一．选择题
二．名词解释（5个）
1.American Transcendentalism
Transcendentalism was a group of new ideas in literature, religion, culture, and philosophy that emerged in New England in the early to middle 19th century. It is sometimes called American Transcendentalism.
•Emphasizing spirit and the Oversoul as the most important thing in the universe as a reaction against Newtonian concept of the universe, the direction that a mechanized, capitalist America was taking, and the popular tendency to get ahead in world affairs to the neglect of spiritual welfare.
•Stressing the importance of the individual and individual' s capability for self-regeneration and self-perfection as a reaction against the Calvinist concept of human beings and the process of dehumanization that came in the wake of developing capitalism.
•Offering a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. Nature was alive, filled with God’s overwhelming presence, the garment of the Oversoul, exerting a healthy and restorative influence on the human mind.
2.Metaphysical poetry
A loose group of British lyric poets of the 17th century, who shared an interest in metaphysical concerns and a common way of investigating them. The label "metaphysical" was given much later by Samuel Johnson in his Life of Cowley. These poets themselves did not form a school or start a movement; most of them did not even know or read each other.
3.Byronic Hero
The Byronic hero is an idealised but flawed character exemplified in the life and writings of Lord Byron, characterised by his ex-lover Lady Caroline Lamb as being "mad, bad and dangerous to know".[1] The Byronic hero first appears in Byron's semi-autobiographical epic narrative poem Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (1812-18).
4.The precursor of socialist movement visualizing a new social order based on
the regeneration of man and the virtue of love*
5.Heroic couplet
A heroic couplet is a tradtional form for English poetry, commonly used fo epicand narrative poetry; it refers to poems constructed from a sequence of rhyming pairs of iambic pentamater lines. The ryhme is always masculine. Use of the heroic couplet was first pioneered by Geoffery Chaucer.
英雄双音句体指英诗的一种形式，通常用于史诗和叙事诗。这样的诗歌是由很多对押韵的抑扬五步格诗行组成的。所压的韵很阳刚。英雄双音句体的使用首先由乔叟开创。（来自参考书）
6.Thomas Hardy’s fatalism and determinism
Hardy asserts that in his "pilgrimage" of life he has met with both sorrow and
joy and that it is not god who is responsible for this but the "purblind doomsters" "Casualty" [chance, accident] and "Time."
“ Dicing time" refers to the fact that events in a person's life take place unexpectedly and purely by chance like the throw of a dice. Hardy's conclusion is that it is not god who determines the joy and sorrow in a person's life but "casualty" or chance which is completely neutral and dictates that all events in a person's life whether joyful or sorrowful take place indiscriminately at no fixed or expected time.
Hardy’s is a world, amoral in nature, where “the President of Immortals” sits high up on the throne, hostile often or nonchalant at best to the human world. （找不到，这是课件上相关的话。）
7.American Puritanism
The beliefs and practices characteristic of Puritans (most of whom were Calvinists who wished to purify the Church of England of its Catholic aspects)
Puritanism was a religious reform movement that arose within the Church of Rngland in the late sixteen century.Under siege from church and crown, it sent an offshoot in the third and fourth decades of the seventeenth century to the northern English colonies in the New World—a migrantion that laid the foundation for the religious, intellectual, and social order of New England. Puritanism, however, was not only a historically specific phenomenon coincident with the founding of New England; it was also a way of being in the world—a style of response to lived experience—that has reverberated through American life ever since.
清教主义是16世纪晚期在英国教会内进行的一场宗教改革。在教会和皇权的双重压力下，清教的一个分支于17世纪三、四十年代迁至美洲新大陆的北方殖民地，他们为新英格兰奠定了宗教、知识和社会秩序的基础。清教主义不仅符合新英格兰成立的特定历史，而且一直反映了美国生活的一种生活方式。
8.Neoclassicism
Neoclassicism is the name given to quite distinct movements in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music and architecture that draw upon Western classical art and culture. These movenments were dominant during the mid 18th to the end of the 19th century.
新古典主义是指西方在装饰和视觉艺术，文学，戏剧，建筑方面出现的新运动。在这个运动中，提倡借鉴西方古典艺术和文化。18世纪中期到19世纪盛行。（参考书）
9.Shakespearean sonnets
● A demonstration of his attitudes toward the society of his time and toward
his own experience in life
●Themes and ideas reflected
➢Entreaties of love
➢Mild criticism of the prevailing conditions at the royal court in England of
