Axial transport and residence time of MSW in rotary kilns Part I. Experimental

Catalytic CO 2hydration by immobilized and free human carbonic anhydrase II in a laminar flow microreactor –Model and simulationsIon Iliuta,Maria Cornelia Iliuta,Faical Larachi ⇑Department of Chemical Engineering,Laval University,Québec,Canada G1V 0A6a r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 2April 2012Received in revised form 9November 2012Accepted 9January 2013Available online 26January 2013Keywords:Laminar flow microreactor CO 2hydrationHuman carbonic anhydrase II Modeling Simulationa b s t r a c tEx vivo applications of human carbonic anhydrase II (HCA II)for its potential in CO 2capture technologies are emerging owing to the formidably large hydration turnover number Nature endowed this enzyme with to catalyze aqueous hydration of CO 2near diffusion limits.In this work,we investigated the CO 2hydration process catalyzed by solution-phase or immobilized HCA II enzyme in a laminar flow microreactor with the purpose to simulate the reaction–transport of HCA II in microchannels.The effects of operating condi-tions as well as the contribution of carbonic anhydrase on the performances of the CO 2hydration process are presented.Numerical simulations indicate that in laminar flow microreactor with HCA II immobilized on the inner surface of the tube,interpreting the data as a one-dimensional plug flow results will lead to significant error.Therefore,coupling of transport phenomena and surface enzymic reaction necessitates the use of a two-dimensional analysis.Simulations reveal that hydrodynamic and diffusional constraints do not permit reasonable utilization of the immobilized HCA II enzyme in a laminar flow microreactor,even if HCA II has a very high hydration turnover and the uncatalyzed bulk CO 2hydration is the dominant pro-cess.In the microreactor with solution-phase HCA II enzyme ‘‘plug flow’’is achieved under laminar flow conditions and the contribution of uncatalyzed CO 2hydration process is not considerable.Ó2013Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionThe reversible hydration of carbon dioxide catalyzed by human carbonic anhydrase II (HCA II)in aqueous solutions has been exten-sively investigated,mainly from a biochemistry and catalytic standpoint [1–4].HCA II-catalyzed CO 2=HCO À3inter-conversion plays a significant role in a multitude of physiological processes such as pH homoeostasis,respiratory gas exchange,photosynthe-sis,ion transport,as well as it is a fairly important reaction for drug design [5]and has been thoroughly investigated and described in a number of reviews [6–9].Emerging ex vivo applications of HCA II for its potential use in CO 2capture and sequestration technologies have recently at-tracted the researchers’attention [10,11].The main incitement to this interest is the very high hydration turnover,k h %106s À1,and 2nd-order rate constant,k h =K CO 2%108M À1s À1,that Nature endowed this enzyme with to effectuate catalytic hydration of CO 2near the limits imposed by diffusion encounters in aqueous media [12].Unfortunately,application of free HCA II enzyme in solution-phase is not always suitable and optimal because of the large volume of enzyme required.Binding of HCA II enzyme on a solid support is an attractive modification of its application having several advantages,including easier separation of the reaction products without catalyst contamination,ability to recover and re-use the enzyme,increase of the enzyme stability and operational lifetime,continuous operation of enzymatic processes and flexibil-ity of the reactor design [13,14].However,attaching HCA II to a so-lid macrosurface may lead the enzyme to behave differently [14]because:(i)the immobilization may cause the enzyme molecules to adopt a different conformation;(ii)the immobilized enzyme ex-ists in an environment different from that when it is in solution-phase;(iii)there is a partitioning of substrate between the solution and support,with the result that the substrate concentration in the neighborhood of the enzyme may be significantly different from that in the bulk solution;and (iv)diffusional effects play a more important role with immobilized enzymes.The present contribution focuses on the CO 2hydration process catalyzed by solution-phase or immobilized HCA II enzyme in a laminar flow microreactor –which allows strict control of reaction conditions in time.The objective lies on exploring the possibility to use this micro enzyme reactor system as a tool for further under-standing and development of CO 2hydration process with a view to elaborate a comprehensive theoretical framework of these sys-tems and to apply it for experimental data reduction.The behavior of CO 2hydration laminar flow microreactor with human carbonic anhydrase attached to the inner surface of the tube was explored using a detailed kinetic model developed for reversible CO 2hydra-tion catalyzed by solution-phase HCA II (pseudo random Quad1383-5866/$-see front matter Ó2013Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved./10.1016/j.seppur.2013.01.006⇑Corresponding author.E-mail addresses:ion.iliuta@gch.ulaval.ca (I.Iliuta),maria.iliuta@gch.ulaval.ca (M.C.Iliuta),rachi@gch.ulaval.ca (rachi).Quad Iso Ping Pong mechanism with one transitory complex[15]). Particular attention has been given to the following items:(i)util-ity of the numerical simulations for refining the reactor operating conditions when determining the catalyzed CO2hydration kinetics data in a laminarflow microreactor with immobilized human car-bonic anhydrase,(ii)numerical identification of conditions,if any, to approximate plugflow operation,and(iii)evaluation of the ef-fects of uncatalyzed CO2hydration and two-dimensionality of the flow on laminarflow microreactor performance.Finally,we reveal the difficulties that result in interpreting the data obtained when HCA II is immobilized on the microreactor wall.minarflow microreactor modelThe system considered consists of a circular tube with solution-phase HCA II enzyme or with HCA II enzyme uniformly attached on its inner surface.The microreactor is isothermal.The entireflow in the tube may be viewed as consisting of three sections[13]:the so-called hydrodynamic inlet section,the concentration inlet section, and the fully developed section.In the hydrodynamic inlet section the initiallyflat liquid velocity profile evolves toward a parabolic velocity profile which remains translationally invariant in the downstream direction.The hydrodynamic inlet section is esti-mated to be fairly short(less than1mm)compared to the total length of the tube(0.1m)and we may consider that the laminar flow with a parabolic velocity profile is developed from the en-trance of the tube.Owing to the enzymatic reaction in solution-phase or on the tube wall and the diffusion of substrate towards the wall,the initiallyflat concentration profile changes gradually and becomes fully established in the third region.Flat entrance velocity profile would tend to shorten residence time of liquid lay-ers nearby the wall.In the presence of the chemical reaction,this leads to radial reactant concentration gradients which are larger than those with parabolic velocity profiles.Hence,‘‘all-through’’parabolic velocity profiles are expected to lead to lesser conver-sions thanflat entrance velocity profiles evolving towards para-bolic.However,it is reasonable to assume that our simulations lead to conservative estimation of CO2conversion in the presence of solution-phase HCA II enzyme or HCA II immobilized enzyme.The pseudo random Quad Quad Iso Ping Pong mechanism with one transitory complex,which implies a possible competitive in-ter-molecular proton transfer step by the CO2=HCOÀ3pair with re-spect to external buffer(B),was used to describe the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide catalyzed by human carbonic anhy-drase II[15]:CO2þZnOHÀðEÞ¢ZnHCOÀ3ðESÞð1ÞH2OþZnHCOÀ3ðESÞ¢HCOÀ3þZnH2OðE WÞð2ÞE W¢H Eð3ÞBþZnH2OðH EÞ¢BHþþZnOHÀðEÞð4ÞHCOÀ3þZnH2OðH EÞ¢CO2þH2OþZnOHÀðEÞð5ÞThe mechanism of uncatalyzed hydration of CO2and dehydra-tion of H2CO3under the conditions used in enzymatic process was described in the following way[16]:H2OþCO2¢k31k13HþþHCOÀ3ð6ÞHþþHCOÀ3¢k12k21H2CO3ð7ÞH2OþCO2¢k32k23H2CO3ð8Þ2.1.Model for CO2hydration laminarflow microreactor with immobilized HCAII enzymeThe unsteady-state mass balance equations for a chemical species j in the liquid phase are formulated taking into account that in laminarflow regime the transport in the lateral direction occurs as a result of molecular diffusion only and the transport in the longitudinal direction occurs by both advection and diffusion:@C CO2@tþ2m‘1ÀrR2@CCO2@z¼D CO2@2C CO2þD CO21@r@C CO2ÀR ucCO2ðC jÞð9Þ@C HCOÀ3þ2m‘1Àr 2@CHCOÀ3¼D HCOÀ3@2C HCOÀ3þD HCOÀ31@r@C HCOÀ3þR ucCO2ðC jÞð10Þ@C B@tþ2m‘1ÀrR2@CB@z¼D B@2C B@z2þD B1r@@rr@C B@rð11Þ@C BHþ@tþ2m‘1ÀrR2@CBHþ@z¼D BHþ@2C BHþ@z2þD BHþ1r@@rr@C BHþ@rð12ÞTo complete the description of the system,the following initial and boundary conditions are written:t¼0C jð0;z;rÞ¼C injð13Þz¼0C jðt;0;rÞ¼C injð14Þz¼L@C j@zðt;L;rÞ¼0ð15ÞNomenclaturea s specific surface area,m2=m3reactorC E0enzyme load,kmol=m3reactorC j concentration of species j in liquid phase,kmol/m3D j molecular diffusion coefficient in liquid phase,m2/s L microreactor length,mr radial position within microreactor,mR microreactor radiusR j reaction rate,kmol/m3s t time,sv‘liquid velocity,m/s z axial coordinate,m Subscripts/Superscriptsc catalyzedin microreactor inlet uc uncatalyzed62I.Iliuta et al./Separation and Purification Technology107(2013)61–69r¼0@C j@rðt;z;0Þ¼0ð16Þr¼RÀD j @C jðt;z;RÞa s¼R cjðC j jr¼RÞð17ÞThe boundary condition selected for the outlet does not set any restrictions except that convection dominates transport out of the reactor.Thus this condition keeps the outlet boundary open with-out restrictions on the concentration.2.2.Model for CO2hydration laminarflow microreactor with solution-phase HCAII enzymeThe unsteady-state mass balance equations for a chemical spe-cies j in the liquid phase are:@C CO2 @t þ2m‘1ÀrR2@CCO2@z¼D CO2@2C CO2@z2þD CO21r@@rr@C CO2@rÀR ucCO2ðC jÞÀR cCO2ðC jÞð18Þ@C HCOÀ3þ2m‘1Àr 2@CHCOÀ3¼D HCOÀ3@2C HCOÀ3þD HCOÀ31@r@C HCOÀ3þR ucCO2ðC jÞþR cCO2ðC jÞð19Þ@C B @t þ2m‘1ÀrR2@CB@z¼D B@2C B@z2þD B1r@@rr@C B@rÀR cCO2ðC jÞð20Þ@C BHþ@t þ2m‘1ÀrR2@CBHþ@z¼D BHþ@2C BHþ@z2þD BHþ1r@@rr@C BHþ@rþR cCO2ðC jÞð21ÞThe initial and boundary conditions are:t¼0C jð0;z;rÞ¼C injð22Þz¼0C jðt;0;rÞ¼C injð23Þz¼L@C j@zðt;L;rÞ¼0ð24Þr¼0@C jðt;z;0Þ¼0ð25Þr¼R@C jðt;z;RÞ¼0ð26ÞThe boundary condition selected for r=R makes sure that nomaterialflow through the reactor wall.2.3.Uncatalyzed CO2hydration kineticsThe overall rate of uncatalyzed conversion of dissolved CO2tobicarbonate developed by Ho and Sturtevant(1963)was used[16]:R ucCO2¼k031C CO2Àk013C HþC HCOÀ3where k031¼k31þk32;k013¼k13þk23=K H2CO3ð27ÞThe rate constants at25°C are:k031¼0:037sÀ1andk013¼5:5Â104m3=kmol s[16].Table1The rate constant aggregates,turnover,apparent Michaelis and inhibition constants [15].Rate constant aggregates Turnover,apparent Michaelis and inhibitionconstantsk3k1¼9:5Â10À3M k h¼1:1Â106sÀ1;k d¼9:4Â104sÀ1 K Ea1k1þk5¼8:4Â106MÀ1sÀ1K CO2¼9:5mMk1kÀ1¼1:11Â103MÀ1K B1¼5:2mM;K BHþ1¼0:23mMK HCOÀ3¼22:2mMK i HCOÀ3;1¼14:8mM;K i HCOÀ3;2¼127:9mM;K i HCOÀ3;3¼37:5mM;K i HCOÀ3;4¼61:9mM;K i HCOÀ3;5¼12:2mMTable2The equilibrium constants[15].Equilibrium constant ValueCO2þH2O¢HCOÀ3þHþKa1¼½HCOÀ3 ½Hþ2;mol=l p K a1=5.97Proton-transfer group acid dissociationH E¢EþHþKE¼½E ½Hþ½H E;mol=l p K E=7.1Catalytic group acid dissociationE W¢EþHþKE ¼½E ½Hþ½E W;mol=l p K E%7.1BþHþBHþKa2¼½B ½Hþ½BHþ;mol=lBuffer:Na2HPO4p K a2=7.2 1,2-Dimethylimidazole(1,2-DMI)p K a2=8.2I.Iliuta et al./Separation and Purification Technology107(2013)61–69632.4.Catalyzed CO2hydration kineticsThe pseudo random Quad Quad Iso Ping Pong mechanism with one transitory complex,which implies a possible competitive in-ter-molecular proton transfer step by the CO2=HCOÀ3pair with re-spect to external buffer,B,was used to describe the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide catalyzed by HCA II[15]:In addition to enzyme isomerization,the model takes into ac-count the intermolecular CO2=HCOÀ3-subtended proton transfer viaa½CO2 Á½HCOÀ3coupling,the CO2=HCOÀ3-subtended proton transfervia½HCOÀ32and½CO2 Á½HCOÀ32couplings,and the enzyme-substratetransitory complex via½CO2 Á½HCOÀ3Á½B coupling.The hydration and dehydration turnover rate constants,k h and k d,the apparent Michaelis constants,K CO2,K HCOÀ3,K B,KþBH,and the apparent bicarbon-ate inhibition constants,K i HCOÀ3;jare defined as follows:k h%K a1K Ek3k1K EK a1k1þk5;k d%K a1K Ek3k1K EK a1k1þk51þk3À1ð29ÞK CO2%k3k1;K HCOÀ3%21þk3kÀ1K a1K Ek3k1;K B¼K B1K EþK a2K E;K BHþ¼K BHþ1K EþK a2K a2ð30ÞTable3Laminarflow microreactor operating conditions.Operating conditions DataChannel diameter 2.0mmMicroreactor length0.1mActive HCA II loading4:32Â10À7kmol=m3reactor Microreactor temperature298KInlet CO2concentration0.017mol/lInlet superficial liquid velocity0.0025–0.0.005m/sR c CO2¼k h C CO2C BÀK a2a1C HCOÀ3C BHþ1þC HCOÀ3i HCOÀ3;3C E0K B C CO2þK CO2C BþK B2K EK a1C HCOÀ3þ2K CO2K a2K EC BHþþC CO2C Bþ2K CO2K HCOÀ3K a2K EC HCOÀ3C BHþþK BK i HCOÀ3;1C CO2C HCOÀ3Â1K CO2K i HCOÀ3;2C B C HCOÀ3þ12K BK i HCOÀ3;3K EK a1C HCOÀ32þK BK i HCOÀ3;1K i HCOÀ3;4C CO2C HCOÀ32þ1K i HCOÀ3;5C CO2C B C HCOÀ3ð28Þ64I.Iliuta et al./Separation and Purification Technology107(2013)61–69K i HCOÀ3;1%2K a1K Ek1kÀ1þ2k1k3k5K Ea1k1þk5!À1;K i HCOÀ3;2¼K a1EK CO2;K i HCOÀ3;3¼K a1Ek31K EK a1k1þk55ð31ÞK i HCOÀ3;4¼K2i HCOÀ3;3K i HCOÀ3;3ÀK i HCOÀ3;1;K i HCOÀ3;5¼121K i HCOÀ3;1À1K i HCOÀ3;3!À1ð32ÞThe rate constant aggregates with the inferred turnover and apparent Michaelis constant and inhibition constants are tabulated in Table1.The equilibrium constants are given in Table2.The ki-netic model was developed for reversible hydration of carbon diox-ide in the presence of solution-phase human carbonic anhydrase II. However,the kinetic model is expected to be suitable under immo-bilization enzyme conditions taking into account the comparable CO2removal efficiency of the immobilized HCA II and the soluble counterpart for extended periods[17].2.5.Method of solutionIn order to solve the system of partial differential equations,we discretized in space and solved the resulting set of ordinary differential equations.The spatial discretization was performed using the standard cell-centeredfinite difference scheme.The GEAR integration method for stiff differential equations was em-ployed to integrate the time derivatives.The relative error toler-ance for the time integration process in the present simulations was set at10À6for each time step.3.Results and discussionThe model was initially used to compare the performance of the laminarflow microreactor with solution-phase or immobilized HCA II enzyme under the same HCA II loading.Both catalyzed and uncat-alyzed CO2hydration processes were considered.Figs.1and2show typical CO2and HCOÀ3radial and axial steady-state concentration profiles obtained under the same operating conditions(Table3).Dif-fusional effects are more important with immobilized HCA II en-zyme(Fig.1a)and the result is a lower CO2conversion(Fig.2a). On the other side,with solution-phase HCA II enzyme,the species concentration is nearly uniform in the radial direction(Fig.1b) and this is close to the ideal‘‘plugflow’’conditions[18].Numerical simulations indicate that in laminarflow microreactor with the HCA II immobilized on the inner surface of the tube the coupling of transport phenomena and chemical reaction necessitates the use of two-dimensional analysis in processing the experimental data.I.Iliuta et al./Separation and Purification Technology107(2013)61–6965Interpreting the data as one-dimensional plugflow results will leadto significant error.It is of interest to investigate the behavior of CO2hydration pro-cess by forcing artificially silencing of the uncatalyzed conversion of dissolved CO2to bicarbonate(Figs.3and4).As expected,with solution-phase HCA II enzyme the contribution of uncatalyzed CO2hydration is reduced and the overall reaction rate is dominated by the enzymatic process(Fig.4b).On the other side,the uncata-lyzed CO2hydration is the prevailing process when HCA II enzyme is immobilized on the inner surface of the tube.Due to consider-able diffusional limitations(Fig.3a),a relatively small amount of HCOÀ3is produced by catalyzed CO2hydration process(Fig.4a). Therefore,the hydrodynamic and diffusional constraints in laminar flow microreactors do not permit a reasonable utilization of HCA II enzyme immobilized on the inner surface of the tube.It is antici-pated that such behavior will generate difficulties in interpreting experimental data obtained with immobilized HCA II enzymes.Un-der these conditions,the microreactor configuration must be se-lected accurately to exploit the absorption potential of HCA II enzyme(e.g.,enhanced mixing to disrupt adjacent laminarfluid streams by adding internals in the microchannel).In laminarflow microreactors,an important parameter which dictates mixing in the radial direction is the molecular diffusion coefficient.The influence of the diffusion coefficients on the CO2 hydration process under immobilized HCA II enzyme conditions is illustrated in Figs.5and6where both catalyzed and uncatalyzed CO2hydration processes were considered.It is evident that an in-crease in the molecular diffusion coefficient(a10-fold increase with respect to estimated values with Frank et al.[19]and Wil-ke-Chang(Reid et al.[20])correlations)leads to higher mass trans-ferfluxes transported between the liquid and the catalytic solid surface(Fig.5)and the result is a higher CO2conversion(Fig.6a). Theoretically,as the molecular diffusion coefficient continues to increase,the mixing in the radial direction will become faster as well as theflux of CO2toward the walls will be promoted.The high degree of mixing in the radial direction will lead to a more uniform distribution of mass across the cross section and a higher CO2 conversion.Figs.7and8show CO2and HCOÀ3axial and radial steady-state concentration profiles obtained for two values of liquid velocity in the laminarflow microreactor with immobilized HCA II enzyme. Two cases were simulated:(i)catalyzed CO2hydration process was considered only,and(ii)both catalyzed and uncatalyzed CO2 hydration processes were considered.As expected,CO2conversion increases with the decrease of liquid velocity due to higher resi-dence time(Fig.7).At lower liquid velocity,diffusional limitation continues to be considerable(Fig.8a)and the uncatalyzed CO2 hydration becomes more important(Figs.7and8b).The perfor-mance of the laminarflow microreactor with solution-phase HCA II enzyme increases slowly(not shown)with the decrease of liquid velocity.66I.Iliuta et al./Separation and Purification Technology107(2013)61–69Figs.9and10show the effect of the inlet buffer(Na2HPO4)con-centration on the axial and radial steady-state concentration pro-files without uncatalyzed CO2hydration in the laminarflow microreactor with solution-phase or immobilized HCA II,under the same HCA II loading.Buffers in solution participate as pro-ton-transfer agents in the catalyzed CO2hydration process.Low buffer concentration displaces the hydration into a regime where the inter-molecular proton transfer is rate determining and CO2 hydration rate is small.On the contrary,sufficiently high buffer concentrations ensures that inter-molecular proton transfer is not rate limiting and CO2hydration rate is large.This behavior ex-plains the raise of CO2conversion with the increase of inlet buffer concentration(Figs.9and10a).The enhancement is less important with immobilized HCA II enzyme because of the lower mass trans-ferfluxes of buffer transported between the liquid and the immo-bilized HCA II enzyme due to the diffusional limitation(Fig.9b). Fig.10b shows,once more,that the solution-phase HCA II enzyme system is a non-diffusion limited system and‘‘concentration’’plug flow is achieved in laminarflow.Fig.11shows the influence of the type of buffer(characterized by the equilibrium constant K a2)on the radial steady-state concen-tration profiles in the laminarflow microreactor with immobilized HCA II enzyme.Both catalyzed and uncatalyzed CO2hydration processes were considered.The buffers used in simulations are: Na2HPO4and1,2-dimethylimidazole.CO2conversion increases with the decrease of equilibrium constant K a2due to the higher CO2hydration driving force.The raise is less important with immo-bilized HCA II enzyme due to diffusional limitation(Fig.11).In the laminarflow microreactor with immobilized HCA II en-zyme–a diffusion limited system as mention above–the cata-lyzed CO2hydration process is largely dictated by the diffusive fluxes between the liquid and the immobilized HCA II enzyme. Therefore,the system is not very sensitive to the increase of cata-lyzed CO2hydration kinetic parameters.A10-fold increase in the reactor HCA II loading and hydration turnover does not have a sig-nificant effect on the CO2hydration process.So,because of diffu-sion limitations,the laminarflow microreactor with immobilized HCA II enzyme on the internal surface is not suitable for kinetic studies,unless a method to enhancefluid mixing is employed. On the contrary,in laminarflow microreactor with solution-phase HCA II enzyme,non-diffusion limited system,the catalyzed CO2 hydration process is largely dictated by the kinetics.A10-fold in-crease in molecular diffusion coefficients values does not have a significant effect on the CO2hydration process.4.ConclusionThe behavior of CO2absorption enhanced by the enzyme car-bonic anhydrase in a laminarflow microreactor was studied withI.Iliuta et al./Separation and Purification Technology107(2013)61–6967the purpose to understand the mechanism of HCA II enzyme reac-tions in a microchannel for further development of this process. The effects of operating conditions as well as the contribution of carbonic anhydrase on the performances of CO2hydration are pre-sented.Numerical simulations indicate that in laminarflow mic-roreactor with the HCA II immobilized on the inner surface of the tube the coupling of transport phenomena and chemical reaction necessitates the use of a two-dimensional analysis for data inter-pretation as a one-dimensional plugflow description will lead to significant error.The laminarflow microreactor with immobilized HCA II enzyme is a diffusion limited system and hydrodynamic and diffusional constraints do not permit a reasonable utilization of the immobilized HCA II enzyme even if HCA II has a very high hydra-tion turnover(a better mixing is necessary to disrupt adjacent lam-inarfluid streams).The uncatalyzed CO2hydration is the dominant process and this behavior will generate difficulties in interpreting the experimental data.Because of diffusion limitations,the laminar flow microreactor with immobilized HCA II enzyme on the internal surface is not suitable for kinetic studies,unless a method to en-hancefluid mixing is employed.In the microreactor with solu-tion-phase HCA II enzyme–a non-diffusion limited system,‘‘concentration plugflow’’is achieved under laminarflow condi-tions,the enzymatic contribution to the overall reaction rate is large and therefore the contribution of uncatalyzed CO2hydration process is not considerable.Any future modeling studies of mixing in capillaries equipped with internals to enhance mass transfer must benchmark or com-pare the enzymatic performance results with the present empty capillary case.A branch which can take advantage of presentfind-ing is the design of reliable‘‘kinetic study’’devices more appropri-ate for immobilized enzymes.Our present contribution is on the right direction to help elucidating diffusion–reaction couplings for high-turnover enzymes.References[1]S.H.Koenig,R.D.Brown,H2CO3as substrate for carbonic anhydrase in thedehydration of HCOÀ3,Proc.Nat.Acad.Sci.69(1972)2422–2425.[2]D.N.Silverman,S.Lindskog,The catalytic mechanism of carbonic anhydrase:implications of a rate-limiting protolysis of water,Acc.Chem.Res.21(1988) 30–36.[3]S.Lindskog,Structure and mechanism of carbonic anhydrase,Pharmacol.Ther.74(1997)1–20.[4]D.N.Silverman,R.McKenna,Solvent-mediated proton transfer in catalysis bycarbonic anhydrase,Acc.Chem.Res.40(2007)669–675.[5]V.M.Krishnamurthy,G.K.Kaufman,A.R.Urbach,I.Gitlin,K.L.Gudiksen,D.B.Weibel,G.M.Whitesides,Carbonic anhydrase as a model for biophysical and physical–organic studies of proteins and protein–ligand binding,Chem.Rev.108(2008)946–1051.[6]Y.Pocker,S.Sarkanen,Carbonic anhydrase:structure,catalytic versatility,andinhibition,Adv.Enzymol.47(1978)149–274.[7]S.Lindskog,Carbonic anhydrase,Adv.Inorg.Biochem.4(1982)115–170.68I.Iliuta et al./Separation and Purification Technology107(2013)61–69。

MBA英语阅读精讲汇粹（8）Passage Eight(The Development of Cities)Mass transportation revised the social and economic fabric of the American city in three fundamental ways. It catalyzed physical expansion, it sorted out people and land uses, and it accelerated the inherent instability of urban life. By opening vast areas of unoccupied land for residential expansion, the omnibuses, horse railways, commuter trains, and electric trolleys pulled settled regions outward two to four times more distant form city centers than they were in the premodern era. In 1850, for example, the borders of Boston lay scarcely two miles from the old business district; by the turn of the century the radius extended ten miles. Now those who could afford it could live far removed from the old city center and still commute there for work, shopping, and entertainment. The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl. Between 1890 and 1920, for example, some 250,000 new residential lots were recorded within the borders of Chicago, most of them located in outlying areas. Over the same period, another 550,000 were plotted outside the city limits but within the metropolitan area. Anxious to take advantage of the possibilities of commuting, real estate developers added 800,000 potential building sites to the Chicago region in just thirty years – lots that could have housed five to six million people.Of course, many were never occupied; there was always a huge surplus of subdivided, but vacant, land around Chicago and other cities. These excesses underscore a feature of residential expansion related to the growth of mass transportation: urban sprawl was essentially unplanned. It was carried out by thousands of small investors who paid little heed to coordinated land use or to future land users. Those who purchased and prepared land for residential purposes, particularly land near or outside city borders where transit lines and middle-class inhabitants were anticipated, did so to create demand as much as to respond to it.Chicago is a prime example of this process. Real estate subdivision there proceeded much faster than population growth.1. With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned?[A] Types of mass transportation.[B] Instability of urban life.[C] How supply and demand determine land use.[D] The effect of mass transportation on urban expansion.2. Why does the author mention both Boston and Chicago?[A] To demonstrate positive and negative effects of growth.[B] To exemplify cities with and without mass transportation.[C] To show mass transportation changed many cities.[D] To contrast their rate of growth.3. According to the passage, what was one disadvantage of residential expansion?[A] It was expensive.[B] It happened too slowly.[C] It was unplanned.[D] It created a demand for public transportation.4. The author mentions Chicago in the second paragraph as an example of a city,[A] that is large.[B] that is used as a model for land development.[C] where the development of land exceeded population growth.[D] with an excellent mass transportation system.V ocabulary1. revise 改变2. fabric 结构3. catalyze 催化，加速4. sort out 把……分门别类，拣选5. omnibus 公共汽车/马车6. trolley （美）有轨电车，（英）无轨电车7. periphery 周围，边缘8. sprawl 建筑物无计划延伸，蔓延，四面八方散开9. lot 小片土地10. underscore 强调，在下面划横线11. transit lines 运输线路12. subdivision （出售的）小块土地，再划分小区写作方法与文章大意文章论述了“公共交通从三方面改变了城市的社会和经济结构。

第12卷第4期 化学反应工程与工艺 V o l 12,N o 41996年12月 Chemica l Reac tio n Enginee ring and Technolog y Dec,1996专题讲座气固下行流化床反应器Ⅲ气、固混合魏　飞(清华大学化工系,北京100084)祝京旭(Departm ent of Chemical and Bioch emical Engineering Univ ersityof W es tern Ontario,London ,N6A5B9,Canada)摘　要　与气固并流上行提升管反应器相比,气固并流下行管反应器的轴向气固返混明显降低,而径向气固混和仍然相当大,因而有利于提高气固快速反应的转化率及选择性。

本文在分析下行流化床反应器内气、固混合机理的基础上,比较了有关气、固混合的研究方法及结果,并比较了提升管和下行管的不同混合现象,旨在促进对这一课题更加深入系统地研究,以适应循环床下行管反应器设计、放大和模型化的迫切要求。

关键词:下行流化床反应器　气、固混合　返混　停留时间分布1　前　言气固混合行为的研究不仅对于深入认识下行管作为一种通用的化工及物理加工设备有重要的学术意义,而且对于它作为反应器有特别重要的意义。

气固逆重力场流态化过程一直以良好的气固混合及传热性能而引人瞩目,但同时,它较大的气体及颗粒轴向返混对于反应转化率及选择性的提高都是极为不利的。

对于一个串联反应过程,特别是对于转化率及选择性均要求较高的反应过程,要得到尽可能多的中间产品,最大限度地减少气体返混是十分重要的。

催化裂化工艺从传统流化床过渡到提升管反应器所产生的质的飞跃,就是由于提升管有效地降低了气固返混,减少了反应生成的油气向下返混而过度裂化为气体及焦碳的可能性。

然而,由于颗粒的浓度及速度在提升管中的径向分布不均匀,提升管反应器内的气固返混仍然很严重。

从上一文(讲座Ⅱ)中介绍的下行管流体力学特性的研究结果可以看到,下行管给人们带来了一个希望:形成一种新型的流化床反应器,它不仅具有良好的气固传递特性,而且能使气固轴向返混比现有流化床反应器大大地降低。

基于DPM模型的旋风分离器内颗粒浓度场模拟分析高助威;王娟;王江云;冯留海;毛羽;魏耀东【摘要】To study the distribution of the particle concentration in cyclone,the RSM model and the particle stochastic trajectory model were used to simulate the gas-solid flow of the cyclone.The top ash ring and erosion of the wall were analyzed from particle concentration distribution and residence time.The results showed that the concentration of particles in the wall were distributed in a spiral gray band,and the width and pitch of the gray bands were different.Along radial direction,the particle concentration near the wall was high while other regions were low.Along axial direction,the particle concentration was larger in the bottom of the separation space,and the width of the spiral gray band increased but the pitch decreased.There was top ash ring under the roof of annular space,where a lot of particles gathered.The top ash ring was unevenly distributed,with obvious non-axisymmetric characteristics.Furthermore,the top ash ring had a certain periodicity shedding phenomenon.The performance would not only cause the escape of particles and reduce the separation efficiency of cyclone,but also cause erosion wear of the wall.In severe cases,the wall of the cyclone separator would be worn out,causing the equipment to failure.%为了研究旋风分离器内部颗粒浓度场的分布规律,采用RSM模型和颗粒随机轨道模型,对旋风分离器进行气-固两相流动数值模拟,并从浓度分布和停留时间两方面对顶灰环及壁面磨损现象进行分析.结果表明,壁面处的颗粒浓度呈螺旋状灰带分布,灰带的宽度和螺距不同;从径向看,除壁面附近浓度较高外,其他部位浓度较低;从轴向上看,在分离空间下部,螺旋灰带的宽度加大,螺距减小,颗粒浓度增大.在环形空间顶板下方有大量颗粒聚集,存在顶灰环现象,而且顶灰环分布不均匀,具有一定的准周期脱落特性.这不仅造成颗粒的逃逸,降低旋风分离器的分离性能,而且也会对壁面造成冲蚀磨损,严重时能够使分离壁面磨穿,造成设备失效.【期刊名称】《石油学报（石油加工）》【年(卷),期】2018(034)003【总页数】8页(P507-514)【关键词】旋风分离器;数值模拟;DPM;颗粒浓度;顶灰环;壁面磨损【作者】高助威;王娟;王江云;冯留海;毛羽;魏耀东【作者单位】中国石油大学重质油国家重点实验室,北京102249;过程流体过滤与分离技术北京市重点实验室,北京102249;中国石油大学重质油国家重点实验室,北京102249;过程流体过滤与分离技术北京市重点实验室,北京102249;中国石油大学重质油国家重点实验室,北京102249;过程流体过滤与分离技术北京市重点实验室,北京102249;北京低碳清洁能源研究院,北京102209;中国石油大学重质油国家重点实验室,北京102249;中国石油大学重质油国家重点实验室,北京102249;过程流体过滤与分离技术北京市重点实验室,北京102249【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TQ051.8旋风分离器是气-固分离过程的重要设备，因其结构简单，处理量大，维修方便等优点，在工业除尘、石油化工、煤炭发电等领域应用广泛[1]。

Greerco High ShearDivision125 Flagship DriveNorth Andover, MA 01845Phone: (978) 687-0101 Fax: (978) 687-8500High Shear Pipeline Mixer Installation,Operation and Maintenance Manual Model:In-Line Pipeline MixerUnit Serial Number:Customer:Purchase Order:For Service and Information Contact:We at Chemineer, Inc would like to take this opportunity to thank you for choosing us for your processing equipment needs.Whether you are one of our many repeat customers or a brand new customer, our goal is to supply you with a piece of equipment that is superior in both design and ease of operation. By following the instructions in this manual and performing regular maintenance, we trust you will receive years of trouble – free operation from this machine.If you have any questions at all, or require additional information, do not hesitate to contact your local Chemineer representative or our Customer Service Department.THIS MACHINE SHOULD ONLY BE OPERATED BY QUALIFIED PERSONNEL WHO HAVE READ THIS MANUAL & UNDERSTAND HOW THE MACHINE OPERATES.T ABLE OF C ONTENTSE QUIPMENT D ESCRIPTION 2P RINCIPLE OF O PERATION 2I NLET F LANGE CAUTION 3S INGLE VS.T ANDEM S HEAR C ONFIGURATIONS 3P RODUCT O UTLET 4D IRECTION OF R OTATION 4M ACHINE I NSTALLATION &S TART-UP G UIDELINES 5M ECHANICAL S EALS 6M AINTENANCE 7 M IXING H EAD D ISASSEMBLY 8B EARING H OUSING D ISASSEMBLY 10M ACHINE R EASSEMBLY 12A XIAL A DJUSTMENT OF R OTOR-S TATOR G AP 13S PARE P ARTS 13E QUIPMENT D ESCRIPTIONYou have just purchased a Greerco® In-Line, Industrial Pipeline Mixer. This pipeline mixer is a high speed, high shear mixer for full-scale continuous in-line processing. The machine will blend, emulsify, de-agglomerate and produce a thorough wetting of dispersed substances resulting in a completely homogeneous product. However, a pipeline mixer will NOT dry grind and should never be considered a “pump”.P RINCIPLE OF O PERATIONThe Greerco® Pipeline Mixer employs a high-speed turbine running in close proximity to a fixed stator to perform its shearing operation. Product is processed as it passes through one (single) or two (tandem) of these shear zones, where intense shear and hydraulic forces result in a product that has been broken down into its primary particle size or the dispersion of the dispersed phase throughout the continuous, carrier phase.You will note that the inlet to your pipeline mixer is of a smaller line size than the mixer body itself. This design ensures that the mixer will draw the fluid into the shear zone. Though the mixer design will pump certain water-like fluids, the mixer should never be considered a “pump”. In many cases it will be desirable and even necessary to use a pump to pressure feed the mixer. It is recommended that the system pump be placed upstream of the mixer to ensure that the mixer is never starved.Should additional retention time be required, throttling a valve at the mixer outlet will reduce flow through the mixer and increase residence time for more thorough mixing. If the supply pump speed is reduced to obtain this result, be aware that cavitation may result and be certain that the mixing chamber is kept fluid full at all times. (See comments about dry operation under “Common Damage” on page 7 and parts 7 & 10 on page 9).P IPELINE M IXER I NLET C ONFIGURATIONAll industrial pipeline mixers are supplied with a blind inlet flange drilled with an NPT process connection. This flange is integral to proper operation of the equipment. Do not operate this mixer without the blind flange in place.Consult factory for custom inlet configuration designs.S INGLE VS.T ANDEM S HEARGreerco offers two styles of Sanitary Pipeline Mixers: the single shear and the tandem shear. The single shear consists of a single rotor-stator combination and the tandem shear consists of two rotor-stator combinations. In tandem shear configurations, the secondary stator is a multi-port stator consisting of several rows of smaller holes, where the primary consists of a single row of large holes.NOTE:All Pipeline Mixers can be converted to or from atandem shear configuration as required. However,stators and turbines from the two configurations areNOT interchangeable.P RODUCT O UTLETThe mixer head assembly is bolted to the bearing housing utilizing a common ANSI flange. By rotating the head assembly at this joint, the mixer may be installed with the discharge in any position that meets the needs of the piping scheme.The factory standard configuration is for the product outlet to be towards the right side when facing the inlet of the mixer.D IRECTION OF R OTATIONA red arrow (affixed to the bearing housing or the coupling halves and may be hidden by the coupling guard) indicates proper rotational direction for operation of your Industrial Pipeline Mixer. O PERATING DIRECTION IS COUNTERCLOCKWISE WHEN FACING THE INLET PORT OF THE MIXER (MOTOR IS AWAY FROM YOU).DO NOT OPERATE YOUR MIXER IN REVERSE CATASTROPHIC DAMAGE CAN OCCUR WITH ONLY MOMENTARY OPERATION IN THE WRONG DIRECTION ******************************************************* MOTOR COUPLING IS DISENGAGED TO PREVENT DRY-RUNNING WHILE VERIFYING OPERATING DIRECTIONM ACHINE I NSTALLATION &S TART-UP G UIDELINESThe Industrial Pipeline Mixer is shipped assembled and ready to connect and operate after the motor is wired and the motor coupling is engaged.1.Make sure that the base is bolted to a flat surface and is not twisted.Any distortion in the base will misalign the motor coupling, which may cause excessive stress and failure of the mixer shaft.2.Do not operate this mixer without first checking that the shaft spinsfreely and that no foreign material has been lodged in the mixing head during transport and piping.3.Stock Industrial Pipeline Mixers are supplied with 3600rpm, 3-phase,60Hz, 230/460Volt Explosion-Proof Motors. Follow the motor’s wiring directions. The mixer is shipped with the coupling disengaged to prevent “dry-running” damage to the mixer upon start-up. Once wired, confirm that the motor turns in the required direction to properly drive the mixing head in a counterclockwise direction (when facing inlet port) prior to engaging coupling. This will prevent the turbine from unscrewing, becoming disengaged and causing major damage to inlet port and mixing head components.4.After the motor has been wired and proper rotational direction isconfirmed, the mixer can be connected to the motor for operation.NOTE: The 2” Industrial Pipeline Mixer is equipped with a Belt Driven Motor to achieve higher mixer head rotation speeds.It is shipped with the belt disconnected. When installing orre-installing the timing belt, do not over-tighten or bearingfailure may result. Proper tension will allow deflectionapproximately equal to the thickness of the belt (includingthe teeth) without exerting excessive pressure.5.Do not remove the blind flange on the mixer inlet. This is NOT an“extra” piece or adapter. Consult the factory for alternate connections.6.The mixing head must always be supplied with product (water issufficient) and be “fluid full” to lubricate the sleeve and bushing in the mixing head. If operating at the low-end of the unit’s operating capacity and/or processing low viscosity product, it may be necessaryto apply backpressure (20 PSIG) with a down-stream valve. This will ensure a full mixing head and prevent cavitation that may cause a “dry-running” condition and damage the stellite sleeve and bushing. M ECHANICAL S EALSThe Industrial Pipeline Mixer can be supplied with either a single or double mechanical seal. Both seal options are self-contained and preloaded.Single Mechanical Seals∙Do not require a separate seal flush, but MUST be immersed ina liquid at all times when operating. Seal is lubricated byprocess fluid and mixer must be flooded prior to operation.∙Factory Stock Model is a John Crane 81T for a 2” machine anda John Crane 5610 for the larger models.Double Mechanical Seals∙Need to be flushed with a barrier fluid to lubricate and clean seal faces. The fluid should be compatible with process fluidsand should be at a pressure approximately 20psi higher than theprocess pressure.∙Seal is supplied with pipe nipples, pressure gauge, and ball valve for regulation of barrier fluid flow and pressure. A lubesystem or “ lube pot” may require piping changes; follow themanufacturer’s installation and operation instructions carefully.∙Factory Stock Model is a John Crane Type 88T for a 2”machine and a John Crane 5620 for the larger models.****************CAUTION**************** SEAL CHAMBER MUST BE FLOODED PRIOR TO OPERATION.FOLLOW ALL SEAL & LUBE SYSTEM INSTALLATION & OPERATION INSTRUCTIONS FOR PROPER SEAL PERFORMANCE Standard Factory Seal Construction (unless specified at time of order): Viton Elastomers, 316SS Hardware, and Carbon vs. Silicon Carbide Faces.Alternate seal faces and seal manufacturers are available – Please consult the factory for cost and/or designs.M AINTENANCE OF THE I NDUSTRIAL P IPELINE M IXER Maintenance requirements on the pipeline mixers are minimal. However, proper care and maintenance are essential to optimal service life.“Normal Wear” – Normal wear is confined to the turbine sleeve and the stator bushing. Both parts are constructed of wear-resistant Stellite. If you are processing abrasive materials, wear may also be seen on the turbine and stator. The rate of abrasive wear will be different for every product and processing condition.Common Damage – The most common cause of damage to mixing head components is physical. Contamination of product fluid with hard objects such as tramp metal or stones may cause catastrophic damage to the mixing head. It is imperative that hard objects be kept out of the mixer, as the operating speed is so high that there is a low probability that rigid objects will pass the moving parts without causing damage. Foreign objects will result in irreparable damage to the turbine and either superficial or catastrophic damage to the stator. Depending on the length of operation under such a condition, the shaft and bearings could also be damaged.The second most common mode of failure is running the machine dry. Even a momentary dry operation (jogging the motor for instance) will lead to damage. The stellite sleeve on the turbine requires the process fluid for lubrication. Failures of this sort could be limited to sleeves and bushings or could be as catastrophic as the welding of the mixing head to the shaft.Last are failures caused by reverse operation, the results of which are obvious. Operation in the reverse direction will allow the turbine to unthread, back off the shaft, and into the inlet cap. Minor cases result in a damaged turbine and superficial inlet cap damage. Major cases result in severe bending of the turbine blades, and damage to the inlet cap and stator. Before you begin any maintenance procedures on this machine, be sure to…∙Note any exterior damage to unit.∙Make a note of product and operating conditions.∙If failure has occurred, make a note of important information that may assist in diagnosing the problem (product temperature, productpressure, viscosity, noise, excessive heat, or process changes, etc.).M IXING H EAD D ISASSEMBLY1.Disengage the motor coupling.2.Unbolt the blind flange from the inlet flange of the mixer.3.Remove the Inlet Gasket4.Inspect the exposed turbine area for anything unusual (productbuild-up or damage, etc)If possible, measure the turbine-stator gap - Especially if theturbine blades are worn and there is a noticeable or uneven gapwhere the turbine blades meet the stator.In the field, we recommend using Mylar feeler gaugesto determine if the gap is within the 0.008-0.012”factory setting. The gap setting should be checkedalong the entire length of each turbine blade. This willprovide a more accurate “lowest point” measurement.5.Rotate the primary turbine counter-clockwise while holding thecoupling stationary. Turbine should freely unscrew.6.Inspect primary turbine for damage, corrosion or worn edges (lackof sharpness). Turbine edges should be sharp. The turbine should “stand” on the blade ends and have all the blades rest solidly on a flat surface, without any wobble or misalignment.Note that the turbine blades are (should be) sharp and care should be taken not to damage the edge or cut the technician’s hands.7.Inspect turbine sleeve around neck of turbine for excess wear.Mild, consistent scuffing is normal. Gouges or uneven wear is abnormal.▪If Stellite sleeve has ripples or gouges in the surface it should immediately be replaced. These marks areindications of dry operation or abrasion. Wear like this willcreate escalating damage to the mixing head components ifallowed to continue operating in this condition.▪If uneven wear is present, put a dial indicator on the end of the shaft and rotate the shaft at the coupling end. Optimaloperation requires less than 0.003” shaft run-out.8.Remove the primary stator. Hole edges should be sharp. Take carenot to cut yourself.(Do not lose the pin that holds the stator in place.)9.Check the primary stator for wear or corrosion.10.I nspect the stator bushing for wear.▪If worn, note the position and pattern of the wear. The bushing will need to be replaced by pressing the componentout of the stator from the rear side of the stator.▪If the Stellite sleeve has ripples or gouges in the surface it should immediately be replaced. These marks areindications of dry operation or abrasion. Wear like this willcreate escalating damage to the mixing head components ifallowed to continue operating in this condition.11.I f a tandem shear unit, a second turbine and stator will now berevealed. The secondary turbine should now easily slid off theshaft and the secondary stator slid out of the body. Inspect thesecomponents as you would the primary pair.12.R emove and save any shims; note the position, thicknesses andquantity used (reference the drawing at the beginning of thissection).B EARING H OUSING D ISASSEMBLY1.From backside of seal chamber, remove any seal anchor screws.2.The mixer housing can now be unbolted and removed from theshaft and bearing housing assembly. Note orientation of outlet portso that machine is properly configured during reassembly.ing care, slide mechanical seal off the shaft.Refer to your seal manual for guidelines on inspectingand repairing the mechanical seal.∙Check the shaft surface area under the seal. If there are any defects note the type and location. Shaftdefects may cause seal leakage or damage.4.Spin the mixer shaft by hand to inspect the bearings. Shaftshould spin smoothly with no rumbling and very little“play”. Be sure to replace/grease any bearings exhibitingsigns of wear.5.If the bearings and/or shaft need replacement, use the followingprocedure and consult the equipment drawings at the back of this manual for part identification:∙Loosen the setscrew and remove the mixer coupling.∙Unbolt the thrust cap from the motor end of the bearing housing and remove.∙Inspect the motor end shaft seal (located within the thrust cap) for damage, oxidation, cracking or simple dryness andinflexibility. Replace if damaged.∙Pull the shaft and bearing assembly out of the bearing housing.∙Remove the Locknut (Locknuts should not be re-used more than twice)∙Bearings and bearing spacer can now be pulled from the shaft.∙Inspect mixer end shaft seal (located in bearing housing) for damage, oxidation, cracking or simple dryness andinflexibility. Replace if damaged.R EASSEMBLY OF I NDUSTRIAL P IPELINE M IXERThe industrial pipeline mixer may be reassembled by simply reversing the procedure outlined above. Keep in mind the following.∙ Be sure all components are clean and free of debris before reassembly. ∙ Lubricate o-rings prior to installation∙ Ensure that shaft run out is less than 0.003” before installing shaft.∙Check all surfaces for burrs before sliding seals or o-rings over rough surfaces that may damage integrity of the seal.∙ It is possible to inadvertently cause damage to the shaft during machine reassembly. This damage of this type is evident in extreme run-out after assembly that was not seen when the individual shaft is inspected. When the bearings are pressed into place on the shaft, be careful not to use the shoulder at the threads as a point of applied force. Utilize a fixture that allows pressure to be applied at the main shoulder of the shaft so that forces are applied to the thicker cross section rather than at the thinner, threaded shoulder.∙ It is also possible to cause damage to the turbine(s) while pressing the turbine sleeve into place. Support the turbine as shown in the following drawing:∙ Be sure to follow all motor, seal, and coupling precautions when installing.Apply constant pressure on this shoulder.∙Jog motor to ensure proper direction of rotation prior to coupling to mixer.∙Rotate the shaft by hand to ensure free movement before coupling machine to motor.∙Use common sense and safety at all times.A XIAL A DJUSTMENT OF R OTOR-S TATOR G APFor optimal performance, your pipeline mixer should be operating with a 0.008-0.012” gap between the rotor(s) and stator(s). Thin metal (washer-like) shims are used to create this gap. The gap should be measured at the lowest point along each of the rotor blades.S PARE P ARTSIncluded, at the back of this manual, is a complete assembly drawing of the pipeline mixer you have just purchased. Recommended spare parts are denoted with an asterisk on this drawing. These are parts that over time will need replacement. It is recommended that the customer maintain an inventory of these parts as protection against down time due to wear or accidental damage such from foreign objects. For your convenience, we offer multiple discounted spare parts kits for use in the maintenance of this machine.Consumable Spares KitAvailable for any shaft seal configuration, this kit contains all lip seals, bearings, shaft seals, gaskets and retaining ring. Please specify machine serial number at time of quote/order. – Mechanical Seal is NOT included in this kit.Machine Rebuild KitAvailable for any shaft seal configuration, this kit contains all wearing parts including shaft, rotor, o-rings, bearings, seals and locknuts. The stator(s) are NOT included in this kit. Please specify machine serial number at time of quote/order.Should you need to order parts, please contact your local Chemineer-Kenics/Greerco representative, as listed on the front of this manual, or our factory at (978) 687-0101.。

Maritime transportation,commonly referred to as sea freight,is one of the oldest and most widely used modes of transport in the world.It involves the movement of goods and passengers across bodies of water,typically oceans and seas,using various types of vessels such as cargo ships,tankers,and container ships.Here is an introduction to this significant mode of transport:Historical Significance:Maritime transport has been a cornerstone of global trade for centuries.It was the primary means of moving goods and people across long distances before the advent of air travel and modern land transportation.The development of maritime routes and the expansion of shipbuilding technologies have played a crucial role in shaping the worlds economy and cultural exchanges.Types of Vessels:1.Cargo Ships:These are designed to carry general cargo,which can include a wide range of items from raw materials to manufactured goods.2.Tankers:Specialized for the transportation of liquids,particularly oil and chemicals.3.Container Ships:Carry standardized shipping containers,which are easy to load and unload,making them highly efficient for bulk cargo transport.4.Rollon/Rolloff RoRo Vessels:Allow vehicles and other wheeled cargo to be driven on and off the ship on their own power.5.Ferries:Primarily used for the transportation of passengers and their vehicles across bodies of water.Advantages of Maritime Transport:1.CostEffectiveness:Sea freight is generally cheaper than air freight,making it ideal for bulk goods and longdistance transport.2.Capacity:Ships can carry massive amounts of cargo,making them suitable for largescale trade.3.Reliability:Established shipping lanes and schedules provide a predictable and reliable service.4.Low Carbon Footprint:Sea transport has a lower carbon footprint compared to air transport,making it a more environmentally friendly option.Disadvantages of Maritime Transport:1.Slower Speeds:Ships are slower than air and land transport,which can be a disadvantage for timesensitive goods.2.Limited Accessibility:Not all locations have direct access to a seaport,which may require additional transportation to reach the final destination.3.Weather Dependent:Sea transport can be affected by weather conditions,leading todelays and potential damage to cargo.Modern Developments:The maritime industry is continuously evolving with the introduction of advanced technologies such as automation,improved navigation systems,and the use of cleaner fuels to reduce environmental impact.Additionally,the expansion of global trade has led to the development of larger and more efficient vessels.Regulations and Safety:International maritime transport is governed by a set of laws and regulations,primarily overseen by the International Maritime Organization IMO,which ensures safety,security, and environmental protection standards are met.Conclusion:Maritime transport remains a vital component of the global supply chain,offering a costeffective and reliable means of moving goods around the world.As the industry continues to innovate and adapt to changing demands,its importance in facilitating international trade is unlikely to diminish.。

整个注射过程:（四个油缸作用）clamp cylinder nozzle cylinder鳗一（低压模保）一整前（喷嘴进I 行程开关injection start ）— injection cylinder注射（螺杆进一保压一储料（预塑/螺杆转）一（料自料斗进，料满后推动 螺杆退，背压）一防流涎一同时冷却—整后（有时无）一开模一ejector cylinder顶出（产品通过光电开关/电眼自动掉下）一顶退.TECHNICAL TERMSpan-head screw:圆头螺丝 screwdriver:螺丝刀 locknut:紧定螺帽/螺母，紧母/迫母 tie rod nutwasher:调模丝母垫 tie rod nut holder:调模丝母压盖bolt: n.螺钉/螺栓;v,栓住，定位 stud bolt:模具压板螺栓 hold-down bolt:压紧装置/螺栓jack bolt:调节螺栓 eye bolt:吊环螺栓countersink screw:沉头螺钉 fundation bolt:地脚螺栓Mold mounting bolt:模具安装螺栓 fastening bolt:紧固螺钉anchoring hole/ foundation bolt hole:地脚螺栓孔 flight:螺齿 /导程 secondary flight:次螺槽 primary flight:主螺槽 channel:槽，通道 screw land:螺棱 land:台面 flute:槽 trough:槽 chute:滑槽 coolant reservoir:冷却液槽 T-slot: T 型槽screw axis:螺轴 pitch:螺距（沥青），螺牙（螺距=lead ） screw speed:螺杆转速opposed semi-circular grooves:对置式半环形键槽Tangential groove:切向键槽 axial groove:轴向键槽 Remedial groove:修复式键槽 stripping tank:洗提槽Spline:花键 key:键 membrane:薄膜键 steel wadge:钢契口 grinding wheel:砂轮 emery cloth:砂布 main machine:整机 machine frame:机器框架 /机架 barrel base cover:前板盖 screw barrel:机筒 end cap:前机筒flat-head screw:平头螺丝fixing screw:托脚 fullthread:全螺纹 tie rod nut:调模丝母end platen:终端压板 screw barrel base:射台前板screw drive base:射台后板 deflector:偏转器/挡板throttle pin:节流/减压销钉 split pin:开口销 retaining pin:定位 销link pin:连杆销 radial pin:径向销钉 link tie bar:连杆拉杆tie bar:拉杆 push-rod:（阀）推拉杆adjustable rod /scotch bar:机械保险杆 safety lever:（液压）保险撞块 drop bar:机械保险挡板 safety pawl:机械保险挡块/安全制动掣pawl:挡块 location block:定位挡块（block 意为“压块”） Dog:撞（挡）块 snap ring:挡圈（板） press ring:压圈 O-ring: O 型密封圈 rod-packing: Y 型密封圈 cap ring:盖圈wiper:密封圈（刮水器） scraper:防尘圈/铲刀seal holder:防尘（圈）压盖 spring washer:弹簧垫圈gasket:垫圈，密封衬垫 heel block:垫块 cushion :衬垫，软垫 pad:垫板（座） cross head collar:垫片 parallel:垫板/垫片mallet:槌子 adjustable mount:机器调整垫块vibration-proof block 防震垫块（铁）limit switch:行程开关 stopper:限位块plugging switch:反接制动开关key operated switch:钥匙操作开关 switching device:开关器件 access code:通路编码 access:通道，接近通路communications network or link:通信网或数据链saddle strap:鞍形板Guiding bar holder 导杆支座 guide pin / leader pin:导杆 /导柱 front （rear ） plate link:（前）后支架 brace and bracket:支架/托架（支承物） barrel support:机筒支架 rack:（电子）槽/支架bracket: 灯架screw-shell:灯头螺口 stroboscopic effect:频闪效应 cable tray:电缆托架 撑板，托板backing plate /supporting plate: 托板/支架板slab:厚板 plate:金属板 subpanel:配电连接板 mold lifting bracket:吊模架 suspension hook:吊钩 hook:起吊架脚 bracket stay / brace:托架撑脚 rear （main ） link:后连杆 front link:前连杆 sub link:小连杆guide rod support:夹板 support tie rod:夹板紧固杆 cross head guide rod:夹板拉杆 cross head:直角机头limit switch cam:顶出开关杆knockout pin （center ）:顶出杆（主） knockout pin / ejector pin:顶出杆 knockout bar:顶出板assembled weights:平衡块balancer:轻重块 plate:底板/压板 baffle:挡板（作用类似“压盖”）shelf:搁板 lampholder:灯头座 reflector:反光罩 carrier:托架，载体adapter plate:连接板，stationary/ fixed platen:定模板（头板） movable platen:动模板（二板） mold height adj. Platen/ back platen:尾板 shoulder:轴肩 coupling:联轴节/器 flexible coupling:弹性联轴节head cover:前盖 rear cover:后盖 mold cavity:模腔 air ring:气环collar seat / back ring:止逆环 screw collar/ Thrust ring:推力环 split collar:半环 cover ring:套环 adapter ring:嵌入环/接口 套locating ring:定位环/接口套 positioning steel ball:定位钢珠 split mold:组合模 tube connector:管接rotation center:转心 recess: n.孑L,凹槽；v.退回counterbore:扩口内孔（钻孑L/扩孑L ）sink: through hole:通孔 air pocket:气孔 opening:通孔 drain hole:排泄孔 tapping hole:钻孑Lscavenging port:放油孔open clear sp=====an channel:开口式光亮通孔evenly spaced notch:切割均匀的切口 （凹痕） porous: adj.有孔的，能渗透的（porosity:n.孔） air vent:排气孔 vent: v.排出，发泄n.排气孔 ejector transducer:顶出电子尺platen moving transducer:移模电子尺position transducer:位移传感器/电子尺photoelectric sensor / presence-sensing device:光电开关/ 电眼 proximity switch/sensor:接近开关 flip switch:急扳开关gear:（调模）齿轮/介轮 mold height adj. gear:调模大齿圈 core of the bar:钢筋型心 retainer:套板（止退座）risk:危险 hazard:危害/险情guard:防护装置 enclosing guard:封闭体 barrier sheet:隔板casing:箱 safeguard:安全防护装置 safeguarding:安全防护（措施guide yoke:导套 adaptor:接套（连接器） bushing:衬套/套管/钢套 shoe:套架/固定板 loading bush:安装套（吹塑机上） steel liner:钢衬垫（lining:衬垫）toggle bushing with oil:曲肘含油肘衬（衬套）front seal and bushing:前盖钢套 hub / boss:轴套sprue bushing:主流道衬套/浇道衬套/ （模具）注入口钢套mold bushing:模具定位钢套copper bushing / cross head bushing:铜套｝rod cover:机械保险罩 tie rod cover :拉杆护罩sheath/ shell:外罩（外壳，外皮，护套） outer shell:（机筒）外罩 outer tube:（机筒）管状防护罩 reinforcing tubing:加固管purge guard of nozzle/purge cover:清机罩 purging:清洗nozzle cover:注射防护罩 column covering:立柱外罩pulley holder:滑轮套 enclosure:护壳 housing:护罩 enclose:封装 tie-bar location recess:定位孑L缩孔 blind hole:盲孔 knockout:出砂孔 damping port:阻尼孔transducer:传感器 sensor:传感器sleeve:（机筒）套筒 jacket: 护套chase: 模套locks:拉杆闸cylinder tube:（锁模）油缸筒piston rod:油缸杆small-bore traverse cylinder:小口径快速移动油缸｝（是直压式机器上的两种large-bore cylinder:大口径锁模油缸｝油缸）single-acting toggle cylinder:单作用锁模油缸cylinder flange:锁模缸底座cover base:支柱flange:法兰connection tube flange:接管底板trash can:垃圾桶washing machine tub:洗衣机桶seating:坐具bedding:卧具defroster:除霜机energy absorber:减能器armrest:扶手headrest:头垫toilet seat:马桶座圈shower stall:淋浴房bathtub:浴缸faucet:水龙头cock: n.（排气孔的）开关,（水）龙头clutch:离合器bumper fascias:（汽车）保险杠cross head link:推力座main link pin:大锁轴cross head link pin:小锁轴bearing box:轴承箱eject:顶出/脱模emergency stop:紧急制动器brake:制动器reverse current braking:反接制动plug-reverse:反接制动plug-stop:制动停止ejector advance:顶出ejector retract:顶退ejector forward/return:脱模进（顶出）/ 顶退ejector force/ ejector tonnage:顶出力Carriage:射（整）移pull-back cylinder:整移油缸carriage connection base:射移铰座nozzle retract:整移后退screw retract device:螺杆倒索器件（螺杆退）nozzle advance/forward/:整移进nozzle touch molding:整前（动作）nozzle touch force:整前力nozzle return force: 整后力preplasticize/ screw rotate/ charge/pre-suck:预塑（化）plasticize:储料injection unit return/ forward stop:（注射）座台退/进终，即喷嘴退/进注射座台指:从喷嘴开始，包括料筒，螺杆，料斗,射台前板和射台后板的一整套装置. Screw drive assembly / injection housing:注射座injection seat / screw drive assembly / screw driving unit: 注射（预塑）座微压马达熔胶装置/整移结构screw forward end position:螺杆进终止位置（注射到底位置） Injection unit return/forward Device:液压座台进退装置balancing twin-cylinder injection system: 双缸平衡式注射系统=液压平衡注射装置adjusting “air gap” devi调整气隙装置Separable structure for machine seat:机座分体式结构Logic valve hydraulic system:插装式液压系统shift out of position:（模具）移位dislodgement:挪位，移位orientation / be held in place:定位clamp:移模/锁模，夹紧clamp station:锁模位置clamp block valve:锁模块阀（即锁模阀板上的阀） mold clamp （assembly）:模具压板（组件） T-Slot auxiliary platen: T 型槽模具辅助板clamp front interlock:合模前连锁hydraulic crank interlock:液压曲柄连锁daylight :模板间距toggle stroke:开模/移模行程clamping force:合模力air blast in stationary platen:母模吹气air blow:气顶pneumatic open-door booster:气动开门助力器air leaking:放气inert gas:惰性气体bubble:气泡void: n.空隙（空缺）air gap:空气隙air cap:空气帽air duct:空气管convex: adj+n.凸状物，凸面的concave: adj+n.凹状物，凹面的splay:银条（出现在成品表面的气泡）sharp edge:锐棱flash:焊渣burr:毛刺hairline crack:细裂纹block:毛坯weep: v.（液体）渗出stress crack:应力裂纹die height:模具厚度die: n.模具;v.压five-point double-toggle locking mechanism:五支点双肘杆锁模机构split-caliper locking arrangement:对开卡钳式锁模机构pneumatic operation with mechanic clamping:气动机械式锁模的操作结构toggle linkage:曲肘连接/关节装置toggle machine:曲肘式机器straight hydraulic machine:直压式机器low-pressure mold protection device:低压模保装置insufficient filling:制品充模不足inadequately packs mold cavities:充模不足fill: v.注模（充模）high internal stress:过高内应力hold pressure: v.保压back pressure:储料背压medium pressure:中压pneumatic pressure:气压pack pressure: v.填充压力，充气no pressure:不起压pressurize:加压pressure drop:压降（压降低=压力损失小）reload:取资料clamp ultra high speed close:超高速关模差动（功能）open link:开模连动high speed injection:射出快速（差动高速）accumulator:射出增速（此功能实为蓄能器）mold close stop:关模停accumulator pressure switch:蓄能充足感应器accumulator release valve:射出增压阀（放能阀）accumulator charge valve:蓄能阀core （pull ）:中子 double hydraulic core pulling:双抽芯core-out / in 1 stop:中子退/进一终，抽芯/插芯一终single Hydraulic core-out / in Device:单组液压抽插芯装置closed loop control:闭环控制 hydraulic unscrew device:铰牙 collar cooling:环冷却 mold cooling manifold:模具冷却分水块 recovery rate:（螺杆）回复/退回率 plasticizing opacity:塑化能力shot capacity:注射量 injection weight:注射量（射胶量） throughput: n.生产量（注射量/容许能力） inventory:库存量 high molecular weight:高分子量auto cycle pause time:自动循环暂停时间 duty cycle:工作循环 short-time:短期工作pot life:（油漆）存罐期/储放期/适用期 working life:可用时间 shelf life / storage life:适用期production cycle time:生产周期 downtime:停工期lead time:订货至交货期的时间（产品设计至实际投产的时间）residence time:（塑料在机筒内）停留时间good response time:（液压中）响应时间短 curing time:熟化期 injection time set:注射时间 cushion monitor:注射监测over move to the point registed: 移动超程 follow the same step:同步 synchronous:同步的,共振的 induction （motor ）:异步/感应（电动机） molded part:制模成品 end product:最终产品shot count reset function:产品计数归零 reading: n.读数 test pattern molding:试模the trial/ test run:试车 run （to ）:敷入（导线）/运转 initiate:启动，开动运转 start:起动 tap:分接出 reset:复位 reclose:（变压器）重合闸 commission: v.试车（trialoperation ）,试投产，启动，使用 out of commission:不能使用（一般指PC 中断） decommission:中止操作 wrap-round:卷绕状的 illuminated dot:亮点（点状） bar:划条（条 状） spiral:螺旋状 helical valley:螺旋谷 worm:蜗杆 shaft mounting:安装轴（均指齿轮电机的类型） front and trailing edges:前缘和尾缘 leading edge:螺旋边缘compression intensity:抗压强度 tensile yield strength:抗拉屈服强度 shot size:理论容量shot:物料量/注射产量output:生产/输出量（率） mold capability:容模量real-time: 实时 inverse time:反时限torsional strength:扭转强度 度）interference radiation:干扰辐射 interference immunity:抗扰性 high noise-reduction:抗干扰性强parallelism:平行度，对应性，一致性alignment:排成直线，校直，校准（度） centering: n.对中性loading capacity: （土壤）承载力 geometric accuracy:几何精度 angle position change:角位置变化sweep torque:间歇扭矩 bending force:弯曲力（扭矩） magnifying ratio:（锁模力）扩大比率percent fill of raceway:导线槽满率 shear rate:剪切/切变速率 |送） weight /performance ratios:重量性能比positive force:（液压中）正（遮盖）力 stress:应力reference point:基准 sliding friction:滑动摩擦（力） thermal expansion /contraction rate:热膨胀 / 收缩率flash point / fire point / ignition point:燃点ductile: adj.有韧性的（易拉长的何锻的） hypersonic speed:特超音速的速度 speed shift / variable speed:变速 ultrasonic:超声波viscosity index:粘性指数long service life:使用寿命长 durability /endurance:耐用性（耐久性/强 度）lasting durability:经久耐用electromagnetic compatibility:电磁相容性（协调性/适合性/共存性/兼容性/配伍性）extreme porosity:极端透气 conductive:导电的，传导的heat conductance:热传导性 thermal conductivity:导热性（导热系dielectric strength:绝缘强度（介质强 gate width:浇道阔度hot runner:热流道direct gate: 直浇口 jet width:（喷漆）射流宽度fixing surface:安装表面承面deformation property:变形性 straightness:直线性 hot-short:热脆的 repeatability:重复精度 metal-to-metal bearing surface:金属间支 integrity:整体性 concentricity:同轴度 tilting moment:倾覆力矩bending moment:弯矩curvatures:弯曲度（曲pump ratio:输送速率（pump: v.输 positive mold:正压塑模detent point:止动点compation:压缩spherical radius:球面半径 bulk density:容积密度 specific gravity:比重 radii: 半径rigidity:刚性（硬度）specific heat: 比热 toughness:韧性，坚固度 velocity: 速度 slow-down: n.减速 resultant velocity:合速度 viscosity:粘性（度）数）heating capability:热容量（热值）thermal efficiency:热效率conduction:传导 convection:对流 radiation:辐射thermoset :热固性（adj ） thermoplastic:热塑性（adj ）heat-sensitive resin:热敏性树脂 epoxy resin:环氧树脂solid plastic:密实塑料 （high solids :固体含量高）solid color:颜色一 致blown film:吹塑薄膜 melt film:熔融膜 melt pool:熔融液流melt front:熔融前锋 melt penetration:熔融渗透 solid bed:固态（凝固）层 laminar flow:层流 back flow:倒流 turbulent flow:紊流dispersion disc:分流盘 unmelted pellet:未熔（塑料）团粒 crystalline:晶粒（晶体）coloration: n.（塑料）着色 pastel shade:轻淡优美的色彩 homogeneous melt:熔融均化 overdilute:过度稀释（thin:v ）uniformity:均匀性 homogenization:均质化tumbling and messaging action:（塑料）翻滚和挪动（动作）metering section:（螺杆）均化/计量段 conical transition:（螺杆）锥形转 化段involute transition:（螺杆）渐开转化段 nose cone angle:前锥角 helix angle:螺旋角 chamfer:倒角 edge chamfer:边倒角 included angle:夹角 bevel:斜角undercut:陷槽/底切部,根切，截槽，倾角 corner:内角 elongation:对角线（距角） taper:锥度single-stage:单阶式（螺杆） reciprocating:往复式的爆杆） flex flight mixing screw:曲槽混炼螺杆 one-line screw: 一线式螺杆 foam screw:泡沫螺杆 frothing:发泡plasticate:塑炼 plasticize:增塑 plastify:塑化 plasticating screw:塑炼螺杆 barrier screw:屏障型份离型）螺杆interlocked screw tip / “castle” desigi 联锁式螺杆头/ “城堡”式设计（槽形设计）slide ring valve:滑动环形螺杆头（阀）static mixer:静态混合器vent bleeding: n.排气（放气） vent stack:通风管vented conversions:排气转换装置 converting equipment:换能装置 exhaust: n.排气,废气 contaminant:污染物 soil: v.弄污 entrapped volatiles:截留挥发物 devolatilization:冷凝伽）PID programmed barrel heating system: PID 程式料管加热系统 Multiple molding data memorizing system:多组塑料成型参数记忆系统 Rotativeleakage flow:漏流 pressure flow:回流/逆流 back flush:回洗（回流洗涤） distribution:分流atomize /fogging （n ）:雾化 particle:（塑料）粒子deposit:（镇）沉淀块color dispersion:色散scale:旋转编码器encoder:编码器linker:连接器floppy disk:软盘firmware:固件（微程序语言）Subroutine:子程序back up: v,备份Debug: v.（计）调试Prepare:调试prepared:调制好的，处理过的feature: n.功能部件configuration:配置，结构（configure:v.） arrangement: n 配置connectivity:连通性intuitive script language:直观描述正本语言built-in transaction logging:内置式处理记录mirrored remote viewing:镜像远程观测distributed I/O fieldbus:分布式输入/输出总线serial link:串行连接be series connected:串联Interaction:交互作用operator interface（OI）:用户（使用者）界面interface:平台Color pentium OI:彩色用户界面，内置奔腾芯片PC Control runtime engine: PC 控制驱动Active matrix display:激活点阵显示Autotune function:自整定功能electrical cabinet/ host controller/ distribution box:配电箱U.L.panel/ distribution panel / switchboard / switch panel /control panel: 配电盘operator's control station:操作控制站operating station:操作工位control enclosure:控制电柜/护壳compartment:隔间raceway:电缆通道wireway:电线槽wiring channel:行线槽data highway:数据总栈solid state relay（SSR）:固体继电器overload relay:过载继电器voltage relay:电压继电器timer:时间继电器interrelay:内部继电器surge killer:突波吸收器（控制电压用）arcing relay:灭弧继电器surging: n.大量涌出，冒料，电涌，突波Concurrent:联合引发in conjunction with:以联合形式galvanic action:电位差腐蚀作用short circuit:短路open circuit:开路电路power circuit:动力电路parallel circuit:并联电路incoming / outgoing supply circuit:引入/接出电源电路printed circuit board:印刷电路板control circuit of heating band:电热短路short circuit protection:短路保护earth leakage breaker:漏电保护器（开关） electric shock:触电direct contact:直接触电load-sensing circuit:载荷感知式电路capacitor:电容器Amp. Level:电流表ampacity:载流容locked-rotor current:（电机）堵转电流 inrush current:注入电流 steady-state current:稳态电流 overcurrent:过电流interrupting capacity:（电流）切断能力 impedance:阻抗 speed regulator:稳速器 current regulator:稳流器transformer:变压器 voltage stablizer /regulator / manostat: 稳压 器 AC/ DC:交流（直流）电 convertor:变频器 regulator:调节器main power supply:主变压器 thermostat:恒温器 armature:电 枢 tachometer generator:测速发电机 varistor:可变电阻 resistor:电阻 （器） Trimpot:电位器 Trimmer capacitor:微调电容器Elco UF:电容 IC （Integrate Circuit ） / molectron /chip:芯片（集成电 路） contactor （unit ）:触头，触点/开关（电流接触器） quick fuse:快速熔丝 slow-blow fuse:耐燃熔丝fuse holder:熔丝座 receptacle / socket / jack/ socket-outlet: 插座attachment plug and receptacle:插销插座组合附件 fuse breaker:熔丝断路器 fuse link:熔丝接线main circuit breaker:空气开关/断路器 disconnecting switch:断开器（切断开关）central processor unit:中央处理器装置 （CPU ）wiring terminal:接线端子 control voltage terminal:控制电压接线柱（端 子）terminals of Y-starter:星型起动接头 termination:接线端，端接wiring:电热接线，配线，布线 panel wiring:电柜内配线powering:电源接通disc earthing:接地盘 line lug:接线片 conduit:导线管 oversized conductor:导线加粗 strand:绞（合）线flex:折弯，挠曲 kinking:折弯 bend:弯头/折弯fray:磨损 strain:绷紧solid copper conductor:实心铜导线 shielded conductor:屏蔽导线 flexible cord:软线 annealed copper wire:软铜线bus:母线 feeder:馈电线/馈电电路 lead:导线仁conductor ） grounding conductor: 保护接地导线 grounded conductor: 接地导 线grounding pole: 接地极 current-carrying pole: 带电极polarize:极化 transmission cable:传动电缆reel:电缆盘 multiconductor cable:多芯电缆 gauge:电线直径 grounding/earthing:电源接地（方式）knit line:密接线 fuse socket:熔丝盒no-fuse breaker:无熔丝开关 main disconnection:主断路 supply switch:断火开关terminal board:接线板 terminal block:接线座splitter block:分流器 pull box:分线盒terminal box / junction box:接线盒 heater box:电热接线盒 stackedconnector:接线头 signal transfer board:信号输送板 memory card:贮存板 main connection:主接线 jumper wire:控制线（跨连线/连接线/跳线） reflector:反射电 field:（电磁）场 field loss detection:失磁检 测electrode:电极 electrostatic charge:静电电荷 brush discharge:刷型放电 corona discharge:电晕放电worklight:工作照明 lighting:照明 stationary lights:固定照明（装 置）flame: v.引燃analog port:模拟口 analog input:模拟输入simulate: v.模拟，仿 真packages:程序（模块） procedure:步骤（程序/流程）diode DC:二极管直流电 limit diode:限流二极管LED ：发光二极管 Transistor:晶体管HZ:赫兹 HP:功率 volt-Amperes:伏安 foot pound:尺磅 kcmil:圆密耳（导线尺寸单 wire rope/steel cable:钢缆 （in ） 3-phase 4-wire:三相四线 handle for the breaker:带门锁手柄 alarm lamp:报警灯 infrared lamp:红外线灯automotive multicolored taillight:汽车多色尾灯alarm-sound:声报警 alarm-light:光报警panel switch:按钮开关 master switch:总开关 signal lamp:信号灯 command signal:指令信号 discrete signal:离散信号push-button （with lock ）:按钮开关（带锁）changeover switch:变化（转换） 开关rapid traverse changeover switch:快速变动voltage spike:（电压）峰值 peak value:（电压）峰值keyboard connector:键盘连接线motor delta check:电机三角形接法检查 ground machine frame:接地 机架cable hose:电缆软管 3-pole protector:三极保护器extended nozzle:力口长喷嘴 Spring-operated shut off nozzle:弹簧喷嘴 shut nozzle:液压喷嘴（hydraulic-operated shut off valve ）flex conductor:软（弯曲）导线 electronic beam:电子射线 fluid conductor:液体引流器 neutral:中线polarity:极性megohm:兆欧位）BSP:英制（in ） English unit:英制 metric unit:公（米）制 bulb:灯泡 interval:n.间隔flash:闪光片（飞片）shut off option:喷嘴选择shut off nozzle time:射出喷嘴计时nozzle centering alignment device:喷嘴对中微调装置（inching switch:微调开关）inch:缓慢地移动inching:延缓闭模/降速闭模brillant-flat jet tip:（喷漆枪）光亮平喷嘴round jet tip:（喷漆枪）圆喷嘴multi-channel swirl nozzle:（喷漆枪的）多槽旋涡式喷嘴reverse-taper nozzle:反向圆锥喷嘴barrel:料筒screw tip:料嘴头heating band for nozzle:喷嘴电热段数resistance heater band:电阻加热圈mica heater band:云母电热圈ceramic heater band:陶瓷电热圈cast aluminum heater:铸铝电热圈thermocouple:热电偶（flush melt thermocouple:奔涌式熔融热电偶??immersion melt thermocouple:浸没式熔融热电偶|outlet / orifice / discharge end:落料口，出口，放料嘴for easy access:容易触及flared entry:扩口式入口inlet / feed:加料口inlet plate:料口开关fixed feed:固定加料controlled feeding device:可控加料器automatic purge:自动清料nozzle temperature controller:电热恒温嘴insulator / insulation:绝缘体（隔热体）heat expansion:加热膨胀heater zone:电热区spare part:备件option:选择件rigid:硬质negative:负片safety gate:安全门（栅栏）electric-mechanical double safety device:电气机械双保险装置hopper dryer:（加料斗）干燥机auto loader:上料机hopper magnet:磁力架hopper throat:上料口hopper car:漏底车poppet:提动阀芯valve stem:气门杆（阀门芯）（valve） tappet:（阀）推杆cartridge hydaulics:插装液压系统cartridge:插装阀）proportional valve:比例阀limit valve:进水阀directional valve:方向阀press & flow valve:压力流量比例阀gauge valve:（压力）表阀sol.（enoids） relief valve:电磁溢流阀valve of release:排气阀moisture removal valve:排湿阀（水汽吸收器，用在液压系统油箱内）plastic dehumidifying machine:塑料除湿机（用于除去塑料桶内的湿气,与前者不同）angle check valve / non-return valve:单向阀sol.（enoid） pilot valve:电磁换向阀limit pilot valve:行程换向阀pathfinder control:导航式控制器valve driver board:阀输出板Manual pilot valve:手动阀air blast valve:吹气阀water saver valve:冷却水节流阀pump relief valve:油泵安全（溢流）阀screw torque selector valve:螺杆力矩选择阀/背压阀water control valve for oil cooler:油冷却器水控制阀water control valve for feeding throat:（料筒）进料口冷却水控制阀hydraulic motor:液压马达reducer housing:液压马达座electric motor:电机DC motor:直流电机pump motor: 油泵马达hydraulic screw drive motor:预塑马达radial-piston motor:径向柱塞马达fixed-displacement vane pump:定排量叶片泵mud pump:（油田）抽泥泵hydraulic pipe / hose:高压软管relief setting on proportional valve:比例阀溢流设定screw/suck back:射退suck-back pressure:防流涎压力decompression （suck-back）:防流涎no-load:空载（转），无载side load:横载荷（边载）bypass oil filter:旁路滤油oil level:油位计heat exchanger:油冷却器pressure gauge:压力表（面板式）level gauge:液位计potentiometer:电位计moisture level:湿度位temperature gauge / thermometer:温度计surveyor’s level:水准仪indicator:百分表dashboard indicator:（汽车）仪表盘指示针magnetic gauge:磁性表座micrometer:千分尺caliper:游标卡尺/卡钳mike bar:测微棒feeler gage:测隙规digital bore gage:数字式口径量规cylinder gage:量缸表（surface） profilometer:表面光度仪grating ruler:光栅尺measure head:测头scanning head:扫描头probe:测头jaw:（游标卡尺的）卡口square:直角尺/矩尺angle iron:角铁oil gun:牛油枪portable / hand-held spray gun:手提式/ 轻便型喷漆枪robot out:机械手出feeding / discharging robot:力口料/取瓶（卸产品）机械手universal spanner:活络扳头universal plier:活动钳hexagon wrench:内六角扳头（管子钳）mesh:滤眼（网眼）suction filter:滤油器suction:空气滤清器full-time filter:不间断/全天候滤清器push-in filter:嵌入式过滤网electrostatic precipitator:静电滤尘器（除尘器）dust precipitator:集尘器vapor condenser:蒸气冷凝器noncondensing:无冷凝水unscrambler:清理器preform tank:瓶坯箱parison:型坯funnel:漏斗chip conveyor:排屑器interface port:接口fitting:装置叩pliance:用具device:器件tooling:（工序件）刀具fixture:器具apparatus:仪器vault-type hardware:拱形器具assembly / subassembly:组件 （heating ） element:（发热）元件conductive part:导体件 live part:带电体actuator:操作件/执行机构 machine actuator:机械执行机构 extended operator:伸缩操作件 activator:激活器wobble-stick:手摇杆 palm type:掌揿式 mushroom-head type:蘑菇头式 wire-clip type:线夹式rod-operated type:杆式 self-latching type:自锁式manifold: n.复式接头/复合管/多支管/组合件/分水块 adj.多种多样的，多功能的piping, fitting & connetion:管路接头 expansion fitting:膨胀管接头 connector / joint:接头 splice:拼结点/接头fittings:垫片，附件/配件outfit(s): n.配备，全套装备；v.配备，得到装备 interference fit:干涉配合 captive fastener:系留紧固件fixing element:固定件 be snug on ：紧贴….hold closed:紧密固紧 shrink fit:热装 shrink over:趁其热胀时套上steam turbine:汽轮 chain block (=derrick / crane /jack ):起重机chain:挂链 hinge:较链 handle:手柄knob:旋钮 roller:滚轮/滚辊woven wire armor:编织线网铠装 nip rolls:夹辊/牵引辊solenoid coil:电磁铁 coil:线圈 shunt coil magnetic device:电磁器件工作线圈 delayed no-voltage device:延时无电压器件prewired device:预接引出线的器件 axial winding:轴向缠绕winding:绕组 secondary winding:二次绕组line side:进线边load side:负载边derate:减载运行 engage: v.接合/啮合 disconnect / deenergize:切断（电源 primary:（变压器）原线圈，原边，原电压secondary:副/次线圈，副边，副电压undervoltage:欠电压 PELV （protective extra low voltage ）:保安特低电 压residual voltage:残余电压 line voltage:线电压breakdown voltage:击穿电压ripple:波纹电压 nominal voltage:额定/常规电压voltage impulse:电压冲击 （impact / shock:冲击）voltage dip:电压降 voltage level:电平harmonic distortion:谐波畸变 r.m.s.:有效值sequence of states:状态序列 jogging / inching:点动voltage of the negative sequence component:电压负序成分 detector:测压器/检测器collective set:组合体secondary circuit:二级电路 rating:额定值trip:跳闸/脱扣energize:通电，接通electronic beam:电子射线electromagnetic clutch:电磁离合器 factor:系数（因素） coefficient:系数 tolerance:公差 allowance for …：公差differential: n.差动deflect: v.倾斜，转向，弯曲 deflection:偏差，挠度 heating calibration:力口热偏移 formula:公式label:指示标签 nameplate:铭牌 identification tag:识别标 牌 item:功能项 designation:项目代号identification :识别标志 group identification:组合标示graphical symbol:图示符号 legend:图例/图示set up:装配（机器） layout:布局/装配/分布图schematic diagram:示意图 block diagram:框图/立体图interconnection diagram:互连接线图cross-referencing scheme:相互对照图front view:正面图 sectional drawing:剖面图temperature profile:温度剖面（温度分布线图）section:截（剖）面 （cross ） longitudinal section:（横）纵截面 circular cross section:环形截面 sectional point:分段处 overview:整体外观，概观 outline:外形 video out:屏幕图象输出 temperature conditions page:温度状况屏幕页 text:文本graphic:绘图式 LCD:液晶示屏animation:动画 overlay: n.夕卜层 elastic layer:弹性层intersect （with ）:与…相交 intersection:交叉（点）in a circumferential direction:以圆周方向 bolt circle （pattern ）:螺旋圆周（状）in cross direction:横向（断面方向） longitudinal:纵向（水平方向）lengthwise: adj.纵向的 lateral:横向的 horizontal:水平的,卧式 vertical:垂直的（+3） （be ） perpendicular to/ （be ） vertical:垂直于 heat-resistant grease:耐热润滑脂 grease nipple:滑脂嘴 anti-wear/wear resistance hydraulic oil:抗磨液压油corrosion resistance:耐蚀（性） abrasion resistance:磨蚀强度abrasive resistance:耐研磨性（研磨磨损）abrasive blasting:磨蚀喷抛清 理abrasive finishing:打磨修整 blast finishing:喷砂修整adhesive resistance:耐粘合性（粘合磨损）chemical resistance:耐化学 性 resistance to diffusion:防扩散性 hydroscopic: adj.吸湿性的leak-free hydraulic system:防漏液压系统 moisture-proof:防潮的extraction system:（喷漆）排雾系统parameter:参数clearance:间隙（孑L隙） deviation:偏差anti-rusted / rustproof:防锈的 antiseize:防卡塞 dustproof:防尘 的 anti-shock / vibration-proof:防震的 spill-resistance:防溢性splash-proof:防溅的（splatter / spatter / sprinkle : v.激溅）spark:（擦出）火花（〜off:导致…）；n.火花good dead head resistance:流动性好edible oil:食用油 potable water:饮用水remainder cold material:残余冷料 scrap:下脚料/残次废料composite:复合材料 compound:配料sheet:片材/板材/薄片 overlay sheet:贴面材料composite laminate:复合层压制件 laminate: n.层压材料lamination:薄片制作 reinforcement:增强材料 polymer:聚合 物VOC （ volatile organic compound ）:挥发性有机化合物 Fumes of acids:酸性气体 alkali:碱（性的）fresh water:生水molding compounds:成型调和物 compound:混合物virgin / feedstock:原料 backing material:衬料 base material:基料colorant: n.颜料 padding / filler:填料 coating material:涂料 thermal spray coating:热喷涂层 intermediate coat:中间层（漆） textured paint:膨松漆 enamel:釉漆 flux:焊剂 coolant:冷却剂/冷却液 cure:熟化 curing agent:熟化剂 度 thinner:稀释剂 additive:添加剂 extender:补充剂 retarder:阻滞剂燃剂finish:整饰剂/抛光剂 finishing:整饰 good finish:光洁度良好 （semi-gloss:不完全光滑） reinforcing agent:增强剂 cleaning agent / solvent:清洗剂/溶剂 detergent:洗涤剂 clarifier:澄清剂additive:添加剂 pigment:颜料/色素（涂剂） adhesive : n.粘合剂 binder:结合剂electrical tape:绝缘胶布 adhesive strip:胶粘条backing: n.衬垫（unbacked: adj.无衬的） foreign object ：无关的物 品inlay: n+v.镶入（物） insert:插片，插塞/嵌件carbon brush （holder ）:碳刷 stone:油石 textile:织物 paper-backed wood veneer laminate:纸衬胶合薄木片talc:滑石（云母） mica:云母 PMP:电木粉polyolefins:聚烯烃 styrene:苯乙烯 rosin:松香oil seal:骨架式橡胶油封 oil cover:油封盖oil-tight connections:油密封连接 soldered connection:锡焊连接solderless wrap:无锡焊卷绕 wire-wraped connection:金属绕丝连接substrate:底层 galvanizing:电镀（层）primer: 底漆 lubricant:润滑剂 degree of cure: 固化程flame retardant:火焰阻wave soldered:波焊 pretine:预镀锡 linear oven:线性烘箱 vertical furnace:立式熔炉 plasma spray coating technique:等离子喷涂 HIP （hot isostatic pressure ）:热均衡压力 precipitation hardening:弥散（沉淀）硬化 dispersion hardening:弥散硬 化hardsurface: v.硬表面化 point / local / selective hardening:局部淬火 carbon case hardening:渗碳硬化 shell hardening:渗碳（表面淬火） case:渗碳层/淬火层（先渗碳后淬火） heat harden:淬火anneal:退火 negative hardening: n.低温退火bake: v.烘焙 after-bake:后烘 sulphurize: v.硫化carbonize:碳化调质处理：thermal refiningor:调质=先淬火+后高温回火quenching followed by tempering at high temperature（或 quenching prior to tempering at high temperature ） magnetic flux reversal:磁通量转换 centrifugally cast:离心式浇铸 centrifugal casting:离心铸塑（法） centrifugal molding:离心模制 flow molding:流动模制 molding:模塑bath lubrication:浸油润滑plastic injection molding machine:注塑机 plastic extruding machine:挤塑机 （pipe-, profile-, sheet-lines:管状-，异型状-，片状生产线） Reheat Stretch Blow Molding machine:再热式拉伸吹塑机（吹瓶机） aircompressor:空压机 die casting machine:压铸机 machine tools:机床/金属加工机械 metal forming tools:金属成形机 械 tool post:刀架 copy milling machine:仿形铳床grinding machine:磨床 boring machine:镗床clicker press / punching machine:冲床 drilling machine:钻床 planing machine:刨床 shaping machine:牛头刨床horizontal machining center:卧式加工中心 CNC （Computerized Numerical Control ）:电脑数值控制（数控） pelletizer:造粒机 cutting machine:切削机 size reduction equipment:粉碎机 /磨碎机 laminating machinery:层 压机 plastic mashing machine:破碎机 plastic mixing machine:混料机coordinate measuring machine:坐标测量机 In-process gaging machine:加工过程中的测量装置 machine shop:金工车间 钣金件：metal sheet dip soldered:浸焊spray booth:喷漆间spinning oven:旋转炉ion nitride:离子氮化法 （技术）。