英语语法术语词汇
从句 clause
从属句 subordinate clause
并列句 coordinate clause
名词从句 nominal clause
定语从句 attributive clause
状语从句 adverbial clause
宾语从句 object clause
主语从句 subject clause
同位语从句 appositive clause
时间状语从句 adverbial clause of time
地点状语从句 adverbial clause of place
方式状语从句 adverbial clause of manner
让步状语从句 adverbial clause of concession
原因状语从句 adverbial clause of cause
结果状语从句 adverbial clause of result
目的状语从句 adverbial clause of purpose
条件状语从句 adverbial clause of condition
真实条件状语从句 adverbial clause of real condition 非真实条件状语从句 adverbial clause of unreal condition 句子 sentence
简单句 simple sentence
并列句 compound sentence
复合句 complex sentence
并列复合句 compound complex sentence 陈述句 declarative sentence
疑问句 interrogative sentence
一般疑问句 general question
特殊疑问句 special question
选择疑问句 alternative question
附加疑问句 tag question
反义疑问句 disjunctive question
修辞疑问句 rhetorical question
感叹疑问句 exclamatory question
存在句 existential sentence
肯定句 positive sentwence
否定句 negative sentence
祈使句 imperative sentence
省略句 elliptical sentence
感叹句 exclamatory sentence
基本句型 basic sentence patern
句子成分 members of sentences
主语 subject
谓语 predicate
宾语 object
双宾语 dual object
直接宾语 direct object
间接宾语 indirect object
复合宾语 complex object
同源宾语 cognate object
补语 complement
主补 subject complement
宾补 object complement
表语 predicative
定语 attribute
同位语 appositive
状语 adverbial人称 person
第一人称 first person
第二人称 second person
第三人称 third person
时态 tense
过去将来时 past future tense
过去将来进行时 past future continuous tense 过去将来完成时 past future perfect tense
一般现在时 present simple tense
一般过去时 past simple tense
一般将来时 future simple tense
现在完成时 past perfect tense
过去完成时 present perfect tense
将来完成时 future perfect tense
现在进行时 present continuous tense
过去进行时 past continuous tense
将来进行时 future continuous tense
过去将来进行时 past future continuous tense
现在完成进行时 present perfect continuous tense 过去完成进行时 past perfect continuous tense
语态 voice
主动语态 active voice
被动语态 passive voice
语气 mood
陈述语气 indicative mood
祈使语气 imperative mood
虚拟语气 subjunctive mood
否定 negation
否定范围 scope of negation
全部否定 full negation
局部否定 partial negation
转移否定 shift of negation
语序 order
自然语序 natural order
倒装语序 inversion
全部倒装 full inversion
部分倒装 partial inversion
直接引语 direct speech
间接引语 indirect speech
自由直接引语 free direct speech
自由间接引语 free indirect speech
一致 agreement
主谓一致 subject-predicate agreement 语法一致 grammatical agreement
概念一致 notional agreement
就近原则 principle of proximity
since 英音：[sins]美音：[s?ns] 副词ad. (常用于现在完成时或过去完成时) 1. 此后;从那时到现在 She left school three years ago and has worked as a nurse ever since. 她三年前毕业,从那时起便一直当护士。 2. 之前,以前 介词prep. 1. (常用于现在完成时或过去完成时)自...以来,从...至今 I haven't heard from him since last year. 我自去年以来未曾收到过他的信。 连接词conj. 1. (常用于现在完成时或过去完成时)自...以来,从...至今 It's been ten years since they married. 他们结婚到现在已经十年了。 She has been living a hard life since her husband died. 她自从丈夫死后,一直过着艰苦的生活。 2. 既然;因为,由于 He must have taken the book since it isn't here. 他一定是把书拿走了,因为书已不在这里了。 Since it is so hot, let's go swimming. 既然天气这么热,我们去游泳吧。 when 副词ad. 1. (用作疑问副词)什么时候,何时 I'd like to know when they'll let him out. 我想知道他们什么时候放他。 When did you last see Margaret? 你上一次见到玛格丽特是什么时候?
常见的语法术语摘要 1.名词noun 动词verb 形容词adjective 数词numeral 代词 pronoun 2.介词preposition 副词adverb 连词conjunction 冠词article 感叹词 interjection 3.结构：structure 简单句simple sentences 并列句compound sentences 4.复合句complex sentences 倒装句inverted sentences 省略句elliptical sentences 5.陈述句declarative sentences 疑问句interrogative sentences 6.祈使句imperative sentences 感叹句exclamatory sentences 7.否定句negative sentences 被动句passive sentences 8.虚拟语气句subjunctive sentences 同义句synonymous sentences 9.歧义句ambiguous sentences 委婉句euphemisms 强调句emphasis 10.疑难句difficult sentences 叙述句narrative sentences 说明句expository sentences 11.议论句argumentative sentences 人物描写句descriptive sentences of people 12.动作描写句：descriptive sentences of actions 13.环境描写句descriptive sentences of environment 14.名人语句quotations 格言句maxims 谚语句proverbs 15.状语adverbial 补语complement 宾语object 宾语补助语objective complement 16.表语predicative 主语subject 谓语predicate 谓语动词finite verb 17.非谓语动词non-finite verb 情态动词modal verb 18.并列coordination 选择alternative 转折transition 对比contrast 19.原因cause 结果effect 20.动词时态verb tenses 21.一般现在时simple present (tense) 22.一般过去时simple past (tense) 一般将来时simple future (tense) 23.过去将来时future (tense) in the past 现在完成时present perfect (tense) 24.过去完成时past perfect (tense) 将来完成时future perfect (tense) 25.现在进行时present continuous (tense) 过去进行时past continuous (tense) 26.将来进行时future continuous (tense) 27.现在完成进行时present perfect continuous (tense) 28.主句main clause 从句subordinate clause 29.限定性定语从句restrictive attributive clause 30.非限定性定语从句non-restrictive attributive clause 31.宾语从句object clause 壮语从句adverbial clause 主语从句subject clause 32.表语从句predicative clause 同位语从句appositive clause 33.双重复合句double complex sentences 34.多重复合句multiple complex sentences 35.插入语parenthesis 36.IT引导的句子IT sentences
英语语法专业术语 语法grammar 句法syntax 词法morphology 结构structure 层次rank 句子sentence 从句clause 词组phrase 词类part of speech 单词word 实词notional word 虚词structural word 名词noun 专有名词proper noun 普通名词common noun 可数名词countable noun 不可数名词uncountable no 抽象名词abstract noun 具体名词concrete noun 物质名词material noun 集体名词collective noun 个体名词individual noun 介词preposition 连词conjunction 动词verb 主动词main verb 及物动词transitive verb 不及物动词intransitive verb 系动词link verb 助动词auxiliary verb 情态动词modal verb 规则动词regular verb 不规则动词irregular verb 短语动词phrasal verb 限定动词finite verb 非限定动词infinite verb 使役动词causative verb 感官动词verb of senses
动态动词event verb 静态动词state verb 感叹词exclamation 形容词adjective 副词adverb 方式副词adverb of manner 程度副词adverb of degree 时间副词adverb of time 地点副词adverb of place 修饰性副词adjunct 连接性副词conjunct 疑问副词interrogative adverb 关系副词relative adverb 代词pronoun 人称代词personal pronoun 物主代词possessive pronoun 反身代词reflexive pronoun 相互代词reciprocal pronoun 指示代词demonstrative pronoun 疑问代词interrogative pronoun 关系代词relative pronoun 不定代词indefinite 物主代词possessive pronoun 名词性物主代词nominal possessive 形容词性物主代词adjectival possessive pronoun 冠词article 定冠词definite article 不定冠词indefinite article 数词numeral 基数词cardinal numeral 序数词ordinal numeral 分数词fractional numeral 形式form 单数形式singular form 复数形式plural form 限定动词finite verb form 非限定动词non-finite verb form
初中英语词汇和语法教学心得体会 在初中英语教学中，词汇和语法的学习是一个重要的组成部分。因此在教学中应该加强语法、词汇教学，否则，学生的语言能力将难以提高。 初中词汇和语法教学中，首先学生在读音方面感觉困难很大，难以读准单词，有相当一部分学生往往还用汉语为英语单词注音。其次，在拼写方面，学生没有意识到字母在单词中的读音与单词的拼写有着一定的规律。在记忆单词的时候，没有通过读音和字母的关系来记忆单词，常常是死记硬背单词字母的组合。第三，在记忆单词的意义的时候，过分注意该单词所对应的汉语意义的记忆，学生完全靠死记硬背掌握单词。在初中一年级时，由于内容较少，词汇和语法简单，学生尚能应付，但随着年级的增高，英语内容的深化，词汇量的增加，学生越来越感觉到词汇的记忆和语法的学习已成为学习英语的最大障碍。于是，逐渐对英语产生厌学情绪，有的甚至于放弃这门学科。 如何解决教学中存在的这些问题呢？ 在词汇教学方面，首先，词汇教学也一定要贯彻“听说领先”的原则，在初中年级，特别是一年级，要贯彻“听说领先”的教学原则。因此，词汇教学也一定要首先是“听”。即教师在教单词时，先让学生听，让学生去“辨音”，教师所展示的不是课本里的文字，而是每个词是由几个音素、几个音节构成，重音在什么地方，这样才能
从听的意义上掌握词汇。同时，又能为学生学好语音、语调打好基础，真正地培养学生的听能，为以后更好地接收英语的输入做准备。 其次，在听的基础上加强读音规则的教学，以培养学生的拼读能力这是因为，英语属于拼音文字，虽然字母的名称音和字母在单词中的读音不同，但是，字母在单词中的读音还是有一定的规律可循。我们在词汇教学中，先让学生通过听英语单词分辨出单词的读音之后，再进行读音规则的教学，使学生能够根据字母在单词中的读音规律把单词拼写出来。 培养学生的拼读能力应该从最简单的拼读抓起，采取循序渐进的原则，通过归类和比较，使学生掌握单词中字母及组合的读音规律，能够听词能写，见词会读。 第三，教师在平时上课时，就有意先读一些词汇，或读课文，让学生先不要去看书，跟老师读这些词，然后再让学生拼写，和学生讨论如何去拼写，看这些词是由哪些字母组成的。特别是一些规律性的东西，需要反复进行训练。对于一些没有规律的单词构成，进行比较，以促进记忆。老师还可以先写出单词或句子，让学生根据已有的拼读知识试着去读出这些单词或句子。 第四，拼读训练是一个长期的过程，教师首先要了解学生的拼读能力，从最基础开始，循序渐进，掌握有规律的单词读音，比较无规律的单词读音，从而达到记忆词汇，培养读写能力的目的。 而语法教学只是一种手段，其最终目的不是让学生简单地记住语言规则，而是让其将语言的形式、意义和功能有机地结合起来，使其
英语语法专业术语表达 英语语法语语语语表达 1. Morphology 语法 2,Notional Words 语语语3, Form Words 虚语 4,Parts of Speech 语语 5,The Noun 名语 6,The Pronoun 代语 7,The Numeral 数语 8,The Verb 语语 9,The Adjective 形容语 10. The Adverb 副语 11. The Article 冠语 12. The Preposition 介语 13. The conjunction 语语 14. The Interjection 感语语15. The Particle 小品语 16. Word Building 构语法17. Conversion 语化 18. Derivation 派生 19. Composition 合成 20. Prefix 前语 21. Suffix 后语 22. Compound Words 合成语23. Classification of Nouns 名语的分语
24. Common Nouns 普通名语 25. Proper Nouns 语有名语26. Countable Nouns 可名语数27. Uncountable Nouns 不可名语数28. The Singular Form 语形式数29. The Plural Form 语形式数 30. Individual Nouns个体名语31. Collective Nouns集名语体32. Material Nouns物语名语33. Abstract Nouns抽象名语34. The Common Case普通格35. The Possessive Case所有格36, Personal Pronouns 人代语称37. Possessive Pronouns物主代语38. Self Pronouns反身代语39. Demonstrative Pronouns指示代语40. Interrogative Pronouns疑语代语不意达41. Conjunctive Pronouns语接代语42. Relative Pronouns语系代语43. Indefinite Pronouns不定代语44. Reciprocal Pronouns相互代语45. The Subjective Case主格46. The Objective Case语格47. Cardinal Numerals基语数48. Ordinal Numerals 序语数49. Fractional Numerals分语数50,Notional Verbs语意语语 51. Link Verbs语系语语 52. Auxiliary Verbs助语语 53. Modal Verbs情语语语 54. Transitive Verbs及物语语 55. Intransitive Verbs不及物语语56. Regular Verbs语语语语 57. Irregular Verbs不语语语语 58. Person人称 59. Number数 60. Tense语语 61. Voice语语 62. Mood语气
2020届英语专四专八语法与词汇练习题 （后附详细答案） Flight simulator （飞行模拟器）refers to any electronic or mechanical system for training airplane and spacecraft pilots and crew member by simulating flight conditions. The purpose of simulation is not to completely substitute （1）_____ actual flight training but to thoroughly familiarize students with the vehicle （2）_____ before they （3）_____ extensive and possibly dangerous actual flight training. Simulations also is useful for review and for familiarizing pilots with new （4）_____ to existing craft. Two early flight simulators appeared in England within a decade after the first flight of Orville and Wilbur Wright. They were designed to enable pilots to stimulate simple aircraft （5）_____ in three dimensions：nose up or down；left wing high and right low，or vice versa；and （6）_____ to left or right. It took until 1929，however，for a truly effective simulator，the Link Trainer，to appear，devised by Edwin A. Link，a self-educated aviator and inventor from Binghamton，New York. （7）_____，airplane instrumentation had been developed sufficiently to permit “blind” flying on instruments alone，but training pilots to do so involved （8）_____ risk. Link built a model of an airplane cockpit equipped （9）_____ instrument panel and controls that could realistically stimulate all the movements of an airplane. Pilots could use the device for instrument training，manipulating the controls （10）_____ instrument readings so as to maintain straight and level flight or （11）_____ climb or descent with no visual reference （12）_____ any horizon except for the artificial one on the instrument panel. The trainer was modified （13）_____ aircraft technology advanced. Commercial airlines began to use the Link Trainer for pilot training，and the US government began purchasing them in 1934，（14）_____ thousands more as World War II approached. Technological advances during the war，particularly in electronics，helped to make the flight simulator increasingly （15）_____. The use of efficient analog computers in the early 1950s led to further improvements. Airplane cockpits，controls，and instrument displays had by then become so individualized that it was no longer feasible to use a generalized trainer to prepare pilots to fly anything （16）_____ the simplest light planes. By the 1950s，the US Air Force was using simulators that precisely （17）_____ the cockpits of its planes. During the early 1960s （18）_____ digital and hybrid computers were adopted，and their speed and flexibility revolutionized simulation systems. Further advances in computer and （19）_____ technology，notably the development of virtual-reality simulation，have made it possible to （20）_____ highly complex real-life conditions. 1. A. for B. to C. with D. on
常用英语语法术语表句法syntax 词法morphology 结构structure 层次rank 句子sentence 从句clause 词组phrase 词类part of speech 单词word 实词notional word 虚词structural word 单纯词simple word 派生词derivative 复合词compound 词性part of speech 名词noun 专有名词proper noun 普通名词common noun 可数名词countable noun 不可数名词uncountable noun 抽象名词abstract noun 具体名词concret noun 物质名词material noun 集体名词collective noun 个体名词individual noun 介词preposition 连词conjunction 动词verb 主动词main verb 及物动词transitive verb 不及物动词intransitive verb 系动词link verb 助动词auxiliary verb 情态动词modal verb 规则动词regular verb 不规则动词irregular verb 短语动词phrasal verb 限定动词finite verb 非限定动词infinite verb 使役动词causative verb 感官动词verb of senses 动态动词event verb
静态动词state verb 感叹词exclamation 形容词adjective 副词adverb 方式副词adverb of manner 程度副词adverb of degree 时间副词adverb of time 地点副词adverb of place 修饰性副词adjunct 连接性副词conjunct 疑问副词interogative adverb 关系副词relative adverb 代词pronoun 人称代词personal pronoun 物主代词possesive pronoun 反身代词reflexive pronoun 相互代词reciprocal pronoun 指示代词demonstrative pronoun 疑问代词interrogative pronoun 关系代词relative pronoun 不定代词indefinite pronoun 物主代词possecive pronoun 名词性物主代词nominal possesive prnoun 形容词性物主代词adjectival possesive pronoun 冠词article 定冠词definite article 不定冠词indefinite article 数词numeral 基数词cardinal numeral 序数词ordinal numeral 分数词fractional numeral 形式form 单数形式singular form 复数形式plural form 限定动词finite verb form 非限定动词non-finite verb form 原形base form 从句clause 从属句subordinate clause 并列句coordinate clause 名词从句nominal clause 定语从句attributive clause 状语从句adverbial clause
语法grammar 句法syntax 结构structure 句子sentence 从句clause 词组phrase 词类part of speech 单词word 实词notional word 虚词structural word 单纯词simple word 派生词derivative 复合词compound 词性part of speech 名词noun 专有名词proper noun 普通名词common noun 可数名词countable noun 不可数名词uncountable noun 抽象名词abstract noun 具体名词concret noun 物质名词material noun 集体名词collective noun 个体名词individual noun 介词preposition 连词conjunction 动词verb 及物动词transitive verb 不及物动词intransitive verb 系动词link verb 助动词auxiliary verb 情态动词modal verb 规则动词regular verb 不规则动词irregular verb 限定动词finite verb 非限定动词infinite verb 使役动词causative verb 感官动词verb of senses 感叹词exclamation 形容词adjective 副词adverb 方式副词adverb of manner 程度副词adverb of degree 时间副词adverb of time 地点副词adverb of place 关系副词relative adverb 代词pronoun 人称代词personal pronoun 物主代词possessive pronoun 反身代词reflexive pronoun 指示代词demonstrative pronoun 疑问代词interrogative pronoun 关系代词relative pronoun 不定代词indefinite pronoun 物主代词possessive pronoun 名词性物主代词nominal possessive pronoun 形容词性物主代词adjectival possessive pronoun 冠词article 定冠词definite article 不定冠词indefinite article 形式form 单数形式singular form 复数形式plural form 原形base form 从句clause 从属句subordinate clause 并列句coordinate clause 名词从句nominal clause 定语从句attributive clause 状语从句adverbial clause 宾语从句object clause 主语从句subject clause 同位语从句appositive clause 时间状语从句adverbial clause of time 地点状语从句adverbial clause of place 方式状语从句adverbial clause of manner 让步状语从句adverbial clause of concession 原因状语从句adverbial clause of cause 结果状语从句adverbial clause of result 目的状语从句adverbial clause of purpose 条件状语从句adverbial clause of condition 句子sentence 简单句simple sentence 并列句compound sentence 复合句complex sentence 并列复合句compound complex sentence 陈述句declarative sentence
大学英语B——词汇与语法 1、I don’t know _______ to deal with such matter. D./ 答案：B 2、I am not used to speaking ________ public. 答案：A 3、- _______ is your girl friend like? - She is very kind and good-looking. 答案：B 4、We came finally _________ the conclusion that she has been telling lies all the time. 答案：C 5、- Write to me when you get home. - OK, I _______. 答案：C 6、He _______ driving me home, even though I told him I lived nearby.
on at that in 答案：A 7、I won’t make the _______ mistake next time. 答案：B 8、I didn’t know what to do, but then an idea suddenly ________ to me. 答案：C 9、A pair of spectacles ________ what I need at the moment. 答案：A 10、He _______ lives in the house where he was born. 答案：C 11、- Do you want to wait? - Five days ________ too long for me to wait.
常用英语语法术语表达 语法grammar 句法syntax 词法morphology 结构structure 层次rank 句子sentence 从句clause 词组phrase 词类partofspeech 单词word 实词notionalword 虚词structuralword 单纯词simpleword 派生词derivative 复合词compound 词性part?of?speech 名词?noun? 专有名词?proper?noun? 普通名词?common?noun? 可数名词?countable?noun? 不可数名词?uncountable?noun? 抽象名词?abstract?noun? 具体名词?concrete?noun? 物质名词?material?noun? 集体名词?collective?noun? 个体名词?individual?noun? 介词?preposition? 连词?conjunction? 动词?verb? 主动词?main?verb? 及物动词?transitive?verb? 不及物动词?intransitive?verb? 系动词?link?verb? 助动词?auxiliary?verb? 情态动词?modal?verb? 规则动词?regular?verb? 不规则动词?irregular?verb? 短语动词?phrasal?verb? 限定动词?finite?verb? 非限定动词?infinite?verb? 使役动词?causative?verb
感官动词?verb?of?senses? 动态动词dynamic verb? 静态动词?state?verb? 感叹词?exclamation? 形容词?adjective 副词?adverb? 方式副词?adverb?of?manner? 程度副词?adverb?of?degree? 时间副词?adverb?of?time? 地点副词?adverb?of?place? 修饰性副词adverb of?adjunct? 连接性副词?adverb of conjunct? 疑问副词?interrogative?adverb? 关系副词?relative?adverb 代词?pronoun? 人称代词?personal?pronoun? 物主代词?possessive?pronoun? 反身代词?reflexive?pronoun? 相互代词?reciprocal?pronoun? 指示代词?demonstrative?pronoun? 疑问代词?interrogative?pronoun? 关系代词?relative?pronoun? 不定代词?indefinite?pronoun? 名词性物主代词?nominal?possessive?pronoun? 形容词性物主代词?adjectival?possessive?pronoun? 冠词?article? 定冠词?definite?article 不定冠词?indefinite?article 数词?numeral? 基数词?cardinal?numeral? 序数词?ordinal?numeral? 分数词?fractional?numeral? 形式?form? 单数形式?singular?form? 复数形式?plural?form? 限定动词?finite?verb?form? 非限定动词?non-finite?verb?form? 原形?base?form?
[2] 英语语法术语汇总（中英对照） 英语语法术语（中英对照） 语法 grammar 句法 syntax 词法 morphology 句子 sentence 从句 clause 词组 phrase 词类 part of speech 单词 word 实词 notional word 虚词 structural word 单纯词simple word 派生词derivative 复合词compound 词性 part of speech 名词 noun 专有名词proper noun 普通名词common noun 可数名词count able noun 不可数名词 uncount able noun 抽象名词 abst ract noun
具体名词concret noun 物质名词 mat erial noun 集体名词collective noun 个体名词individual noun 介词 preposition 连词 conjunction 动词 verb 主动词main verb 及物动词transitive verb 不及物动词intransitive verb 系动词link verb 助动词auxiliary verb 情态动词 modal verb 规则动词regular verb 不规则动词irregular verb 短语动词phrasal verb 限定动词finite verb 非限定动词infinit e verb 使役动词causative verb 感官动词 verb of senses 动态动词 event verb 静态动词st ate verb 感叹词exclamation 形容词adjective
active voice 主动语态，passive voice被动语态， absolute construction独立结构， adjective 形容词，adverd 副词，noun名词， verb动词， artical冠词， determiner限定词，quantifier量词，numeral数词， subject主语， object宾语，adverbial状语，attributive定语，complement补语，predicative表语，appositive同位语，infinitive不定式, -ing participle-ing分词, -Ed participle -ed分词，finite clause 限定从属分句，non-finitive clause非限定分句,inversion倒装，adverbial clause状语从句，subject clause主语从句，relative clause/attributive clause定语（关系）从句，从句也可以用clause as subject/object/来表示主语从句、宾语从句 时态：tense语态：voice单数：singular form复数：plural form 主谓一致：agreement of subject and verb 定语从句：attributive clause 名词性从句： noun clause 状语从句：adverbial clause 虚拟语气：subjunctive mood 冠词：article代词：pronoun形容词和副词：adjective & adverb 动词和动词词组：verbs & verb phrase 非谓语动词：Non-Predicate Verbs / Non-Finite verbs
1. My pain ____ apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically: "Are you feeling all right?" A. must be B. must have been C. had been D. had to be 2. It is only when you nearly lose someone ____ fully conscious of how much you value him. A. do you become B. then you become C. that you become D. have you become 3. Just as the soil is a part of the earth, ___ the atmosphere. A. as it is B. so is C. the same as D. and so is 4. While driving along the treacherous road, ___ . A. my right rear tire blew out B. my right rear tire had a blowout C. I had a blowout on my right rear tire D. I had my right rear tire blowout 5. Jean Wagner's most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American Poetry is his insistence that ___________ it in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference. A. is to be analyzed B. has been analyzed C. be analyzed D. should have been analyzed 6. __ there is little we can do to modify the weather, we can at least know what kind of weather to expect. A. Since B. When C. While D. Unless 7. This organization brought Western artists together in the hope of making more of an impact on the art community _____ any of them could inpidually and to promote Western art by women. A. rather than B. rather C. than D. other than 8. But the Swiss discovered long years ago that constant warfare brought them ___ suffering and poverty. A. anything but B. nothing but C. none other than D. no more than 9. After ___ seemed an endless wait, it was her turn to step into the doctor's office. A. it B. that C. what D. which 10. The board deemed it's urgent that these files ___ right away. A. had to be printed B. should have been printed C. must be printed D. should be printed 11. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience ___ on benches, chairs or boxes. A. having seated B. seating C. seated D. having been seated 12. __ in this way, the situation doesn't seem so disappointing. A. To look at B. Looking at C. Looked at D. To be looked at 13. Nobody came to see me while I was out, ___ ? A. did they B. didn't they C. did she D. didn't she 14. You will see this product ___ wherever you go. A. to be advertised B. advertised C. advertise D. advertising 15. Suddenly ___ fire broke out in the room and everything in it was soon on ___ fire. A. /, a B. The, / C. a, / D. /, the 16. If you ___ Jerry Brown until recently, you'd think the photograph on the right was strange. A. shouldn't contact B. weren't to contact C. didn't contact D. hadn't contacted 17. Scientists think __ helps some trees to conserve water in the winter. A. when losing leaves B. leaves are lost C. that losing leaves D. the leaves losing