从属结构
语法结构：一般：从上层到下层结构
从属：1。从下层到上层2。同层结构
从属结构：
含义：从属于其他语法结构的结构
特征：1。和并列句相比：并列：前后同等重要
从属：重要的作为逐主句，不重要的作为从属【从属分句由从属连词引导，可分为简单从属连词（一个单词）、复杂从属连词（两个或两个以
上单词：以that结尾\以as结尾\as if\as through\ in case）、关联从属连词(由两个
关联词构成)和边际从属连词（实际上起从属连词作用的）】
2。分类及重要性比较: 限定从属分句、非限定分句、无动词分句＞词组
书上摘录：although/though:重要句在另一句
But/still:重要句在本句
限定从属分句
总：含义：以限定动词词组作谓语动词的从属分句
分类：名词性分句；形容词性分句；副词性分句（作状语）
分：一。名词性分句
起名词词组的作用，由that\who\whom\whose\what\which\whoever\whatever\
Whichever\where\when\how\why引导，作主语、宾语、主语补语、介词补足成分、同位语
二．形容词性分句
作名词修饰语，由who\which\that\when\where\why等引导，又叫关系分居三．副词性分句（状语分句）
作时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步状语
摘要：方式状语分句：1. Mary was behaving as though she hasn’t grown up
2. I shall wear my coat how I like
总结：名词性和形容词性分句在句中位置相对固定，而状语分句位置相对灵活（重要性：句中<句首<句尾）P350
关于状语从句的补充说明：
When\while\as\before\after\untill
1.同时性：
A.重复性（习惯）：when\whenever(前后都用一般现在时或一般过去时)(可用if代替)
B.延续性(持续时间大致相等)：when\while(前后都用一般过去时或过去进行时)（while
更强调事件的持续性）（若持续时间正好相等，用as long as）
C.无延续性：when(相当于并列句and at the same time)\as soon as\just as\the instant\the
moment\directly\immediately\
Hardly/scarcely…when no sooner…than(可用倒装)
d.一有延续性另一个没有或只有短暂的延续：while\when\as
2.先时性与后时性：before\after\till\untill\when\since
A.before\after可同时用一般过去时
B.当when=after时，它所引导的时间状语分句有时也可用一般过去时来代替过去完成时Because\for\since\as\now that
For 与because的比较：
同：1.都可引导原因状语从句，表示直接原因和间接原因（推断）
直接原因：异：1.because比for 语气强
2.for多用于正式语体
3. because的位置比较灵活，可位于主句之前，也可位于主句之后；for 只
能用于主句之后
4. because 分句可用于单独回答why问句，而for 不可以
间接原因：同：只能位于主句之后，既不能用以回答why问句，也不能在because之前用否定词或其他修饰语，也不能做强调句中心成分
异：1.for分句可单独出现；because分句除了单独回答why问句，一般不单独出现
2.for具有并列连词的某些特征，for分句之前用逗号隔开
Because与since\ as \for的区别：
1.because＞since＞as
2.because表示新信息，表示一种未知的原因；since\as表示已知原因，不可
用于回答why问句
3.because分句之前可用否定句或其他修饰语（chiefly\probably）
4.since\as可用于句首，也可用于句尾，作为一种补充说明
原因状语分句还可由in that\in as much as\now that\seeing that等复杂连词引导：
1.在口语中，seeing that（=in view of the fact that,有时可与since\as\now that互换使用）和
now that（具有原因和时间双重概念，既可用于现在时间也可用于过去时间表示同时性）中的that可以省略
2．in that\in as much as通常只用于正式语体
On the ground（s）that\for the reason that\by reason that\for fear (that)等边际从属连词引导关于so that和so…that结构
同：两者在非正式语体中that都可以省略
异：1. so…that只能表示结果；so that既能表示目的，也能表示结果（在口语中有停顿，在文字中有逗号，表示结果）
2.so that结构中有情态动词则表示“目的”（既可置于句首，也可置于句尾），否则，表
示结果（置于句末）
3.在正式语体中也能单用that表示结果（不甚普遍，尤其在非正式语体中不大常用）Unless和if…not
由unless引导的条件状语从句既可以是真实条件，也可以是非真实条件
真实：unless=if…not（如果unless分句本身是个否定句，那么，unless就不可以被取代）非真实：有时也不可以被取代
They could n’t afford to live in such an expensive apartment unless they were rich
I couldn’t have got to Slough in time unless I had a helicopter
规律：它们的unless分句都表示与事实相反的情况，如果改为if……not,就与事实相反了
关于although和though
1.一般情况下可以互换使用
2.Although的语气更重，强调让步概念
3.Though能接受evende 强调
4.当让步分句表示臆想时，用though
5.Though在非正式语体中可作连接性状语
He will probably agree; you never know, though.
非限定分句
1.含义：以非限定动词词组作谓语的分句
2.分类：不定式分句、-ing分句和-ed分句
不定式分句
一．结构模式
1.不带主语：A。逻辑主语是隐含的（上下文或情景中）
B。表说话人对说话内容所持态度，主语是说话者本身
2.带主语：通常由for引导，有时也由with、rather than 等引导（注：rather than是近似并列连词,后面跟不定式，位于句首用不带to的不定式；位于句中其他位置时，不定式带to 或不带to均可，视情况而定。
如不用任何词语引导，则构成“独立结构”
3.带疑问词：eg.He opened his lips as if to say something
二．句法功能
可作主语、主语宾语、宾语、宾语补语、状语、名词词组中的修饰语、形容词词组的补足成分
不定式做状语：
1.表示目的（与in order to/so as to的区别：后者使用场合是：1.需要强调“目的”含义；
2.需要表示否定的目的
2.表示结果（也可用so…as to\such…as to\too…to\enough to等结构来表示
3.表示原因：通常与表示喜怒哀乐、运气好坏的形容词或动词连用、
--ing分词分句
1.结构模式
A不带主语和从属连词
逻辑主语通常可以在特定的上下文或情境中判定
有一些表示说话人对说话内容所持态度的-ing分词分句，已经成为固定用语，其逻辑主语有时是说话人，有时泛指人们
B带从属连词
其逻辑主语通常也是主句的主语
C带主语：可作宾语、介补成分、主语、独立结构(having been和being有时可以省去，有时也可由with引出）
主语例子：it's no use your pretending to be deaf.
2句法功能
A.-ing分词分句和不定式分句不同：
例子：1.I hate telling lies.(说谎的主语是一般的人）
I hate to tell a lie.（说谎的主语是我）
2.this is a box for holding chessmen(盒子的一般用途）
I am looking for a box to hold chessman(指明的是我找盒子的目的）
B.-img分词分句在句中作状语，表示多种意义（时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、伴随）-ed分词汾酒
1.结构模式
A.不带主语和从属连词（上下文判定）
B.带从属连词（when、though、although、as if、as though、if、even if、once、unless、
until等）（省略从属结构）
C.带主语
本身带有主语，省略了being或having been
独立结构、with的复合结构
2.句法功能
A作后置修饰语
B作状语：时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随
无动词分句：基本属于SVC句型，只是动词不表示出来，主语也通常不表示出来
1.结构模式
A.不带从属连词:可由形容词词组、名词词组表示
B.带有从属连词:
从属连词+形容词词组\名词词组\介词词组\副词词组
C.带有主语（是一种独立结构）：名词词组+名词词组\介词词组\形容词词组\副词词组
2.句法功能：作修饰语和状语
作状语：时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、方式或伴随
作修饰语：通常相当于一个非限制性关系分句
关于独立结构
1.实质和类型（非限制性分句和无动词分句通常是以主句的一定成分作为自己的逻辑主语，从而依附于主句；独立结构就是一些非限定分句和无动词分句带有自己的主语，从而在结构上与主句不发生关系）
2.按结构形式分类：不定式独立结构、-ing分词独立结构、-ed分词独立结构和无动词独立结构（通常在句中起状语分句的作用）
3.用法和意义：
A独立结构和主句之间通常用逗号隔开，有时也用破折号
B.在独立结构中作名词的主语有时可以省去限定词
C位置比较灵活，可位于句首、句中、句尾
D.如果一句中有多个独立结构，通常把表示概括意义的结构置于最后
E.表示多种意义：时间、原因、条件、方式和伴随等
F.表示肯定意义的独立结构均可转换成with引导的介词结构；表示否定意义的独立结构则可转换成由without引导的介词词组
G.从意义上看，每一个独立结构都可以扩展成简单句
H.独立结构常见于正式语体，特别是文学体裁
I. 好处：能使句子结构紧凑，用词精炼，描写生动，形象具体，是文学语言常用的修辞手法
1 英语学习结构图 （第一部分） 词素/字母→单词→词组/短语→ 简单句 标准1:句子的目的/功能: 陈，疑，感，祈 (5种) S+ link V +P (主语+连系动词+表语) 标准 2:句子的基本结构/类型 S+ Vi (主语+不及物动词) S + Vt. + O (主语+及物动词+宾语) S + Vt. + IO+DO (主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语) S + Vt. + O + OC (主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语) 并列句: 由连词and, but, or, so, while, yet, still, therefore, neither …or …等等引导 (主从)复合句 名词性从句 主语从句, 宾语从句, 必修3（Unit 3---5） 表语从句，同位语从句 限制性定语从句 必修1（unit4, unit 5）和必修2 (unit1, unit5) 定语从句 非限制性定语从句 时间状语从句，地点状语从句，原因状语从句, 状语从句 条件状语从句，结果状语从句, 目的状语从句, （9种） 让步状语从句，方式状语从句，比较状语从句 简单句的定义：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）的句子叫做简单句。 1. He learns English. 2. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music. 3. We sang and danced yesterday evening. 4. My brother and I go to school at seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening. 5. All right! Good! Want any help? （非简单句） 并列句的定义: 一般指由连词 and, but, while( 而，然而), or, for, so, neither, therefore, on the contrary(相反)，not only …but also … , on the one hand, … on the other hand ,… 等将两个简单句连接起来的句子，或者由分号（；）将两个简单句连接起来的句子。 1. Tom likes basketball, and he often plays it on the ground. 2. She was late often, but she wasn ’t fired. 3. I like purple, while he like blue. 4. Either you are wrong, or I am. 5. It rained last night, for the ground was wet. 6. The park is beautiful, so we go there every day. 7. On the one hand, I have to work, on the other hand, I have to take care of my children. （主从）复合句的定义: 一个主句 + 一个或一个以上的从句. （其中，主句为句子的主体，从句不能独立，只充当句子的一个成分，如主 语，表语，宾语（动词宾语，介词宾语），定语，同位语，状语（包括时间，地点，条件等9种状语） ）。从句担任什么句子成分, 这个从句就叫做什么从句.从句对主句的关系是从属关系. 1．What we need is more practice. ( 主语从句 ) 主语 系动词 表语 （译：我们所需要的是更多的练习。） 2．It doesn’t matter whether he will come or not. ( 主语从句 ) 形式主语 不及物动词 真正的主语 （译：他来不来都没有关系。） 3. That the earth turns around the sun is known to all. ( 主语从句 ) 主语 系动词 表语 （译：地球围绕太阳转这一点众所周知的。） 4. Whether he comes depends on the weather. 主语 及物动词短语 宾语（译：他是否来取决于天气。） 5. I think that you should come on time. ( 宾语从句 ) 主语 及物动词 宾语 （译：我认为你应该按时来。） 6. The teacher is pleased with what she has said. ( 宾语从句 ) 主语 系动词 表语 介词 宾语 （译::老师对于她所说的很满意.） 7. Can you tell me where the nearest post office is? ( 宾语从句 ) 主语 及物动词 间接宾语 直接宾语 （译：你能告诉我离这里最近的邮局在哪儿吗?） 8. The question is whether we should them ask for help. （表语从句） 主语 系动词 表语 （译:问题是我们是否应该叫他们帮忙。） 9. The trouble is that he has never done the job before. （表语从句） 主语 系动词 表语 （译: 麻烦在于他以前从未干过这个工作。） 10. China isn ’t what is used to be. （表语从句） 主语 系动词 表语 （译: 中国不再是以前那个样子了。） 11. The news that our team won the match made all of us excited. 主语 及物动词 宾语 宾语补足语 （同位语从句） （译: 我们队赢得比赛的消息使大家兴奋不已。） 词性：n. v. adj. adv. prep. pron. conj. num .
大学英语第三册语法结构分析 (译部分) 1.发言人明确表示总统在任何情况下都不会取消这次旅行。 The spokesman made it clear that the president would not 主谓语 Cancel (the trip) under any circumstances. 介状 2. 我们相信他所说的，因为他受过良好的教育，出身于受人尊敬的家庭，更重 要的是他为人可靠。 We believ e what he has said , because he is well-educated , comes 主谓主 from a respectable familly and what’s more , he is reliable. 3. 随后后发生的那些事件证明了我的猜疑是对的。 The subsequent events confirmed my suspicions once again. 谓 4. 在赛后举行的记者招待会上，这位足教练因该队表现不佳而向球迷们致歉。 At the press conference held after the game , the football coach apologized to the fans for his team’s poor performance. 5. 令我们吃惊的是，这位常被赞为十分正直的州长竟然是一个贪官。 To our surprise, the governor who had often been praised for his honesty tur ned out to be a corrupt official. 谓语 6. 有少数人得到了提升，在这同时却有数万个人被解雇。 A few workers were promoted , but meanwhile hundreds of workers were dismissed. 7. 如果有机会，约翰也许已成为一位杰出的画家。 Given the chance , John might have become an outstanding painter.
并列连词与并列结构 并列连词引导两个并列的句子。 1)and 与or 判断改错： (错) They sat down and talk about something. (错) They started to dance and sang. (错) I saw two men sitting behind and whisper there. (对) They sat down and talked about something. (对) They started to dance and sing. (对)I saw two men sitting behind and whispering there. 解析：第一句：and 连接两个并列的谓语，所以talk 应改为talked。 第二句：and 连接两个并列的动词不定式，第二个不定式往往省略to，因此sang 应改为sing。 第三句：and 连接感观动词saw 后面的用作的宾补的两个并列分词结构，因此whisper 应改为whispering。 注意：and 还可以和祈使句或名词词组连用表示条件。（or也有此用法） Make up your mind, and you'll get the chance.= If you make up your mind, you'll get the chance. One more effort, and you'll succeed.= If you make one more effort, you'll succeed. 2)both …and两者都 She plays (both) the piano and the guitar. 3)not only…but (also), as well as不但…而且） She plays not only the piano, but (also) the guitar. 注意：not only… but also 关联两个分句时，一个分句因有否定词not 而必须倒装。 Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some. 4)neithe…nor 意思为"既不……也不……"谓语动词采用就近原则，与nor后的词保持一致。 Neither you nor he is to blame. neither…nor…一起用时，作为关联性的并列连词，连接语法功能相同的平行结构：Neither you nor he konws it. (连接用作主语的代词) The old man can neither read nor write. (连接动词) I drink neither coffee nor tea. (连接宾语) The story is neither interesting nor instructive. (连接用作表语的形容词) Gas is a substance with neither a definite volume nor a definite shape. (连接介词宾语) I believe neither what you said before nor what you are saying now. (连接宾语从句) 注意： (1)Neither置于句首时，neither…nor…所连接的分句均须主谓倒装： I don't like that girl. Neither have I dated her for a dance(约她跳舞) nor will I do so. Neither does he play the cello nor does his brother. (2)Neither…nor…连接主语时，后面的动词在数上应与靠近的主语取得一致： Neither Ike nor I am going to attend the meeting. (动词与靠近，故用am。) Neither Ike nor he is going to attend the meeting. (动词与he靠近，故用is。) (3)neither…nor…作“既不…也不…”解，故谓语动词必须用肯定式，不能用否定式
LESSON ONE 句子的三种模式 导言本课的重点是掌握英语的三种基本句型，注意词性和词序，以及定语的位置,同时注意中英文表达上的相同和不相同的地方。三种基本句型虽然简单，但至关重要。掌握好它们，在今后的学习中有一通百通之效。 ▲主+系动词+表 注：*注意该结构中的名词，它们能被定语修饰。 1 这个人是一个老师。The man is a teacher. 主语系表语主语系表语（名词） 2 他（是）很忙。He is busy. 主语系表语主语系表语（形容词） ▲注意中文中的系动词经常被省略,而英文中绝不能省。 3 她（是）在教室里。She is in the classroom.
主语系表语主语系表语（介词短语） ▲定语只修饰名词，不破坏句子的基本结构。通常由形容词和介词短语充当，形容词放在所修饰的名词之前，而介词短语放在所修饰的名词之后，请注意英语与汉语词序的不同。看懂中文的定语是翻译好定语的关键。 介词短语 ---英国法学家波洛克 介词短语 Happiness is a station -----------Pollock, British jurist 形容词介词短语 5 形容词介词短语 man is a teacher 介词短语形容词
6.教室里。 形容词介词短语 The teacher is handsome. My book is 表语（介词短语）定语（介词短语） She is 介词短语即可以做表语也可以做定语，虽然它们词性相同，但由于词序不同，它们所起到的作用也不同，当在is的后面是表语,跟在名词的后面它就起到定语的作用。 课堂练习 1 1是
Lecture 31 从属结构 Complex Sentence: A main clause + a or more than one subordinate clause Subordinate clause has subject and predicate Subordinator is used to connect main clause and subordinate clause Adaptations of the Japanese manga Itazura na Kiss have kept coming in the past years, but none have really filled the shoes of Takashi Kashiwabara, who played the leading male character Naoki Irie in the 1996 version. That is, until now. Y uki Furukawa, who stars as Irie in the latest version, has won the hearts of viewers. Though the actor may not seem handsome at first sight, many fans are finding that his looks withstand scrutiny. And the fact that he speaks fluent English and excels at b-boying only adds to his charm. Noun Clause: That a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife is a truth universally acknowledged. He is worried that his age is too old for the job. For various reasons, many women are emotionally needy, and they sometimes seek sex outside of marriage to confirm that they are okay, that they are beautiful and desirable, that they are sexy, and that somebody loves them for the real women they are rather than for their cooking, housecleaning and child-rearing ability. That can not be omitted Whether the eyes are the “windows to the soul”is debatable; that they are intensely important in interpersonal communication is a fact. The question is not whether you have the strength to finish the task but whether you can devote yourself to it. If they say you are good, ask yourself whether / if it is true. In recent years, the debate over whether fossil-appearing objects from the Mars were, in fact, indicators of past or present life on that planet has promoted many to ask whether/if people are ready, psychologically, to accept the possibility of life elsewhere. There is no doubt ____ the company has made the right decision on the sales project. B A. why B. that C. whether D. when How the escape team led by Michael broke out of the Fox River is a complete mystery to C.Os. We are concerned about which team can win the eighth-final and attend the quarter-final. Nobody gets to live life backward. Look ahead --- that’s where your future lies. I care not so much what I am in the opinion of others as what I am in my own. Who goes light travel fast. One of the oldest human needs is having someone to wonder ___where___ you are when you don’t come home at night. Women are much too preoccupied by family. Once the marriage begins to disintegrate, they’re lost. That’s ____where__ their unhappiness springs from and that’s _why____ most divorced mothers regard themselves as victims.
从属结构 语法结构：一般：从上层到下层结构 从属：1。从下层到上层2。同层结构 从属结构： 含义：从属于其他语法结构的结构 特征：1。和并列句相比：并列：前后同等重要 从属：重要的作为逐主句，不重要的作为从属【从属分句由从属连词引导，可分为简单从属连词（一个单词）、复杂从属连词（两个或两个以 上单词：以that结尾\以as结尾\as if\as through\ in case）、关联从属连词(由两个 关联词构成)和边际从属连词（实际上起从属连词作用的）】 2。分类及重要性比较: 限定从属分句、非限定分句、无动词分句＞词组 书上摘录：although/though:重要句在另一句 But/still:重要句在本句 限定从属分句 总：含义：以限定动词词组作谓语动词的从属分句 分类：名词性分句；形容词性分句；副词性分句（作状语） 分：一。名词性分句 起名词词组的作用，由that\who\whom\whose\what\which\whoever\whatever\ Whichever\where\when\how\why引导，作主语、宾语、主语补语、介词补足成分、同位语 二．形容词性分句 作名词修饰语，由who\which\that\when\where\why等引导，又叫关系分居三．副词性分句（状语分句） 作时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步状语 摘要：方式状语分句：1. Mary was behaving as though she hasn’t grown up 2. I shall wear my coat how I like 总结：名词性和形容词性分句在句中位置相对固定，而状语分句位置相对灵活（重要性：句中<句首<句尾）P350 关于状语从句的补充说明： When\while\as\before\after\untill 1.同时性： A.重复性（习惯）：when\whenever(前后都用一般现在时或一般过去时)(可用if代替) B.延续性(持续时间大致相等)：when\while(前后都用一般过去时或过去进行时)（while 更强调事件的持续性）（若持续时间正好相等，用as long as） C.无延续性：when(相当于并列句and at the same time)\as soon as\just as\the instant\the moment\directly\immediately\ Hardly/scarcely…when no sooner…than(可用倒装) d.一有延续性另一个没有或只有短暂的延续：while\when\as 2.先时性与后时性：before\after\till\untill\when\since A.before\after可同时用一般过去时 B.当when=after时，它所引导的时间状语分句有时也可用一般过去时来代替过去完成时Because\for\since\as\now that
几种并列结构间标点的运用 ·并列词语作主语、宾语时，并列词语结构不很复杂、字数也不多，一般用顿号；反之用逗号。 例1：人的整个躯体、灵魂，也是来自水中。 例2：这翻滚的麦浪，这清清的流水，这大雁的歌唱，使年轻人深深地陶醉了。 ·并列成分作谓语时，如果并列成分是主谓结构，那么并列成分之间用逗号；如果作并列谓语的几个动词共带相同的宾语，那么动词之间的停顿要用顿号。 例1：他头戴凤翅银盔，身穿鱼鳞细甲，手执滚金枪，腰悬竹节锏。 例2：上海丰康科技开发有限公司全体科研人员研制、推出了世界首创的丰康牌“神奇诱鼠剂”和“非粮灭鼠饵料”两项科研成果。 ·并列成分作定语，不论结构简单还是复杂，字数多还是少，一般都要用顿号表示停顿。 ·并列成分作状语，如果并列成分是单词或成语，它们之间用顿号；如果并列成分是介词结构与方位结构，它们之间用逗号。 例：他们在朦胧的夜色中，在大青树下，在纺车旁边，用传统的诗一般的语言倾吐着彼此的爱慕和理想。 ·集合词语间连接得很紧，中间不用顿号。 例：这次“严打”的成功，和广大公安干警的努力是分不开的，和公安干警家属的支持是分不开的。 ·三个以上词语并列，最后两个词语之间用“和”“与”“及”等连词，连词前不再用顿号。如果出现“以及”，“以及”前可用逗号。 例：我国科学、文化、艺术、卫生、教育和新闻出版业有了很大发展。 ·并列事物之后加上语气词“呀”“啊”等，就构成了句子的并列，中间不能用顿号。 例：乌鲁木齐的大街上到处摆着水果摊，甜瓜啊，西瓜啊，伊犁苹果啊，库尔勒香梨啊，走到哪儿都闻得见诱人的香味。 ·内部无停顿的并列成分之间，只有当这些并列成分充当宾语或宾语的同位成分，并且需要强调它们各自的独立性时，才可用分号。 例：本书把汉语规范文件分成以下几部分：汉字；标点符号和数字用法；普通话；汉语拼音；词汇。 ·在两个并列引号或两个并列书名号之间一般不加标点符号；两个并列结构的引号内如有“？”或“！”，中间也不加其他标点。 例：这时课堂里响起了“向孔繁森学习！”“向孔繁森致敬！”的口号。 ·冒号领起的并列成分间一般不用顿号。冒号表示的停顿比较长，有时甚至比句号还长。如果用顿号，则顿号和冒号表示的停顿在长短方面相差太远，显得不协调。特别是冒号领起的并列成分较长时。
一）倒装句 谓语动词放在主语之前的这种语法现象称为倒装。从倒装的形式来看，可分为全部倒装（full inversion）和部分倒装（partial inversion）两种，前者是指整个谓语置于主语之前，而后者仅是指助动词、情态动词或be动词等功能置于主语之前。 一、全部倒装 1、句首为there be , stand ,lie, exist,remain, appear, seem,come 等时，引出全部倒装。 There stands a stone bridge across the river. There stands an old pine tree on the summit of the mountain. 2、句首为状语方位词或表示地点的介词短语： Then from the portable radio in the corner came the announcer's voice. 从角落里的便携式收音机里传来了播音员的声音。 At his side lay Eva Brown. 在他的身旁躺着的是爱娃、布劳恩。 3.以here ,there, now, then 等开关的句子，位于常用be ,come,go, begin, follow 等，引出倒装： There goes the bell. 铃响了。 Here comes the bus. 汽车来了。 Now come your turn. 现在轮到你了。 但是，如主语是代词而不是名词时则不发生倒装。 Here it is. 4.在表示动作的简短句子里，为了生动，可把副词放于句首引出倒装。 Out rushed the dog from the gate. 一条狗从大门里嗖地一声窜了出来。 Up went the rocket into the sky. 火箭嗖地一声飞上了天空。 但：Away they went. 5.在表达祝愿的句子里： Long live the friendship between American and Chinese people!中美人民的友谊万岁！ May you succeed !祝你成功！ 6.在强调表语时： Worst of all were the humiliations .最令人难以忍受的是羞辱。 Such is the case. 情况就是这样。
并列结构 6. The three volumes of memoirs by Wole Soyinka begin with his childhood in a Nigerian village and culminate with his years at the University of Ibadan, one of the best universities in West Africa.（OG1） A. begin with his childhood in a Nigerian village and culminate B. that begin with his childhood in a Nigerian village and culminate C. have begun with his childhood in a Nigerian village and culminating D. beginning with his childhood in a Nigerian village and culminating E. are begun as a child in a Nigerian village and culminate 9. A review of the composer’s new symphony called it confusing because of its unusual structure, and its melodious final movement makes it elegant.（OG1） A. structure, and its melodious final movement makes it elegant B. structure, although elegant by having its melodious final movement C. structure, and it is elegant with its melodious final movement D. structure while having a melodious final movement that made it elegant E. structure but elegant because of its melodious final movement 14. Acquaintances of Alexei have commented that he is at once annoying because of his unpredictability but his imagination is still a delight.（OG1） A. but his imagination is still a delight B. although he is delightfully imaginative C. and he is delightful in his imagination too D. while being imaginative and they are delighted E. and delightful because of his imagination 1. Confident that she was fully prepared, Ellen decided to spend the night before the recital reading and relaxing but not to be practicing. （OG2） (A) but not to be practicing (B) and not for practicing (C) more than to practice (D) rather than practicing (E) rather than having practiced 6. Leslie Marmon Silko has said that her writing, which was powerfully influenced by storytellers in her family but that the landscape of her childhood also shaped her vision and provided stories. （OG2） (A) her writing, which was powerfully influenced by storytellers in her family (B) her writing, powerfully influenced by family storytellers (C) family storytellers powerfully influenced her writing (D) storytellers in the family being powerful influences on her writing (E) powerfully influential in her writing was family storytellers 11. The survival of many species of marine life may depend on both the enforcement of
一、悬垂结构Dangling Element的定义 一般在一个句子中，修饰语必须清楚地修饰句中某个词或短语，如果它不修饰句中的任何成分，而处于悬浮状态，这样的修饰语即为悬垂结构(Dangling Element)。 Climbing up the tower, the whole city came into our view. 正确的应该是：Climbing up the tower, we can see the whole city. 登上这座塔，我们能看到整个城市。 二、悬垂结构的理解 分词短语在句子中作状语时，其逻辑主语(亦称隐含主语)通常应是整个句子的主语；如果不是，而且其本身也不带自己的主语(如在独立主格结构中)，就被认为是一个语言失误。这个分词就叫做“悬垂分词”(dangling participle)或“无依附分词”(unattached participle)。例如： (1) Getting down from the bus，my ankle was sprained． （句子的主语是my ankle，但是独立成分中getting down 的逻辑主语应该是I，并不是句子的主 语，所以这被认为是一个语言失误。） (2) Driving to Chicago that night，a sudden thought struck me． （同理，分词短语driving to Chicago that night没有带自己的主语，它的逻辑主语也不是句子的主语a sudden thought，所以也是一个语言失误。） 三、由悬垂结构造成的错误 (1)悬垂分词 误：Being Sunday, they went for a picnic. 正：It being Sunday, they went for a picnic. 正：As it was Sunday, they went for a picnic. (2)悬垂不定式 误：To swim properly, a course of instruction was necessary. 正：To swim properly, one needs a course of instruction.
初中英语语法网络图 一．名词 I. 名词的种类： 专有名词普通名词 国名.地名.人名，团体.机构名称可数名词不可数名词 个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词 II. 名词的数： 1. 规则名词的复数形式： 名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下： 规则例词 1一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days 2以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes 3 以-f或-fe结尾 的词 变-f和-fe为v再加-es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives 加-s belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs 4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加 -es party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities 5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词 以y结尾的，加-s toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys 6以辅音字母加 -o结尾的名词 一般加-es hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes 不少外来词加-s piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos 两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos 7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos 8以-th结尾的名词加-s truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths, 2. 不规则名词复数： 英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：规则例词 1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2单复数相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3只有复数形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents 4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police, cattle, staff 5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也 可以作复数（成员） audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party 6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)
Improving sentences: (15 minutes) 1.Flying for the first time, the roar of the jet engines frightened the baby, and he started crying as the plane roared down the runway. A.the roar of the jet engines frightened the baby, and he B. the roar of the jet engines frightening the baby, and he C. the roar of the jet engines had frightened the baby, and he D. the baby was frightened by the roar of the jet engines and E. the baby was frightened by the roar of the jet engines, but he 2.Exposed to the extremely long and severe cold spell, frost soon killed the buds of the plum trees and they did not produce fruit last season. A.frost soon killed the buds of the plum trees and they did not produce fruit last season B. soon the buds of the plum trees killed by frost, and therefore not producing fruit last season C. the buds of the plum trees were soon killed by frost, they did produce fruit last season D. fruit was not produce by the plum trees last season because their buds had been killed by frost E.the buds of the plum trees were soon killed by frost, and the trees did not produce fruit last season. 3.Environmental scientists are very concerned about dangerous fluorocarbons, found in pressurized aerosol cans which quicken the erosion of the ozone layer. A.about dangerous fluorocarbons, found in pressurized aerosol cans which quicken the erosion of the ozone layer B.that, while emitting dangerous fluorocarbons, pressurized aerosol cans quicken the erosion of the ozone layer. C.about the erosion of the ozone layer caused by pressurized aerosol cans emitting dangerous fluorocarbons D. that pressurized aerosol cans emit dangerous fluorocarbons, which quicken the erosion of the ozone layer E.When, quickening the erosion of the ozone layer, pressurized aerosol cans emit dangerous fluorocarbons 4.The plaque was presented to the actor that was engraved with gold letters. A.The plaque was presented to the actor that was engraved with gold letters B.The plaque that was presented to the actor engraved with gold letters C.The plaque was presented to the actor who was engraved with gold letters D.The plaque, engraved with gold letters, and presented to the actor E.The plaque presented to the actor was engraved with gold letters 5.Driving to Las Vegas freezing rain made the road slippery and hazardous. A.Driving to Las Vegas,