice made the difference between life or death. The crises we meet today are unlikely to be so extreme,but however little the stress,it involves the same response. It is when such a reaction lasts long,through continued exposure to stress,that health becomes endangered.Such serious conditions as high blood pressure and heart disease have established links with stress.Since we cannot remove stress from our lives(it would be unwise to do so even if we could),we need to find ways to deal with it. 1.People are finding less and less time for relaxing themselves because_____. a.they do not know how to enjoy themselves b.they do not believe that relaxation is important for health c.they are travelling fast all the time d.they are becoming busier with their work 2.According to the writer ,the most important character for a good manager is his ________. a.not fearing stress b.knowing the art of relaxation c.high sense of responsibility d.having control over performance 3.Which of the follwing statements is ture? a.We can find some ways to avoid stress b.Stress is always harmful to people