Mammographic and sonographic findings of primary breast lymphoma
Chae Yeon Lyou,Sang Kyu Yang 4,Du Hwan Choe,Byung Hee Lee,Kie Hwan Kim
Department of Radiology,Korea Cancer Center Hospital,Seoul,Korea
Received 5December 2006;accepted 15February 2007
Abstract
The objective of this study was to describe the mammographic and sonographic appearances of primary lymphoma of the breast.We retrospectively reviewed the mammographic and ultrasonographic images of 12patients with primary lymphoma of the breast.Descriptions of imaging findings were made according to the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System lexicon by two radiologists.Mammography was performed on 11patients.Most of the lesions were shown to be oval-shaped (72.7%)and high-density (90.9%)masses on mammography.Ultrasound examination was performed on 8patients.The lymphomas were commonly single (75%),circumscribed (50%)or microlobulated (37.5%),and oval (50%)masses on sonography.The echo pattern of the mass was hypoechoic in 7patients (87.5%)but hyperechoic in 1patient (12.5%).No mass had spiculated margins or calcifications.Ipsilateral axillary lymph node involvement was noted in 1patient.In conclusion,most primary lymphomas of the breast present as oval-shaped and high-density masses on mammography and as single and hypoechoic masses with circumscribed or microlobulated margins on sonography.D 2007Elsevier Inc.All rights reserved.
Keywords:Breast;Lymphoma;Ultrasound;Mammography
1.Introduction
The breast is an uncommon site of development for malignant lymphomas despite the relative frequency of primary extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphomas.Breast lym-phomas can be either primary or secondary.Secondary breast lymphomas more commonly occur in association with extramammary non-Hodgkin lymphomas.Primary breast lymphomas are less common,accounting for only 0.05%–0.53%of all breast malignancies [1].
There are few articles about the imaging findings of primary breast lymphoma in the radiology literature [2–7].Data on the sonographic appearance of primary breast lymphomas are even more limited than those on its mammographic appearance.We reviewed 12cases of primary lymphoma of the breast to determine the mammo-graphic and sonographic characteristics of this rare disease
with the American College of Radiology Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS)lexicon [8].2.Materials and methods
A retrospective review of medical records at our institution that date between January 1993and October 2006revealed 12patients with primary breast lymphoma.All cases were diagnosed based on pathological demonstration after surgical biopsy or ultrasound (US)-guided core needle biopsy and satisfied the specific diagnostic criteria described by Wise-man and Liao [9]for primary lymphoma of the breast,including histological evidence of a close association between the mammary tissue and the lymphomatous infiltrate as well as absence of disseminated lymphoma or preceding extramammary lymphoma at the time of diagnosis.Presence of homolateral axillary node involvement is acceptable provided that both lesions developed simultaneously.
The patients’ages at the time of the diagnosis as well as their physical findings and clinical status were abstracted from the medical records.We reviewed the pathological
0899-7071/07/$–see front matter D 2007Elsevier Inc.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.clinimag.2007.02.028
4Corresponding author.Department of Radiology,Korea Cancer Center Hospital,215-4Gongneung-Dong,Nowon-Gu,Seoul 139-706,Korea.Tel.:+8229701576;fax:+8229702433.
E-mail address:twoscan@https://www.doczj.com/doc/2a9435875.html, (S.K.Yang).Clinical Imaging 31(2007)234
–238
reports of all lesions and then determined the histological subtypes of lymphoma according to the classification by the World Health Organization.
Mammograms were available for11patients.Mammog-raphy was performed using dedicated film-screen equipment (Senographe600T,GE Health Care)and single-emulsion film.Images were obtained in two standard planes(medio-lateral oblique and craniocaudal).
US of the breast was also performed before biopsy in eight https://www.doczj.com/doc/2a9435875.html, images were obtained using HDI5000 (Advanced Technology Laboratories,Bothell,WA,USA) and SSD-5500(Aloka,Tokyo,Japan)with a5-to12-MHz linear array.
Mammograms and US images were reviewed by two radiologists,and the imaging appearances were determined by consensus.Descriptions of imaging findings were made according to the BI-RADS lexicon.Mammograms were reviewed to determine the presence of focal masses,the shape,margin,and density of the masses,calcifications,and axillary https://www.doczj.com/doc/2a9435875.html, images were assessed for the presence of masses,the number and size of the masses,
shape,margins,echo pattern,orientation,posterior acoustic features,and presence of calcifications.
3.Results
All12patients were women;at the time of their diagnosis,their ages ranged from23to62years(mean age=46years).Breast symptoms in all patients were present as palpable lumps.Pain was present in only1patient. Clinical evidence of skin retraction and nipple discharge were absent in all patients.The right breast was involved in 5patients(41.7%),whereas the left was involved in 7(58.3%).
All patients were diagnosed as having non-Hodgkin lymphoma,with the most common subtype being diffuse large B-cell lymphoma(83.4%,n=10/12)(Fig.1C and1D). One patient had a small lymphocytic B-cell lymphoma (8.3%,n=1/12),and another had a Burkitt-like high-grade B-cell lymphoma(8.3%,n=1/12).
On mammography,all breast lesions presented as masses (100%,n=11/11).Eight of the masses were oval(72.7%, n=8/11),two were round(18.2%,n=2/11),and one was irregular(9.1%,n=1/11)(Table1).All except one were high-density masses(90.9%,n=10/11),and one was isodense to the adjacent glandular tissue(9.1%,n=1/11). Four masses had indistinct margins(36.3%,n=4/11),three had circumscribed margins(27.3%,n=3/11),and another three had obscured margins(27.3%,n=3/11).No mass had calcifications(Figs.1A,2A,and3A).Ipsilateral axillary lymphadenopathy was noted in one patient.
On US,most patients presented with a single mass(75%, n=6/8),but two patients had multiple masses.The diameter of masses ranged from0.7to 5.9cm(mean diame-ter=2.3F1.7cm).The long axis of all masses paralleled the skin line(wider-than-tall or horizontal orientation).The shape of masses appeared as oval(50%,n=4/8),irregular (37.5%,n=3/8),or round(12.5%,n=1/8).Circumscribed and microlobulated margins were common—in50%(n=4/ 8)and37.5%(n=3/8)of the masses,respectively(Table2). The echo pattern of the mass was hypoechoic in seven patients(87.5%)(Fig.1B and Fig.2B)but hyperechoic in one patient(12.5%)(Fig.3B).Posterior enhancement was observed in six patients(75%),no posterior acoustic feature was observed in two(25%),and posterior acoustic shadowing was not observed in any patient.No mass had spiculated margins or calcifications.
4.Discussion
Primary lymphomas of the breast are rare,accounting for only1.7%–2.2%of extranodal lymphomas and for only 0.4%–0.7%of all non-Hodgkin lymphomas[10].To our knowledge,there are only few articles about breast lymphomas,except for case reports,in the radiology literature.We tried to describe the characteristics of the mammographic and sonographic features of primary breast lymphomas with the BI-RADS lexicon.
A primary breast lymphoma may be very well defined and may be mistaken for a benign process,most notably in patients younger than35years[2],in whom cysts and fibroadenomas are more common.The key in the evaluation of these cases remains to be adequate tissue biopsy for histopathological evaluation and immunophe-notyping[11].The original diagnostic criteria for primary breast lymphoma were suggested by Wiseman and Liao [9]in1972.In our series,diffuse large B-cell lymphoma was the most frequent histological subtype.This result is consistent with the findings of another study[10]. Table1
Mamographic findings of primary breast lymphomas(n=11) Mammographic finding Sample distribution[n(%)] Shape
Round2(18.2)
Oval8(72.7)
Lobular0(0)
Irregular1(9.1)
Margin
Circumscribed3(27.3) Microlobulated1(9.1)
Obscured3(27.3)
Indistinct4(36.3)
Spiculated0(0)
Density
High10(90.9)
Equal1(9.1)
Low0(0)
Fat containing0(0)
Calcifications
Present0(0)
Absent11(100)
C.Y.Lyou et al./Clinical Imaging31(2007)234–238235
Lieberman et al.[7]reported that the imaging pattern of mammary non-Hodgkin lymphoma was unrelated to its histopathological subtype.
Symptoms of mammary lymphomas may mimic those of carcinoma and cause difficulties in differential diagnosis.Breast lymphomas usually present as solitary painless lumps in younger patients as compared with breast carcinomas [12].This most likely reflects the relatively rapid growth of these lesions,as compared with breast carcinomas,especially in younger patients.The literature reveals that breast lymphomas can occasionally present as a diffuse rapid breast enlargement in the younger age group or as breast skin thickening caused by lymphatic blockage by lymphomas,resulting in retrograde edema [3].In our series,the age range of the patients at diagnosis was 23–62years (mean age=46years).All patients had a palpable lump.Pain was present in one patient.The right breast was involved in five patients (41.7%),whereas the left was involved in seven (58.3%).An unexplained right-sided predominance,in contrast to left-sided predominance documented in breast carcinomas,was classically described in primary lymphomas of the breast [1,8,13,14],but this was not noted in our series.
Several studies had been performed to confirm the mammographic appearance of breast lymphomas.Lieber-man et al.[7]reviewed among 29women 32cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma,of which 21(66%)were classified as primary breast non-Hodgkin lymphomas;mammograms revealed solitary and uncalcified masses in 69%of the cases,multiple masses in 9%,and diffuse increased opacity with skin thickening in 9%.Four cases (13%)had normal findings.Paulus [3]presented 31patients
with
Fig.1.Images for a 47-year-old woman with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.(A)Craniocaudal mammogram of the right breast showing a high-density and oval mass (white arrows)with partially obscured margins (black arrows).(B)US image showing a 3-cm-diameter,hypoechoic,and oval mass (white arrows)with microlobulated margins (black arrows)and posterior acoustic enhancement.(C)Low-power view of surgical biopsy specimen showing that lymphocytic infiltrates replaced the normal architecture of the underlying breast parenchyma (hematoxylin–eosin,original magnification ?40).(D)High-power view showing that the mass is composed of medium-sized to large lymphoid cells with oval-to-round vesicular nuclei with fine chromatin.The cytoplasm is scanty and amphophilic to basophilic (hematoxylin–eosin,original magnification ?200).
C.Y.Lyou et al./Clinical Imaging 31(2007)234–238
236
mammographic changes of proven reticuloendothelial system disease in which the masses in breast lymphomas were of homogeneous density and did not contain tumor calcifications and noted that there was no stromal distortion of the surrounding breast parenchyma as is recognized and often found in breast carcinomas.A less common mammographic finding of lymphomas is diffuse increased parenchyma density with or that without skin thickening.This pattern of involvement is predominantly observed in patients with a high-grade lymphoma [5].Axillary lymphadenopathy may be associated with primary lymphoma of the breast,but this is not a prominent feature of most reported cases [2,15–18].
Mammographically,a solitary mass was the most common radiological pattern in our study.Most masses had an oval shape and were of high density.Margins were variable.Calcifications present in up to half of the
carcinomas were not seen in our series of lymphomas,in agreement with previous series [2,4,5,7].Desmoplastic or fibrotic reaction with architectural distortion often seen surrounding breast carcinomas was not demonstrated in the masses.Diffuse increased parenchymal density was not observed in any patient.
Not much has been written about US findings of breast lymphomas [4–7].A hypoechoic,homogeneous,or hetero-geneous well-defined mass is the most common US finding among patients with malignant lymphoma of the breast [6,7].However,a wide spectrum of appearances,ranging from well defined to poorly defined,focal to diffuse [4–7],and hypoechoic to hyperechoic [4],has been described in previously reported series.Primary breast lymphoma can be present as an elongated cystic structure or an ellipsoid,well-defined,and complex lesion on US [11,17].There is one case of primary breast lymphoma that mimicked acute mastitis in a young woman [18].In our study,most masses showed an oval shape with circumscribed or microlobulated margins and a hypoechoic echo pattern,and one case showed a hyperechoic echo pattern on US.All masses had a horizontal orientation to the skin line.Most of the
masses
Fig. 2.Images for a 56-year-old woman with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.(A)Mediolateral oblique mammogram of the left breast showing a high-density and oval mass (white arrows)with partially indistinct margins (black arrows).(B)US image showing a large and hypoechoic mass (arrows)with irregular
margins.
Fig. 3.Images for a 50-year-old woman with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.(A)Craniocaudal mammogram of the right breast showing a high-density and round mass (arrows)in the outer part of the breast.(B)US image showing a circumscribed hyperechoic mass (arrows).
C.Y.Lyou et al./Clinical Imaging 31(2007)234–238237
showed posterior acoustic enhancement.No mass had spiculated or angulated margins.
The greatest limitations of our study are caused by the small sample size,which is a direct reflection of the rarity of this lesion.Characterization of a larger number of primary breast lymphoma cases would be necessary to draw conclusions of any meaningful significance.Although the small study population with this rare disease clearly limits the value of the data obtained,certain tendencies were observed.In conclusion,most primary breast lymphomas present as oval-shaped and high-density masses on mammography and as single and hypoechoic masses with circumscribed or microlobulated margins on US.
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Table 2
Ultrasonographic findings of primary breast lymphomas (n =8)Ultrasonographic finding Sample distribution [n (%)]Shape Oval 4(50)Round 1(12.5)Irregular 3(37.5)Orientation Parallel 8(100)Not parallel 0(0)Margin
Circumscribed 4(50)Indistinct 1(12.5)Angular
0(0)Microlobulated 3(37.5)Spiculated 0(0)Echo pattern Anechoic 0(0)Hyperechoic 1(12.5)Complex 0(0)Hypoechoic 7(87.5)Isoechoic
0(0)Posterior acoustic feature No posterior acoustic feature 2(25)Enhancement 6(75)Shadowing 0(0)Combined 0(0)
Calcifications Present 0(0)Absent
8(100)
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原发性淋巴瘤症状诊断 一、症状体征： 1、霍奇金病 多见于青年，儿童少见，首见症状常是无痛性的颈部或锁骨上的淋巴结肿大( 占60%~80%)，左多于右，其次为腋下淋巴结肿大，肿大的淋巴结可以活动，也可互相粘连，融合成块，触诊有软骨样感觉，如果淋巴结压迫神经，可引起疼痛，少数患者仅有深部而无前浅表淋巴结肿大，深部淋巴结肿大可压迫邻近器官，表现的压迫症状，例如纵隔淋巴结肿大可致咳嗽、胸闷、气促、肺不张及上腔静脉压迫症等;腹膜后淋巴结肿大可压迫输尿管，引起肾盂积水;硬膜外肿块导致脊髓压迫症等。另有一些HD病人(30%~50%)以原因不明的特许或周期性发热为主要起病症状。这类患者一般年龄稍大，男性较多，病变较为弥散，常已有腹膜后淋巴结累及。发热后部分患者有盗汗、疲乏及消瘦等全身症状。周期性发热(Pel-Ebstein热)约见于1/6患者。部分患者可有局部及全身皮肤瘙痒，多为年轻患者，特别是女性。全身瘙痒可为HD的唯一全身症状。 体验脾肿大者并不常见，约10%左右，脾受累表明有血源播散。肝实质受侵引起肿大和肝区压痛，少数有黄疸。肝病变系脾通过静脉播散而来，所以肝较脾肿大为少。 HD尚可侵犯各系统或器官：例如肺实质轻浸润、胸腔积液、骨髓引起骨痛、腰椎或胸椎破坏，以及脊髓压迫症等。带状疱疹好发于HD，约占5%~16%。 2、非霍奇金淋巴瘤 可见于各种年龄组，但随年龄增长而发病增多。男较女为多。大多也以无痛性颈和锁骨上淋巴结肿大为首见表现，但较HD为少。分化不良性淋巴细胞易侵犯纵隔。肿大的淋巴结也可引起相应压迫症状。发热、消瘦、盗汗等全身症状仅见于24%患者。大多为晚期或病变较弥散者。全身瘙痒很少见。除淋巴细胞分化良好型外，NHL一般发展迅速，易发生远处扩散。
四川医学2012年12月第33卷（第12期）Sichuan Medical Journal，2012，Vol．33，No．12 论著原发性乳腺恶性淋巴瘤临床病理特征附19例分析 左怀全，夏冬，权毅，付华，董虹亮，吴斌，王元正 （泸州医学院附属医院乳腺外科，四川泸州646000） 【摘要】目的探讨原发性乳腺恶性淋巴瘤(PBL)的诊断方法及病理特征和预后。方法从2001年1月 2011年12月，对19例我院手术治疗并经过病理确诊的PBL患者临床病理资料及随访结果进行回顾性分析;计算其术后1、3和5年生存时间。结果全部患者均为术后病理及免疫组化确诊。按Abor分期标准:I期9例、II期7例、III期3例。11例行肿块局部切除术，4例行单乳切除或区段切除术加腋窝淋巴结清扫，4例行改良根治术;19例均接受化疗，其中7例联合放疗;1例失访，随访18例，术后1，3，5年生存率分别为100%、77.8%、55.6%。结论PBL的术前诊断率低，恶性程度相对较高，局部切除联合放化疗有助于改善预后。 【关键词】乳腺肿瘤;恶性淋巴瘤;临床病理特征 【中图分类号】R655.8;R733.4【文献标识码】A【文章编号】1004-0501(2012)12-2085-03 Clinicopathological analysis for19cases of primary breast malignant lymphoma．ZUO Huai-quan，XIA Dong，QUAN Yi，et al．The Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College，Luzhou，Sichuan646000，China 【Abstract】Objective To explore the primary breast malignant lymphoma（PBL）diagnosis methods and pathologic char-acteristics and prognosis．Methods From January2001to December2011，The clinical pathology material and PBL follow-up re-sults of19PBL patients with our hospital operative and pathological diagnosis were retrospectively analyzed；Calculating the post-operative1，3and5years survival time．Results All cases were for postoperative pathologic and immunohistochemical diagnosis．According to Abor staging standard：Phase I and phase II were9and7cases respectively，3cases of phase III．Mass local resec-tion and modified radical mastectomy were performed in11and4cases respectively，Simple mastectomy or section with resection for axillary lymph node dissection in4cases；Chemotherapy were performed in all patients，among them7cases of combined radi-ationtherapy；Follow-up18cases，postoperative1、3and5years survival rates were100%，77.8%，55.6%respectively．Con-clusion The preoperative diagnosis rate in PBL were low and the degree of malignancy relatively high，local excision combined chemoradiotherapy help to improve the prognosis． 【Key words】breast carcinoma；malignant lymphoma；clinicopathological characteristics 原发性乳腺恶性淋巴瘤（primary breast malignant lymphoma，PBL），是发生于乳腺淋巴组织的恶性肿瘤。PBL十分罕见，文献报告其发病率占原发性乳腺恶性肿瘤的0.04% 0.5%，占所有结外淋巴瘤的2.2%［1］，其中绝大多数为非霍奇金淋巴瘤，一般认为本病发展快，恶性程度高，预后差。我们回顾性分析我院2001年1月 2011年12月收治的19例PBL患者的临床病理特点，现报告如下。 1资料与方法 1．1一般资料：本组全部均为女性，年龄36 66岁，中位年龄47岁；左乳7例，右乳10例，双乳2例（其中有1例右乳首发1年后对侧复发，1例左乳首发3年后对侧复发，原发病灶均曾行肿块切除术或单乳切除术并化疗，复发后均再次行肿块切除术）。全部患者以乳腺无痛性肿块为首发表现，肿块直径2.3 6.6cm，中位直径3.6cm，质硬，边界清楚，活动度良好，表面皮肤无橘皮样改变，乳头无内陷溢血等症状；7例体检并经影像学证实同侧腋窝淋巴结肿大，CT发现3例纵膈淋巴结肿大。临床分期I期9例，II期7例，III期3例。 1.2诊断标准：19例PBL患者均为术后病理免疫组化确诊，符合wiseman和liao1972年提出的PBL诊断标准［2］：①取得足够病理标本且乳腺病变经病理学证实为恶性淋巴瘤；②既往无其他部位淋巴瘤史；③乳腺为首发部位，可伴同时或随后的同侧腋窝淋巴结累及； ④没有同期全身播散疾病的证据；⑤胸片、腹部B超检查及骨髓穿刺结果均正常。临床分期按Ann Abor分期标准：I期：病变局限于乳腺；II期：限于乳腺及同侧 · 5802 ·
#病例报告 # 图1 CT 平扫:肋骨呈溶骨性侵蚀性破坏,周围软组织包绕,其内侧近脊柱旁可见一软组织向胸腔膨凸,其临近肋骨未见破坏 图2 CT 平扫:软组织比骨破坏范围大,凸向胸腔,并推压肌肉向后外膨隆,与肌肉分界尚清晰 图3 病理:镜下见大小不等的核裂细胞和无核裂细胞,两者数量相近,呈弥漫性增生。免疫组织化学:白细胞共同抗原(LCA)阳性,提示为恶性淋巴瘤作者单位:361004厦门大学医学院第一临床学院厦门中山医院影像科 原发性肋骨恶性淋巴瘤一例 叶锋 康江河 李怀波 王金岸 患者 男,24岁。发现右后胸壁肿物伴右胸背疼痛2个月,疼痛呈间歇性发作,无放射痛,深呼吸时明显;无发热及盗汗症状。体检:右肩胛下区隆起,无红肿及触痛,相当于第9肋骨后段可触及一约6cm @5cm 大小肿物,质硬,活动度差,边界不清晰。肝脾肋下未及,全身未扪及肿大淋巴结。B 型超声示肝脾正常,实验室检查:外周血常规及白细胞分类正常。 一、影像学表现 胸部平片示右第9后肋骨质破坏,局部软组织肿胀。CT 平扫可见右后胸壁局部肋骨溶骨性浸润性破坏,外周局部骨硬化,周围软组织肿块包绕,肿块推压肌肉向后外侧膨隆,并凸向胸腔,边界尚清晰,其内上方近脊柱旁见一局限性软组织向胸腔内膨凸(图1,2)。右侧胸膜腔少量积液,双肺野清晰。 二、手术病理 术中见右第9、10肋骨后段及肋间肿块,大小约为7cm @5cm @5cm,质硬,见骨质破坏,累及壁层胸膜,未侵及背阔肌、前锯肌及第8、11肋骨。另于第9肋间脊柱旁见一3cm @2cm 肿块,质中,未累及肋骨。病理:非霍奇金恶性淋巴瘤,裂-无裂型,中度恶性。免疫组织化学:白细胞共同抗原(LCA)及B 细胞相关抗原(CD20)为阳性;CD3、神经元特异性稀醇化酶(NSE)、CD15、细胞角蛋白(CK)、上皮膜抗原(E MA)、结蛋白(DES)、S -100蛋白、突触素(SYN)、黑色素瘤特异性抗原(HMB45)均为阴性;甲基绿派洛宁染色(MGP)及糖原染色(PAS)阴性,网状纤维染色(RF)围绕单个细胞(图3)。随访6个月,患者已行化疗5个疗程,一般状况良好,复查未见异常。 三、讨论 骨原发性恶性淋巴瘤少见,均为非霍奇金淋巴瘤[1],在非霍奇金淋巴瘤中约占5%。任何年龄均可发病,多见于中年人,男B 女约为2B 1[2]。原发者多为单骨发病,继发者则为多骨受累,好发部位为股骨、骨盆及脊柱。原发于肋骨者罕见,Nishi yama 等[3]曾报道1例。X 线表现为溶骨性破坏,有时可见溶骨病变中夹杂一些成骨性变化,骨膜反应少见,局部见软组织肿块。C T 不仅能清楚显示骨破坏的特征,还可清楚地显示软组织肿块的范围及与周围结构的关系,主要表现:(1)既有不规则溶骨性破坏,又有膨胀性骨破坏,破坏区周围可见局部骨硬化;(2)骨破坏穿破骨皮质时,邻近软组织内软组织肿块较多见,且往往比骨破坏范围大;(3)有时可见少许骨膜反应。 影像诊断对确诊淋巴瘤是原发还是继发有价值[4],原发骨非霍奇金淋巴瘤的诊断标准为:(1)首诊时只有单骨受侵;(2)受侵的骨骼组织学确诊为淋巴瘤;(3)首诊时只有骨骼病变,或只有区域性淋巴结受累。不符合上述标准者则诊断为继发性。本例非霍奇金淋巴瘤符合上述诊断标准。 鉴别诊断:非霍奇金淋巴瘤原发于肋骨者,需同其他致肋骨破坏的病变相鉴别。表现为胸壁肿块且伴有肋骨破坏的最常见肿瘤是转移和小圆形细胞肿瘤(多发性骨髓瘤、尤文肉瘤、成神经细胞瘤)[5]。转移瘤常有原发肿瘤的临床症状,影像学及临床上可发现原发肿瘤,多发性骨髓瘤具有典型X 线表现及尿本-周蛋白阳性,较易鉴别;尤文肉瘤及转移性成神经细胞瘤发病年龄较小,前者多见于青少年,后者多见于儿童,临床症状均较明显,尤文肉瘤可有明显的骨膜反应,而淋巴瘤的临床症状与影像学表现多不相对应,可资鉴
Mammographic and sonographic findings of primary breast lymphoma Chae Yeon Lyou,Sang Kyu Yang 4,Du Hwan Choe,Byung Hee Lee,Kie Hwan Kim Department of Radiology,Korea Cancer Center Hospital,Seoul,Korea Received 5December 2006;accepted 15February 2007 Abstract The objective of this study was to describe the mammographic and sonographic appearances of primary lymphoma of the breast.We retrospectively reviewed the mammographic and ultrasonographic images of 12patients with primary lymphoma of the breast.Descriptions of imaging findings were made according to the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System lexicon by two radiologists.Mammography was performed on 11patients.Most of the lesions were shown to be oval-shaped (72.7%)and high-density (90.9%)masses on mammography.Ultrasound examination was performed on 8patients.The lymphomas were commonly single (75%),circumscribed (50%)or microlobulated (37.5%),and oval (50%)masses on sonography.The echo pattern of the mass was hypoechoic in 7patients (87.5%)but hyperechoic in 1patient (12.5%).No mass had spiculated margins or calcifications.Ipsilateral axillary lymph node involvement was noted in 1patient.In conclusion,most primary lymphomas of the breast present as oval-shaped and high-density masses on mammography and as single and hypoechoic masses with circumscribed or microlobulated margins on sonography.D 2007Elsevier Inc.All rights reserved. Keywords:Breast;Lymphoma;Ultrasound;Mammography 1.Introduction The breast is an uncommon site of development for malignant lymphomas despite the relative frequency of primary extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphomas.Breast lym-phomas can be either primary or secondary.Secondary breast lymphomas more commonly occur in association with extramammary non-Hodgkin lymphomas.Primary breast lymphomas are less common,accounting for only 0.05%–0.53%of all breast malignancies [1]. There are few articles about the imaging findings of primary breast lymphoma in the radiology literature [2–7].Data on the sonographic appearance of primary breast lymphomas are even more limited than those on its mammographic appearance.We reviewed 12cases of primary lymphoma of the breast to determine the mammo-graphic and sonographic characteristics of this rare disease with the American College of Radiology Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS)lexicon [8].2.Materials and methods A retrospective review of medical records at our institution that date between January 1993and October 2006revealed 12patients with primary breast lymphoma.All cases were diagnosed based on pathological demonstration after surgical biopsy or ultrasound (US)-guided core needle biopsy and satisfied the specific diagnostic criteria described by Wise-man and Liao [9]for primary lymphoma of the breast,including histological evidence of a close association between the mammary tissue and the lymphomatous infiltrate as well as absence of disseminated lymphoma or preceding extramammary lymphoma at the time of diagnosis.Presence of homolateral axillary node involvement is acceptable provided that both lesions developed simultaneously. The patients’ages at the time of the diagnosis as well as their physical findings and clinical status were abstracted from the medical records.We reviewed the pathological 0899-7071/07/$–see front matter D 2007Elsevier Inc.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.clinimag.2007.02.028 4Corresponding author.Department of Radiology,Korea Cancer Center Hospital,215-4Gongneung-Dong,Nowon-Gu,Seoul 139-706,Korea.Tel.:+8229701576;fax:+8229702433. E-mail address:twoscan@https://www.doczj.com/doc/2a9435875.html, (S.K.Yang).Clinical Imaging 31(2007)234 –238
儿童浅表器官结外淋巴瘤的超声诊断及病理特征分析 目的探讨儿童浅表器官结外淋巴瘤的超声及大体病理特征。方法回顾性分析深圳市儿童医院2007年9月～2016年6月收治的16例经手术病理证实的儿童浅表器官结外淋巴瘤的超声及病理特征。结果16例中，非霍奇金淋巴瘤11例，霍奇金淋巴瘤5例。儿童浅表器官结外淋巴瘤超声表现为肿块型6例，弥漫型10例。6例肿块型表现为低回声团块或极低回声团块，边界欠清，形态不规则、呈分叶状，后方回声可增强，内回声不均匀，内部均未见液性无回声，罕见钙化强回声，CDFI可显示病灶内血流信号丰富。10例弥漫型表现为实质脏器弥漫性增大，内回声减低、不均匀，其内显示散在极低回声区，无明显液性无回声及钙化强回声，CDFI显示实质脏器血流信号丰富，低回声团内显示点、条状血流信号。结论儿童浅表器官结外淋巴瘤有较典型的超声特征，超声在淋巴瘤的诊断中可以提供有价值的诊断信息。 [Abstract]Objective To explore the features of ultrasonography and general pathology on extranodal lymphoma of superficial organs in children.Methods The ultrasonographic and pathological features of 16 children with superficial organ extranodal lymphomas proved by surgery and pathology in Shenzhen Children′s Hospital from September 2007 to June 2016 were analyzed retrospectively.Results Among 16 cases，11 cases were diagnosed as non-Hodgkin lymphoma and the rest 5 cases were Hodgkin lymphoma.By ultrasonograpy，6 cases of the extranodal lymphoma were in mass-type，and the rest in diffuse type.The features of the 6 mass-type tumor were low or extremely low echo mass，less clear of the margin，irregularshape，lobulatedshape，enhanced rear echo，uneven internal echo，absence of fluid echoless inside，rare strong echo of calcification，and rich blood flow signal in focus by CDFI.The characteristics of the rest 10 cases of diffuse type tumors were diffusive enlargement of solid organs，decreased and uneven internal echo，dissipated extreme low-echo inside，absence of marked fluid echoless and strong echo due to calcification，rich blood flow signal in solid organs，and dotted and striped blood signals in low echo.Conclusion The typical ultrasonographic features were existent in extranodal lymphoma of superficial organs in children.Ultrasonography can provide valuable diagnostic information in the diagnosis of lymphoma. [Key words]Superficial organ；Extranodal lymphoma；Ultrasound；Children；Pathology 淋巴瘤是起源于淋巴造血系統的恶性肿瘤，与淋巴组织异常增殖有关[1-2]，临床表现复杂多样，缺乏规律性。由于本病受限于儿童的年龄及文字表述能力，临床漏诊、误诊率极高，因此正确认识本病，及早确诊、治疗对疾病预后非常重要。本文回顾性研究16例经手术病理确诊的浅表器官结外淋巴瘤患儿超声表现、临床特点、病理组织学特征及分型，旨在总结儿童原发性浅表器官结外淋巴瘤的超声诊断价值及病理特征。
原发颅内淋巴瘤影像与病理对照分析 胡忠文 （吉安县中医院影像科，江西 吉安343000）摘要：目的：结合病理资料，分析原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤的影像表现，旨在提高对其影像表现的认识。方法：结合影像、病理特征分析15例颅内原发性淋巴瘤。结果：15例患者男?女=8?7，发现21个病灶，其中12 例为单发，3例为多发。病灶呈为类圆形13个，“尖角征”7个，“缺口征”5个，“握拳征”1个，坏死囊变4个。其 中CT 扫描9例，高密度2个，稍高密度1个，稍低密度1个，等密度5个。T1WI 均呈稍低或等信号， T2WI 呈等或稍高信号13例，高信号2例。瘤周水肿与占位效应轻、中度14例，重度1例。团块状和结节状均匀明显强化13 例，花环样及环样2例。坏死囊变4例。术中血供丰富4例，11例一般。大体病理，多为质软灰红色，血供一般， 质脆1例。镜下肿瘤细胞呈弥漫密集分布，瘤细胞大小较一致，胞质及水分少，核大，可见瘤细胞围绕血管呈袖套样浸润，网状纤维染色显示纤维结构较丰富。结论：原发性颅内淋巴瘤有某些独特影像特征，可提高本病的术前诊断。 关键词：淋巴瘤，原发性；PCNSL ；CT ；MRI 中图分类号：R733．1文献标志码：A 文章编号：1001－5779（2012）05－0824－03 Primary central nervous system lymphoma with surgical pathology image contrast analysis HU Zhong-wen （Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Ji＇a n County ，Ji＇a n ，Jiangxi 343000） Abstract ：Objective ：Through the imaging data to analyze and summarize the pathologically ，in order to improve the pri-mary central nervous system lymphoma diagnosis．Method ：Combining with the imaging data and pathological features to analyse 15cases of intracranial primary lymphoma．Results ：In 15cases ，male ：female =8?7．21tumors were found ，12cases were single ，3cases were multiple．13tumors are like circular ，“pointed levy ”7，“gap levy ”5，“clench fist levy ” 1．Four cases were necrotic and capsule．9cases had CT imaging data．High density 2，a little high density 1，low density 1，5medium density．All focus were lower or medium signal on T1WI ，13case are medium or a little high signal on T2WI ，and high signal were 2cases．Light or medium mass effect were 13cases ，and 1case was heavy．13of them demon- strated homogeneous enhancement as mass or nodule ， while 2cases as annularity．4cases were necrosis．4cases were rich blood supply ，11cases were general in operations．In pathology ，many for mass were soft ，just one was fragile．The colour of mass were pinkish-grey．Most were general blood supply．Through microscope ，the cancer cells concentrated distribu-tion ，the size is consistent．The cytoplasm and moisture were less ，and big nuclear．The cancer cells grew around the vas-cular as oversleeve．Reticular fiber dyeing shows cancer were rich fibre structure．Conclusion ：Most PCNSL have typical MRI characteristics ，which is helpful for the correct diagnosis of PCNSL preoperatively． Key words ：lymphoma ；primary ；Primary central nervous system lymphoma ；magnetic resonance image ；computed tomo-graphy 原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤（Primary central nervous sys- tem lymphoma ， PCNSL ）约占所有颅内肿瘤总数的0．8% 1．5%，占全身恶性淋巴瘤的0．2% 2%。但随着获得性免 疫缺陷综合症（AIDS ）和接受免疫抑制治疗患者的增多，本 病发生率有增加的趋势。现对其影像病理资料进行分析总 结，以提高对该病的认识。1材料与方法1．1研究对象搜集2000 2010年经手术和病理证实的原发脑内恶性淋巴瘤15例，其中男8例，女7例。年龄最大75岁，最小40岁，中位年龄55岁。临床上患者多因头痛头 晕，肢体功能障碍等中枢神经系统症状就诊。 1．2扫描方法MR 扫描采用GE 1．5T 超导型磁共振成像 —428—第32卷第6期 赣南医学院学报Vol ．32NO ．62012年12月JOURNAL OF GANNAN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY DEC ．2012
作者简介:张 涛(1959-),男,安徽怀远县人,上海第一医学院医学系毕业, 副教授。 原发性脑淋巴瘤的影像诊断 张 涛,周经志,李 方,张铁梁 (中国医学科学院中国协和医科大学北京协和医院放射科,北京 100730) [摘要] 目的:分析免疫功能正常患者原发性脑淋巴瘤影像诊断。方法:回顾性分析5例免疫功能正常,经病理证实的原发性脑淋巴瘤CT 、MR 和PET 所见。结果:肿瘤可发生于幕上或幕下,可单发或多发。CT 扫描多表现为等密度或稍高密度肿块,T 1加权图像上呈低信号,T 2加权图像呈等或高信号,CT 和MR 增强扫描病灶大多呈均匀明显强化。1例患者行PET 检查,颅内肿瘤表现为高代谢改变。2例肿瘤分别于术后10、22个月复发。结论:原发性脑淋巴瘤少见,影像表现与其他颅内肿瘤所见互有重叠,鉴别比较困难,确诊主要依靠病理检查。 [关键词] 淋巴瘤;脑肿瘤;磁共振成像;体层摄影术,X 线计算机 [中图分类号] R733.4;R739.41 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1002-1671(2001)01-0015-03 Imaging Diagnosis of Primary B rain Iymphoma ZHA N G Tao ,ZHOU Ji ng -z hi ,L I Fang ,ZHA N G Tie -liang Depart ment of Radiology ,Beiji ng U nion Medical College Hospital ,Beiji ng 100730 [ABSTRACT ] Objective :To describe the imaging findings of primary brain lymphoma in immunologically normal patients.Methods : The clinical manifestations and imaging findings of 5patients operated with pathological proved primary brain lymphoma were reviewed.R e 2sults :In 5cases ,4patients were men and one was woman.The median age was 47(range 34to 63years ).Pathological diagnosis was com 2patible with primary non -Hodgkins lymphoma of brain for all five patients.Primary brain lymphoma may be soiltary or mutiple and locate at supratentorial or infratentorial.Lesions presented as an isodense to hyperdense on CT scan ,hypointense on T 1-weighted images and isointense or hyperintense to gray matter on T 2-weighted images.Most lesions showed dense homogenous enhancement on CT and MR.Tumors associated with different degrees of mass effect.One patient received whole -body 18FD G PET examination that presented as an intracranial hypermetabolic lesion.Conclusion :Primary brain lymphoma is a rare tumor that imaging findings overlap with those of other in 2tracranial mass lesions ,we can only make a suggestive diagnosis of primary brain lymphoma and pathological confirmation is meeded. [K ey Words] lymphoma ;brain neoplasms ;magnetic resonanceimage ;tomography ;X -ray computed 原发性脑淋巴瘤(primary brain lymphoma )约占颅 内肿瘤的1%,占全部淋巴瘤的1%。多见于爱滋病、器官移植和免疫功能低下者,但免疫功能正常者也可发病。笔者总结5例免疫功能正常患者原发性脑淋巴瘤影像检查结果,以提高对此病的认识。1 材料和方法 5例手术病理均诊断为非何杰金氏淋巴瘤,4例B 细胞型,1例混合细胞型。男4例,女1例,年龄34～ 63岁(平均47岁)。临床主要表现为头晕、头痛、语言障碍、视力下降、癫痫及走路不稳,查体均有不同程度的局灶性体征。3例腰穿检查脑脊液未找到瘤细胞。1例术前曾行脑穿刺活检,诊断为星形细胞瘤2级。患者无器官移植、无免疫抑制剂使用史,胸、腹部CT 检查和骨髓穿刺检查未见异常。 5例术前均做颅脑CT 、MRI 检查,术后随诊复查。CT 检查采用轴位、8mm 层厚连续扫描,增强扫描使 用欧乃派克100ml 静脉团注。MR 检查常规采用SE 序列获取轴位、矢状及冠状面T 1WI ,FSE 序列获取轴位T 2WI ,增强扫描静脉注射Gd -D TPA 0.1mmol/kg 。1例手术前、后均行PET 检查。2 结果 CT 表现:5例CT 平扫均呈等密度或稍高密度肿 块,CT 值32～40HU 。其中1例首次CT 检查未见异常,半月后复查发现左顶叶直径1.5cm 等密度结节,病灶周围均有不同程度低密度水肿区和占位效应;增强扫描4例呈均匀强化,CT 值65～91HU ,1例无强化。其中1例增强后还发现后颅窝第4脑室周围及脑干多发斑片状异常增强病灶。
淋巴瘤最新进展 WHO造血淋巴组织肿瘤分类更新将于今年9月出版的造血淋巴组织肿瘤分类第4版的一些新内容。 成熟B细胞肿瘤在成熟B细胞肿瘤分类中增加了4项:①脾淋巴瘤/白血病,不能分类;②原发性皮肤滤泡中心淋巴瘤;③B细胞淋巴瘤,不能分类,具有DLBCL和Burkitt淋巴瘤(BL)之间的中间性特点;④B细胞淋巴瘤,不能分类,具有DLBCL和CHL之间的中间性特点。后两者即所谓的交界性(灰区)淋巴瘤。 滤泡性淋巴瘤对于FL的分级问题,2008年WHO分类依据中心母细胞(CB)数量仍将其分为3级。将原来的1级和2级归在一起,为FL1-2=CB少(“低级别”);CB数量多(>15/hpf),仍存在中心细胞(CC),为FL3A;CB成片则为FL3B。如果符合FL3而有弥漫大细胞区域,不再用“FL3级伴弥漫性区域”描述,而直接诊断为DLBCL。在FL中,将胃肠道FL、儿童淋巴瘤和滤泡内肿瘤(“原位”FL)分别列出,因为这些肿瘤具有特殊的临床和病理特点。 弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤 DLBCL进一步分为以下9类:DLBCL,无特殊说明(NOS,not otherwise specified);DLBCL,伴有慢性炎症;淋巴瘤样肉芽肿病;原发性纵隔(胸腺)大B细胞淋巴瘤(LBCL);血管内LBCL;ALK阳性DLBCL;浆母细胞性淋巴瘤;原发性渗出性淋巴瘤和起自人类疱疹病毒8型(HHV8)相关多中心性Castleman病的LBCL。其中DLBCL,NOS最为常见,又将其再分为:GCB/ABC,形态学变型;富于T细胞/组织细胞LBCL;原发性中枢神经系统DLBCL;原发性皮肤DLBCL(“腿型”)和老年人EB病毒(EBV)阳性DLBCL。有些DLBCL与BL或CHL具有两者之间特点而又不能归入上述任何一种肿瘤的交界性(灰区)淋巴瘤,在2008年WHO分类中也单独列出,其中介于DLBCL和BL的交界性肿瘤可能不是一种独立类型,而介于DLBCL[原发性纵隔大B细胞淋巴瘤(PMBL)]和CHL[结节硬化型经典型霍奇金淋巴瘤(NSCHL)]的交界性肿瘤现认为是一种真正独立类型。 间变性大细胞淋巴瘤对于间变性大细胞淋巴瘤(ALCL),分类则明确区分出ALK阳性和ALK阴性两类,ALK阳性ALCL好发于儿童和青少年,男性明显多于女性,累及淋巴结或结外,临床上具有侵袭行为,但能治愈,预后好,遗传学上存在t(2;5)和变型,现认为是一种明确的独立疾病。ALK阴性ALCL则具有明显异质性,不是一种独立疾病。 其他 2008年WHO分类中,成熟T/NK细胞肿瘤中增加了儿童系统性EBV 阳性T细胞淋巴组织增生性疾病(伴有慢性活动性EBV感染),还依据欧洲癌症治疗研究组织(EORTC)-WHO皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤新分类,增加了痘疮样水疱病样淋巴瘤、原发性皮肤γ/δT细胞淋巴瘤、原发性皮肤亲CD8+表皮细胞毒性T细胞淋 +小/中T细胞淋巴瘤。 巴瘤和原发性皮肤CD 4 淋巴瘤治疗新药研究进展人们已研制出针对恶性淋巴瘤各种分子靶点的新药和单克隆抗体,此外,提高抗肿瘤体液和细胞免疫功能的一些小分子免疫调节剂和肿瘤疫苗也正在研发中。有些药物的临床试验已显示出其在肿瘤治疗上的良好前景。
复旦大学附属肿瘤医院 淋巴瘤多学科综合治疗组 恶性淋巴瘤诊断和治疗指南（2009年） 参加本指南制定的人员（按汉语拼音排列）： 曹君1、曹军宁1、陈治宇1、郭海宜1、郭晔1、胡夕春1、洪小南1、吕方芳1、刘晓健1、 李小秋3、罗志国1、马学军2、潘自强2、孙慧1、王碧芸1、王惠杰1、王佳蕾1、王磊苹1、王中华1、吴向华1、印季良1、应江山1、张文1、赵欣旻1、郑春雷1、朱晓东1、朱雄增3、左云霞1。 注：1化疗科、2放疗科、3病理科 2009年9月(第二版) 1
霍奇金淋巴瘤 一．WHO分类： 结节性淋巴细胞为主型霍奇金淋巴瘤（NLPHL） 经典型霍奇金淋巴瘤：结节硬化型（NSHL） 混合细胞型（MCHL） 淋巴细胞削减型（LDHL） 富于淋巴细胞型（LRCHL） 二．分期 I期：病变累及单个淋巴结区 I 期：病变局限侵犯单个淋巴结外器官或部位 E II期：病变累及横膈同侧2个或以上的淋巴结区 II 期：病变局限侵犯单个淋巴结外器官或部位和它的区域淋巴结， E 伴或不伴横膈同侧的其它淋巴结区受累 ） *注明受累的淋巴结区数目（如II 3 III期：病变累及横膈两侧淋巴结区 期：病变局限侵犯单个淋巴结外器官或部位，加横膈两侧淋巴结区受累III E III 期：病变累及脾脏，加以横膈两侧淋巴结区受累 S 期：病变局限侵犯单个淋巴结外器官或部位和脾脏，加横膈两侧淋巴结III E+S 区受累 IV期：弥漫性（多灶性）侵犯1个或以上淋巴结外器官，伴或不伴相关淋巴结受累；或侵犯单个结外器官伴远处（非区域）淋巴结受累 另外根据有无全身症状分为A、B。 A 无全身症状 B 有以下一个以上症状：不能解释的发热＞38℃；盗汗；体重减轻＞10% 三.霍奇金淋巴瘤的病理诊断和免疫亚型 1．结节性淋巴细胞为主型霍奇金淋巴瘤（nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma, NLPHL）