1 A vulnerability is a weakness that a person can eXploit to accomplish something that is not authorized or intended as legitimate use of a network or system.
一个漏洞是一个软弱,一个人要有所成就,能利用未被授权或打算作为合法使用网络或系统。
When a vulnerability is exploited to compromise the security of systems or information on those systems，the result is a security incident,Vulnerabilities may be caused by engineering or design errors，or faulty implementation.
当一个漏洞是利用妥协的安全系统或信息在这些系统中,其结果是一个安全漏洞事件,可能是由于工程或设计错误,或错误的实现。
Why the Internet Is Vulnerable（为什么互联网是脆弱）
2 Many early network protocols that now form part of the Internet infrastructure were designe without security in mind.
许多早期的网络协议,现在互联网基础设施的组成部分是不安全的理念,设计。
Without a fundamentally secwre infrastructure，network defense becomes more diffcult.
没有从根本上安全的基础设施、网络防御变得更加困难。
Furthermore, the Internet is an extremely dynamic environment, in terms of both topology and emerging technology。
,包括拓扑和新兴技术。
。and may be hard to detect or trace。An attacker does not have to be phsically present to carry out the attack.
由于互联网的营销公开和原设计的协议、网络攻击通常是快速,简单,便宜,而且可能很难检测或跟踪一个攻击者不必一股脑的礼物进行攻击。
In fact,many attacks can be launched readily from anywhere in the word, and the location of the attacker can easily be hidden.
事实上,许多攻击可以启动容易从任何地方在词的位置,攻击者可以很容易的被隐藏。
Nor is it always necessary to“break in”to a site (gain privileges on it ) to compromise confidentiality,integrity,or availability of its information on service.
”网站(获得特权)妥协的保密性,完整性或可用性的信息服务。
It is common for sites to be unaware of the risks or unconcerned about the amount of trust they place in the Intemet.
这是常见的网站不知道或不关心的风险量的信任他们的地方在因特网。
They may not be aware of what can happen to their information and systems.
他们可能还不知道会发生什么,他们的信息和系统。
They may believe that their site will not be a target or that precautions they have taken are sufficient.
他们可能认为,他们的网站将不是一个目标,或者他们已经采取足够的预防措施。
Because the technology is constantly changing and intruders are constantly developing new tools and techniques，solutions do not remain effective indefinitely.
因为技术是不断变化的,不断发展新的入侵者是工具和技术,解决方案不能无限期地保持有效。
5 Since much of the traffic on the Internet is not encrypted,confidentiality and integrity are diffcult to achieve.
因为大部分的交通网络是不加密的,保密性和完整性都难实现。
This situation undermines not only annlications (such as financial applications that are
network-based ) but also more fundamental mechanisms such as authentication and
non-repudiation.
这种情况不仅annlications破坏(如金融应用程序,这些应用程序是基于网络的),但也更根本的机制,比如身份验证和不可抵赖性。
As a result, sites may be affected by a security compromise at another site over which they have no control .
因此,网站可能会受到安全妥协在另一个网站而失去控制。
An example of this is a packet sniffer that is installed at one site but allows the intruder to gather information about other domains (possibly in other counties).
一个例子是一个数据包嗅探器,安装在一个站点上但允许入侵者收集信息关于其他域(可能在其他国家)。
6 Another factor that contributes to the vulnerability of the Internet is the rapid growth and use of the netword,accompanied by rapid deployment of network services involving complex applications. 另一个因素导致的脆弱性是互联网快速发展和使用网络,伴随着快速部署的网络服务涉及复杂的应
用程序。
Often,these services are not designed, configured,or maintained securely.
通常,这些服务不是设计、配置或维护安全。
In the rush to yet new products to market developers do not adequately ensure that they do not repeat previous mistakes or introduce new vulnerabilities
在急于然而新产品市场开发人员不充分确保他们不重复以前的错误或引入新的漏洞
7Compounding the problem, operating system security is rarely a purchase criterion.
让问题更加复杂的是,操作系统安全是很少购买标准。
Commercial operating system vendors often report that sales are driven by customer demand for performance,price,easy of use,maintenance,and support.
商业操作系统供应商经常报告,销售是由客户要求的性能、价格、容易使用、维护和支持。
As a result ,off-the-shelf operating systems are shipped in an easy-to-use but insecure configuration that allow sits to use the system soon after installation.
因此,现成的操作系统是在一个易于使用的但不安全的运来配置,允许坐使用系统安装后不久。These host/sites are often not fully configured from a security perspective before connecting.
这些主机/网站常常没有完全配置之前从安全角度连接。
This lack of secure configuration makes them vulnerable to attacks,which sometimes occur within minutes of connection.
这种缺乏安全的配置使他们容易受到攻击,这有时发生后几分钟内连接。
8Finally, the explosive growth of the Intemet has expanded the need for well-trained and experienced people to engineer and manage the network in a secure manner.
最后,爆炸性增长的互联网已扩大需要训练有素、经验丰富的人,工程师和管理网络安全的方式。Because the need for network security experts far exceeds the supply,inexperienced people are called upon secure systems,opening windows of opportunity for the intruder community.
因为需要网络安全专家供不应求,没有经验的人呼吁安全的系统,开放的机会窗口为入侵者社区。Type of Technical Vulnerabilities 技术漏洞的类型
9The following taxonomy is useful in understanding the technical cause behind successful intrusion techniques,and helps experts identify general solutions for addressing each type of problem.
以下分类是有用的在理解技术原因成功入侵技术,并帮助专家识别通用于解决每种类型的问题。Flaws in Software or Protocol
缺陷在软件或协议
10Protocols define the rules and conventions for computers to communicate on a network.
协议定义了规则和惯例来进行计算机通信网络。
If a protocol has a fundamental deign flaw,it is vulnerable to exploitation no matter how well it is implemented.
如果一个协议有一个基本的设计缺陷,它是容易受到剥削无论它如何被实现。
An example of this is the Network file System (NFS),which allows systems to share files.
一个例子是网络文件系统(NFS),它允许系统共享文件。
This protocol does not include a provision for authentication; that is，there is no way of verifying that a person logging in really is whom he or she claims to be.
这个协议不包括提供认证;那就是,没有办法验证登录,一个人真的是被他或她声称是。
NFS servers are targets for the intruder community.
NFS服务器目标社区的入侵者。
11When software is designed or specified,often security is left out of the initial description and is later "added on" to the system.
当软件被设计或指定,通常安全是排除在最初的描述和后来的“添加”到系统。
Because the additional components were not part of the original design,the software may not behave as planned and unexpected vulnerabilities may be present.
因为额外的组件是属于原始设计,软件可能不像计划和意想不到的可能出现的漏洞。Weaknesses in How Protocols and Software Are Implemented
弱点在协议和软件如何实现
12 Even when a protocol is well designed，it can be vulnerable because of the way it is implemented.
甚至当一个协议是良好设计的,它可以是脆弱的,因为它是如何实现的。
For example,a protocol for electronic mail may be implemented in a way that permits intruders to connect to the mail port of the victim’s machine and fool the machine into performing a task not intended by the service..
例如,一个协议,电子邮件可能实施的方式,允许入侵者连接到邮件港口受害者的机器和傻瓜机器到执行任务不能由服务. .
If intruders supply certain data for the “To:”field instead of a correct E-mail address,they may be able to fool the machine into sending them user and password information or granting them access to the victim's machine with privileges to read protected files or run programs on the system.
如果入侵者提供某些数据的“:”字段,而不是一个正确的电子邮件地址,他们也许能够愚弄机进入发送用户和密码信息或向他们授予访问权限的受害者的机读文件或运行程序保护系统上。
This tune of vulnerability enables intruders to attack the victim’s machine from remote sites without access to an account on the victim’s system.
这首曲子的脆弱性使入侵者攻击受害者的机器从远程站点没有获得一个帐户在受害者的系统。This tune of attack often is just a first step leading to the exploitation of flaws in system or application software.
这首曲子的攻击往往只是第一步导致缺陷的开发系统或应用程序软件。
13Software may he vulnerable because of flaws that were not identified before the software was released.This type of vulnerability has a wide range of subclasses,which intruders often exploit using their oen attack tools.For readers who are familiar with software desgin,the following examples of subclasses are inciuded:
软件可能他脆弱,是因为缺陷,没有明确的软件发布之前。这种类型的漏洞已经广泛的子类,入侵者经常利用他们的厄恩攻击工具。让读者熟悉软件设计,下面的例子包括子类:
race conditions in file access
在文件访问竞争条件
non-existent checking of data content and size
不存在的检查数据内容和大小
non-existent checking for success or failure
不存在检查成功或失败
inability to adapt to resource exhaustion
无法适应资源枯竭
incomplete checking of operating environment
不完整的检查的操作环境
inappropriate use of system calls
不恰当的使用系统调用
re-use of software modules for purposes other than their intended ones
重用软件模块以外的任何其他目的的预期
14By exaloiting program weaknesses，intruders at a remote site can gail access to a victim’s system.Even if thev have access to a non-privileged user account on the victim’s system they can often gain additional,authorized nrivileges.
利用程序弱点,入侵者在远程站点可以盖尔访问受害者的系统。即使根据事实推断获得一个非特权用户帐户在受害者的系统他们常常可以获得更多,授权权限。
Weaknesses in system and Network Configurations（弱点在系统和网络配置）15Vulnerabilities in the category of system and network configurations are not caused by problem inherent in protocols or software programs.Rether, the vulnerabilities are a result of the way these components are set up and used.Products may be delivered with default settings that intruders can exploit.System administrators and users many neglect to change the default settings，or they may simply set up their system to operate in a way that leaves the network vulnerable.
在类别的系统漏洞和网络配置并不是引起问题中固有的协议或软件程序。美商动脉,漏洞是由于这些组件设置和使用。产品可能被交付与默认设置,入侵者可以利用。系统管理员和用户许多忽视改变默认设置,或者他们可能仅仅建立他们的系统来操作,因此网络脆弱。
16An example of a faulty configuration that has been exploited is anonymous File Transfer Protocol (FTP)service.Secure configuration guidelines for this service stress the need to ensure that the passward file,archive tree,and ancillary software are separate from the rest of the opearting system,and that the ouerating system cannot be reached from this staing area.When sites misconfigure their anonymous FTP archives,unauthorized users can get authentication
information and use it to compromise the system.
一个错误的配置的一个例子,已经被剥削是匿名文件传输协议(FTP)服务。安全配置指南对于这个服务压力需要确保密码文件,归档的树,和辅助软件独立于其他操作系统,让操作系统不能达到从这个避免区域。当网站错误地配置他们的匿名FTP档案,未经授权的用户可以获得身份验证信息,并使用它来妥协系统。
Financial management is an integrated decision-making process concerned with acquiring, financing, and managing assets to accomplish some overall goal within a business entity. 财务管理是为了实现一个公司总体目标而进行的涉及到获取、融资和资产管理的综合决策过程。 Decisions involving a firm’s short-term assets and liabilities refer to working capital management. 决断涉及一个公司的短期的资产和负债提到营运资金管理 The firm’s long-term financing decisions concern the right-hand side of the balance sheet. 该公司的长期融资决断股份资产负债表的右边。 This is an important decision as the legal structure affects the financial risk faced by the owners of the company. 这是一个重要的决定作为法律结构影响金融风险面对附近的的业主的公司。 The board includes some members of top management(executive directors), but should also include individuals from outside the company(non-executive directors). 董事会包括有些隶属于高层管理人员(执行董事)，但将也包括个体从外公司(非执行董事)。 Maximization of shareholder wealth focuses only on stockholders whereas maximization of firm value encompasses all financial claimholders including common stockholders, debt holders, and preferred stockholders. 股东财富最大化只集中于股东，而企业价值最大化包含所有的财务债券持有者，包括普通股股东，债权人和优先股股东。 Given these assumptions，shareholders’ wealth maximization is consistent with the best interests of stakeholders and society in the long run。 根据这些假设，从长期来看，股东财富最大化与利益相关者和社会的最好利润是相一致的。 No competing measure that can provide as comprehensive a measure of a firm’s standi ng. Given these assumptions, shareholders’ wealth maximization is consistent with the best interests of stakeholders and society in the long run. 没有竞争措施，能提供由于全面的一个措施的一个公司的站。给这些臆说，股东'财富最大化一贯不比任何人差项目干系人项目利益相关者的利益，社会从长远说来。 In reality, managers may ignore the interests of shareholders, and choose instead to make investment and financing decisions that benefit themselves. 在现实中，经理可能忽视股东的利益，而是选择利于自身的投资和融资决策。 Financial statements are probably the important source of information from which these various stakeholders(other than management) can assess a firm’s financial health. 财务报表可能是最重要的信息来源，除管理者以外的各种利益相关者可以利用这些报表来评估一个公司的财务状况。 The stockholders’ equity section lists preferred stock, common stock and capital surplus and accumulated retained earnings. 股东权益列示有优先股，普通股，资本盈余和累积留存收益。 The assets, which are the “things” the company owns, are listed in the order of decreasing liquidity, or length of time it typically takes to convert them to cash at fair market values, beginning with the firm’s current assets. 资产，也就是公司拥有的东西，是按照流动性递减的顺序或将它们转换为公允市场价值所需要的时间来排列的，通常从流动资产开始。The market value of a firm’s equity is equal to the number of shares of common stock outstanding times the price per share, while the amoun t reported on the firm’s balance sheet is basically the cumulative amount the firm raised when issuing common stock and any reinvested net income(retained earnings). 公司权益的市场价值等于其发行在外的普通股份数乘以每股价格，而资产负债表上的总额则主要是公司在发行普通股以及分配任何再投资净收益（留存收益）时累积的数额。 When compared to accelerated methods, straight-line depreciation has lower depreciation expense in the early years of asset life, which tends to a higher tax expense but higher net income. 与加速折旧法相比,直线折旧法在资产使用年限的早期折旧费用较低，这也会趋向于较高的税金费用和较高的净收入。 The statement of cash flows consists of three sections:(1)operating cash flows,(2)investing cash flows, and(3)financing cash flows. Activities in each area that bring in cash represent sources of cash while activities that involve spending cash are uses of cash. 该声明现金流量表包含三个部分:(1)经营现金流,(2)投资的现金流,(3)融资现金流。在每个地区活动带来现金来源的现金而代表活动涉及到花钱是使用现金 Financing activities include new debt issuances, debt repayments or retirements, stock sales and repurchases, and cash dividend payments. 筹资活动,包括发行新债券，偿还债务，股票销售和回购，以及现金股利支付。 Not surprisingly, Enron’s executives had realized some $750 million in salaries, bonuses and profits from stock options in the 12 months before the company went bankrupt. 毫不奇怪, 公司破产前的十二个月里，安然的高管们实现了7.5亿美金的工资、奖金和股票期权利润。First, financial ratios are not standardized. A perusal of the many financial textbooks and other sources that are available will often show differences in how to calculate some ratios. 首先,财务比率不规范。一个参考的许多金融教科书及来源,可将经常表现出差异如何计算一些率。 Liquidity ratios indicate a firm’s ability to pay its obligations in the short run. 流动性比率表明公司的支付能力在短期内它的义务。 Excessively high current ratios, however, may indicate a firm may have too much of its long-term investor-supplied capital invested in short-term low-earning current assets. 当前的比率过高,然而,可能表明,一个公司可能有太多的长期 investor-supplied资本投资于短期low-earning流动资产 In an inflationary environment, firms that use last-in, first-out(LIFO)inventory valuation will likely have lower current ratios than firms that use first-in, first-out(FIFO). 在一个通货膨胀的环境下,企业选择使用后进先出法对存货计价的公 司比采用先进先出法的公司有一个低的流动比率。 The cash ratio is too conservative to accurately reflect a firm’s liquidity position because it assumes that firms can fund their current liabilities with only cash and marketable securities. 流动比率太稳健不能正确反映一个公司的流动性状况，因为在这一比率假定公司仅仅用现金和有价证券就可以偿还流动负债。 Debt management ratios characterize a firm in terms of the relative mix of debt and equity financing and provide measures of the long-term debt paying ability of the firm. 描述一个公司债务管理比率从相对的混合的债务和股权融资的措施, 提供长期偿债能力的公司。 Total capital includes all non-current liabilities plus equity, and thus excludes short-term debt. 资本总额包括所有非流动负债加上股本,从而排除短期贷款。 Net profit margins vary widely by the type of industry. 有着很大的不同,其净利润为典型的产业。 Note that earnings before interest and taxes, rather than net income, Is used in the numerator because interest is paid with pre-tax dollars, and the firm’s ability to pay current interest is not affected by taxes. 注意,分子中用的是息税前利润而不是净收入，这是因为利息是税前支付的，公司支付现金利息的能力不受税收的影响。 Managers should analyze the tradeoff between any increased sales from a more lenient credit policy and the associated costs of longer collection periods and more uncollected receivables to determine whether changing the firm’s credit sales policy could increase shareholder’s we alth. 管理者应该分析权衡增加的销售从一个更为宽松的信贷政策和相关费用较长的周期和更多的应收账款收集来决定是否改变公司的信用销售的政策可能会增加股东的财富。 If the receivables collection period exceeds a firm’s credit terms this may indicate that a firm is ineffective in collecting its credit sales or is granting credit to marginal customers. 如果应收账款采集时间超过公司的信用条款这也许说明了企业信用销售收集它无效或给予客户信用边缘。 A low, declining ratio may suggest the firm has continued to build up inventory in the face of weakening demand or may be carrying and reporting outdated or obsolete inventory that could only be sold at reduced prices, if at all. 一个低税率、下降率可能显示这个公司已经持续不断地加强库存面对需求不断减弱或可能携带和报告过期或过时的库存,只能减价出售。Thus, the operating profit margin, which indicates the operating profit generated per dollar of net sales, measures t he firm’s operating profitability before financing costs. 因此,经营利润,预示着美元营业利润产生的净销售额,公司的经营利润措施在融资成本。 If the firm’s fixed assets are old and have been depreciated to a low book value, and the assets have not lost their productive ability, the low figure in the denominator will inflate ROA. 如果公司固定资产比较旧,分母的减少会是ROA折旧到低的账面价值，但是资产并没有失去生产能力。 Return on common equity(ROCE) focuses on just the return to common shareholders and is computed by removing the dividends to preferred shareholders from net income and dividing by the capital provided by common shareholders. 普通股权益报酬率仅仅关注普通股股东的报酬率，用净收入扣除优先股股利除以普通股股东提供的资本计算得到。 Dividend yield represents parts of a stock’s total return; another part of a st ock’s total return is price appreciation. 代表部分股息率的股票总回报;另一部分是一个股票的总回报价格上涨。 In fact, of all the concepts used in finance, none is more important than the time value of money, also called discounted cash flow(DCF) analysis. 事实上,财务上所有的概念中，货币时间价值是最重要的，也称作是折现调整现金流量折价分析。
翻译概述（1） 一、学科特点 翻译是一种跨越时空的语言活动，是"把一种语言已经表达出来的东西用另一种语言准确而完整地重新表达出来"(范存忠："漫谈翻译"《翻译理论与技巧》中国对外翻译出版公司，1985，p.80), 是"从语义到文体在译入语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息"（谭载喜：《奈达论翻译》中国对外翻译出版公司，1984，p.10）。翻译虽为个体所承作，却是一种社会活动，一门综合性很强的学科。它既有很强的理论性又有丰富的实践内涵。就前者而言，翻译经过千百年来各国翻译家的共同努力，已经在语言学、文学、文化、心理学、人类学、哲学和教育学等学科的基础上初步建立了一套理论体系，并在具体实践中总结出了一套行之有效的跨文化和语言转换模式。随着科学的日益进步，这种体系和模式正处在不断地完善之中。就后者而言，翻译是人类社会活动的产物，具有很强的实践性。翻译理论与实践的关系是辨证的；翻译理论产生于翻译实践，反过来又指导实践，实践转过来又丰富翻译理论。可以说，没有社会实践就不会有翻译理论的产生；没有翻译理论作为指导，翻译实践就会难免走弯路。因此，学好翻译既要重视翻译理论的学习，又要加强翻译实践；理论联系实际，这是我们学好翻译的必由之路。 二、为什么可能有翻译 翻译是人类社会发展和进步的需要，因为人类社会要发展进步就需要在不同文化的民族之间进行沟通，而这一全过程都离不开翻译。正如Steiner和张培基所说的那样：Translating it is that openeth the window, to let in the light; that breaketh the shell, that we may eat the kernel. (Steiner) 翻译是沟通各族人民的思想，促进政治、经济、文化、科学、技术交流的重要手段，
Unit 1 【Ex1、】根据课文内容,回答以下问题。 1.In human terms and in the broadest sense, information is anything that you are capable of perceiving、 2.It includes written communications, spoken communications, photographs, art, music, and nearly anything that is perceptible、 3.If we consider information in the sense of all stimuli as information, then we can’t really find organization in all cases、 4.No、 5.Traditionally, in libraries, information was contained in books, periodicals, newspapers, and other types of recorded media、People access it through a library’s catalog and with the assistance of indexes, in the case of periodical and newspaper articles、 https://www.doczj.com/doc/349450686.html,puterized “information systems”、 7.The problem for most researchers is that they have yet to discover the organizing principles that are designed to help them find the information they need、 8.For library materials, the organizing principle is a detailed subject classification system available for searching in an online “catalog”、 9.The one thing common to all of these access systems is organization、 10.No, it isn’t、 【Ex2、】根据给出的汉语词义与规定的词类写出相应的英语单词。每词的首字母已给出。 n.取回,恢复,修补;检索retrieval n.机械装置,机构,机制mechanism adj.特有的,表示特性的,典型的characteristic n.分类,分级classification n.风格,方式,样式,习惯manner n.文件,公文document vt.解释,说明Interpret vt.使自动化,自动操作automate n.分类assortment n.法则,原则,原理principle n.排列,安排arrangement n.&vt.访问,存取access n.浏览器;浏览书本的人browser n.目录catalog n.索引index n.材料,原料,物资,素材material
财务风险管理 尽管近年来金融风险大大增加，但风险和风险管理不是当代的主要问题。全球市场越来越多的问题是，风险可能来自几千英里以外的与这些事件无关的国外市场。意味着需要的信息可以在瞬间得到，而其后的市场反应，很快就发生了。经济气候和市场可能会快速影响外汇汇率变化、利率及大宗商品价格，交易对手会迅速成为一个问题。因此，重要的一点是要确保金融风险是可以被识别并且管理得当的。准备是风险管理工作的一个关键组成部分。 什么是风险？ 风险给机会提供了基础。风险和暴露的条款让它们在含义上有了细微的差别。风险是指有损失的可能性，而暴露是可能的损失，尽管他们通常可以互换。风险起因是由于暴露。金融市场的暴露影响大多数机构，包括直接或间接的影响。当一个组织的金融市场暴露，有损失的可能性，但也是一个获利或利润的机会。金融市场的暴露可以提供战略性或竞争性的利益。 风险损失的可能性事件来自如市场价格的变化。事件发生的可能性很小，但这可能导致损失率很高，特别麻烦，因为他们往往比预想的要严重得多。换句话说，可能就是变异的风险回报。由于它并不总是可能的，或者能满意地把风险消除，在决定如何管理它中了解它是很重要的一步。识别暴露和风险形式的基础需要相应的财务风险管理策略。 财务风险是如何产生的呢？ 无数金融性质的交易包括销售和采购，投资和贷款，以及其他各种业务活动，产生了财务风险。它可以出现在合法的交易中，新项目中，兼并和收购中，债务融资中，能源部分的成本中，或通过管理的活动，利益相关者，竞争者，外国政府，或天气出现。当金融的价格变化很大，它可以增加成本，降低财政收入，或影响其他有不利影响的盈利能力的组织。金融波动可能使人们难以规划和预算商品和服务的价格，并分配资金。 有三种金融风险的主要来源： 1、金融风险起因于组织所暴露出来的市场价格的变化，如利率、汇率、和大宗商品价格。 2、引起金融风险的行为有与其他组织的交易如供应商、客户，和对方在金融衍生产品中的交易。 3、由于内部行动或失败的组织，特别是人、过程和系统所造成的金融风险。 什么是财务风险管理？ 财务风险管理是用来处理金融市场中不确定的事情的。它涉及到一个组织所面临的评估和组织的发展战略、内部管理的优先事项和当政策一致时的财务风险。企业积极应对金融风险可以使企业成为一个具有竞争优势的组织。它还确保管理，业务人员，利益相关者，董事会董事在对风险的关键问题达成协议。金融风险管理组织就必须作出那些不被接受的有关风险的决定。那些被动不采取行动的战略是在默认情况下接受所有的风险，组织使用各种策略和产品来管理金融风险。重要的是要了解这些产品和战略方面，通过工作来减少该组织内的风险承受能力和目标范围内的风险。 风险管理的策略往往涉及衍生工具。在金融机构和有组织的交易所，衍生物广泛地进行
PPT: 第二页： When you have already acquired a good ability in translation, it’s important for you to storage professional knowledge in mind as more as possible. 1.In financial field: when it comes to 供给and 需求，we say supply and demand in stead of provision and need。 第三页 2.After this week’s disappointing economic figures, China’s central bank said Saturday that it would reduce the share of deposits banks must set aside as reserves. If you have some specific professional knowledge, you know what does“the share of deposits banks must set aside as reserves”mean the moment you see the expression. It means“存款准备金”which is given to the central bank by commercial bank. 3.. The financial futures and options markets which now encircle the globe have risk as their keynote. How to translate “financial futures”and “options markets”？ It means “期货”and “期权”。So it can be translated into“金融期货与期权是目前全球范围内最具冒险性的金融衍生产品”。 第四页：with the development of science and technology , more and more materials concerning science and technology are required to be translated, which puts a high demand on us translators. 1. For example, in scientific and technological area: bedplate has a lot of meanings,such as“底座”、“机座”、“座板”、“底板” 在Cylinder block and bedplate are made of cast-iron．(气缸体和底座均由铸铁制成)句中，we translate “bedplate”to“底座”，it is because in diesel engine，“bedplate”means“底座”或“机座”，not“底板”。However,this sentence: The frame may or may not be provided with a bedplate．(机座可连同底板供应，也可不带底板)，“bedplate”should be translated into “底板”，because底板is a part of electrical machine. 2. In scientific English, different words may have the same meaning. In radio technology, vacuum tube，electron tube名称不同，实际上是同一件东西，如果不知道这一点，而是分别译为“真空管”和“电子管”，译文势必引起混乱。又如比较常见的“AC generator”和“ahemator”都指交流发电机。
中英文资料对照外文翻译 Design phase of the project cost management Abstract Project cost management is the basic contents to determine reasonable and effective control of the project cost. Described the current stage of the project cost management situation on the strengthening of the various stages of construction cost management of the importance of and raised a number of key initiatives. Keywords：cost of the construction project cost management status investment decision phase of the design phase of the implementation phase of the cost management in a market economy, Even under the WTO and China's accession to the world community, China's construction industry how to effectively control construction cost of the construction and management of an important component part. However, the current budget for the construction projects - estimate, budget, Super budget accounts for the "super three" is still widespread and that eventually led to a serious loss of control of project investment. Project cost management is the basic contents to determine reasonable and effective control of the project cost. As the project cost to the project runs through the entire process, stage by stage can be divided into Investment Decision stage, the design and implementation phases. The so-called Project Cost effective control is the optimization of the construction plans and design programs on the basis of in the building process at all stages, use of certain methods and measures to reduce the cost of the projects have a reasonable control on the scope and cost of the approved limits.
专业英语 一、专业术语 RFID射频识别IOT物联网Cloud Computing云计算ANN神经网络BI商业智能E-business /Web-business / e-commerce电子商务KM知识管理GIS地理信息系统PDA掌上电脑Bluetooth蓝牙技术CAD计算机辅助设计CMD计算机辅助制作branch manager部门经理binary format二进制格式USB（Universal Serial Bus）通用串行总线computer case计算机机箱 temporary storage of information临时存储信息floppy disk软盘CD-ROM只读光盘textual源代码video card视频卡，显卡sound card音频卡，声卡 DVD数字化视频光盘SISP战略信息系统计划Project Management项目管理Human Resources人力资源End-User Systems Development最终用户系统开发rolling business plans流动业务计划MIS(management information system)管理信息系统DB（database）数据库DBMS（database Management system）数据库管理系统DSS（decision support system）决策支持系统operational manager运营经理Senior manager 高级经理semi-structured decision半结构化决策 ANS（Advanced Network&Service）高级网络及服务公司 TPS（Transaction Processing systems）事务管理系统 KWS（Knowledge Work Systems）只是工作系统GRASP绘制机器人技术应用软件包OAS（Office Automation Systems）办公自动化系统 ESS（Executive Support Systems）经理支持系统 EIS（Executive Information Systems）经理信息系统 OLAP（on-line analytical processing）联机分析处理 GIS（Group Information Systems）集群信息系统 GDSS（Group Decision Support Systems）集群决策支持系统 MIT（Management Information technology）管理信息技术 RAD（rapid application development）快速应用开发 Two-way communications 双工通讯client-server environment 客户服务环境Data warehouse 数据仓库logistics information systems 物流信息系统 ERP（Enterprise resource planning）企业资源规划 CRM（customer relationship Management）客户关系管理 OOD（Object-Oriented design）面向对象设计 OOP（Object0Oriented Programming）面向对象编程 HLLs（High Level Languages）高级语言ADTs（Abstract Data Types）抽象数据类型Software Ics软件的组成单元machine code机器码op-code输出码 EDI（Electronic Data interchange）电子数据交换 SMEs（small and medium sized enterprises）中小企业 B2B企业对企业电子商务B2C企业对用户电子商务 CERT(Character Error Rate Tester)字符出错率测试器 CIAS（Communication Link Analyzer System）通信链路分析系统 IMS（Information Management System）管理信息系统 NDMS（Netware Data Management System）网络数据管理系统
毕业设计（论文） 外文文献翻译 文献、资料中文题目：财务管理和财务分析 文献、资料英文题目： 文献、资料来源： 文献、资料发表（出版）日期： 院（部）： 专业：财务管理 班级： 姓名： 学号： 指导教师： 翻译日期： 2017.02.14
外文翻译原文 Financial Management and Analysis is an introduction to the concepts,tools, and applications of finance. The purpose of this textbook is to communicate the fundamentals of financial management and financial analysis.This textbook is written in a way that will enable students who are just beginning their study of finance to understand financial decision-making and its role in the decision-making process of the entire firm. Throughout the textbook, you’ll see how we view finance.We see financial decision-making as an integral part of the firm’s decision-making, not as a separate function. Financial decision-making involves coordination among personnel specializing in accounting, marketing, and production aspects of the firm. The principles and tools of finance are applicable to all forms and sizes of business enterprises, not only to large corporations. Just as there are special problems and opportunities for small family-owned businesses(such as where to obtain financing), there are special problems and opportunities for large corporations (such as agency problems that arise when management of the firm is separated from the firm’s owners). But the fundamentals of financial management are the same regardless of the size or form of the business. For example, a dollar today is worth more than a dollar one year from today, whether you are making
翻译基础知识 一、翻译的分类 1.按所涉及的两种代码的性质，可分为语内翻译（intralingual translation）、语际翻译（interlingual translation）、语符翻译（inersemiotic translation）。 2.按翻译主体的性质，可分为人工翻译、机器翻译（Machine Translation）两类。 3.按翻译的工具和成品形式，可分为口译和笔译。 4.按翻译的客体，亦即所译资料的性质，可分为文学翻译（literal translation）和实用翻译（pragmatic translation）。 二、译家译论 1.支谦：在三国时期，支谦的《法句经序》中提出了“因循本旨，不加文饰”的译经原则。 2.道安：晋、前秦时道安在《革卑婆沙序》中提出，“案本而传，不令有损言游字；时改倒句， 余尽实录。”道安涉及译论的佛经序文较多，最有名的是提出“五失本”、“三不易”之说。其意思是，翻译佛经在五种情况下会失去本来面目，有三件事决定了译事是很不容易的，因此必须慎之又慎。 3.彦琮：北朝末年及隋初，彦琮著《辨证论》，它可以看作是我国第一篇翻译专论，他主张译经 “宁贵朴而近理，不用巧而背源”。可见他是坚持忠实第一并倾向于直译的。 4.玄奘：唐代僧人玄奘的指导原则是：“既须求真，又须喻俗”。“求真”即追求准确，要力求“忠 实原作”，这是一切认真负责的翻译工作者的共同理想。同时必须“喻俗”，亦即使群众理解，这就是说要“通顺”。玄奘在译经中成功地运用了补充法、省略法、变位法、分合法、译名假借法、代词还原法等等翻译技巧。 5.马建忠：清末，马建忠在其《马氏文通》中提出“善译”之说：“必先将所译者与所以译者两国之 文字，深嗜笃好，字栉句比，以考彼此文字孳生之源，同异之故。所有当相之实义，委曲推究，务审其声音之高下，析其字句之繁简，尽其文体之变态，及其义理精深奥折之所由然。” 6.林纾：林纾强调在翻译时译者应该投入自己的主观感情，译者须与原作者或作品中人物的心灵 相交流。 7.鲁迅：鲁迅在《且介亭杂文二集》里说：“凡是翻译，必须兼顾着两面，一当然力求其易解，一 则保存着原作得丰姿”。也就是说既要通顺，又要忠实。所谓忠实，是指内容上的“信”；所谓通顺，是指表达上的“顺”。 8.茅盾：文学翻译的目标是“艺术创造性翻译”——用一种语言把原作的艺术意境传达出来，使 读者读译文时能够像读原作时一样得到启发、感动和美的感受。 9.钱钟书：“文学翻译的最高标准是‘化’，把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既不能因语文 习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原作的风味，那就算得入于‘化境’。十七世纪有人赞美这种造诣的翻译，比为原作的‘投胎转世’，躯壳换了一个，而精神姿致依然故我。换句话说，译本对原作应该忠实得以至于读起来不像译本，因为作品在原文里决不会读起来像经过翻译似的。” 10.傅雷：“以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似。”“两国文字词类的不 同，句法构造的不同，文法与习惯的不同，修辞格律的不同，俗语的不同，即反映民族思想方式的不同，感觉深浅的不同，观点角度的不同，风俗传统信仰的不同，社会背景的不同，表现方法的不同。以甲国文字传达乙国文字所包含的那些特点，必须像伯乐相马，要“得其精而忘其粗，在其内而忘其外”。而即使最优秀的译文，其韵味较之原文仍不免过或不及。翻译时只能尽量缩短这个距离，过则求其勿太过，不及则求其勿过于不及。”