Chapter 2 - Diction

AcknowledgementsTime flying, the three years of graduate life are drawing to an end. I am very grateful to those who helped me.First and foremost, I would like to give my sincere gratitude and appreciation to my supervisor Associate Professor Zou Can. She has given me the most valuable instructions and insightful advice in my thesis writing, and has spent much precious time in reading and revising the manuscript of my thesis. During my three years of graduate life, she not only taught me how to engage in translation research and practice, but also broadened my horizons. Her kindness and encouragement impress me a lot during my three-year study in Chengdu University of Technology. My heartfelt thanks are also given to other teachers who have offered me enlightenment and guidance.Secondly, I am indebted to my beloved family. Without their selfless love and support, I could never have finished my paper. It is their warm encouragement that keeps me moving on.Moreover, I am very grateful to all the authors whose books I have used as references. It is their books that provide me with the valuable materials needed in my thesis.Last but not least, many thanks should go to my classmates and friends, who have invited me to join the translation team and have helped me in one way or another. It is with them that I have really had happy school days and unforgettable memories. Thank you all.An Application of Functional Equivalence to E-C Translation of English Business Letters—A CaseStudy of Business Letters of Peking SyndicateLimitedAbstractChina‟s economic cooperation with foreign countries steps into a new era with the advancement of economic globalization and Chinese acceleration of reform and opening-up. Economic and trade cooperation between China and foreign countries becomes increasingly frequent. Consequently, the cries of the business translation are demanding, among which business letter translation is of great importance. Precise translation of business letter, it is beneficial to economic exchanges. Therefore, it is necessary for translators to study the translation of business letter.As a pattern of business English, English business letter has its special function and characteristics different from general English not only in diction, sentence structure, but also in textual style. The author hopes that he can resolve the difficulties to some extent which exist in the translation of English business letters with the help of Nida‟s functional equivalence theory. As for the difficulties existing in the translation process, such as technical term, archaic word and phrase in diction; complex sentence, passive voice in syntax; and completeness, courtesy, accuracy and conciseness in discourse; the author copes with these by employing such strategies or techniques as conversion, amplification, omission, substitution, order adjustment, equivalent information translation, cohesion and coherence and so on.Based on the translation of English Business Letters of Peking Syndicate Limited, this thesis mainly analyzes the linguistic features of English business letter and difficulties encountered in the actual translation. At the same time, the author proposes some strategies and techniques to cope with these difficulties. The whole thesis consists of four parts. In the first part, the author introduces the backgrounds of the project, functional equivalence theory, and the mechanism of quality control. In the second part, the author analyzes the features of English business letter from the aspects of diction, syntax, and discourse. In the third part, the author summarizes some strategies and techniques of English business letters in terms of these features which are mentioned in the second part. In the last part, the author makes somereflections and suggestions concerning the difficulties and problems he encountered so as to provide some help and references for the translators who are dedicated translation of English business letters.Keywords: business letter; functional equivalence theory; feature analysis; strategies and techniques功能对等理论在英文商业信函文本汉译中的应用—以《英国福公司相关英文商业信函》为例摘要随着日益加快的经济全球化及改革开放的不断深入，中外经贸合作往来不断加强，我国的对外经济合作进入了一个新时期。

❖ 4. Equivalents Interwoven with One Another say, speak, talk, tell 说、讲、谈、诉
❖ 5. Words Without Corresponding Equivalents teenager: 13至19岁的青少年 cyberslacker: 利用工作时间在公司上网、做与工作 无关的事情的雇员
❖ The tasks carried out by them are praiseworthy. ❖ 他们进行的事业是值得赞扬的。
❖ I always considered him calculating and mercenary and did my best to avoid him.
❖ 我一向认为他这个人工于心计又唯利是图，所以总 是尽力设法避开他。
❖ propaganda ： false or partly false information used by a government or political party to make people agree with them.
❖ Publicize: If you publicize a fact or event, you make it widely known to the public.
❖ 词语的选择是指在翻译过程中，基于对源语文 本的精确理解，在目的语中选择恰当的词语或 表达法，使之符合译文语境的表达需要。
Diction (Choice of Words)
❖ “The meaning of a word is its use in the language.” ❖ “Each word, when used in a new context, is a new

Unit 5 WorkSection AWord Pretest1C 2A 3B 4 C 5 B 6 A 7 C 8 CReading Comprehension1-8 C A A C C BV ocabulary BuildingWord Search1 intangible 2. crave 3 ego 4 attributable 5 stall 6 tool up 7 at stake 8. cram 9. forfeit 10. cornyUse of EnglishBy the time I opened the can its contents had gone off.I’ll go over how it works before you try it yourself.I was told it would be repaired free of charge, but the man in the shop has gone back on his promise.The book was so popular that there weren’t enough copies to go round.His shop has gone out of business after making heavy losses.The trade has gone from bad to worse and staff are being laid off.Stems 1-6 BADAACSynonyms 1-5 graceful spontaneously oppose usual clientClozestaff maximize objectives participate potentialskills easier appointed specific commitmentSection BACBFT 6-10 FACDB 11-15 CBTFTSection C1-5 FTFTF 6-10 TFTFTUnit 6 The African-AmericansSection AWord Pretest1. C2. A3. C4. A5. B6. A7. C8. CReading Comprehension1. F 2T 3T 4F 5T 6F 7T 8TV ocabulary BuildingWord Search1. destined2. relief3. segregation4. boycott5. sit-in6. legacy7. chronicle8. assault9. plight 10. vigilanceSemantic Variations1C 2A 3C 4A 5B 6CStems1. evolution: the theory that groups of organisms change with passage of time, mainly as a result of natural selection, so that descendants differ morphologically and physiologically from their ancestors2. ascend: to go or move upward3. devolve: to pass on or delegate to another4. migrate: to change location periodically, especially by moving seasonally from one region to another5. export: to send or transport (a commodity, for example) abroad, especially for trade or sale6. condescend: to descend to the level of one considered inferior; to lower oneselfAntonyms1. observe2. admit3. dismiss4. eulogize5. advanceClozeNominated raised immigrated earned roseAssignment position army autobiography speakerSection B1T 2T 3F 4C 5B 6D 7D 8D 9T 10F11F 12F 13T 14TSection C1A 2D 3D 4C 5C 6B 7D 8CKeys to Reading Course 2Unit 7 Greek StoriesSection AWord Pretest1.C2.B3.D4.D5.A6.B7.B8.A9.C 10.CReading Comprehension1.B2.C3.C4.C5. C6.D7.C8.DV ocabulary BuildingWord matchripple a little wave on the surface of watermischief naughty behavior by childrenhospitality welcoming behaviorbillow a large sea wavespell delightful influencenymph a goddess of natureband a group of musiciansuitor a man wishing to marry a particular womanmortal a human beingwarrior a soldiercrafty cunninghostile unfriendlymerry cheerfultame not wildcontent satisfiedresume to take againgloom darknessdespise to look down on with contemptdismay a strong feeling of fear, anxiety and hopelessnessdusk the time just before nightSemantic Variations1-6 CAAAACStemstendency: movement or prevailing movement in a given direction2. conservative: favoring traditional views and values; tending to oppose change3. preserve: to keep in perfect or unaltered condition; tending to oppose change valuable: of great importanceavailable: present and ready for use; at hand; accessibleprevail: to be most common or frequent; to be predominantAntonyms1. forbid2. clarify3.sorrow4.remain5.concealClozename place arrows wandered powermischief won neglected celebrate expeditionSection B1-5 CCACD 6-10 TTFFF 11-15 TTBBCSection C1-5 CADBA 6-8DCCUnit 8 Attitude Towards LifeSection AWord Pretest: BACBA BCAReading Comprehension: CABBC BBBV ocabulary BuildingWord matchastonishing surprisingconsiderate thoughtful of other persons’ wishes, needs or feelingspreach to advise or urge others to accept (sth. one believes in) strenuous taking or needing great effort or strengtharena an enclosed area for sports, public entertainments, etc.adversity bad fortune, troublebatter to damage, break, or cause to lose shapereverse the opposite, the other way roundpenetrate to see into or throughself-esteem one’s good opinion of one’s own worthdoom to cause to suffer sth unavoidable and terribleemerge to come out or appear from inside or from being hiddenblessing a gift from God or anything that brings happiness and good fortunemess up to get into disorder; to spoil, etc.devastating completely destructivecommon denominator a quality or belief shared by all the members of a groupodds the probabilities that sth will or will not happenstack to arrange dishonestly so as to give oneself an unfair advantagemotive to provide with a strong reason for doing sth.falter lose strength or effectiveness; weakenSemantic Variations: CBBACBStems1 prescribe to advise the use of a medicine2 description an account of a person in words3 terrain a stretch of land, with regard to its natural features4 subscribe to pay regularly in order to receive a magazine, newspaper, etc.5 territorial of a country’s territory6 extraterrestrial of or from outside the earth or its atmosphereAntonymsappear ready hide s skillful carelessClozeintelligent activities workout attitudeoff reducing seem asideSection BCCCCC TFTFT TTFFTSection CFTFTF TFTTTUnit 9 First AidSection AWord Pretest1.B.2.A.3.C4.B.5.B.6.B.7.B.8.A.9.C. 10.B Reading comprehension1.B.2. C.3. D.4. B/D/A/C.5.C.6.C.7.A.8.C/A/B/DVocabulary BuildingWord Search1.ambulance2.urgent3.emergency4.massage5.yell6.vein7.artery8.fracture9.blister 10.tetanusUse of English1.The government has come in for a lot of criticism.2. It’s hard to come to terms with the government’s defense policy.3. After retiring in 1980 he has decided to make a comeback to the political scene.4. The situation has come to the boil now that the government has to face a vote of confidence.5. The tax cuts announced in the Budget do not come into effect until next year.6. The miners came out on strike against the government’s privatization plans.Stemssolo: a composition or passage for an individual voice or instrument, with or without accompaniment series: a number of objects or events arranged or coming one after the other in successionisolate: to set apart or cut off from othersdesert: to withdraw from, especially in spite of a responsibility or duty; to forsakepeninsula: a piece of land that projects into a body of water and is connected with the mainland by an isthmus exert: to put to use or effect; to put forthinsulate: to prevent the passage of heat, electricity or sound into or out of somewhere, especially by surrounding with a non-conducting materialsinsert: to put or set into, between or amongSynonymsgive 2. stop 3. antiseptic 4. block 5. penetrateClozePedestrians adults declining avoid signals case impaired fatalitiesSection B1.C2.B3.B4.D5.A6.C7.B8.A 9.T 10.F 11.F 12.F 13.T 14.TSection C1.F2.T3.F4.T5.F6.F7.F8.F9.F 10.T Keys to Reading Course 2Unit 10 MarriageSection AWord Pretest1.C2.C3.C4.C5.A6.A7.A8.CReading Comprehension1.A2.B3.C4.C5. B6.C7.A8.AV ocabulary BuildingWord matchquotation a sentence or passage taken from a bookartificial not naturalanguish very great pain or suffering, esp. of the mindanniversarya day which is an exact year or number of years after something has happenedsuperstition a belief based on association of ideas instead of reason or factbouquet a bunch of flowersheed to give attention toescort to accompanyconfetti small pieces of colored paper thrown on weddingsconceal to hideconsent agreementasunder apartvow a solemn promise or declaration of intentionrites forms of behavior with a fixed pattern for a religious purposesermon to talk usually based on a sentence from the Bible and given as part of a church serviceUse of EnglishWill you please keep me company for a while?I couldn’t keep a straight face when he told me of his plan.The staff are going to be kept in the dark about the firm’s plans for the future.I’ll keep an open mind until we’ve discussed it.I’ll keep away from her until she’s feeling more optimistic.Try to keep your head even if you don’t know what’s going to happen.Stemsbriefly: for a short time; in as few words as possibleastronaut: a person trained to pilot, navigate, or otherwise participate in the flight of aspacecraftabridge: to reduce the length of (a written text); to condensefuse: to blend thoroughly by or as if by melting togetherastronomy: the scientific study of matter in outer space, especially the positions, dimensions, distribution, motion, composition, energy and evolution of celestial bodes and phenomenaconfusing: unclear or difficult to understandabbreviate: to reduce (a word or phrase) to a shorter form intended to represent the full formSynonyms 1. naughty 2. divine 3.break 4.give 5.seizeCloze wrong dislike midnight standard homelife convinced meantime capitalSection B1.T 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.B 6.C 7.C 8.D 9.C 10.D11.F 12.T 13.F 14.A 15.C 16. BSection C1.T 2.F 3.T 4.T 5.F 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.F 10.TUnit 11 Creativity Section A Word Pretest1-5: B, A, A, B, A 6-8: B, A, AReading Comprehension 1-6: A, C, A, A, C，CV ocabulary Building ---Word Matchglow to give out heat or lightinstinctive (of ideas, behaviors) natural, not based on learning or thinkingexemplify to serve as examplefunnel a wide-mouthed tube used for pouring liquids into a narrow-necked containerprelude a short piece of music that introduces a large musical workapplaud to praise by clapping one’s handsflash to shine suddenly and brightlyattend to to direct one’s interest and effort topotential the ability to develop, achieve or succeedimpulse a sudden wish to do somethingdoze to sleep lightlyevaluate to judge the value or degree ofresurgence a return to power, life and activitystuck unable to gosketch to describe roughlyUse of EnglishThe Austrians made peace with Napoleon.They couldn’t make out what the enemy were trying to say.Seeing the enemy’s guns facing him made hi hair stand on end.The onset of winter made things worse for the troops.While they were on leave the sailors made the most of their freedom.I make no secret of my loathing for war.Stemsaccordance: agreement; conformitydisclose: to make known (something heretofore kept secret); to revealinclusive: including the specified extremes or limits as well as the area between themcore: the hard or fibrous central part of certain fruits, such as the apple or the pear, containing the seeds enclose: to surround on all sides; to close inconclude: to bring about a final agreement or settlementencouragement: the act or words of encouragingclose: a cabinet or enclosed recess for storing linens, household supplies, or clothingAntonyms 1. lose 2. horizontal 3. sterile 4. old 5. identicalClozename managed worked after feel parents computers playing to spend trade Section B 1-5: C, C, C, C, C 6-10: C, C, C, F, F 11-13: T, C, BSection C 1-5: F, F, T, T, F 6: TUnit 12 TravelSection AWord Pretest1.A2.A3.C4.B5.B6.B7.A8.AReading Comprehension1.B2.B3.A4.C5.A6.A7.C8.BV ocabulary BuildingWord Search1.halve2.purchase3.consulate4.fare5.discount6.resort7.monopoly8.principal9.carnival 10.boredomUse of EnglishThey are putting on a version of “Cinderella” on ice.The opening of his one-man show has been put off until he recovers from his illness.I can’t put my finger on what it was that I disliked about the performance.Put your previous failures behind you and think of what your next venture might be.A plan has been put forward to prevent valuable paintings being sold to collectors and galleries abroad. They tried to put pressure on the Arts Council to supports the newly-formed orchestraStems1.dictation: the act of saying or reading aloud to be recorded or written by another2.fraction: a small part; a bit3.indication: serving as a sign, symptom, or token of; something that is signified4.predict: to state, tell about, or make known in advance, especially on the basis of special knowledge5.contradiction: being contrary to; being inconsistent with6.fragments: small parts broken off or detachedSynonyms1. chief2. examine3. fame4. local5. soleCloze found trade famous spread discoveryidea support offered valued saltSection B1.B 2.C 3.C 4.C 5.B 6.C 7.B 8.T 9.T10.T11.C 12.C 13.BSection C1.F2.T3.F4.F5.T6.T7.F8.T9.F 10.F Unit 13 ExaminationsSection AWord Protest1. A 2. C 3. A 4. B 5. C 6. A 7. B 8. BReading Comprehension1. B 2. C 3. C 4. A 5. C 6. BV ocabulary BuildingWord Search1. assimilate2. presentation3. deduct4. reinforce5. statistics6. offender7. thwart 8. impunity 9. plagiarize 10. reprimand 11. crib 12. divisive Semantic Variations1. B 2. B 3. A 4. C 5. C 6. BStems occupation: a n activity that serves as one’s regular source of livelihood; a vocationbroadcast: to transmit (a radio or television program) for public or general usecaptive: taken and held prisoner, as in warcapture: to hold; to occupyabroad: out of o ne’s own countryperceive: to become aware of directly through any of the sense, especially sight or hearingconceive: to form or hold an ideabroaden: to make or become broaderSynonyms1. thwart 2. huge 3. break 4. obvious 5. accomplishClozeadvantage meaningful disadvantages subject expressingreading unsatisfactory giving arise pictureSection B1. C2. D3. B4. B5.C6.T7.T8. F 9.F 10. T 11. T 12.B 13. A 14. BSection C1. F2. F3. T4. T5. T6. T7.T8. T9. T 10. TUnit 14 Intellectual PropertySection AWord Pretest1. B2. A3. B4. A5. A6. B7. C8. BReading Comprehension1. B2. C3. C4. B5. C6. B7. AV ocabulary BuildingWord Search1. procedure2. variety3. multiple4. application5. promote6. diligent7. novelty8. judicial9. disclosure 10. stimulusUse of EnglishThis cloudy weather is getting me down.I would like to get this meeting over with as quickly as possible.You won’t be able to get through to her what she has to do.His refusal to commit himself gets on my nerves.Thomas and David get along very well.One of these days I must get round to replying to all this correspondence.Stems1. densely: the quality of being packed or crowded together2. defense: the act of defending against attack, danger, or injury3. credit: an arrangement for deferred payment of a loan or purchase4. condense: to make (a liquid) thicker by removing some of the water5. incredible: too strange to be believed; unbelievable6. dense: difficult to see throughSynonyms1. rival2. final3. variety4. personal5. barClozebasis revised minimum addition works participated adopted concepts Section B1. T2. F3. F4. A5. A6. C7. F8. T9. F 10. F11. T 12. T 13. C 14. B 15. CSection C1. B2. A3. B4. A5. B6. D7. A8. AUnit 15 LawSection AWord pretest1. C2. A3. B4. B5. C6. B7.C8.CReading Comprehension1.T2. T3. F4. T5. F6. F7. F8. T9. T 10. TV ocabulary BuildingWord Searchespionage 2. anonymity 3. extortion 4. prosecutor 5. sue 6. accuse 7. indict 8. plead9. testimony 10. verdict 11. probation 12 reverseSemantic Variations 1. C 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. C 6. BStemscorruption: the act of being venal; dishonestypendulum: a body suspended from a fixed support so that it swings freely back and forth under the influence of gravity, commonly used to regulate various devices, especially clockserupt: to become violently activebankruptcy: the state of being unable to pay one’s debtsdependable: reliable, trustworthyinterrupt: to break the continuity or uniformity ofindependence: the state or quality of being independentsuspend: to cause to stop for a period: to interruptAntonyms1. frequently2. prohibition3. agreement4. disapprove5. fairnessClozeadmitted survey caught relatives vehicles admission threatened increase professional unskilledSection B1. D2. A3. C4. A5. B6. C7. B8. T9. T 10. T11. T 12. T 13. FSection C1. D2. C3. C4. B5. B6. D7. B8. DUnit 16 World War IISection AWord PretestA A AB BC C A Reading ComprehensionC C C A A AV ocabulary BuildingWord Searchraid ordeal wail commutersmash neutral devastate armisticedisarm grievance puppet appeasementSemantic VariationsB A B AC BStemsspectator: an observer of an eventinspect: to examine carefully and critically, especially for flawsinspire: to affect, guide, or arouse by divine influencerespectively: each separately in the order mentionedsuspicious: arousing or apt to arouse suspicon; questionableexpire: to come to an end; to terminateprospect: something expected; a possiblityperspective: a mental view or outlookspectacle: something that can be seen or viewed, especially something of a remarkableor impressive naturecircumspect: looking round on all sides watchfully; prudentSynonymshuge ultimate conquer deadly disturbanceClosebase undetected took bombed fleetheart sunk lost declared troopsSection BB A B T T F T TT T B C C F T FSection CF F T T F T F T F TUnit 17 HousingSection AWord Pretest1.B2. B3.B4.C5.C6.B7.B8.DReading Comprehension1. T2.F3.T4.F5.T6.T7.T8.TV ocabulary BuildingWord Search1. sociologist2. spontaneously3. hassle4. sneak5. fee6. jack7. spacious8. cozy9. crawl 10. customarySemantic Variations1. C2. A3. A4. B5. B6. AStems1. sensible: reasonable2. structural: of, relating to, having, or characterized by structure3. sensitive: feeling readily, acutely, or painfully4. consent: to give assent, as to the proposal of another; to agree5. destructive: causing destruction; ruinous6. construction: the act or process of constructingAntonyms1. attached2. helpful3. fixed4. limited5. displeasureClozeplentiful fire inexpensively room spread disastrous difficult uncomfortableSection B1. C2. D3. B4. D5. F6. T7. T8. F9. C 10. B 11. F 12. T 13. T 14. C 15. ASection C1. A2. B3. D4. B5. D6. C7. C8. A9. C 10. A Unit 18 DramaWord Pretest1. B2. B3. B4. A5. B6. A7. A8. BV ocabulary BuildingWord Matchsparse thinly spread or distributedbequeath to leave something, especially property, to another by willprecisely exactlyethics moral principlesproposition proposal, suggestiondisloyalty behavior of being not loyalfidget to move one’s body about restlesslywrangle to quarrel angrily and noisily, arguepresume to supposeturn down to refuseconversant familiarfurnish to put furniture, carpets, curtains, and other things into a roomdiscreditable shamefulsolicitor lawyerhire-purchase a way of buying goods gradually; installmnet planSemantic Variations1. C2. A3. C4. B5. A6. AStems1. chronometer a very exact clock for measuring time2. encyclopedia a book or set of books containing information on every branch of knowledge, or on one particular branch, subjects or on numerous aspects of a particular field, usually arranged alphabetically3. autograph a person’s own signature or handwriting4. chronic lasting for a long period of time or marked by frequent recurrence, as of certain diseases5. diagram a plan, sketch, drawing, or outline designed to explain how something works6. pedestrian a person who is walking esp. in an area where vehicles go7. calligraphy the art of fine handwritingl handwriting8. recycle to use againSynonyms1. show2. contradict3. exact4. refuse5. withdraw Clozetypes difference focuses struggle decides involves society human reformation Opposing prevail symbolizes。

Unit 2 Diction (遣词用字)Some background information about this unit:a)No context, no text.b)What is context?Context, as the term suggests, refers to all the different situations involved in language communication.语境，就是产生语言活动的环境，包括时间、空间、语言交际参与者及语言活动的目的等，反映在文字材料中也称上下文。

语境是一切语言活动存在的前提。

Firth: each word when used in a new context is a new word.Some examples:▪I’ll finish the book next week.▪“我”是谁？finish的具体措辞究竟是：看完、写完、审完？▪Tension is building up.形式紧张起来。

/ 张力在增大。

/ 电压在增加。

/ 压力在增强。

/ 血压在增高。

/ 气压在加强。

/ 情绪越来越紧张。

/ 紧张局势在加剧。

Without context, both “tension” and “build up” may have various explanations.▪I’m through.通话完毕，结束了。

(AmE)电话接通了。

(BrE)1. Equivalence between English and Chinese at Word Level1.1 Word-for-word equivalenceThis is most shown in proper nouns and technical terms.▪Marxism 马克思主义▪Aspirin 阿司匹林▪Laser 激光▪Leukemia 白血病1.2 One word with multiple equivalents of the sameThis is a common case in translation.▪Wife: 妻子、老婆、夫人、老伴、媳妇、爱人、内人……▪Potato: 马铃薯、土豆、洋芋、山药蛋……▪人：human being, man, people, person…▪犬：dog, hound, spaniel, mastiff, pointer, setter, retriever, terrier…1.3 One word with several equivalents of different meaningsThis is also very common in translation.▪cousin: 堂兄、堂弟、堂姐、堂妹、表哥、表弟、表姐、表妹……▪president: 总统、主席、总裁、董事长、议长、会长、社长、校长……▪carry: 搬、运、送、提、拎、挑、担、抬、背、扛、抱、搂、举、端、夹、捧……▪走：walk, saunter, amble, stride, trudge, shamble, prance, scamper, clump, tiptoe.▪羊：sheep, goat, ram, ewe, lamb1.4 Equivalents interwoven with one another1.5 Words without corresponding equivalentsIn this case, an explanation is given instead of an equivalent.▪teenager: 13到19岁的青少年▪cyber slacker: 利用工作时间在公司上网、做与工作无关的事情的雇员▪阴：yin (in Chinese thought) the soft inactive female principle or force in the world▪阳：yang (in Chinese thought) the strong active male principle or force in the world2. Methods of discriminating the original meaning of a given word2.1 According to word formation▪parabiospheric: 外生物层的para- (outside), bio- (biologic), spheric (having the form of a phere)▪pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanokoniosis 肺尘病，硅酸盐沉着病pneumono (of lung) ultra (beyond) micro (very small)scopic (of viewing or observing) silico (of silicon) volcano (of volcano)coni (koni, of dust) osis (forming the name of a disease)2.2 According to the referenceIn many cases the meaning of a pronominal word may be judged from the references.▪He [father] sent John to the university and was eager to have him distinguish himself.他送约翰上大学，巴望儿子能出类拔萃。

Part 2 Levels of Words
The words that we come across can be divided into 3 types, according to a stylistic point of view:
formal, common, and colloquial.
I feel that paying attention to words used around you is the best way to increase your working vocabulary. If you are really into improving the number of words you know, you can use such vocabulary-improvement lessons as are in the Reader's Digest.
3.1 Don't need long words Television commentator William S. Buckley has a tremendous vocabulary and would often overpower his debate opponents through the use of long words, whose definitions only highly literate people would know. He wouldn't win on logic of argument but on frustrating his opponents.
3.4 Summary
A good vocabulary does not mean you know many long or difficult words. Instead, it means that you know how to express yourself so that the reader will understand your material. Sometimes is it necessary to use industry-specific jargon, but you still must make sure everyone understands what you are writing. It is worthwhile to constantly work at improving your knowledge of words.

• 9.实行企业“工效挂钩”的办法， 把改革开放的步子迈得更大一 些……
Translation 1
• By adopting the method of linking work to effect in enterprises, we should make a bigger stride in the reform and opening up…
• In old China, husbands could have their wives in their pockets as women were kept at the bottom of the society then. • 在旧中国，丈夫可以随意支配妻子，因为 那时妇女处于社会的最底层。
• • • • • • • e.g. He is the last man to come. 他是最后来的。 He is the last man to do it. 他决不会干那种事。 He is the last person for such a job. 他最不配干这个工作。
• • • • •
• 2. “一要吃饭，二要建设”是指导我国经济 工作的基本原则。 • A basic principle guiding our economic work is “First, feed the people and second, build the country”.
• 3.我们的同志应当注意，不要靠官，不要靠 职位高，不要靠老资格吃饭。 • Our comrades should take note: Don’t live on the power of your office, your high position or seniority.

countries during the heyday of British imperialism, and the modern impact of American English. The English language, moreover, has greatly changed from what it was in Shakespeare’s time, or even in Dickens’s time. Accurate, effective expression obviously requires the right words, the words which will represent — not nearly, not approximately, but exactly — what we want to say. Jonathan Swift once described good style as proper words in proper places. Therefore, good diction is the foundation of good English. To choose the right words require a large active vocabulary. We cannot choose the right words if we do not have many words. So we must be well-stored with words, for the bigger the repertory (storage) of words we possess, the larger the scope we can choose from.

Choice of collocative meaning


Some words have the same basic meaning, but differ in collocation. (搭配) eg. mother tongue (acceptable) mother language (unacceptable) a man of sense (acceptable) a man of meaning (unacceptable)
Assignments

Comparison of translated sentences. (P77) Comparison of translated texts. (P85) Translate the sentences. (P84)
Choice of exact meaning


To weigh the meaning before choosing a suitable word for translation （斟酌、权衡词 义） Do not lap up a word or an expression without digesting it （勿囫囵吞枣） Do not extend the meaning beyond its limits （勿引申过度） Do not rigidly adhere to letter or form（勿拘 泥字面
燥乏味。
Translate the following sentences.
1. On display was merchandise attractive in quality and price. 2. They captured fifty enemy soldiers and many weapons. 3. In order to get a large amount of waterpower, we need a large pressure and a large current.

学会接受教育（Becoming Educated)就这样,我在波士顿大学,处在一个全新的,陌生的,不同的世界。

我突然想到如果我要在这次陌生全新的冒险中成功的话,我就得比我们法学院的同学们阅读更长时间的书籍,而且要读得更加透彻。

我觉得,为了弥补我在早些年所错过的东西,我要比其他任何人更努力工作,花更多时间学习。

我仍然有那样的感觉,我不想我的同事知道我在理解内容,短语,想法,过程这个时间段是多么的艰难。

我不想我的同事知道那件事。

所以我在阅读时不在法学院而在图书馆,研究生宿舍,楼上,那些安静的地方,因为显然没有其他人在那里学习。

所以我会去哪里一个晚上在吃饭之后.我会夹着我的书去图书馆,然后我会阅读到凌晨之后再去睡觉.那些年期间我没能好好睡眠.若是我在晚上得到3到4个小时,我就很幸运了,因为我不得不熬夜.我不得不.教授会为第二天分配作业,并且这些作业必须被阅读和理解否则我就会被落下,我已经落下了,如果我不努力学习,我就会被落的更远.当我被要求在班级里回答问题时我总是高兴的.但是教授不大会提问”女生们”。

特定的受到喜爱的人会经常被提问，然后在一些珍贵的场合，一位教授会进来宣布：“我们今天将要过女生日。

”然后他们会提问女生们。

我们只是忍受，当提及法律课题时，我们不被认为是尖子生。

在春天，比尔吉布森，他和我的新室友约会诺玛沃克组织了一个黑人学习小组，正如我们黑人不得不形成我们自己的。

这是因为我们没被邀请进入任何一个其他的学习小组。

我们组有6/7个成员，比尔和萨还有梅纳德杰克逊收集交流和听取我们怎么做。

我学到的一件事是，我们必须讲出来，问题，事实，案例还是过程。

我们不能仅仅阅读案例，独自在图书馆里学习，正如我以前一直那样，呆在教室里学不到全部。

但一旦我们在学习小组中讲出来了，接下来就变得更简单更容易理解了。

我不时会去罗利街2号看看路易斯是怎么做的。

她总是在看《红书》。

在那里我每次想要和她讨论某件事的时候，她会同时在阅读《红书》上的一则简短的故事。

Chaptபைடு நூலகம்r 3.1
Diction
Domestication vs. Foreignization
1. 2. 3. 4. Lead a dog's life Jack of all trades A drowned rat Let the cat out of the bag. 5. Every dog has his day. 6. Armed to teeth 7. Meet one's Waterloo 8. Dark horse 9. Crocodile tears 10.Ivory tower
三 词义的褒贬
positive
portly
neutral
overweight
derogatory
obese
Slender, slim underweight
Skinny
senior
Old man/woman
Fossil
三 词义的褒贬
• 1 英语中某些本身有褒贬意义的词的翻译 • He was a man of high renown renown. • His notoriety as a rake did not come until his death. • Henry keeps boasting that he has talked to the President. willingly. • He was polite and always gave advice willingly
• 2 make up • If the stove isn’t made up, it will go out. • There is not any girl called Clementine. He’s just made her up. • Half the roads in the region are still to be made up. • Society is made up of people with wide differing abilities. • It took Laurence more than one hour to make up for the part of “Othello”. • They made up a bed on the sofa for the unexpected visitor. • We have to drive fast to make up the hour we lost in Boston.

Unit 1 GenerationSection AWord Pretest1. C2. C3. B4. C5. B6. C7. C8. AReading Comprehension1. D2. C3. C4. A5. B6. C7. A8. BVocabulary BuildingWord search1. lull2. associate3. client4. utterly5. certificate6. rags7. jerk8. foreman9. demanding 10. sentimental Semantic variations1. C2. C3. B4. A5. B6. CStems1.transmit: to send from one person, thing, or place to another; to convey2.deduce: to reach (a conclusion) by reasoning3.eject: to throw out forcefully; to expelpel: to force, drive, or constrain5.project: to thrust outward or forward6.conduct: to lead or guideAntonyms1. hopeless2. disobedient3. weighty4. agree5. clearClozeactive girls skirts move raised force show fly hesitated plane Sections B1. B2. C3. C4. B5. C6. C7. C8. C9. A10.C 11. C12. C13. A14. C15. CSection C1. F2. T3. T4. T5. F6. F7. T8. F9. T10. TUnit 2 MusicSection AWord Pretest1. B2. C3. B4. C5. B6. BReading comprehension1. T2. F3. T4. T5. T6. T7. T8. FV ocabulary BuildingWord search1. folk2. capacity3. sensuous4. qualified5. abuse6. stuff7. mood8. clarity9. striveSemantic variations1. B2. B3. B4. B5. A6.BStemspose: to make up the constituent parts of; to constitute or form2.contract: to reduce in size by drawing together, to shrink3.dispose of: to get rid of, to throw out4.impose: to obtrude or force( oneself, for example) on another or others5.subtract: to make away, to deduct6.deposit: to put (money) in a bank or financial accountSynonyms1. discriminating2. widespread3. compatibility4. clearness5. associationClozemusic form south danceinterest instruments voice rootsSection B1. F2. T3. F4. F5. F6.T 7 T 8. F 9 F 10. F11. F 12. T 13. T 14. F 15 TSection C1. D2. A3. D4. D5.D6. D7. D8. AUnit 3 ClimateSection AWord Pretest1.D2.A3.A4.B5.A6.C7.A8.B9.D 10. CReading Comprehension1.B2.B3.B4.B5.C6.A7.BVocabulary BuildingWord Search1. slanting2. equator3. amplifier4. vapor5. desert6. latitude7. atlitude8. monsoon9. drain 10. precautionSemantic Variations1.A2.B3.C4.A5.C6.AStems1.division: one of the parts, sections or groups into which something is divided2.evident: easily see or understood; obvious3.individual: a single human being considered apart from a society or community4.sustain: to support from below; to keep from falling or sinking; to prop5.visible: possible to see; perceptible to the eye6.obtain: to succeed in gaining possession of as the result of planning or endeavor; toacquireSynonyms1. mixture2. eternal3.impact4.humidity5.remoteClozeradio incorrect predict misunderstandingunexplained happen up rightSection B1.B2.C3.A4.F5.T6.F7.F8.F9.T 10.C11.C 12.B 13.T 14.F 15.TSection C1.T2.T3.F4.T5.F6.T7.F8.T9.T 10.TUnit 5 The African-AmericansSection AWord Pretest1. C2. A3. C4. A5. B6. A7. C8. CReading Comprehension1. F2T3T4F5T6F7T8TVocabulary BuildingWord Search1. destined2. relief3. segregation4. boycott5. sit-in6. legacy7. chronicle8. assault9. plight 10. vigilance Semantic Variations1C 2A 3C 4A 5B 6CStems1. evolution:the theory that groups of organisms change with passage of time, mainly as a result of natural selection, so that descendants differ morphologically and physiologically from their ancestors2. ascend:to go or move upward3. devolve:to pass on or delegate to another4. migrate:to change location periodically, especially by moving seasonally from one region to another5. export:to send or transport (a commodity, for example) abroad, especially for trade or sale6. condescend:to descend to the level of one considered inferior; to lower oneself Antonyms1. observe2. admit3. dismiss4. eulogize5. advanceClozeNominated raised immigrated earned rose Assignment position army autobiography speakerSection B1T2T3F4C5B6D7D8D9T10F11F12F13T14TSection C1A2D3D4C5C6B7D8CUnit 7 Attitude Towards LifeSection AWord Pretest: BACBA BCAReading Comprehension: CABBC BBBVocabulary BuildingWord matchastonishing surprisingconsiderate thoughtful of other persons’ wishes, needs or feelingspreach to advise or urge others to accept (sth. one believes in)strenuous taking or needing great effort or strengtharena an enclosed area for sports, public entertainments, etc.adversity bad fortune, troublebatter to damage, break, or cause to lose shapereverse the opposite, the other way roundpenetrate to see into or throughself-esteem one’s good opinion of one’s own worthdoom to cause to suffer sth unavoidable and terribleemerge to come out or appear from inside or from being hiddenblessing a gift from God or anything that brings happiness and good fortune mess up to get into disorder; to spoil, etc.devastating completely destructivecommon denominator a quality or belief shared by all the members of a groupodds the probabilities that sth will or will not happenstack to arrange dishonestly so as to give oneself an unfair advantagemotive to provide with a strong reason for doing sth.falter lose strength or effectiveness; weakenSemantic Variations: CBBACBStems1 prescribe to advise the use of a medicine2 description an account of a person in words3 terrain a stretch of land, with regard to its natural features4 subscribe to pay regularly in order to receive a magazine, newspaper, etc.5 territorial of a country’s territory6 extraterrestrial of or from outside the earth or its atmosphereAntonymsappear ready hide s skillful carelessClozeintelligent activities workout attitudeoff reducing seem asideSection BCCCCC TFTFT TTFFTSection CFTFTF TFTTTUnit 8 First AidSection AWord Pretest1.B.2.A.3.C4.B.5.B.6.B.7.B.8.A.9.C.10.B Reading comprehension1.B.2. C.3. D.4. B/D/A/C.5.C.6.C.7.A.8.C/A/B/D Vocabulary BuildingWord Search1.ambulance2.urgent3.emergency4.massage5.yell6.vein7.artery8.fracture9.blister 10.tetanusUse of English1.The government has come in for a lot of criticism.2. It’s hard to come to terms with the government’s defense policy.3. After retiring in 1980 he has decided to make a comeback to the political scene.4. The situation has come to the boil now that the government has to face a vote of confidence.5. The tax cuts announced in the Budget do not come into effect until next year.6. The miners came out on strike against the government’s privatization plans.Stems1.solo: a composition or passage for an individual voice or instrument, with orwithout accompaniment2.series: a number of objects or events arranged or coming one after the other insuccession3.isolate: to set apart or cut off from others4.desert: to withdraw from, especially in spite of a responsibility or duty; to forsake5.peninsula: a piece of land that projects into a body of water and is connected with themainland by an isthmus6.exert: to put to use or effect; to put forth7.insulate: to prevent the passage of heat, electricity or sound into or out of somewhere,especially by surrounding with a non-conducting materials8.insert: to put or set into, between or amongSynonyms1.give2. stop3. antiseptic4. block5. penetrateClozePedestrians adults declining avoid signals case impaired fatalities Section B1.C2.B3.B4.D5.A6.C7.B8.A9.T10.F11.F12.F13.T14.TSection C1.F2.T3.F4.T5.F6.F7.F8.F9.F10.TUnit 9 CreativitySection A Word Pretest1-5: B, A, A, B, A 6-8: B, A, AReading Comprehension 1-6: A, C, A, A, C，CVocabulary Building ---Word Matchglow to give out heat or lightinstinctive (of ideas, behaviors) natural, not based on learning or thinkingexemplify to serve as examplefunnel a wide-mouthed tube used for pouring liquids into a narrow-necked container prelude a short piece of music that introduces a large musical workapplaud to praise by clapping one’s handsflash to shine suddenly and brightlyattend to to direct one’s interest and effort topotential the ability to develop, achieve or succeedimpulse a sudden wish to do somethingdoze to sleep lightlyevaluate to judge the value or degree ofresurgence a return to power, life and activitystuck unable to gosketch to describe roughlyUse of English1.The Austrians made peace with Napoleon.2.They couldn’t make out what the enemy were trying to say.3.Seeing the enemy’s guns facing him made hi hair stand on end.4.The onset of winter made things worse for the troops.5.While they were on leave the sailors made the most of their freedom.6.I make no secret of my loathing for war.Stems1.accordance: agreement; conformity2.disclose: to make known (something heretofore kept secret); to reveal3.inclusive: including the specified extremes or limits as well as the area between them4.core: the hard or fibrous central part of certain fruits, such as the apple or the pear, containingthe seeds5.enclose: to surround on all sides; to close in6.conclude: to bring about a final agreement or settlement7.encouragement: the act or words of encouraging8.close: a cabinet or enclosed recess for storing linens, household supplies, or clothing Antonyms 1. lose 2. horizontal 3. sterile 4. old 5. identicalClozename managed worked after feelparents computers playing to spend tradeSection B 1-5: C, C, C, C, C 6-10: C, C, C, F, F 11-13: T, C, BSection C 1-5: F, F, T, T, F 6: TUnit 10 TravelSection AWord Pretest1.A2.A3.C4.B5.B6.B7.A8.AReading Comprehension1.B2.B3.A4.C5.A6.A7.C8.BVocabulary BuildingWord Search1.halve2.purchase3.consulate4.fare5.discount6.resort7.monopoly8.principal9.carnival 10.boredomUse of English1.They are putting on a version of “Cinderella” on ice.2.The opening of his one-man show has been put off until he recovers from his illness.3.I can’t put my finger on what it was that I disliked about the performance.4.Put your previous failures behind you and think of what your next venture might be.5. A plan has been put forward to prevent valuable paintings being sold to collectors andgalleries abroad.6.They tried to put pressure on the Arts Council to supports the newly-formed orchestraStems1.dictation:the act of saying or reading aloud to be recorded or written by another2.fraction: a small part; a bit3.indication:serving as a sign, symptom, or token of; something that is signified4.predict:to state, tell about, or make known in advance, especially on the basis of special knowledge5.contradiction: being contrary to; being inconsistent with6.fragments:small parts broken off or detachedSynonyms1. chief2. examine3. fame4. local5. soleClozefound trade famous spread discoveryidea support offered valued saltSection B1.B2.C3.C4.C5.B6.C7.B8.T9.T10.T 11.C12.C13.BSection C1.F2.T3.F4.F5.T6.T7.F8.T9.F10.FUnit 11 ExaminationsSection AWord Protest1. A2. C3. A4. B5. C6. A7. B8. BReading Comprehension1. B2. C3. C4. A5. C6. BVocabulary BuildingWord Search1. assimilate2. presentation3. deduct4. reinforce5. statistics6. offender7. thwart8. impunity9. plagiarize 10. reprimand 11. crib 12. divisive Semantic Variations1. B2. B3. A4. C5. C6. BStems1.occupation: an activity that serves as one’s regular source of livelihood; a vocation2.broadcast: to transmit (a radio or television program) for public or general use3.captive: taken and held prisoner, as in war4.capture: to hold; to occupy5.abroad: out of one’s own country6.perceive: to become aware of directly through any of the sense, especially sight orhearing7.conceive: to form or hold an idea8.broaden: to make or become broaderSynonyms1. thwart2. huge3. break4. obvious5. accomplishClozeadvantage meaningful disadvantages subject expressingreading unsatisfactory giving arise pictureSection B1. C2. D3. B4. B5.C6.T7.T8. F 9.F 10. T 11. T 12.B 13. A 14. BSection C1. F2. F3. T4. T5. T6. T7.T8. T9. T 10. TUnit 12 Intellectual PropertySection AWord Pretest1. B2. A3. B4. A5. A6. B7. C8. BReading Comprehension1. B2. C3. C4. B5. C6. B7. AVocabulary BuildingWord Search1. procedure2. variety3. multiple4. application5. promote6. diligent7. novelty8. judicial9. disclosure 10. stimulusUse of English1.This cloudy weather is getting me down.2.I would like to get this meeting over with as quickly as possible.3.You won’t be able to get through to her what she has to do.4.His refusal to commit himself gets on my nerves.5.Thomas and David get along very well.6.One of these days I must get round to replying to all this correspondence.Stems1. densely: the quality of being packed or crowded together2. defense: the act of defending against attack, danger, or injury3. credit: an arrangement for deferred payment of a loan or purchase4. condense: to make (a liquid) thicker by removing some of the water5. incredible: too strange to be believed; unbelievable6. dense: difficult to see throughSynonyms1. rival2. final3. variety4. personal5. barClozebasis revised minimum addition works participated adopted concepts Section B1. T2. F3. F4. A5. A6. C7. F8. T9. F 10. F11. T 12. T 13. C 14. B 15. CSection C1. B2. A3. B4. A5. B6. D7. A8. AUnit 13 WarSection AWord Pretest1.A2.A3.A4.B5.B6.C7.C8.A Reading Comprehension1.C2.C3.C4.A5.A6.AVocabulary BuildingWord Search1.raid2.ordeal3.wailmuter5.smash6.neutral7.devastate8.armistice9.disarm10.grievance11.puppet12.appeasement Semantic Variations1.B2.A3.B4.A5.C6.BStems1.spectator:an observer of an event2.inspect:to examine carefully and critically, especially for flaws3.inspire:to affect, guide, or arouse by divine influence4.respectively:each separately in the order mentioned5.suspicious:arousing or apt to arouse suspicon; questionable6.expire:to come to an end; to terminate7.prospect:something expected; a possiblity8.perspective: a mental view or outlook9.spectacle:something that can be seen or viewed, especially something of aremarkable or impressive nature10.circumspect:looking round on all sides watchfully; prudentSynonyms1.huge2.ultimate3.conquer4.deadly5.disturbance Closebase undetected took bombed fleetheart sunk lost declared troops Section B1.B2.A3.B4.T5.T6.F7.T8.T9.T10.T11.B12.C13.C14.F15.T16.F Section C1.F2.F3.T4.T5.F6.T7.F8.T9.F10.TUnit 15 DramaWord Pretest1. B2. B3. B4. A5. B6. A7. A8. BVocabulary BuildingWord Matchsparse thinly spread or distributedbequeath to leave something, especially property, to another by willprecisely exactlyethics moral principlesproposition proposal, suggestiondisloyalty behavior of being not loyalfidget to move one’s body about restlesslywrangle to quarrel angrily and noisily, arguepresume to supposeturn down to refuseconversant familiarfurnish to put furniture, carpets, curtains, and other things into a roomdiscreditable shamefulsolicitor lawyerhire-purchase a way of buying goods gradually; installmnet planSemantic Variations1. C2. A3. C4. B5. A6. AStems1. chronometer a very exact clock for measuring time2. encyclopedia a book or set of books containing information on every branch of knowledge,or on one particular branch, subjects or on numerous aspects of a particularfield, usually arranged alphabetically3. autograph a person’s own signature or handwriting4. chronic lasting for a long period of time or marked by frequent recurrence, as ofcertain diseases5. diagram a plan, sketch, drawing, or outline designed to explain how something works6. pedestrian a person who is walking esp. in an area where vehicles go7. calligraphy the art of fine handwritingl handwriting8. recycle to use againSynonyms1. show2. contradict3. exact4. refuse5. withdrawClozetypes difference focuses struggle decidesinvolves society human reformation Opposingprevail symbolizes。

英语泛读教程2参考答案Unit 1: The Power of Language1. Vocabulary Exercises:- "Eloquent" means fluent or persuasive in speaking.- "Jargon" refers to specialized language or terminology used by a particular profession or group.- "Dialect" is a particular form of a language specific to a region or social group.2. Reading Comprehension Questions:- The first paragraph introduces the idea that language is a powerful tool for communication.- The second paragraph discusses how the choice of words can affect the way people perceive information.- The author suggests that clear and accurate language is essential for effective communication.3. Discussion Prompts:- Discuss the role of language in shaping our understanding of the world.- How does the use of jargon in a professional setting affect communication with non-experts?Unit 2: The Digital Age1. Vocabulary Exercises:- "Algorithm" is a set of rules or steps used in problem-solving or data processing.- "Cyberspace" refers to the virtual environment created by computer networks.- "E-commerce" is the buying and selling of goods or services, or the transmitting of money or data, over an electronic network, primarily the internet.2. Reading Comprehension Questions:- The text explains the impact of digital technology on daily life.- The author highlights the importance of cybersecurity in the digital age.- The benefits and challenges of online shopping are explored in the third paragraph.3. Discussion Prompts:- What are the advantages and disadvantages of living in a digital society?- How can individuals protect their privacy in cyberspace?Unit 3: Environmental Awareness1. Vocabulary Exercises:- "Sustainability" means the ability to maintain a certain process or state without depleting resources.- "Ecosystem" refers to a community of living and non-living components that interact with each other.- "Conservation" is the preservation, protection, or restoration of the natural environment.2. Reading Comprehension Questions:- The first paragraph outlines the importance of environmental conservation.- The second paragraph discusses the concept of sustainable development.- The author calls for collective action to combat climate change in the final paragraph.3. Discussion Prompts:- What steps can be taken to promote environmental sustainability?- How can individuals contribute to the conservation of ecosystems?Unit 4: Cultural Diversity1. Vocabulary Exercises:- "Ethnicity" refers to a group of people who identify with each other on the basis of shared attributes.- "Tradition" is a long-established belief or practicethat is passed on within a culture.- "Cultural exchange" involves the sharing of cultural expressions and experiences between different cultures.2. Reading Comprehension Questions:- The text emphasizes the value of cultural diversity in enriching societies.- The author discusses the role of traditions in maintaining cultural identity.- The benefits of cultural exchange for fostering understanding and tolerance are highlighted.3. Discussion Prompts:- How can cultural diversity be celebrated and preserved in a globalized world?- What are the challenges and opportunities presented by cultural exchange?Unit 5: Health and Wellness1. Vocabulary Exercises:- "Nutrition" refers to the process of providing or obtaining the necessary nutrients for health and growth.- "Well-being" encompasses a state of happiness, health, and prosperity.- "Exercise" is physical activity that is undertaken to sustain or improve health and fitness.2. Reading Comprehension Questions:- The first paragraph discusses the importance of a balanced diet for maintaining health.- The second paragraph explores the mental health benefits of regular exercise.- The author stresses the significance of a holistic approach to wellness in the final paragraph.3. Discussion Prompts:- What are some practical ways to improve one's diet and nutrition?- How can exercise contribute to overall well-being?Unit 6: The Art of Storytelling1. Vocabulary Exercises:- "Narrative" is a spoken or written account of connected events.- "Fable" is a short story, typically with animals as characters, conveying a moral.- "Allegory" is a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to represent an abstract meaning.2. Reading Comprehension Questions:- The text explains the role of storytelling in human history and culture.- The author discusses different forms of storytelling, including fables and allegories.- The final paragraph explores the impact of digital media on the art of storytelling.3. Discussion Prompts:- How has the art of storytelling evolved with。

But we should remember that it is difficult to find two words that are exactly the same in meaning and use. They may be different in stylistic level, in the degree of emphasis, in emotional coloring, in tone语气, and in collocation.
A student learning to write should learn to use the words that are most useful and most often used to express him.
Contents
1. Levels of words 2. The meaning of words 3. General and Specific Words 4. Idioms 5. Figures of speech 英文写作中怎样避免用词的重复 中英语言中用来喻人的植物的差异
good food: tasty, delicious, nourishing, rich, wholesome, fresh, appetizing, abundant
house: mansion, villa, chateau, cottage, bungalow带 走廊的平房, cabin, hut, shack小室, shanty棚屋, shed 货棚, barn
laugh: smile, grin, beam微笑示意, giggle咯咯地笑, titter嗤笑, snigger窃笑, chuckle吃吃地笑, guffaw狂笑, chortle得意的高笑

15
第三章 词语的翻译——词义的引申
[<]
词义的具体化

词义的具体化是指把原义抽象笼统的词语，根据 目标语的表达习惯，引申为意义明确具体的词语。 英语中常用代表抽象意义的词表示一种具体事物， 译成汉语时一般须作具体化的引申，否则意义会 不明朗。
16
第三章 词语的翻译——词义的引申
[<]
Case 1
1. 根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义 选择某个词的词义，首先要判明这个词在原句中应属哪 一种词类，然后再进一步确定其词义。例如： Like charges repel, unlike charges attract. 同极相斥，异极相吸。
[1][2][3][4][5]
第三章 词语的翻译——词义的选择
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第三章 词语的翻译——词义的选择
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3. 根据上下文联系以及词在句子中的搭配关系来选择和确 定词义 last
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He is the last man to come. “Each word when 他是最后来的。(final) used in a new context is a new He is the last man to do it. word.” 他绝对不会干那件事。 ——J.R. Firth (Least likely or expected) He is the last person for such a job. 他最不配干这个工作。 (The least desirable or suitable)
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2. 根据词语在文中的语法意义来选择词义
adv adj
• Take the cart back to the back yard and back it into the shed at the back of the v stable. prep

DictionOutline1. Levels of diction2. Figurative language3. The meaning of words4. General & Specific (principles of word preference)5. ExerciseIntroduction⏹Words mean different things to different people and that words used under one circumstance will not work under another.⏹Once you have decided what you want to say, the next step is to figure out how to say it effectively.⏹Diction is the most important tool.1.1 Differences between Spoken English and Written English in communication1. Spoken language: The speaker can transmit his information to the listener with paralinguisticfeatures, such as facial expressions, body movement, gestures and so on.Written Language: The speaker has to focus on the modification making his expression accurate, explicit, vivid and impressive for better communicating with the listener.2. Spoken language: There are frequent pause and transition of topics and disfluency are considerednatural and normal. (not allowed in Written language)3. Spoken language: The speaker and the listener are in the same language environment and theirexpression can be inexplicit. (not possible in Written language)4. Spoken language: It can convey the feeling and motion by voice and intonation, such as stress,rhythm, pause, tone and so on.There are many oral words, vogue words and current slang in it.e.g. Jane is a sweet little thing. (colloquialism)I have walked so much today that my dog are really killing me. (slang the feet)Written language: Generally it mostly depends on words, punctuation, character, printing format and so on to transfer feeling and emotion.5. Spoken language: Simple sentence structures, active voice and clauses are often used.Written language: We can always find adverbial phrases in this style.e.g. 1. (a) Being a farmer, he was obliged to rise early.(b) As a farmer, he had to get up early.2. (a) Cleared, the site would be very valuable.(b) If it were cleared, the site would be very valuable.1.2 Differences between Formal style and Informal style in English1.2.1 Word choiceFormal style: There are a large number of formal words, non-clipped words and phrases.Informal style: There are quite a few informal words, clipped words and single verbs.e.g. 1. (a) The concert concluded with a performance of Beethoven’s 5th symphony.(b) They ended the concert with Beethoven’s 5th symphony.2. (a) The police are investigating the case of murder.(b) The police are looking into the case of murder.1.2.2 Grammar useFormal: Bill speaks French more frequent than I.Informal: Bill speaks French more fluently than me.Formal: A wolf, after all, is a wolf though it has artful disguises.Informal: A wolf, after all, is a wolf despite its artful disguises.Formal: He speaks with confidence.Informal: He speaks confidently.Formal: Whom are you talking about?Informal: Who are you talking about?1.3 General EnglishFollows a middle course between formal and informal levelsUsually the best choice for college or business writing1.4 Compare the paragraphs•Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure…....It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom; and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.Address at Gettysburg, 1863•My mother’s kitchen was full of junk food which I have ever seen. My house was full of apples and peaches and milk and coffee—which were nice, good for you, but not right before dinner or you’ll spoil your appetite. My sister’s house had nothing in it that was good for you.•What is wrong with the student-union bookshop? Everything. It¡¯s interested in selling sweatshirts and college mugs rather than good books. Its stuff often is incompetent and uncivil. The manager may not be intelligent enough even to order a sufficient number of copies of required textbooks for the beginning of a term.In your dictionary, you may find special usage labels for words or particular definitions of words that differ from the general English vocabulary.•Word usage label meaning1. Unalienable archaic, obsolete inalienable2. Nowheres nonstandard, colloquial nowhere3. Copper slang police officerWhat is the proper meaning of the sentence?The heat came and busted every head they could finger.1.5 ConsistencyAppropriate diction requires a consistent style.Writers should not mix formal and informal language.Improve the sentences:1. Please let me express my gratitude for having been a guest at your house last Saturday night. I had bags of fun that evening. (mixed)2. Ladies and gentlemen, it’s awfully nice to see you here. (mixed)3. Do you take this chap to be your lawfully wedded husband? (mixed)Change the colloquial expressions into more formal ones.1. The police are looking into the matter.2. Guys in the south of Chinese speak in a different way from people in the north.3. The buying power of the dollar has declined.4. She’s never on time for appointments.Part 2 Figurative Language•Writers use Figurative language to draw a comparison between two things that are essentially different but alike in some underlying and surprising way.•In this way, they add vigor to their prose.•The two chief figures of speech are simile and metaphor.2.1 Similes use “like” or “as”1.For a diligent student, failing to pass the final exam is like a sudden death.2. A person who gains knowledge but fails to put it into practice is like someone who ploughs afield but does not sow it.3.I was forced to go to my first dance with my first blind date, whose hair was even shorter thanmine and who danced like a trained bear.Explain the similes1. Each evening he would jog through the neighborhood like an exhausted ostrich.2. Words are like bees: they have both honey and a sting.3. Like a surgeon before an open heart, the boy probed the tangle of backlashed line on his fishing reel.2.2 Metaphors imply a comparison without using “like” or “as”1.Karen was a Fourth of July firecracker, exploding out of the house after doing her chores.2. A child’s mind is a bank—whatever you put in, you get back in ten years with interest.3.This book is a passport into exotic, untrodden lands.Explain the metaphors1. Family life in my parents’ home was based upon a cosmic order: Papa was the sun; Mamma, the moon; we kids, minor satellites.2. Dress is language.Part 3 The meaning of words3.1 Denotation & ConnotationDenotation: Dictionary meaning; Literal meaning that most readers would agree onConnotation: Overtones or implied meaningsEg. The word “home” has layers of meaning.What does the word “home” suggest to you?3.2 Words can be labeled commendatory, neutral or derogatory.Eg. 1I am slender.My sister is thin.My neighbor is skinny.Eg. 2I am plump.My sister is fat.My neighbor is obese.Eg. 3A boy would not walk up to his date and tell her that her perfume has an exotic odor.3.3 The words we choose show our attitude.Eg.The skinny woman slinked in.The slender girl glided in.Pay attention to both the literal and suggestive meaning; otherwise our words may clash. Words with more compatible denotations and connotations should be used.Eg. The speaker manipulated the members of the audience by presenting the evidence to refute their arguments.Part 4 General & Specific4.1 Make the abstract specific!Eg. What is Happiness?What is panic?4.2 Principles of word preference⏹Good writers help their readers follow the meaning by balancing general words—those that refer to groups or classes of things—with specific words—those that refer to individual things.⏹One kind of general words, abstraction, are words or phrases that refer to qualities or ideas, things we cannot perceive through our five sense.⏹Specific words are often concrete words; they name things we can see, hear, touch, taste, or smell.4.2.1 Use a vivid verb1. The patient’s wound was treated.2. The man did badly in front of a large audience.3. The boy walked into the classroom.4. I don’t care for noodles and choose not to eat them.4.2.2 To communicate, not to impress1. John displayed an element of delight over the acquisition of a stereo system of unquestionable quality.2. Those lately purchased chairs that rock to and fro were of a very steep price.4.2.3 To show, not to tellMatthew put up a good fight against the bully.4.2.4 One more exampleSpecific words tell the reader that you are a definite, purposeful individual. Vague generalities imply that you are unsure of yourself.If you write:It is considered that a fair percentage of the samples received from one of our suppliers during the preceding months contained a contaminant.You are giving the reader at least 4 opportunities to wonder whether you really know much about the topic.Then, how to improve it?4.2.5. Strong writing must usually provide readers with both a general idea and specific examples or details to develop the main point.General : M uch of a Cuban’s day is spent for waiting.Specific: Much of a Cuban’s day is spent for waiting. People wait for taxis, for buses, for newspaper, for ice creams, for cakes, for restaurants, for movies, for picture postcards.4.3 Some common wording problems4.3.1 Use the wrong word1. Of silver and gold, the later is more valuable.2. I have been very alone today.3. There is an alive snake on the road.4.3.2 Failure to choose the best word1. I did a mistake during the exam.2. The wind is too big to fly your kite.4.3.3 Use the wrong form1. I dreamed to be a great writer.2. He was sending to school when he was six.4.3.4 Use words that do not go together1. Mrs. Jones helps me how to revise a sentence.2. Since I got the job, so I would have money to spend.4.3.5 Redundancy1.In the event that the grading system is changed, expect complaints on the part of students.2.The reason why we honor Lincoln in these various ways is because he saved the Union.3.There are four strangers pounding on the door.Part 5 ExercisesWrite the letter of the word pair with the same relationship as the word pair in capital letters.1. Beetle: InsectA) snow: precipitation B) rodent: squirrel C) fish: bowl D) cup: saucer2. Prophet: futureA) genius: math B) strategy: coach C) architect: drawing D) historian: past3. Interview: hireA) talk: discussion B) run: marathon C) meeting: decide D) game: compete Underline the appropriate word.1.I like to walk back and (forth, fourth) along the lake.2.The study of botany is having (a, an) (affect, effect) on my knowledge.3.We are going to accept the advice of our parents and get an early start (everyday, every day)4.We’ll take a (brake, break) in the middle of each afternoon.Pick the word choice whose connotation is more appropriate1. The snow (buried, blanketed) the mountains, inviting more tourists.2. So neat were the dinner guests that only a few (foul, unclean) napkins were left.3. As soon as danger threatened, the sentry (abandoned, left) his post.4. Our freshmen English teacher would (flatter, praise) us only when we had clearly made progress. Use more specific and concrete words for the italicized1. I think Professor Smith is a bad teacher.2. Our college provided the students with some fine programs.3. It was a cold morning.4. I like my English teacher because she has a nice character.5. After a day’s hard work, I walked towards my apartment.6. He has a tool in his hand.Give out the specific words.1. see：2. get：3. trees：4. flowers：5. money：6. exercise:7. tell：8. have：9. go：10. show：Assignment after classRewrite the sentences by providing specific examples and details1.We have studied some of the world’s greatest authors.2.I felt rather hot.The following sentences employ words without regard for meaning. Rewrite them to make them correct.1.John wept because of the death of his female parent.2.Many important factors are determined by the way one dresses: the personality, lifestyle,profession, age, sex.3.Some wives have to hold jobs to help support the family’s low income.4.Elizabeth noticed the stench of roses as she entered the room.5.Paradise Lost contains many illusions to classical mythology.Revise the following sentences, using formal diction consistently1.All candidates strive for the same results; you try to make the other guy look gross and persuadethe majority of voters that you’re okay for the job.2. On the first day of class, my philosophy instructor show that he was really hot on the subject.。

牛津阅读树2(29本)目录2-1 A Sinking Feeling. 2-2 Creepy-crawly!2-3 Hey Presto!2-4 It's the Weather.2-5 Monkey Tricks.2-6 Naughty Children. 2-7 New Trees.2-8 The Band.2-9 The Little Dragon. 2-10 The Lost Puppy. 2-11 Up and Down.2-12 Floppy's Bath.2-13 Kipper's Balloon. 2-14 Kipper's Birthday. 2-15 Spots! 2-16 The Baby-sitter.2-17 The Water Fight. 2-18 Biff's Aeroplane. 2-19 Floppy the Hero.2-20 Kipper's Laces.2-21 The Chase.2-22 The Foggy Day.2-23 The Wobbly Tooth. 2-24 A New Dog.2-25 New Trainers.2-26 The Dream.2-27 The Go-Kart.2-28 The Toy's Party.2-29 What a Bad Dog!2-1 A Sinking Feeling.The children were in the pool.Wilma climbed on the duck.Wilf climbed on.“Get on,” said Wilf. Chip climbed on.“Get on,” said Chip. Biff climbed on.“Get on,” said Biff. Kipper climbed on.“Get on,” said everyone. Kipper couldn’t get on.“Get on,” said everyone. Kipper climbed on.Oh no!1.sinking[英] [ˈsiŋkiŋ] n. 沉没v. （使）下沉，（使）沉没( sink的现在分词)2.Wilma[ˈwilmə] n. 威尔玛(Wilhelmina 的昵称)3.Wilf n.威尔夫2-2 Creepy-crawly!Wilma had a creepy-crawly. She put it in the bath.Wilma called Dad. “Get it out,” said Wilf.“Ugh! I couldn’t,” said Dad. Wilf called Mum.“Get it out,” said wilf. “Ugh! I couldn’t,” said Mum.Wilma called Chip. “Get it out,” said Wilf.“Ugh! I couldn’t,” said Chip . Wilf called Biff.“Get it out,” said wilma. “Ugh! I couldn’t,” said Biff.Everyone called Kipper. “Get it out,” said Wilf.“Easy!” said Kipper.4.creepy[英] [ˈkri:pi] adj. 令人毛骨悚然的；令人不寒而栗的；慢慢爬行的；5.crawly[英] [ˈkrɔ:li] 1. 悚然的6.creepy-crawly[英] [ˈkri:pi:ˈkrɔ:li:] n. 爬行的昆虫2-3 Hey Presto!The children went to a show. Mum and Dad took them.A conjuror was in the show. She was called Sheena.She took Dad’s tie. She put it in a bag.She took Mum’s ear-ring. She put it in the bag.She took Dad’s watch. She put it in the bag.She took Dad on to the stage. She put the bag on Dad’s head.Sheena took a big box. She put Wilma inside.Sheena took her wand. “Hey presto!” she said.“Hey presto!” said Wilma.7.conjurer[英] [ˈkɔndʒəə, ˈkʌn-]n.魔术师；巫师，行妖术者8.Sheena[ˈʃi:nə] 1. 希娜9.presto[英] [ˈprestəʊ] adv.说变就变（表示完成某事如变戏法般迅速容易）2-4 It's the Weather.The children were noisy.The children were silly.The children were messy. The children were untidy.“Oh dear!” said Mrs May. “I t’s the weather.”The children were cross. The children were grumpy.The children were unhappy.“Oh dear!” said Mrs May. “I t’s the weather.”The sun was shining. The children were good.“What a day!” said Mrs May.10.silly[英] [ˈsili] adj. 蠢的；糊涂的；不明事理的；没头脑的11.untidy[英] [ʌnˈtaɪdi:] adj. 不整洁的，凌乱的；懒散的；不干净利落的，不简练的；不适宜的12.grumpy[英] [ˈgrʌmpi:]adj. 脾气坏的；性情粗暴的；脾气暴躁的；性情乖戾的2-5 Monkey Tricks.The children went to the zoo.They looked at the giraffes. The giraffes were tall.They looked at the seals. The seals were hungry.They looked at the crocodiles. The crocodiles were asleep.They looked at the parrots. The parrots were noisy.They looked at the elephants. The elephants were big.They looked at the monkeys. The monkeys were funny.They looked for Kipper.Kipper looked like a monkey.13.crocodile[英] [ˈkrɔkədail] n.鳄鱼；鳄鱼皮革；鳄类动物2-6 Naughty Children.Two children came.They climbed on the furniture. They jumped on the sofa.They climbed up the curtains. They jumped on the bed.They climbed up the tree. They jumped on the flowers.“Oh no!” said Mum. Biff had an idea.They climbed up the ladder. They jumped off the log.They climbed up the net. They jumped off the wall.Everyone was happy. “What good children!” said Mum.The children went home.14.naughty[英] [ˈnɔ:ti] adj. 顽皮的；不听话的；粗俗的；下流的2-7 New Trees.The children went to the park.It was “Give a tree” week. Everyone wanted to give trees.Dad gave a tree. He put it by the shed.Chip gave a tree. He put it by the stream.Biff gave a tree. She put it by the pond.Wilf gave a tree. He put it by the bridge.Wilma gave a tree. She put it by the swing.Floppy gave a bone. He put it in a hole.“A funny tree,” said Chip. “A funny bone,” said Dad.15.shed[ʃed,ʃɛd]n.棚，库；分水岭2-8 The Band.Dad played his trumpet.He played in the house. Floppy barked at Dad.Dad played in the garage. Floppy barked at Dad.Dad played in the shed. Floppy barked at Dad.Dad played in a band.The band played in the park. Floppy went to the park.The band played. Floppy barked.Floppy barked and barked. The band couldn’t play.“What a bad dog!” said Dad.16.trumpet[英] [ˈtrʌmpit] n. 喇叭；小号；[乐]音栓；喇叭似的声音2-9 The Little Dragon.The children put on a play.“I am the king,” said Chip. “Fight the dragon.”“I am the knight,” said Wilma. “I will fight the dragon.”“I am the dragon,” said Kipper. “But I am a little dragon.”“I am the princess,” said Biff. “I like dragons.”The princess played with dragon. They played under the tree.“I am the knight,” said Wilma. “I am frightened,” said the dragon.“I am cross,” said the princess. She pushed the knight in the pond.“What a good play,” said everyone.17.knight[英] [nait] n.（中古时代的）武士；骑士；爵士；（国际象棋中）马18.princess[英] [prinˈses]n.公主；王妃（王族女性成员）；女巨头，女名家；<古>女王2-10 The Lost Puppy.Mrs May had a puppy. It was called Sniff.Sniff ran off.Mrs May was upset. Sniff was lost.Biff and Chip looked. They couldn’t find Sniff.Wilf and Wilma looked. They couldn’t find Sniff.Mum and Dad looked. They couldn’t find Sniff.Everyone looked. Nobaby could find Sniff.Floppy looked for his bone. Sniff was by the tree.“What a clever dog!” said everyone.2-11 Up and Down.Mum and Dad went shopping.Dad wanted a book. He went up.Mum wanted a paintbrush. She went down.Mum went up. Dad went down.Mum couldn’t see Dad. She went up.Mum went down. Dad went up.Dad went down. Mum went up.Mum came down. “Stop!” she said.“Up and down!” said Dad.19.paintbrush [英] [ˈpeɪntˌbrʌʃ] n. 漆刷，画刷，画笔2-12 Floppy's Bath.Floppy saw a rabbit.Floppy chased it. It went under a fence.Floppy got wet.Floppy got muddy.They took Floppy home. “What a soggy doggy!” said Kipper.They put Floppy in the bath. Mum and Dad washed him.Biff and Chip dried Floppy.Floppy looked clean. “What a good dog!” said Kipper. Oh no!20.chase[英] [tʃeis]vt.追捕；追求；追寻；镂刻21.soggy[英] [ˈsɒɡi] adj.湿透的，浸透的；沉闷的，乏味的22.doggy[英] [ˈdɔɡi]n.小犬，小狗adj.像狗一样的2-13 Kipper's Balloon.Mum and Dad went shopping.Kipper bought a balloon.They went to the supermarket. The balloon went bang.Kipper bought a new balloon. Dad went to the toilet.Dad saw a balloon. “Kipper’s balloon!” he said.Dad ran after it.The balloon flew away. Dad chased it.The balloon was on a statue. Dad got it down.“Oh no!” said Dad.23.bang[英] [bæŋ]n.猛击；猛撞；巨响；爆炸声vt.猛击，猛撞vi.发出砰的一声，砰砰作响，砰地敲[推，扔]；24.statue[英] [ˈstætju:] n.雕像，塑像vt.用雕像装饰2-14 Kipper's Birthday.It was Kipper’s birthday.Kipper wanted a party. Everyone wanted to come.Biff put up balloons. Mum made a cake.Dad took a sandwich. “Stop it,” said Mum.Everyone came to the party.Dad wanted to play a game. But Kipper put the television on .“Oh no!” said Mum, “What a mess!”The children played with the bubbles.“What a good party!” everyone said.2-15 Spots!Kipper had spots.Biff and Chip had spots too.The doctor came. “Stay in bed,” she said.Mum had spots. “Stay in bed, too ” said the doctor.Dad looked after everyone.He put the washing out.He went shopping. “What a job!” said Dad.Everyone got better. “Oh, no!” said Mum.Dad had spots.25.spots[spɔts] n. 地点( spot的名词复数)；斑点；少量；污迹2-16 The Baby-sitter.The baby-sitter came.“Go back to bed,” said Dad.The children came downstairs. “We couldn’t sleep,” they said.Kipper got his book. He wanted a story.Biff was hungry. They made a sandwich.Chip wanted a pillow fight. Everyone joined in.The children went back to bed. “What a mess!” said the baby-sitter.Mum and Dad came back. “Was everyone good?” said Mum.“Yes and no,” said the baby-sitter.26.baby-sitter[ˈbeɪbɪˌsɪtə] n. 代人临时照看婴孩者2-17 The Water Fight.Everyone was hot.The children wanted to go swimming. Dad said “No!”Biff got the paddling pool. Kipper filled it with water.Chip pushed Biff in the water. He grabbed the hose.They had a water fight.Mum got wet. “Stop it!” said Dad.Dad got a bucket of water. He chased Chip.Dad threw the water at Chip. Oh no!“Sorry!” said Dad.27.paddling[英] [ˈpædlɪŋ, ˈpædlɪŋ]v.涉水( paddle的现在分词)；趟水；用桨划船；用戒尺打（孩子）28.grab[英] [ɡræb]vt.夺取或抓住；抢夺，霸占；匆匆拿走；〈俚〉吸引注意力29.hose[英] [həʊz]n.软管，胶皮管；长筒袜；男性穿的紧身裤vt.用软管浇；痛打30.bucket[英] [ˈbʌkit]n.水桶；一桶（的量）；大量；2-18 Biff's Aeroplane.Biff made an aeroplane.Mum helped her. The aeroplane looked good.Biff wanted to fly it. She went to the park.The aeroplane flew up. It went over the trees.It went over the houses.Biff looked for the aeroplane. Everyone helpedBiff looked and looked. She couldn’t find it.She wanted to cry. She went upstairs.The aeroplane was on the bed.31.aeroplane[英] [ˈɛərəplein] n.飞机2-19 Floppy the Hero.A fire engine went by.There was a fire. Everyone ran to see.“Get back,” said a fireman. A barn was on fire.A little dog ran to the barn. She barked and barked.Floppy ran to the barn. He jumped in the window.“Get Floppy,” said Chip. The firemen pushed the door down.Floppy ran out. He had some puppies.Everyone looked at floppy. “What a good dog!” everyone said.What a hero!32.barn[英] [bɑ:n] n. 谷仓，粮仓；牲口棚；2-20 Kipper's Laces.Kipper wanted new shoes.He couldn’t tie his laces. Dad helped him.Kipper was at school. The class had P.E.Kipper couldn’t tie his laces. Miss Green helped him.Kipper was upset. He told Dad. Dad made a block.Kipper tried… and tried and tried and tried…“Hooray!” said Kipper.Kipper was at school. He did up his laces. “Oh no!” said Kipper.ce[英] [leis]n.蕾丝；透孔织品；鞋带；系带34.P.E.[,pi'i] n.体育课35.block[英] [blɔk] n.块；街区；<英>大楼，大厦；障碍物，阻碍2-21 The Chase.Floppy wanted a new basket.Mum and Biff went to the market. They got a new basket.Mum and Biff went to the toilet. “Stay Floppy,” said Biff.Floppy saw a cat. He chased it.The cat jumped over the oranges. Crash went the oranges.The cat jumped over some plates. Crash went the plates.The cat jumped over some clothes. “Got you!” said a man.Everyone was cross. “What a bad dog!” everyone said.“What a good dog!” said Mum36.crash[英] [kræʃ] vt.& vi. （使）猛撞，（使）撞毁vi. 撞坏；猛冲直撞；发出巨响；突然失败2-22 The Foggy Day.It was foggy.Dad wanted to go shopping. “Oh no,” said the children.They got into the car. They were fed up.The fog got worse. Dad could n’t see.Dad stopped the car. They had to walk home.The fog got worse. They were lost.“This way,” said Biff. “No, this way,” said Chip.They saw a light. “A monster!” said Dad.“It’s Mum!” said the children.37.foggy[英] [ˈfɔ:gi:]adj.有雾的；雾气朦胧的；模糊的；混乱的38.feed up[英] [fi:d ʌp]养肥；养壮；<口>处于情绪低落状态；对…厌烦39.fog[英] [fɔɡ] n.雾；烟雾；迷惑；割后再生的草2-23 The Wobbly Tooth.Kipper had a wobbly tooth.Mum wanted to pull it out. “No!” said Kipper.Dad wanted to pull it out. “No, no, no!” said Kipper.Biff went on the swing. Kipper pushed her.Oh no! The swing hit Kipper.The tooth was gone. Kipper had swallowed it.Kipper was upset.“Sorry,” said Biff and Chip. “Never mind,” said Mum.“Never mind,” said Dad. “I’m not sad,” said Kipper. “I’m glad.”40.wobbly[英] [ˈwɔbli:]adj.摇摆的；颤动的；不稳定的；歪斜的41.swallow[英] [ˈswɔləu] vt.& vi.吞，咽；忍耐，忍受vt.不流露；<口>忍受，轻信2-24 A New Dog.Kipper wanted a dog.Everyone wanted a dog.They went to the dogs’ home.They looked at the dogs.Kipper wanted this dog. It was too big.Biff wanted this dog. It was too little.Mum wanted this dog. It was too strong.Everyone liked this dog.They took the dog home.2-25 New Trainers.Chip wanted new trainers.He liked this pair.Chip wore the new trainers.Chip went to play.The trainer got muddy.The trainers got wet. Dad was cross.Chip washed the trainers. Oh no!42.trainer[英] [ˈtreɪnə] n. 教练；驯兽师，驯马师；运动鞋，跑鞋。