自然循环热水锅炉水动力回路分析法
摘要：水动力计算都依据《热水锅炉水动力计算方法》,不足的是这种方法不能准确确定每根单管的工质流量，且不能准确确定工作点。为了避免其不确定性，研究得出了一种数值水动力计算方法即水动力回路分析法，简称回路分析法。该方法考虑了各种因素对锅炉本体每根管内工质流量的影响，在其热负荷、结构参数和工质流动阻力系数给定的条件下，可以准确计算出每根单管内的工质流量。在相同的参数条件下，分别用标准法和回路分析法对某单一循环回路的水动力特性进行计算，计算结果验证了水动力回路分析法的正确性。然后分别用标准法和回路分析法对一台自然循环热水锅炉的水动力特性进行计算，结果表明水动力回路分析法更准确并可接受。
关键词：热水锅炉；水动力；回路分析法
引言：
由于自然循环热水锅炉的大容量和对于断电保护、给水质量以及运行水平的低要求，它已经在中国广泛应用[1]。然而，在上升管和下降管中工质的密度差过小可能会导致自然循环有效压力较低，如果结构不合理，将会产生爆管。因此，在自然循环热水锅炉设计中，如何确定流动工质的安全速度和避免爆管导致受热面过冷沸腾是非常重要的。
在中国早期，有很多研究者致力于关于自然循环热水锅炉水动力计算的研究，一些人提出了对于几个简单循环回路和某些复杂循环回路的水动力计算方法，但是大多数方法只适用于简单回路。西安交通大学的朱教授提出了一种应用计算机流体力学分析的方法，他将流动工质的特点和使用一种两端参考作为主动解决方法的直流循环原则做了比较。这种方法的优势在于解决过程的方便性，但是对于复杂循环的解决过程非常复杂[2]。自从上世纪七十年代，对于管流分布热力学模型的研究显著增多[3-8]。
目前，水动力计算方法使用“热水锅炉水动力计算法”[9](以下简称一般方法)，它提供了保证循环安全的一般方法。该方法采用图解的方式确定介质的工作点，这是非常准确和高效的。在解决整个问题时用到一些假设。
本文的目的是提供一种新的水动力数值计算方法，简称水动力回路分析法，即回路分析法。本文的研究内容主要包括基本模型、基本原理、基本
方程及其可行性。它使用分流的解决方法，这种方法更全面、准确和高效。1模型研究
1.1基本模型
水动力计算的关键问题是获得在额定负荷下管中流动工质的特点[12-13]。
其中P1和P2分别是1-1和1-2处各自的压强，ρ是管中工质的平均密度，g是重力加速度，h是管子的高度，w是管内工质的流动速度，f是该管的的截面面积系数。当工质从1-1处流向1-2处是，等式右边第二项的加号必须变为减号。
由于等式右边第二项的符号随流动工质的流动方向变化而改变，这是很难确定的。此外，压力是速度的平方，所以这是一个非线性方程组。
为了克服上述的困难，这里介绍新的参数：
然后等式一与等式二变为：
其中E、U、G、R分别表示工质的动力、压力、流动率和流动阻力。
这两个方程类似于直流电路中电流的计算公式，单一管中有压力和阻力，单管等效图如图2所示。在等式7中。G是一个矢量，当工质从底部流向顶部时，G是正的，否则为负。
1.2回路分析法的基本原则
在回路分析法中，回路中的工质流量和分支中的工质流量被视为
未知量，方程根据工质压力的代数和为零的原则导出，即在循环回路中ΣU=0 和在循环中每个节点中流入的流量和等于流出的流量之和，即ΣG=0。
为了确保方程组有解，一个独立的回路必须被选为循环路径，并且工质在回路中的流动方向必须被确定。顺着循环的方向，如果压力降低则为正，否则为负。
方程组通过计算机用迭代法求解[14-15]。如果工质流量的计算结果是正的，则公职的流动方向与规定方向相同，反之则不同。工质的流量和流动方向可以根据回路中工质的流量和流动方向确定。
以一个单回路循环为例，只包括一个上升管和一个下降管的单回路循环示意图如图3所示。
2结果与分析
2.1 计算实例
一个单回路的水动力特性采用一般方法和回路分析法进行分析，并且这两种方法采用相同的参数。这个简单循环的结构如图3所示，结构参数列于表1，计算结果列于表2。
表1 结构参数
回路参数上升管下降管
总长/m 7 6
总高/m 5 5
热功率/kw 1000 1000
总阻力系数 2 1.5 管子直径/(mm*mm) 159*6 133*4 进口温度94 94
表2计算结果
方法质量流量（Kg/h）相对误差一般分析法25043 0.0559
回路分析法25057 ——
结果表明，在相同的参数下，因为相对误差很小，两种计算方法几乎是相同的。因此。回路分析法是正确的。
2.2 计算实践
在这一部分，用回路分析法和一般方法对一个具有自然循环的参数为
SHL7-1.0/115/70-AII的热水锅炉的水动力特性进行计算和分析，其结构参数、阻力系数、每个受热面的热负荷系数和计算结果都提供了参考[16]。图4到图6分别显示的是工质在每个回路每个管中的流量曲线图，图7显示的是在对流回路中管中每个部分的流量曲线图。
表3分别列出了一般方法和回路分析法的计算结果。图4到图7表明用回路分析法计算回路流量比较准确，并且过冷沸腾可以被直接检查出来，而一般分析法只能计算出管中工质的平均流量。
表3两种方法计算结果数据比较
方法前水冷壁
回路流量后水冷壁
回路流量
侧水冷壁
回路流量
对流循环
流量
流通率下降管进
口温度
一般法21600 23800 24100 196000 2.16 94.50
回路分析
法
21601 23850 24392 187916 2.10 93.66
相对误差0.0046 0.21 1.2 4.12 2.78 0.89 表3反映了水动力循环分析法和一般分析法的计算结果和计算出来的相对误差，循环回路的工质流量相对误差小于百分之五，流通率很小，并且下降管的进口温度非常低。
相对误差虽然小但是仍然存在，这有几个导致这个问题的原因。首先，在一般分析法中，循环回路中的每个管子被视为相同的，这意味着每个管子是在相同的情形下而在回路分析法中每个管子在他们各自的工质状态下。另一个原因是在回路分析法中，摩擦对流量的影响是分段考虑和计算的。此外。一般分析法中，必须用图解的方法来确定工作点，与回路分析法相比这更加不准确。
3总结
研究了一个单回路的水动力特性和发现了回路分析法的基本模型。用
回路分析法和一般分析法计算和研究了自然循环热水锅炉的书动力特性，得到以下结论。
基本模型与直流电路中分流方法的模型相似，但是这个模型的关键点之一是方程组是非线性的。
两种方法的计算结果是相同的，表明了循环分析的正确性。但是循环分析法考虑了影响每个管子流入总量和每个管子准确流量的因素。此外，这种方法避免了用图解的方法来识别工质的工作点，因此它比一般分析法更准确一些。
回路分析法必须应用计算机来提高效率，因为手算求解方程组太复杂了。
理工学院 毕业设计外文资料翻译 专业：计算机科学与技术 姓名：马艳丽 学号： 12L0752218 外文出处：The Design and Implementation of 3D Electronic Map of Campus Based on WEBGIS 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 基于WebGIS的校园三维电子地图的设计与实现 一．导言 如今，数字化和信息化是当今时代的主题。随着信息革命和计算机科学的发展，计算机技术已经渗透到科学的各个领域，并引起了许多革命性的变化，在这些科目，古代制图学也不例外。随着技术和文化的不断进步，地图变化的形式和内容也随之更新。在计算机图形学中，地理信息系统（GIS）不断应用到Web，制作和演示的传统方式经历了巨大的变化，由于先进的信息技术的发展，地图的应用已经大大延长。在这些情况下，绘图将面临广阔的发展前景。电子地图是随之应运而生的产品之一。随着计算机技术，计算机图形学理论，遥感技术，航空摄影测量技术和其他相关技术的飞速发展。用户需要的三维可视化，动态的交互性和展示自己的各种地理相关的数据处理和分析，如此多的关注应支付的研究三维地图。东北石油大学及其周边地区的基础上本文设计并建立三维电子地图。 二．系统设计 基于WebGIS的校园三维电子地图系统的具有普通地图的一般特性。通过按键盘上的箭头键（上，下，左，右），可以使地图向相应的方向移动。通过拖动鼠标，可以查看感兴趣的任何一个地方。使用鼠标滚轮，可以控制地图的大小，根据用户的需求来查看不同缩放级别的地图。在地图的左下角会显示当前鼠标的坐标。在一个div层，我们描绘了一个新建筑物的热点，这层可以根据不同的地图图层的显示，它也可以自动调整。通过点击热点，它可以显示热点的具体信息。也可以输入到查询的信息，根据自己的需要，并得到一些相关的信息。此外，通过点击鼠标，人们可以选择检查的三维地图和卫星地图。 主要功能包括： ?用户信息管理：检查用户名和密码，根据权限设置级别的认证，允许不同权限的用户通过互联网登录系统。 ?位置信息查询：系统可以为用户提供模糊查询和快速定位。
南京航空航天大学金城学院 毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译 系部经济系 专业国际经济与贸易 学生姓名陈雅琼学号2011051115 指导教师邓晶职称副教授 2015年5月
Economic policy,tourism trade and productive diversification （Excerpt） Iza Lejárraga,Peter Walkenhorst The broad lesson that can be inferred from the analysis is that promoting tourism linkages with the productive capabilities of a host country is a multi-faceted approach influenced by a variety of country conditions.Among these,fixed or semi-fixed factors of production,such as land,labor,or capital,seem to have a relatively minor influence.Within the domain of natural endowments,only agricultural capital emerged as significant.This is a result that corresponds to expectations,given that foods and beverages are the primary source of demand in the tourism economy.Hence,investments in agricultural technology may foment linkages with the tourism market.It is also worth mentioning that for significant backward linkages to emerge with local agriculture,a larger scale of tourism may be important. According to the regression results,a strong tourism–agriculture nexus will not necessarily develop at a small scale of tourism demand. It appears that variables related to the entrepreneurial capital of the host economy are of notable explanatory significance.The human development index(HDI), which is used to measure a country's general level of development,is significantly and positively associated with tourism linkages.One plausible explanation for this is that international tourists,who often originate in high-income countries,may feel more comfortable and thus be inclined to consume more in a host country that has a life-style to which they can relate easily.Moreover,it is important to remember that the HDI also captures the relative achievements of countries in the level of health and education of the population.Therefore,a higher HDI reflects a healthier and more educated workforce,and thus,the quality of local entrepreneurship.Related to this point,it is important to underscore that the level of participation of women in the host economy also has a significantly positive effect on linkages.In sum, enhancing local entrepreneurial capital may expand the linkages between tourism and other sectors of the host country.
xxxxxxxxx 毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译 （本科学生用） 题目：Poduct Line Engineering: The State of the Practice 生产线工程：实践的形态 学生姓名：学号： 学部（系）: 专业年级: 指导教师：职称或学位： 2011年3月10日
外文文献翻译（译成中文1000字左右）： 【主要阅读文献不少于5篇，译文后附注文献信息，包括：作者、书名（或论文题目）、出版社（或刊物名称）、出版时间（或刊号）、页码。提供所译外文资料附件（印刷类含封面、封底、目录、翻译部分的复印件等，网站类的请附网址及原文】 Requirements engineering practices A precise requirements engineering process— a main driver for successful software development —is even more important for product line engineering. Usually, the product line’s scope addresses various domains simultaneously. This makes requirements engineering more complex. Furthermore, SPL development involves more tasks than single-product development. Many product line requirements are complex, interlinked, and divided into common and product-specific requirements. So, several requirements engineering practices are important specifically in SPL development: ? Domain identification and modeling, as well as commonalities and variations across product instances Separate specification and verification for platform and product requirements ? Management of integrating future requirements into the platform and products ? Identification, modeling, and management of requirement dependencies The first two practices are specific to SPL engineering. The latter two are common to software development but have much higher importance for SPLs. Issues with performing these additional activities can severely affect the product line’s long-term success. During the investigation, we found that most organizations today apply organizational and procedural measures to master these challenges. The applicability of more formal requirements engineering techniques and tools appeared rather limited, partly because such techniques are not yet designed to cope with product line evelopment’s inherent complexities. The investigation determined that the following three SPL requirements engineering practices were most important to SPL success. Domain analysis and domain description. Before starting SPL development, organizations should perform a thorough domain analysis. A well-understood domain is a prerequisite for defining a suitable scope for the product line. It’s the foundation for efficiently identifying and distinguishing platform and product requirements. Among the five participants in our investigation, three explicitly modeled the product line requirements. The others used experienced architects and domain experts to develop the SPL core assets without extensive requirements elicitation. Two organizations from the first group established a continuous requirements management that maintained links between product line and product instance requirements. The three other organizations managed their core assets’ evolution using change management procedures and versioning concepts. Their business did not force them to maintain more detailed links between the requirements on core assets and product instances. The impact of architectural decisions on requirements negotiations. A stable but flexible architecture is important for SPL development. However, focusing SPL evolution too much on architectural issues will lead to shallow or even incorrect specifications. It can cause core assets to ignore important SPL requirements so that the core assets lose relevance for SPL development. Organizations can avoid this problem by establishing clear responsibilities for requirements management in addition to architectural roles. The work group participants reported that a suitable organizational tool for balancing requirements and architecture is roundtable meetings in which requirements engineers,
景德镇陶瓷学院 毕业设计(论文)有关外文翻 译 院系：机械电子工程学院 专业：自动化 姓名：肖骞 学号： 201010320116 指导教师：万军 完成时间： 2014.5.8 说明
1、将与课题有关的专业外文翻译成中文是毕业设计（论文）中的一个不可缺少的环节。此环节是培养学生阅读专业外文和检验学生专业外文阅读能力的一个重要环节。通过此环节进一步提高学生阅读专业外文的能力以及使用外文资料为毕业设计服务，并为今后科研工作打下扎实的基础。 2、要求学生查阅与课题相关的外文文献3篇以上作为课题参考文献，并将其中1篇（不少于3000字）的外文翻译成中文。中文的排版按后面格式进行填写。外文内容是否与课题有关由指导教师把关，外文原文附在后面。 3、指导教师应将此外文翻译格式文件电子版拷给所指导的学生，统一按照此排版格式进行填写，完成后打印出来。 4、请将封面、译文与外文原文装订成册。 5、此环节在开题后毕业设计完成前完成。 6、指导教师应从查阅的外文文献与课题紧密相关性、翻译的准确性、是否通顺以及格式是否规范等方面去进行评价。 指导教师评语： 签名： 年月日
TMS320LF2407, TMS320LF2406, TMS320LF2402 TMS320LC2406, TMS320LC2404, MS320LC2402 DSP CONTROLLERS The TMS320LF240x and TMS320LC240x devices, new members of the ‘24x family of digital signal processor (DSP) controllers, are part of the C2000 platform of fixed-point DSPs. The ‘240x devices offer the enhanced TMS320 architectural design of the ‘C2xx core CPU for low-cost, low-power, high-performance processing capabilities. Several advanced peripherals, optimized for digital motor and motion control applications, have been integrated to provide a true single chip DSP controller. While code-compatible with the existing ‘24x DSP controller devices, the ‘240x offers increased processing performance (30 MIPS) and a higher level of peripheral integration. See the TMS320x240x device summary section for device-specific features. The ‘240x family offers an array of memory sizes and different peripherals tailored to meet the specific price/performance points required by various applications. Flash-based devices of up to 32K words offer a reprogrammable solution useful for: ◆Applications requiring field programmability upgrades. ◆Development and initial prototyping of applications that migrate to ROM-based devices. Flash devices and corresponding ROM devices are fully pin-to-pin compatible. Note that flash-based devices contain a 256-word boot ROM to facilitate in-circuit programming. All ‘240x devices offer at least one event manager module which has been optimized for digital motor control and power conversion applications. Capabilities of this module include centered- and/or edge-aligned PWM generation, programmable deadband to prevent shoot-through faults, and synchronized analog-to-digital conversion. Devices with dual event managers enable multiple motor and/or converter
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
1、 外文原文 A: Fundamentals of Single-chip Microcomputer Th e si ng le -c hi p m ic ro co mp ut er i s t he c ul mi na ti on of both t h e de ve lo pm en t o f t he d ig it al co m pu te r an d th e i n te gr at ed c i rc ui t a rg ua bl y t h e to w m os t s ig ni f ic an t i nv en ti on s o f t he 20th c e nt ur y [1]. Th es e t ow ty pe s of ar ch it ec tu re a re fo un d i n s in g le -ch i p m i cr oc om pu te r. So m e em pl oy t he spl i t pr og ra m/da ta m e mo ry o f th e H a rv ar d ar ch it ect u re , sh ow n in Fi g.3-5A -1, o th ers fo ll ow t he p h il os op hy , wi del y a da pt ed f or ge n er al -p ur po se co m pu te rs a nd m i cr op ro ce ss o r s, o f ma ki ng n o log i ca l di st in ct ion be tw ee n p r og ra m an d d at a m e mo ry a s i n t he P r in ce to n ar ch ite c tu re , sh ow n i n F ig.3-5A-2. In g en er al te r ms a s in gl e -chi p m ic ro co mp ut er i s c h ar ac te ri ze d b y t h e i nc or po ra ti on o f a ll t he un it s of a co mp uter i n to a s in gl e d ev i ce , as s ho wn in Fi g3-5A -3. Fig.3-5A-1 A Harvard type Program memory Data memory CPU Input& Output unit memory CPU Input& Output unit
72页 Machine Tools Objectived. Machine tools are the main engines of the manufacturing industry. This chapter covers a few of the details that are common to all classes of machine tools discussed in this book. After completing the chapter, the reader will be able to >understand the classification of the various machine tools used in manufacturing industries. >identify the differences between generating and forming of surfaces. > identify various methods used to generate different types of surfaces. >distinguish between the different accuracies and surface finishes that are achievable with different machine tools. >understand the different components of the machine tools and their functions. >learn about the different support structures used in the machine tools. >understand the various actuation systems that are useful to generate the required surfaces. >Learn the different types of guideways used in the machine tools. >understand the work holding requirements. 3.1 INTRODUCTION The earliest known machine tools are the Egyptian foot-operated lathes.
毕业设计（论文） 外文翻译 题目西安市水源工程中的 水电站设计 专业水利水电工程 班级 学生 指导教师 2016年
研究钢弧形闸门的动态稳定性 牛志国 河海大学水利水电工程学院，中国南京，邮编210098 nzg_197901@https://www.doczj.com/doc/351358332.html,，niuzhiguo@https://www.doczj.com/doc/351358332.html, 李同春 河海大学水利水电工程学院，中国南京，邮编210098 ltchhu@https://www.doczj.com/doc/351358332.html, 摘要 由于钢弧形闸门的结构特征和弹力，调查对参数共振的弧形闸门的臂一直是研究领域的热点话题弧形弧形闸门的动力稳定性。在这个论文中，简化空间框架作为分析模型，根据弹性体薄壁结构的扰动方程和梁单元模型和薄壁结构的梁单元模型，动态不稳定区域的弧形闸门可以通过有限元的方法，应用有限元的方法计算动态不稳定性的主要区域的弧形弧形闸门工作。此外，结合物理和数值模型，对识别新方法的参数共振钢弧形闸门提出了调查，本文不仅是重要的改进弧形闸门的参数振动的计算方法，但也为进一步研究弧形弧形闸门结构的动态稳定性打下了坚实的基础。 简介 低举升力，没有门槽，好流型，和操作方便等优点，使钢弧形闸门已经广泛应用于水工建筑物。弧形闸门的结构特点是液压完全作用于弧形闸门，通过门叶和主大梁，所以弧形闸门臂是主要的组件确保弧形闸门安全操作。如果周期性轴向载荷作用于手臂，手臂的不稳定是在一定条件下可能发生。调查指出:在弧形闸门的20次事故中，除了极特殊的破坏情况下，弧形闸门的破坏的原因是弧形闸门臂的不稳定;此外，明显的动态作用下发生破坏。例如:张山闸，位于中国的江苏省，包括36个弧形闸门。当一个弧形闸门打开放水时，门被破坏了，而其他弧形闸门则关闭，受到静态静水压力仍然是一样的，很明显，一个动态的加载是造成的弧形闸门破坏一个主要因素。因此弧形闸门臂的动态不稳定是造成弧形闸门(特别是低水头的弧形闸门)破坏的主要原是毫无疑问。
PLC technique discussion and future development Test Equipment-principles and Applications Princeton University .America Along with the development of the ages, the technique that is nowadays is also gradually perfect, the competition plays more strong; the operation that list depends the artificial has already can't satisfied with the current manufacturing industry foreground, also can't guarantee the request of the higher quantity and high new the image of the technique business enterprise. The people see in produce practice, automate brought the tremendous convenience and the product quantities for people up of assurance, also eased the personnel's labor strength, reduce the establishment on the personnel. The target control of the hard realization in many complicated production lines, whole and excellent turn, the best decision etc, well-trained operation work, technical personnel or expert, governor but can judge and operate easily, can acquire the satisfied result. The research target of the artificial intelligence makes use of the calculator exactly to carry out, imitate these intelligences behavior, moderating the work through person's brain and calculators, with the mode that person's machine combine, for resolve the very complicated problem to look for the best path. We come in sight of the control that links after the electric appliances in various situation, that is already the that time generation past, now of after use in the mold a perhaps simple equipments of grass-roots control that the electric appliances can do for the low level only; And the PLC emergence also became the epoch-making topic, adding the vivid software control through a very and stable hardware, making the automation head for the new high tide. The PLC biggest characteristics lie in: The electrical engineering teacher already no longer electric hardware up too many calculations of cost, as long as order the importation that the button switch or the importation of the sensors order to link the PLC up can solve problem, pass to output to order the conjunction
西南交通大学 毕业设计（英文翻译） 节能型机房温湿度远程控制系统测控节点设 计 年级: 学号: 姓名: 专业: 指导老师: 二零一一年六月
Mosix Mosix修改bsdi上的BSD/ OS来提供电脑上的跨网络的动态负载平衡组和先发制人进程迁移。这是不错的东西，不只是为并行处理，但对于通常使用一个集群很像一个可扩展的SMP。是否有Linux版本？详细信息，请看www.cs.huji.ac.il/mosix/。NOW (工作站网络) 伯克利工作站网络项目，https://www.doczj.com/doc/351358332.html,/，已经极推广了并行计算中使用工作站网络，这里还有很多工作在进行中，都致力于“在未来几年展示一个实际的100处理器系统”。唉，他们不使用linux。 并行处理使用linux 并行处理使用Linux WWW站点，https://www.doczj.com/doc/351358332.html,/LDP/,是这些指南和许多相关文件包括为全日制量身订造的在线幻灯片的家园。除了在报纸项目上，普渡大学电机与计算机工程系已经是并行处理的领先者，这个的设立是为了帮助别人申请并行处理的Linux电脑。 自从普渡大学的第一组Linux个人电脑在1994年2月组装以来，已经诞生了许多的Linux PC集群，有些还包括视频墙。然而这些集群使用386，486和奔腾系统（没有奔腾Pro系统），英特尔最近获得普渡大学的捐赠，将允许它的奔腾II系统构建多个大型集群（与单个群集计划多达165机）。并且这些集群都将有论文网，也具有最传统的网络。 奔腾Pro集群研讨会 1997年，4月10-11日，埃姆斯实验室在得梅因，爱荷华州举行了奔腾Pro集群研讨会。WWW在本次研讨会，https://www.doczj.com/doc/351358332.html,/workshops/PPCworkshop.html，从云集的参加者中收集了很多丰富的PC集群信息。 TreadMarks帝斯曼(分布式共享存) 帝斯曼（分布式共享存）是一种技术，即一个消息传递系统可以出现的行为作为一个SMP。有不少这样的系统，其部分使用OS页故障触发消息传输机制。TreadMarks，https://www.doczj.com/doc/351358332.html,/~willy/TreadMarks/overview.html，是这种系统更有效地之一，并在Linux集群上运行。坏消息是“TreadMarks”正在由一个小成本的大学和非盈利机构的分配。欲了解更多有关该软件，请联系https://www.doczj.com/doc/351358332.html,信息。 U型网 (用户级网络接口架构) U型网（用户级网络接口架构）在康奈尔大学，
英文翻译 题目: 通过分析变压器中溶解气体而进行故障诊断的专家系统 姓名: 宋日成 学院: 工学院 专业: 自动化 班级: 自动化112 班学号: 32211218 指导教师: 陆静职称: 讲师 2015年3月14日 南京农业大学教务处制
An Expert System for Transformer Fault Diagnosis Using Dissolved Gas Analysis W. S. Chan ·Y. L. Xu ·X. L. Ding ·W. J. Dai Received: 9 November 2005 / Accepted: 11 August 2006 / Published online: 7 September 2006? Springer-Verlag 2006 Abstract In order to automate the transformer fault diagnosis, improve the accuracy of judgment, the introduction of artificial intelligence expert system fault diagnosis. The system is based on fuzzy reasoning confidence by observing the information, the use of knowledge to reach a conclusion. Test proved this method reduces the randomness of judgment, improved diagnosis. Keywords:Expert System Transformer Troubleshooting 1 Introduction The power transformer is a major apparatus in a power system, and its correct functioning is vital to system operations. In order to minimize system outages,many devices have evolved to monitor the serviceability of power transformers. These devices, such as, Buchholz relays or differential relays, respond only to a severe power failure requiring immediate removal of the transformer from service, in which case, outages are inevitable. Thus, preventive techniques for early detection faults to avoid outages would be valuable. In this way, analysis of the mixture of the faulty gases dissolved in insulation oil of power transformer has received worldwide recognition as an effective method for the detection of incipient faults. Many researchers and electrical utilities have reported on their experience and developed interpretative criteria on the basis of DGA. However, criteria tend to vary from utility to utility. Each approach has limitations and none of them has a firm mathematical description. Therefore, transformer diagnosis is still in the heuristic stage. For this reason, knowledge-based programming is a suitable approach to implement in such a diagnostic problem. Based on the interpretation of DGA, a prototype of an expert system for diagnosis of suspected transformer faults and their maintenance procedures is proposed. The significant source in this knowledge base is the gas ratio method. Some limitations of this approach are overcome by incorporating the diagnostic procedure and the synthetic expertise method. Furthermore, data bases adopted from TPCS gas records of transformers are incorporated into the expert system to increase the practical performance. Uncertainty of diagnosis is managed by using fuzzy set concepts. This expert system is constructed with rule based knowledge representation, since it can be expressed by experts. The expert system building tool, Knowledge Engineering System (KES), is used in the development of the knowledge system