All of those broken bones in northern Japan, all of those broken lives and those broken homes prompt us to remember what in calmer times we are invariably minded to forget: the most stern and chilling of mantras, which holds, quite simply, that mankind inhabits this earth subject to geological consent—which can be withdrawn at any time.
For hundreds, maybe for thousands of people, this consent was withdrawn with shocking suddenness—all geological events are sudden, and all are unexpected if not necessarily entirely unanticipated—at 2:46 on this past clear, cool spring Friday afternoon. One moment all were going about their quotidian business—in offices, on trains, in rice fields, in stores, in schools, in warehouses, in shrines—and then the ground began to shake. At first, the shock was merely a much stronger and longer version of the temblors to which most Japanese are well accustomed. There came a stunned silence, as there always does. But then, the difference: a few minutes later a low rumble from the east, and in a horrifying replay of the Indian Ocean tragedy of just some six years before, the imagery of which is still hauntingly in all the world’s mind, the coastal waters off the northern Honshu vanished, sucked mysteriously out to sea.
The rumbling continued, people then began to spy a ragged white line on the horizon, and, with unimaginable ferocity, the line became visible as a wall of waves sweeping back inshore at immense speed and at great height. Just seconds later and these Pacific Ocean waters hit the Japanese seawalls, surmounted them with careless ease, and began to claw across the land beyond in what would become a dispassionate and detached orgy of utter destruction.
We all now know, and have for 50 years, that geography is the ultimate reason behind the disaster. Japan is at the junction of a web of tectonic-plate boundaries that make it more peculiarly vulnerable to ground-shaking episodes than almost anywhere else—and it is a measure of Japanese engineering ingenuity, of social cohesion, of the ready acceptance of authority and the imposition of necessary discipline that allows so many to survive these all-too-frequent displays of tectonic power.
But geography is not the only factor in this particular and acutely dreadful event. Topography played an especially tragic role in the story, too—for it is an axiom known to all those who dwell by high-tsunami-risk coastlines that when the sea sucks back, you run: you run inland and, if at all possible, you run uphill. But in this corner of northeast Japan, with its wide plains of rice meadows and ideal factory sites and conveniently flat airport locations, there may well be a great deal of inland—but there is almost no uphill.
Such mountains as exist are far away, blue and distant in the west. All here is coastal plain. And so the reality is this: if a monstrous wave is chasing you inland at the speed of a jetliner, and if the flat topography all around denies you any chance of sprinting to a hilltop to try to escape its wrath, then you can make no mistake—it will catch you, it will drown you, and its forces will pulverize you out of all recognition as a thing of utter insignificance, which of course, to a tsunami, all men and women and their creations necessarily must be.
所有这些骨折在日本北部,所有这些破碎的生活和那些破碎的家庭促使我们希望记住在平静
的时候我们总是有意忘记:最严厉和令人心寒的咒语,并将拥有非常简单,这是人类栖居在这个地球上受地质consent-which随时可能被取消。
为数百,或许数千人,该同意被撤回以惊人的suddenness-all地质事件是突然发生的,并且都不一定完全意想不到unanticipated-at分46秒,如果在这过去的清晰,很酷的春天星期五下午。一会儿所有的都是关于他们的日常business-in去办公室,在火车上,在稻田里,在商店、学校、仓库、在shrines-and然后地面开始动摇。起初,这个震动仅仅是一个更强大的和较长的版本的temblors。大部分的日本人是好习惯。7有一个撒发呆的沉默,因为没有人总是这样。但后来,差别:几分钟后一种低沉的隆隆声从东方来,又在那张可怕的回放的印度洋的悲剧,只是一些六年前的出现的意象这仍然是在全世界所有的思维,本州岛北部沿海海域神秘地消失了,郁闷的海面。
持续的隆隆声,人们开始之后,间谍歪歪扭扭的白线在地平线上,带着不可思议的凶残,线条变得可见的一面墙,海浪横扫作为在巨大的速度回来近海并且以大的高度。仅仅几秒钟之后,这些太平洋水域袭击日本海堤,克服他们与大享安逸、并开始爪在跨区域以外什么将会变成一个冷静、脱落的混乱的灭绝。
现在我们都知道,有50年来,那地理学是终极原因背后的灾难。日本是一个网站的交界处的tectonic-plate特有的界限,使它更容易受到的震撼地表比几乎任何else-and集是衡量日本工程别出心裁,社会凝聚力的,准备好了接受的权威性和实施必要的纪律,让这么多的展示这些all-too-frequent生存构造的力量。
但地理不是唯一的因素在这个特定的和尖锐的可怕的事件。特别是地形踢了一场悲剧角色在故事中,它是一个公理too-for都知道那些住在high-tsunami-risk海岸线,当大海烂透了回来,你跑:你跑内陆,如果可能的话,你跑上山。但是在这个角落,以其东北部的日本水稻广袤的平原草地和理想的地点和方便地平的机场工厂地点,可能还有大量的inland-but几乎没有任何艰难的。
这样的山体的存在已经远去,蓝色和遥远的西部。所有这是滨海平原。于是现实是这样的:如果一个恐怖的波追逐你内陆飞机的速度,并且如果甸地势平坦四周你否定任何机会拔腿冲向一个山顶,试图逃脱它的忿怒,你就能取得没有mistake-it会来找你,它会把你淹死,它的力量将会粉碎你的面目全非事态的渺小,这当然发声,海啸,所有的男人和女人,他们的创作必然都必须是业余选手。
An earthquake (also known as a quake) is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. The seismicity, seismism or seismic activity of an area refers to the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time. 地震（也称为地震，地震或地震）是一个突然释放的能量在地球的地壳地震波产生的结果。地震活动，地震或地震活动面积是指频率，类型和在一段时间内经历了地震的大小。 There are three main types of fault, all of which may cause an interplate earthquake: normal, reverse (thrust) and strike-slip. Normal and reverse faulting are examples of dip-slip, where the displacement along the fault is in the direction of dip and movement on them involves a vertical component. Normal faults occur mainly in areas where the crust is being extended such as a divergent boundary. Reverse faults occur in areas where the crust is being shortened such as at a convergent boundary. Strike-slip faults are steep structures where the two sides of the fault slip horizontally past each other; transform boundaries are a particular type of strike-slip fault. Many earthquakes are caused by movement on faults that have components of both dip-slip and strike-slip; this is known as oblique slip. 有故障的三种主要类型，所有这些都可能导致板内地震：正常，反（逆）
a letter of condolence 地震慰问信 1 中国四川汶川大地震灾害严重，已造成500多万人无家可归。请你代表我校 写一封慰问信向灾区人民表示关怀和慰问。 1. 简要描述灾区的情况 2. 对灾区人民表示关怀和慰问 3. 表达灾后重建家园的信心 dear victims, the earthquake which happened two weeks ago in sichuan province is an enormous disaster for our whole nation. it has caused both financial and life loss. until now, fifty thousand people lost their lives due to the earthquake and much more injured seriously. five million people have no homes to return as the majority of the buildings were collapsed we are sorry about this accident. it’s a pity that many children lost their parents and many couples lost their lovers. i could not help but cry when hearing of the moving stories that happened during the disaster. our whole nation is a big family, every member would like to give a helping hand to the people who suffered from the earthquake. we must show our warm-heartedness and make donations to the stricken area so that their broken heart can be warmed. a series of actions has been taken since the earthquake happened. i believe the stricken area will soon be restored with the soldiers and other warm-hearted people’s help. the future will be bright, cheer up! yours sincerely zzia (wj) --------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------- 地震慰问信2 dear victims, a week ago, i was shocked at the news about the earthquake in wenchuan. and i’m very sorry to hear that this earthquake was the greatest disaster after 1949. and there are 40075 people who are found dead in the disaster till now and there have been more than 500 million people who are homeless. the floor was ripped through, many blocks and houses were seriously damaged, and even were as flat as a pancake. i’m deeply moved by the volunteers and the international rescue teams victims and survivors with our warm heart. moreover, we contribute a large amount of money to you. and our school will try our best to help you. last but not the least, i hope we all have the confidence to rebuild
报纸有关日本地震海啸报道的统计与分析一．统计 目的：研究并学习上海几家主流报刊基于各自定位，对重大事件进行连续报道的规模、结构、采编特点等。 研究对象：文汇报2011年3月12日至3月21日10期报纸 文汇报3月12日： 1．日本地震海啸文字报道：总5条5922字 2．新闻图片的总幅数：4幅 3．相关新闻评论的总篇数：12篇6408字 4．报道分布的版面：头版：2篇 第5版：5篇（日本史上最强震>特别报道） 第6版：10篇（日本史上最强震>特别报道） 5．文字报道中，本报采写报道的字数：6856字 全部文字报道字数：12330字 6．本报记者拍摄的图片幅数：0幅 图片报道总量：4幅 7．本天中，本报记者投入的人数（根据挂名统计） 本报记者：叶松亭徐晶卉陈惟任荃陈韵旭陆益峰 本报驻东京记者：刘洪亮 文汇报3月13日： 1．日本地震海啸文字报道：总6条5067字 2．新闻图片的总幅数：3幅 3．相关新闻评论的总篇数：10篇8003字 4．报道分布的版面：头版：2篇 第5版：8篇（日本史上最强震>特别报道） 第6版：6篇（日本史上最强震>特别报道） 5．文字报道中，本报采写报道的字数：10545字 全部文字报道字数：13070字 6．本报记者拍摄的图片幅数：0幅 图片报道总量：3幅 7．本天中，本报记者投入的人数（根据挂名统计） 本报记者：赵博徐晶卉王蔚陈惟任荃 本报驻东京记者：刘洪亮 实习记者：吴宇桢 文汇报3月14日： 1．日本地震海啸文字报道：总2条3742字 2．新闻图片的总幅数：5幅 3．相关新闻评论的总篇数：9篇5519字 4．报道分布的版面：头版：1篇
第8版：8篇（日本史上最强震>特别报道） 第7版：2篇（体育新闻版） 5．文字报道中，本报采写报道的字数：6336字 全部文字报道字数：9261字 6．本报记者拍摄的图片幅数：0幅 图片报道总量：6幅 7．本天中，本报记者投入的人数（根据挂名统计） 本报记者：江世亮王彦黄宇春 本报驻东京记者：刘洪亮 实习记者：吴宇桢 文汇报3月15日： 1．日本地震海啸文字报道：总9条8734字 2．新闻图片的总幅数：7幅 3．相关新闻评论的总篇数：6篇4946字 4．报道分布的版面：头版：2篇 第6版：2篇（综合新闻/国内新闻） 第7版：1篇（文化新闻） 第9版：6篇（日本史上最强震>特别报道） 第10版：2篇（财经新闻） 第12版：3篇（科教文摘） 5．文字报道中，本报采写报道的字数：8700字 全部文字报道字数：13680字 6．本报记者拍摄的图片幅数：2幅 图片报道总量：7幅 7．本天中，本报记者投入的人数（根据挂名统计） 本报记者：唐玮婕本报记者：赵维光赵博黄春宇王蔚许琦敏本报驻东京记者：刘洪亮 实习记者：吴宇桢 文汇报3月16日： 1．日本地震海啸文字报道：总7条3908字 2．新闻图片的总幅数：3幅 3．相关新闻评论的总篇数：10篇8386字 4．报道分布的版面：头版：3篇 第3版：4篇（综合新闻） 第6版：8篇（日本史上最强震>特别报道） 第8版：1篇(教科卫新闻） 第9版：1篇（文化新闻） 5．文字报道中，本报采写报道的字数：9389字 全部文字报道字数：12294字 6．本报记者拍摄的图片幅数：0幅 图片报道总量：3幅 7．本天中，本报记者投入的人数（根据挂名统计）
高中英语作文范文：为地震灾区人民募捐 假设你是学校的学生会主席，你校计划下周举行一次为四川汶川地震灾区人民献爱心捐衣捐款和义卖活动，请你代表学生会向全体同学简单介绍汶川地震灾情，并倡议同学们踊跃捐款，参加义卖活动。 1. 地震灾情：四川省汶川县于5月12日下午2:28分发生八级强烈地震；截止5月22日，已导致68109人遇难，364552人受伤，许多房屋和学校被毁，500多万人无家可归，生活十分困难。 2. 学生需要帮助，学校需要重建；全世界人民都在努力帮助灾区人民，我们也不例外。 3. 号召学生捐衣服，捐零花钱，义卖(bring-and-buy sale)旧书籍、Mp3等。所有物资和捐款将尽快送往灾区。 4. 你的感想。 【参考范文】 Teachers and fellow students, As we all know, an 8.0 earthquake broke out at 2:28pm on May 12th in Wenchuan, Sichuan Province. It's reported that the earthquake was so strong that it has caused 68,109 deaths and 364,552 people were hurt. Many houses and schools were destroyed and as a consequence, more than five million people are living a hard life now. Just imagine how the students there need help and that schools should be built so that students can return to classes soon. People all over the world are trying their best to help them, not excepting us. Here Students' Union calls on everyone to give away your old clothes and pocket money and bring your used books, mp3s or something else to sell in the bring-and-buy sale. All the materials and the money to be collected will be sent to the earthquake stricken areas as soon as possible. My fellow friends, "blood is thicker than water"(血浓于水). Please donate your love and give out your hands without hesitation. We believe miracles can be created, a great many lives will be saved and the harmonious society is sure to be achieved. That's all. Thank you!
英文地震慰问信 篇一：英文的慰问信 下面是写慰问信需要注意的几点： 1.startwithastatementofsympathy 2.followwithsentencesaboutmutualexperiencesorrelationship. 范文： .慰问信（notesofsympathyonillness,injuryandmaterialloss）亲友生了病或受了伤，或由于火灾、水灾、被盗等不幸事件蒙受了损失，就应该写封信 表示慰问。慰问信要写的真诚，要注意措辞。写慰问信时，一定要围绕一个中心，那就是使 收信人从中得到安慰和鼓舞。 1.慰问病人人们在蒙受损失时，总希望能得到朋友的安慰。这种
慰问信一般都比较简短，只表示关 心和同情。 june25,2005 dearmr.thompson, iwasextremelysorrytohearofthefirethatdestroyedyourbeautiful house. iknowwellhowmuchthathousemeanttoyouandihastentooffermysympa thy.withbestwishestoyouboth.sincerelyyours, smith [译文] 亲爱的汤普森先生： 听说火灾毁了您漂亮的住宅，我难过极了。我知道您和夫人是非常喜爱那座房子的。特
立即向您们表示慰问。 向您们致以最诚挚的同情。您诚挚的， 史密斯 2005年6月25日 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5.安慰友人考试落榜（tothosewhocouldnotpasstheentranceexamination）june29,2005 dearbill, whatshockingnewstomewheniwastoldbymr.lewisthatyoucouldnotpa ss theentranceexamination.thismeansyouhavetowaitforanotheryear
预防地震的英语作文范文预防地震的英语作文预防地震的英语作文 As we all know,the earthquake is inevitable,but we can take some methods to reduce it.First,when the earthquake happen we should hide under the furniture which are very solid(坚固的）.Second,we should keep calm,and don't worry about it.Third,we should make sure that the door is open so as to escape.Besides,we should prepare something which we must carry when the earthquake happe.The things which we should carry is that enough water and food,a flashlight,a blanket and so on.TH most important point is that we must learn something about earthquake. Today, there are ways to protect and prepare possible sites of earthquakes from severe damage, through the following processes: earthquake engineering, earthquake preparedness, household seismic safety, seismic retrofit (including special fasteners, materials, and techniques), seismic hazard, mitigation of seismic motion, and earthquake prediction. Seismic retrofitting is the modification of existing structures to make them more
初二关于地震的英语作文 After 5. earthquake struck sichuan province since 20xx, we, I was so frightened by an earthquake, I felt the earthquake many houses will be apart, can let many people lost their lives, is one of the world's most terrible disaster. Today I saw "China children's encyclopedia, really know anything about earthquake. It turns out that the earthquake happened all of a sudden the vibration phenomenon, like the wind, rain, is a kind of common natural phenomena. Vibrations in the earth, in fact, very frequently, probably every 30 seconds there will be time, but most of them are very ease, people did not feel. We can feel the earthquake is due to the relative movement between earth's tectonic plates, rock is squeezed, produce a huge amount of energy to make rock failure in an instant, or make originally the already existing fracture activity, suddenly release a large amount of energy, and some of the energy to the earth's surface, make the earth trembling violently, causing strong earthquake. Started happening earthquake site is called the source, the source above the ground is called
【摘要】在3月11日本特大地震发生后，日本媒体的表现得到了世界的赞许与肯定。在这一类灾难新闻中，对比国内的媒体报道，日本媒体在报道的采访、内容、导向性上有着许多值得国内媒体学习的地方，中国的媒体在对于特大自然灾害的报道中需要对自己报道的标准、方法进行不断改进。 【关键词】灾难事件中日媒体新闻报道 近年来，世界各地频发地震等自然灾害。中国媒体在这类事件的报道上投入的力度也越来越大。但纵观这几年的灾难报道，中国媒体由于缺乏经验，在报道的方法上还有很多不成熟的地方。与中国相邻的日本是一个自然灾难频发的国家，在灾难新闻的报道上有着许多可供我们借鉴的经验。对比中国的汶川地震和日本最近发生的“3?11”特大地震的新闻报道，可以发现中国媒体对灾难事件的报道有得得改进的地方。 一、中日媒体在灾难事件采访上的差别 首先，在对比地震中采访对象的选择上，中国的媒体比较喜欢采访地震中的受灾群众，希望能够从他们的口中获得关于地震发生时的情况以及他们现在的情况。从专业的角度来看，这些受难群众是地震灾难的当事人，在他们身上必定具有许多有价值的新闻，但为了尽快获得这些新闻，中国的一些记者在对于采访时机的把握上通常显得不够慎重。在汶川地震中我们可以见到像这样的情况：被埋者在废墟中奄奄一息，记者却要求暂停营救，先行采访，并阻止救援人员搬开悬挂在被埋者上方摇摇欲坠的天花板；在地震灾区临时医院里，医生正准备给伤员动手术，记者在没有消毒的情况下强行进入并要求采访，导致医疗设备被污染，类似的情况并不是个案，在一些极端案例中，由于媒体的不当采访，间接导致了被采访者的死亡。 与之相对应的日本媒体，在“3?11”大地震中，日本媒体也会将采访的镜头对准灾民，但在采访的时机上，普遍遵循了不得干扰救援工作进行的原则。对于在废墟下进行的救援过程，日本媒体也会采取直播，但在其过程中，不会采访任何救援队员，因为担心影响救援进度，也不采访受害者家属，因为此时他们已痛苦万分，日本媒体认为任何强行采访在此时都只会给家属徒增伤痛。浏览日本关于地震的新闻，可以发现那些对惊魂未定的灾民进行采访的新闻很少，电视台的记者一般安静地拍下他们和生还的亲人、朋友拥抱或者沉默的情景。在采访时机的选择上，除了不干扰地震救援人员的工作之外，日本的媒体也非常注意灾民的心理情绪是否适合接受采访，避免由于自己的采访对其心理造成二次伤害。 除了选择采访对象与采访时机之外，记者在采访中的提问方式也表现出其职业素养。在汶川地震中，中国的一些媒体为了获取信息或在报道中突出某种目的，常常对采访对象采取“侵扰悲痛”式的采访，这种采访如果方式不当，就会对被访对象造成很大伤害，某电视台对女警蒋敏的采访就属于这一例子。 而日本媒体在面对这种可能会“侵扰悲痛”的采访时则表现出来了更多的人文关怀，提问的内容通常也只是点到即止，绝对不会对受灾群众进行任何的追问。例如，一名主持人在采访一位灾民时，问到他“你的家人找到了吗？”当得到没有的答案时，主持人安慰他“请加油。”①短短的几句话中，已经传递出了很多的内容，而主持人此时并没有再继续追问他更多的关于其家人的情况。这种采访虽然比较短，但并不煽情、也不会侵害到被采访者的个人情感和尊严。总结日本媒体在地震灾难中的采访，其角度和语气都显得比较平和，话语中充满了人情味，采访的过程就是对灾民的一次安慰。 二、新闻图片的搜集、新闻素材的选取上的差别 中国媒体所选用的新闻图片通常喜欢将镜头对准受伤的灾民甚至是遇难者，一些报纸还将这种照片作为头版新闻图片来使用，为的是突出新闻图片的视觉冲击力和影响力，但有可
第一篇： A horrible earthquake happened in japan.The enormous wave of ten meter height washed away all the coast area northwest of the country. But what’s more is nuclear power station explosion. Though a lot of countries including China have sent many rescues to help the Japanese, but the Japanese are still in misery,for there’s many people killed in the earthquake. A strong earthquake attacked Japan at 1:46pm. I was shocked when I heard about the bad news. Why there were so many disasters in the world? I looked up some files about the top fourteen worst earthquakes in the past one hundred years from internet. And some earthquakes even came with tsunamis. It was said that 300 thousands of people died in 2004 as a result of the earthquake and tsunami happened in Indonesia. And 242 thousands of citizens died in Tangshan Earthquake in 1976 in China. Also in 2008, another big earthquake happened in China, and more than 7 thousands passed away. How awful it is when we talk about these figures. Everyone should cherish what we have now. I felt scary when I watched 2012. But the disasters happened are more fearful. Dalian is not far away from Japan, my colleague told me that she would be too panic to go to bed tonight. It is funny. I did not worry about that. No one can expect what will happen in the next minute. Just enjoy every minute in our life. It is enough~ strong earthquake attacked Japan at 1:46pm. I was shocked when I heard about the bad news. Why there were so many disasters in the world? I looked up some files about the top fourteen worst earthquakes in the past one hundred years from internet. And some earthquakes even came with tsunamis. It was said that 300 thousands of people died in 2004 as a result of the earthquake and tsunami happened in Indonesia. And 242 thousands of citizens died in Tangshan Earthquake in 1976 in China. Also in 2008, another big earthquake happened in China, and more than 7 thousands passed away. How awful it is when we talk about these figures. Everyone should cherish what we have now. I felt scary when I watched 2012. But the disasters happened are more fearful. Dalian is not far away from Japan, my colleague told me that she would be too panic to go to bed tonight. It is funny. I did not worry about that. No one can expect what will happen in the next minute. Just enjoy every minute in our life.
汶川地震英语作文 汶川地震英语作文 Strong earthquake hits China A powerful earthquake measuring 7.8 has hit China's southern province of Sichuan, shaking buildings as far away as Beijing, Shanghai and Bangkok. It was not immediately clear if there were any casualties or damage from the tremor which the the US Geological Survey (UGS) earlier put at 7.8. The epicentre of the quake was 93 kilometres north of Chengdu. Wenchuan, which took full force of the quake, has a population of 111,000 people. It is in an ethnic Tibetan area in Aba county which recently saw violent clashes between Tibetans and Chinese authorities. According to some reports there was a second earthquake measuring 3.9 which hit the Beijing district of Tongzhou at roughly the same time.
关于地震的高中英语作文 【我寄语】以下是笔者为大家整理的关于地震的高中英语作文，文章仅供大家参考：If you have received possibly have the earthquake warning, continues to maintain listens to the local broadcasting station newest report and the suggestion, like the suggestion switches off the liquid gas, the power source. Greatly but the heavy object from high will put on to take away. The jar, the glass, the chinaware and other brittle things admit in the low cabinet, the baggage shelf should have keeps off the hand by to prevent the object whereabouts. The cabinet gate should shut tightly, moves away to be hanging the object. Below prepares the goods by to prepare urgently needs: Fresh fresh water and emergency food, flashlight, fire extinguisher. Is far away these possibly to fall is pounding your thing, possibly can eradicate in outdoors trees, in the small town construction even if enough is sturdy cannot destroy, the chippings also possibly
All of those broken bones in northern Japan, all of those broken lives and those broken homes prompt us to remember what in calmer times we are invariably minded to forget: the most stern and chilling of mantras, which holds, quite simply, that mankind inhabits this earth subject to geological consent—which can be withdrawn at any time. For hundreds, maybe for thousands of people, this consent was withdrawn with shocking suddenness—all geological events are sudden, and all are unexpected if not necessarily entirely unanticipated—at 2:46 on this past clear, cool spring Friday afternoon. One moment all were going about their quotidian business—in offices, on trains, in rice fields, in stores, in schools, in warehouses, in shrines—and then the ground began to shake. At first, the shock was merely a much stronger and longer version of the temblors to which most Japanese are well accustomed. There came a stunned silence, as there always does. But then, the difference: a few minutes later a low rumble from the east, and in a horrifying replay of the Indian Ocean tragedy of just some six years before, the imagery of which is still hauntingly in all the world’s mind, the coastal waters off the northern Honshu vanished, sucked mysteriously out to sea. The rumbling continued, people then began to spy a ragged white line on the horizon, and, with unimaginable ferocity, the line became visible as a wall of waves sweeping back inshore at immense speed and at great height. Just seconds later and these Pacific Ocean waters hit the Japanese seawalls, surmounted them with careless ease, and began to claw across the land beyond in what would become a dispassionate and detached orgy of utter destruction. We all now know, and have for 50 years, that geography is the ultimate reason behind the disaster. Japan is at the junction of a web of tectonic-plate boundaries that make it more peculiarly vulnerable to ground-shaking episodes than almost anywhere else—and it is a measure of Japanese engineering ingenuity, of social cohesion, of the ready acceptance of authority and the imposition of necessary discipline that allows so many to survive these all-too-frequent displays of tectonic power. But geography is not the only factor in this particular and acutely dreadful event. Topography played an especially tragic role in the story, too—for it is an axiom known to all those who dwell by high-tsunami-risk coastlines that when the sea sucks back, you run: you run inland and, if at all possible, you run uphill. But in this corner of northeast Japan, with its wide plains of rice meadows and ideal factory sites and conveniently flat airport locations, there may well be a great deal of inland—but there is almost no uphill. Such mountains as exist are far away, blue and distant in the west. All here is coastal plain. And so the reality is this: if a monstrous wave is chasing you inland at the speed of a jetliner, and if the flat topography all around denies you any chance of sprinting to a hilltop to try to escape its wrath, then you can make no mistake—it will catch you, it will drown you, and its forces will pulverize you out of all recognition as a thing of utter insignificance, which of course, to a tsunami, all men and women and their creations necessarily must be. 所有这些骨折在日本北部,所有这些破碎的生活和那些破碎的家庭促使我们希望记住在平静
日本9级特大地震简介 徐锡伟 中国地震局地质研究所 2011年3月11日日本东北部海域9级特大型地震，地震持续时间达5分钟，诱发了超过10米高的海啸，不仅冲刷了日本东北部海岸建构筑物、船只、汽车等所有地面物品，还引起了火灾、核电站设施爆炸、核泄漏和上万人死亡，这不仅仅是日本的灾难，也是全人类共同面对的灾难，引发了全球对核电站安全的担忧。同时，还给我们带来了许多经验和教训，如果我们能够从中吸收有用的养分，有可能让我们今后更从容面对未来的地震灾害。 1地震基本参数 时间：2011年3月11日14时46分23秒（东京时间） 地点：日本本州东部海岸附近海域，北纬38.322，东经142.369 震中：日本东北地区宫城县 地震矩释放量：3.6×1022Nm，Mw=9.0 9级地震发生在太平洋板块俯冲到北美板块及更西的欧亚板块之下的巨型逆断层上 （上图显示日本地震震源百年复发间隔的发震概率图：2011年地震发生在太平洋板块向西俯冲的板块边界带上（蓝色矩形框内，是原来预测的多个小于8级潜在震源a, B1, B2, b, c, d, and e级联破裂的结果）
震源深度：24.4km 震源机制解见下图： 根据主震和余震和已有地震的准确定位资料和震源机制解等，可以推测发震断层：太平洋板块向西俯冲到北美板块及更西的欧亚板块之下的巨型低角度逆断层，属板块边界带地震。 发震断层走向：194.9度，倾向西，倾角14.9度。
用于约束板块俯冲带几何结构的地震分布图（据https://www.doczj.com/doc/299059926.html,/earthquakes/eqarchives/subduction_zone/usc0001xgp/) 板块俯冲带发震断层倾角拟合（据https://www.doczj.com/doc/299059926.html,/earthquakes/eqarchives/subduction_zone/usc0001xgp/)