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许国璋英语许式英语语音语法复习二

许国璋英语许式英语语音语法复习二
许国璋英语许式英语语音语法复习二

许式英语复习二

一.词类

(一)名词(noun—n.)(内容在“许式英语复习一”里)

(二)动词(verb—v.) (同上)

(三)代词(pronoun—pron.):可分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词、疑问代词、关系代词、连接代词、不定代词九类。

1.指示代词this, that, these, those在句中可用作:

1)主语

This is Jane. That is Bob.

This is a telephone. That is a TV set. This /That is not / isn‘t a computer.

―Is this a telephone?‖ ―Yes, it is.‖

―Is that a computer?‖ ―No, it is not / isn‘t. It is a TV set.‖

These are cars. Those are buses. They are not / aren‘t jeeps.

―Are these buses?‖ ―No, they are not. They are cars.‖

Those are newspapers. They are not / aren‘t magazines.

―What are those?‖ ―They are newspapers.‖

2) 宾语

You should always keep this in mind. 我们应当经常记住这一点。

Better take that with you. 最好把那个带着。

3) 表语

My idea is this. 我的意见是这样。

4) 定语

For these reasons we have to cancel the trip. 由于这些原因,我们只好取消这次旅行。

2.

1)作主语要用主格。(注意动词be 要随不同的人称和数而变化,即: I am,

you are, he is, she is, it is, we are, you are , they are.。)例如:

I am / am not a teacher. You are /are not an engineer. He is /is not a CEO. She

is/ isn‘t a doctor.

We are students. You are civil servants(公务员). They are players(运动员).

They are not /aren‘t actors(演员).

―Are you a teacher?‖ ―Yes, I am.‖ ―No, I am not.‖

―Is he a model worker(模范工人)?‖ ―Yes, he is. ‖ ―No, he is not /isn‘t.‖

―How are you?‖ ―I‘m fine, thank you.‖

2)作宾语要用宾格。例如:

Let me try again. 让我再试试。

They like him very much. 他们都很喜欢他。

She gave them a lot of books. 她送给他们很多书。

3)做表语时多用宾格,特别是在口语中。例如:

Who is knocking at the door? ----- It‘s me. 谁在敲门?----- 是我。

If I were her, I would take the advice. 我要是他就接受这个意见。

但在下面这种结构中却常用主格:

It was he who did it. (强调)是他做了这事。

It is she who wants it. (强调)是她想要这个。

3.物主代词:表明事物关系的词。物主代词分形容词性和名词性的。

(1)容词性的物主代词只能作定语,放在名词前面:

May I know your name? ------ My name is Li Xin.

Is this his mobile phone? ------ Yes, it is.

This is our teaching building.

(2)名词性的物主代词代表了形容词性物主代词及其后面的名词,起名词的作用,在句中:

1)作主语

Your magazine is new, but mine is old.

This is our classroom. Theirs is on the third floor.

2)作动词宾语

I have lost my dictionary. May I use yours? 我把字典丢了。我能用你的

吗?

Let‘s clean their room first and then ours。让我们先打扫他们的房间,然后再打扫我们的。

3)作表语

This is your suitcase(箱子), and that is his.

4.疑问代词:疑问代词who, whom, whose, what, which都是用来构成特殊疑问句的。who通常作表语,whom作宾语;例如:

Who is speaking? 是哪一位(打电话)?

Whom do you wish to speak? 你找谁接电话?

Who /whom did you mean? 你指的是谁?(口语中常用who代替whom.)

Who/whom are you talking about? 你们在说谁?

With whom did you go? 你和谁一道去的?(如果前面有介词时,就仍旧用whom,但口语中说Who did you go with? 时更多些。)

其他三个疑问词可以用作

1)主语

What happened next? 后来怎么样了呢?

Whose is better? 谁的好一些?

Which is yours? 哪个是你的?

2) 表语

W hat‘s your father?你父亲是干什么的?

Whose is it? 这是谁的?

They are so alike, you can‘t tell which is which.

他们是那样相象,你都分不出谁是谁了。

3) 宾语

What do you mean? 你是什么意思?

Which do you prefer, tea or coffee? 你愿意要哪一种,茶还是咖啡?

Whose are you going to borrow? 你预备借谁的?

4) 定语

What time shall we meet again? 我们什么时候再碰头?

Which train will you take? 你搭那一班火车?

Whose umbrella is this? 这是谁的雨伞?

5.反身代词

I can‘t express myself in English. 我不能用英语表达思想。

Take good care of yourself. 好好保重。

2)作表语

I am not quite myself these days. 我近来身体不大舒服。

That poor boy was myself. 那个可怜的孩子就是我。

3)作主语或宾语的同位语,多译为“本人”或“本身”; 有时常用来加

强语气,常译为“自己”或“亲自”:

The theory itself is all right. 这理论本身没有问题。

We‘d better ask the president himself about it. 最好问校长本人。

You yourself did it. / You did it yourself. 这是你自己做的事。

They themselves are to blame. / They are to blame themselves.

这得怪他们自己。

He says he‘ll do it himself. 他说他将亲自办这件事。

反身代词间或可作主语(代替人称代词):

Both my sister and myself asked to go and work there.

我妹妹和我都要求到那里工作。

She was as anxious as I was.她和我一样着急。

oneself也是一个反身代词,用法和其他的相同,例如:

One should not live for oneself alone. 一个人不应该只为自己活着。

6. 不定代词

1)both“两个都…), either“(两个中)任一的”, neither“两者都不;

哪一个都不”:指两个人或物。它们可以作主语、宾语、定语, 例如:

Both (of you) are right. (你们)两人全对。(谓语动词用复数形式)

Either (of the books) will do. (两本书)随便哪一本都可以。

(谓语动词用单数形式)Neither (of the answers) is correct. (两个回答)哪一个都不对。

(谓语动词用单数形式)I‘ll take both (of them) with me.我把他们两人都带去。

You may take either with you. 两个中间你随便带哪一个去。

I agree with neither of you. 你们两人的话我都不同意。

Both (the) seats are taken. 两个座位都有人占了。

You may take either road. 两条路你走哪一条都行。

Neither seat is occupied. 两个座位一个也没人占。

另外both还可以作同位语(这时要注意both的位置):

You and I are both to blame. 我们两人都有错。(跟在动词be 后)

They both agreed to stay. 他们两人都答应呆下去。(放在实意动词前面)

2)all ―人人、大家、全体、一切、全部”:用来指三个或三个以上的人或物时可用作主语、宾语、定语、同位语:

All of us are fond of sports. 我们都喜欢运动。(谓语动词用复数形式)

I want all of you to make rapid progress. 我希望你们全都迅速进步。

All roads lead to Rome. 条条大路通罗马。

They all agreed to stay there. 他们都同意呆在这儿。

They are all for her. 他们全支持她。

在谈到不可数的东西时,可用作主语、宾语、定语、表语,例如:All is going well. 一切进行得很好。(谓语动词用单数形式)

Grasp all, lose all. 什么都抓,什么都抓不住。

All hope has gone. 一切希望都破灭了。

That is all. / That‘s all. 我讲的就这些,没有了。

3)every “每一个”:只作定语,例如:

Every room is clean and tidy. 每间房都清洁整齐

They help us in every way. 他们以各种方式帮助我们。

但它能和body, one, thing等词构成合成代词,主要用作主语、宾语或表语等;

Everybody (Everyone) is interested in the subject. 谁对这问题都有兴趣。

Everything goes well with us. 我们一切进行顺利。

To know everything is to know nothing. 样样皆通,样样稀松。(谚)

Money isn‘t everything.金钱不是一切。(谚)every的含义常和all很接近,如:

He has read every book / all the books on the subject.

有关这个问题的书他全看了。

Everyone is / All are here. 全都到齐了。

其中的差别是,用时always是从整体去看的,相当于“所有的”意思,而用all时是从每一个个体着眼,相当于“每一个”的意思。两者有时能互换着用,有时却不行,例如下面句子就不行:

There is every possibility of our winning the game. 我们有很大可能赢这场球。

Every minute there is something exciting going on there.

这里每一分钟都有使人兴奋的事发生。

4) each也是“每一个”的意思,但与every不同,在把一些东西一个个加以

考虑时,多用each,例如:

Each student may try twice. 每个学生可以试两次。

Each delegation began to sing its own songs. 每个代表团都开始唱自己的歌。

Each 在句中可以作主语、宾语、定语、同位语:

Each (of them) may come at a different time. 各人可以在不同的时间来。

He gave two to each (of them). 他给(他们)每人两个。

Each student has a separate room. 每个学生有一个单独房间。

They each put forward a proposal. 他们每人提出了一个建议。

5)one有时可作代词用,代替前面刚提到的一个人或物,以避免重复,例如:

Do you need my pen? ---No, thanks, I have got one (= a pen).

你要用我的钢笔吗?---不,我自己有一支。

one有时它还可以有自己的定语或冠词,甚至可以有复数形式:

Your question is a difficult one. 你问的是一个难答的问题。

Which person do you mean? The one with glasses on?

你说的是谁?是带眼镜的那个人吗?

The large ones are 45 yuan each. 大号的四十五元钱一个。

有时可用来表示“一种人”:

One who doesn‘t work hard can‘t hope to accomplish much.

不努力的人不能指望有多大成就。

有时还可以用来泛指人:

Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.

虚心使人进步,骄傲使人落后。

可以和some等代词构成合成代词:someone, anyone, everyone, no one, oneself.

6) none和no都用于否定的意思。

none是“没有一个人(东西)”的意思,在句中可作主语、宾语、同位语:

None of them knew how to read and write in those days. 那时他们都不识字。

I like none of the books. 这些书我全不喜欢。

We none of us said anything. 我们谁也没说什么。

none在作主语时,如果想到所有人的情况,动词多用复数形式,如果谈每个人的情况,则用单数较好:

None of us are perfect. 我们谁也不是完人。

None of them has had that kind of experience.

他们没有一个人有过这样的经历。

No 是“没有”的意思,常用作定语来构成否定句:

There is no fire without some smoke. 有火就有烟。(谚)Time and tide wait for no man. 岁月不等人。(谚)7) some与any是表示不定数量的代词,相当于“一些”,但意思不强(译

成汉语时“一些”这样的词常不出现);两个词多作定语;some多用于肯定句,any多用于疑问句、否定句或条件从句。见下表:

Some 和any还可用来修饰可数名词单数,这时some表示“某一个”,any表示“随便哪一个”或“任何一个”:

You will regret it some day. 有一天你会后悔的。

I remember having read about it in some magazine.

我记得看到哪本杂志上谈到这件事。

Come any day you like. 你哪天来都行。

此外some 和any还可以用作主语和宾语:

Some (of us) are going by boat. (我们)有的人坐船去。

Is there any left? 还有剩的吗?

I need some paper. Have you got any? 我需要一些纸。你有吗?some可和数词连用,表示“大约”:

It happened some twenty years ago. 这大约是二十年前的事了。

one, body, thing构成合成代词:

8)some ,any和no 可以与

这些代词都作单数看待,表示“某人”,“某物”等,在句中用作主语、宾语、表语:

Someone is asking to see you. 有人要见你。

Nobody is absent. 没人缺席。

I know nothing about it. 我一点都不知道。

He saw no one there. 那儿他没看到谁。

Let‘s get something to drink.咱们去弄点东西喝喝。

Do you need anything? 你缺什么吗?

That‘s nothing.没什么。

9)little, few, many, much 都是表示数量的代词,用法大致可归纳如下:

这些词用作定语时较多,有时也可用作主语或宾语:

Many hands make light work. 人多好办事。(谚)

Much money has been wasted that way. 大量钱都这样浪费掉了。

Few words are best. 少说话最好。(谚)

An unjust cause finds little support. 失道寡助。

There is still much to be done. 还有很多事要做。

Few (of us) have ever been to Tibet. (我们中间)很少人到过西藏。

A few of us are from the north. 我们有几个是北方人。

There is little (still a little) left. 没剩多少了(还剩一点)。

How many (much) do you want? --- A dozen (catty).

你要多少?--- 一打(斤)。

I know little about it. 这事我不大了解。

We spend very little on food. 我们在吃上花钱不多。

I have brought a few (a little) with me. 我带来了几个(一点儿)。

间或作表语:

How much is it? 多少钱?

Thanks, it‘s too much for me. 谢谢,太多了。

注意: quite a few表示“相当多”:

There were quite a few foreigners there. 那儿有很多外国人。10)o ther 和another是“另外”和“另外一个”的意思,可以作定语、主

语、或宾语:

Where are the other guests? 其他客人在哪里?(特指)

Other people may not think that way. 别的人可不这么想。(泛指)

Please give another example. 请再举个例子。(泛指)

Some will clean the windows. The others will move desks.

有的人擦窗子,其他的人搬桌子。

Three people spoke at the meeting. One was a lawyer, another a teacher, and the third was a social worker. 三个人在会上发了言:一个是律师,另一个是教师,第三个是社会工作者。(泛指)

Show me another, please. 请再拿一个给我看。(泛指)Other 有复数形式,特指时要加定冠词。着两个词地用法大致归纳如下:

另外,another有时用作“再……一”的意思,例如:

Have another cup of coffee, please.再喝一杯咖啡吧。

(7)关系代词和连接代词(略。结合从句一起复习。)

(四)数词(numeral—num.):表示数目或顺序的词。表示数目的称为基数词;表示顺序的称为序数词。

1.基数词

(1)从13 到19,由后缀-teen结尾,这些词有两个重音,例如:fifteen [?fif‘ti : n]。

(2)从20 到90,由后缀–ty结尾, –ty不重读。

(3)有些个位数变成十位数时,拼写有变化,例如thirteen, fifteen, twenty, forty。

(4)其余的二位数表示法:由“十位数加连字符‘–’加个位数”构成。例如:

21 twenty-one 52 fifty-two 99 ninety-nine

(5)三位数表示法:由“个位数+ hundred + and + 末两位数(或末位数)”构成。例如:

101 one hundred and one

245two hundred and forty-five

在后接续其他数时,一般要用and 连接。

(6)其余各位数可照此依次类推。例如;

1,001 one thousand and one

43,185 forty-three thousand, one hundred and eighty-five.

基数词在句中主要用作:

(1)定语:

I have only one ticket. 我只有一张票。

(2)主语:

Two of them are from England. 他们中间有两人来自英国。

There are five of us in all. 我们一共是五个人。

(3)宾语或介词宾语:

How many do you want? --- Eight, please. 你要多少?----八个。

The city has a population of six million. 这个城市有四百万人口。

He graduated from the college at the age of twenty-two.

他二十二岁时大学毕业。(4)表语:

We are altogether fourteen. 我们一共十四人。

Five plus seven is twelve. 五加七是十二。

(5)同位语:

Is there room for us two?有我们两人的位置吗?(6)基数词有时也可以复数形式出现,用在下面这类句子中:Hundreds of new buildings have been built in the city this year.

今年这座城市盖了成百上千幢楼房。

Thousands and thousands of people come to visit the city every day.

每天有成千上万的人来访问这座城市。

They arrived in twos and threes. 他们三三两两地来了。

(7)表示“……十”的数词的复数形式可用来表示人的岁数或年代:

He is in his early thirties. 他有三十来岁(31---34 岁)。

He died still in his forties. 他四十多岁就死了。

This took place in the 1930s.这事发生在二十世纪三十年代。

2. 序数词

(1) 从“第四”起均由相应的基数词-th构成。注意fifth, eighth, ninth,

twelfth的拼法。

(2) 以-y结尾的两位数的基数词改写为序数词时,要先将-y改为-i,

加-th。其余的两位数在构成序数词时,只需将个位数变成序数词。

例如:forty-second 第四十二

(3) 第一百、第一千等由相应的基数词-th构成。

(4) 叙述词可用阿拉伯数字加序数词的最后两个字母来表示。例如:

first 1st; second 2nd; sixty-third 63rd;

ninety-ninth 99th

(5)序数词前一定要加定冠词the 。例如:

the first page 第一页, the twenty-fourth lesson 第二十四课

序数词的用法:

(1)主要用作定语,前面一定要加定冠词(或物主代词)。例如:Tom is their second son.

My room is on the third floor.

(2)有时前面可加一不定冠词表示“再一”、“又一”这样的意思:

We‘ll have to do it a second time. 我们得重做一次。

Shall I ask him a third time? (我已问过了他两次)还要问一次吗?

When I sat down, a fourth man rose to speak. 我坐下后第四个人又起来发言。

(3)first, second等词有时可用来代表“第一个人(批)”、“第二个人”等:

You will be the second to speak. 你第二个发言。

(4)在某些词组中,序数词second, third 等前不加冠词的情形也是有的:

to travel third-class(状语)坐三等舱second-hand bookstore 旧书店(5)另外first, second 等词还可用作副词:

He came out first (second) in the contest. 他在比赛中得了第一(二)名。

This team ranks third in its own country. 这个队在本国居第三位。(6)在谈编了号的东西时,可用基数词表示顺序:

the first part --- part one /Part 1第一部分

the fifteenth page --- page fifteen / p.15 第15页

如果数字较长,序数词避免使用,而且读的方法也常常简化:

第201房Room 201 ( two o one)

第十课Lesson 10 ( Ten )

练习6 Exercise 6 (Six)

第七路公共汽车Bus (No.) 7 (number seven)

第一站台Platform (NO.) 1

第三号和第四号卧铺Berth Nos 3 and 4

南京路1490号1490 Nanjing Road /Rd.

电话号码010-654321 telephone number : 010-654321

3. 分数:分数是由基数词和序数词合成的,分数用基数词表示,分母用序数词表示。分子大于一时,用作分母的序数词用复数形式。注意和的用法:

1 /

2 one ( a) half, one second 2/

3 two-thirds

1/3 0ne (a) third 3/4 three-fourths, three quarters

1/4 one (a0 fourth , one (a) quarter 5 6/7 five and six-sevenths

例句:

She has lost her weight by one-fifth. 她体重减轻了五分之一。

Two-thirds of the students are boys. 三分之二的学生是男孩子。

4. 小数:用基数词加小数点来表示。小数点(读作point)以前的数,按基数词的规则读;小数点以后的数按个位基数词依次读出。例如:

0.9 naught (zero) point nine / point nine

0.145 naught (zero) point one four five

0.007 naught (zero) point o o seven

7.37 seven point three seven

15.264f ifteen point two six four

例句:

How much is the coat? --- It is $21.45. 这件外套要多少钱/ ---- 要21.45美元。

Her brother is 1.75 metres tall. 他弟弟有1.75 米高。

5. 百分数:由基数词(或小数)和百分号(%)合成。百分号写读作per cent (percent)。例如:

80% eighty percent ; 15% fifteen percent ; 0.4 (zero) point percent

例句;

The output of steel has increased by 70 percent. 钢产量增加了百分之七十。

6. 年、月、日表示法和时刻表示法:

年、月、日表示法

例句:

What‘s the date today? --- It‘s May 1. 今天几号?---五月一日。

New Year‘s Day is on the 1st of January. 新年是一月一日。

He was born in February, 1950. 他出生于1950年2月。

The workers finished their work at half past five in the afternoon.

工人们下午5点半干完活。

The film starts at 7 o‘clock tonight.今晚电影7点开始。

(五)形容词(adjective—adj. ;a.)

1.形容词的作用在句中主要作定语、表语、补语、状语。例如:

That is a very beautiful park. 那是个非常漂亮的公园。(定语)We hope to see an a dvanced, strong and prosperous China emerge in the world.

我们希望看到一个先进强大繁荣的中国出现在世界上。(定语)There is nothing wrong with the watch. 表没有坏。(定语)

The classroom is big and bright. 教室又大又明亮。(表语)

Her dream will come true.她的梦想会实现。(表语)

He looks angry.他看上去很生气。(表语)

Who left the door open? 谁没关门?(宾语补语)

They found the book quite instructive. 他们发现这本书很有教益。(宾语补语) Don‘t marry young. 不要早婚。(主语补语)

He spent seven days in the wind and snow, cold and hungry.

他又冷又饿地在风雪中过了七天。(状语)

Afraid of being late, she got up at four o‘clock in the morning.

她担心会迟到,凌晨四点就起床了。(状语)2.形容词的比较级和最高级

1)形容词级的构成

单音节和部分双音节形容词(如以y结尾的词)在词尾加-er和-est构成比较级和最高级。

多音节形容词在原级前面加和构成比较级和最高级。例如:

原级比较级最高级

important more important most important

difficult more difficult most difficult

useful more useful most useful

变化不规则的比较级和最高级:

原级比较级最高级

good, well better best

bad, ill worse worst

many, much more most

little less least

far farther, further farthest, furthest(较少用)

old older, elder oldest, eldest

2)形容词比较级和最高级的句型结构:

A.as +原级+ as…表示“和……一样”;not so/as+原级+ as…表示“不及/不如……”。例如:

He is as tall as I. 他和我一样高。

I am as old as you. 我(年龄)和你一样大。

You are not so clever as your brother. 你不如你弟弟聪明。B.形容词比较级+ than + 相比较的部分,表示“比……更……一些”,用于两者之间的比较。例如:

He is taller than I (a m). 他比我高。

Days are longer in summer than in winte r. 夏天白天比冬天长。

There are more girl-students in our class than in your class.

我们班的女生比你们班多。

比较级前可以有一个表示程度的状语来修饰它。例如:

He is two years older than me。他比我大两岁。

This text is a little (bit) more difficult than the other one.

这篇课文比那一篇稍难一点。

Our room is slightly (much) bigger than theirs.

我们的房间比他的稍大一点(大多了)。

He is fat, but his brother is still fatter. 他很胖,而他哥更胖。

C.the + 形容词最高级+ 比较的范围(短语或从句),用于三个以上的人

或物之间的比较。例如:

He is the tallest of us three. 我们三个之中他最高。

She is the best student in our class.她是我们班最优秀的学生。

Jianghan Road is one of the busiest streets in Wuhan.

江汉路是武汉最繁忙的街道之一。

The Yangtze is one of t he long est river s in the world.

长江是世界上最长的河流之一。

有时在形容词最高级前可以有一个状语或定语。例如:

Hainan is China’s second largest island. 海南岛是中国第二大岛。

They form by far the largest population group in Africa.

他们是非洲人口最最多的一部分。

D.比较级+and+比较级结构表示逐渐增多或逐渐减少(越来越。。。。。),例

如:

Our country is getting stronger and stronger. 我们的祖国越来越强大。

The weather is getting warmer and warmer.天气越来越热。E.the more. . . the more. . . (越是……就越……)

The busier he is, the happier he feels. 他越忙越高兴

What size box do you want? 你要多大的盒子?

--- The bigger the better.―-越大越好。

(六)副词(adverb—adv.; ad.)

1.副词的分类:根据意思分为时间、地点、方式、程度、疑问、连接、关系副

词及其他性质的副词。

2.副词在句中的作用:主要用作状语,修饰动词、形容词、副词,也有时修饰

全句。例如:

Don‘t drive too fast. 不要把车开得太快。

Her eyes were wide open. 她的眼睛睁得大大的。

I can‘t speak English so fluently as she does. 我英语说得没有她流利。

Obviously there is much room for improvement in our work.

很明显我们的工作还有改进的余地。

有些副词可以用作表语。例如:

The roses are out. 玫瑰花开了。

I must be off now. 我得走了。

Now autumn is in. 秋天来了。

How long will she be away? 她要离开多久?

间或副词也可以用作定语或复合宾语。例如:

I met an old friend of mine on my way home. 我在回家的路上碰到了一位老朋友。

Is there anything on tonight? 今晚有什么活动吗?

I saw you out with my sister last Saturday. 上星期六我看见你和我姐姐一道上街了。

Will you have him in? 你要请他进来吗?

3.副词的比较级和最高级

副词的比较级和最高级大多数都是以加more和most的方法构成,只有少数单音节的副词(如quick,fast,slow等)和early这些词是以加-er和-est构成(同形容词的变化)。

1)as…as…, not so (as) … as …句型

He could speak English as fluently as an Englishman.

他英语说得和英国人一样流利。

I can‘t speak so(as) fast as you do.我没法说得像你一样快。

Please send us the data as soon as possible.请把资料尽早寄给我。

I didn‘t do so (as) well as I should. 我干得没有应干的那样好。

He can read twice as fast as I. 他的阅读速度比我快一倍。

2)副词比较级+than… 句型

She goes to work earlier than the others. 她上班比别人都早。

It rains more often in Shanghai than in Beijing . 上海雨下得比北京多。

Please drive more slowly. 请把车开慢一些。

They came here an hour earlier than the others. 他们比别人早到一小时。

You work much (a lot) harder than the other girls. 你比其他姑娘干活努力得多。

He can run twice faster than I.他跑得比我快一倍。

He studies harder and harder. 他学习越来越努力。

The harder you work, the greater progress you will make. 学得越努力,进步越大。

3)(the)+副词最高级+范围

He runs (the) fastest of us three. 我们三个之中他跑得最快。

Of all his novels I like this one best. 他的小说中我最喜欢这一本。

Among the three boys he works perhaps the hardest.

三个男孩之中他或许是最用功的。

(七)冠词(article—art.)

1.冠词的定义和种类---- 冠词是置于名词之前、说明名词所指的人和事情的一种虚词,他不能离开名词而单独存在。英语冠词有定冠词the、不定冠词a (an)。

(1) 定冠词相似于代词this / that。它的基本概念是“特指”,指同类中的某一

个人或物或专指一类人或物,例如:

The lion is roaring. 狮在吼。(the lion 特指某一个狮子)

The lion is the king of beasts.狮子是兽中之王。(the lion特指某一类动物)

定冠词一般不重读,在元音因素前和在辅音因素前读法不同。如:in the evening 在早上,in the morning在晚上,the university 大学

(2)不定冠词来源于数词one。其基本概念是“非特指”,即用以指某类人或物

中的任何一个或某一,相当于汉语中数目观念较弱的“一”,如:

A table has four legs. 桌子有四条腿。(a指任何一个)

A tiger has escaped. 一只老虎逃跑了。(a指某一个)

不定冠词有a和an两种形式,a用于辅音因素之前,an用于元音因素之前,例如:

a book 一本书,a pen 一只笔,a boy 一个男孩,a uniform 一套制服,a unit一个单位

an ox 一头牛,an elephant 一头象,an hour一小时,an honest man一个诚实的人

许多专有名词、抽象名词、物质名词,甚至某些情况下的类名词前不用冠词。例如:

(5)Beijing is the capital of China. 北京是中国的首都。

(6)Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量。

(7)Lead is heavier than iron. 铅比铁重。

一般地说,普通名词有特指和泛指两种情况。如果是特指(即表示某个或某些特定的人或东西),就用定冠词。例如:

Pass me the books (sugar), please. 请把这几本书(糖)递给我。

(指特定的书或糖)如果是泛指,就有下面两种情况:

1)可数名词单数前加不定冠词:

This is a good book. (表类别)Get me a book. (表“一个”)2)可数名词和不可数名词前不加什么,或加some, any等:

They are good books. (表类别)Get me some books. (表“一些”)

This is fine sugar. (表类别)Get me some sugar. (表“一些”)这些情况可用下表表示:

2.不定冠词的基本用法

(1)表示“一”这个数量,相当于one:

Rome was not built in a day. 罗马不是一天建成的。

The plan will be ready in a week or two. 计划一两周内就可定好。(2)表示“某一个”(仍然译作“一个”);

This novel was written by a student. 这部小说是一个学生写的。

At that time I worked in a factory. 那时我在一家工厂工作。(3)在作表语或同位语的名词前加不定冠词的情形也很多,这时主要说明某个人或东西是属于哪一类(表类别):

The girl has now become an engineer. 这个姑娘现在成了工程师。

This is Mr. Brown, a member of the committee. 这是委员会的委员布朗先生。

He worked as a language teacher in that university. 他在那所大学里任语文教员。

(4)还可以和名词一起来代表一类人或东西:

A teacher must love his student. 老师应当爱学生。(或Teachers must love their

students.)

The best way to learn a language is to live among its speakers.

学语言最好的办法是生活在说这种语言的人当中。

A semi-conductor has some important properties. 半导体有一些重要的特

征。

(或Semi-conductors have some important properties.)

3.定冠词的基本用法

(1)定冠词主要和一名词连用,表示某个或某些特定的人和东西:

特指泛指Give me the book. 把那本书给我。Give me a book. 给我一本书(不拘是什么书)Take the medicine. 把这药吃掉。Take some medicine. 吃点药吧。

Have you got the letters (I sent you)? Have you got any letters from them?

(我寄你的那几封)信收到了吗?你接到他们的信了吗?

I like the children‘s performances. I like children‘s performances.

我喜欢那些孩子们的表演。我喜欢看儿童演出。

在谈到彼此都知其所指的东西时也常加定冠词:

She goes to the cinema every week. 她每星期都去看电影。

在第二次提到某东西(甚至和它有关的东西)时常常需加定冠词;

He bought a TV and a video recorder, but he returned the video recorder.

他买了一台电视机和一台录像机,但把录像机退了

She bought a bicycle, but when she rode it one of the wheels came off.

她买了一辆自行车,她骑上去时一个轮子掉了。

在某些词组中,表示身体部位的名词前常加the,如:

They pulled her by the hair. 他们扯她的头发。

He gave me a pat on the back. 他拍了一下我的背。

(2)定冠词还可和某些名词连用,表示一个民族、阶级或阶层:

The Chinese People are industrious and brave. 中国人民勤劳勇敢。

Life was hard for the working class. 那时工人阶级生活很苦。

the proletariat 无产阶级

the bourgeoisie 资产阶级

the intellectuals 知识分子

the science circles 科学界

(3)定冠词也可和一可数名词单数连用,代表一类人或东西:

The careful writer should avoid it. 细心的作家应避免这样做。

The compass was invented in China. 指南针是中国发明的。

The lion is found in Africa. 狮子出在非洲。

指整个类属,多用加定冠词的办法表示。如果用一个人或东西能说明整个类

属的特点,则也可加不定冠词来表示类属。有时两种办法都可以用,也可

用名词的复数形式表示类属:

A horse is a useful animal. 马是有用的动物。

The horse is a useful animal. 马是有用的动物。

Horses are useful animals. 马是有用的动物。

(4)表示世界上独一无二的东西(如太阳、月亮、世界、地球、天空、宇宙)

的名词,通常要加定

冠词:

The sun is down. 太阳已落山。

The sky is quite blue and cloudless. 天空蔚蓝,明净无云。

此外还有the globe(地球),the atmosphere (大气层),the outer space (外

层空间)等。

如果sun, moon等词前有一描绘性定语,有时也可加不定冠词:

It was a cold winter night. A pale moon hung low in the sky.

这是一个寒冷的冬夜,苍白的月亮挂在天边。(5) 定冠词还可和一个形容词连用,代表一类人或东西:

They often take care of the old. 他们常常照顾老人。

You can‘t expect them to the impossible. 你不能指望他们做出不可能的事。

此外还有the rich(富人),the poor(穷人),the deaf(聋人),the blind(盲人),the dead(死者)等。

(6) 在表示方位的名词前通常加定冠词:

The island lies to the south of Guangdong. 这个岛位于广东南面。

North, south, east, west作副词时自然就不能加冠词了:

I‘m thinking of going south. 我想到南方去。

(7) 序数词及形容词副词最高级前面加定冠词(参看前面的复习内容)。

(8)地理名词(江河海洋、山脉群岛、海峡海湾)前必须加定冠词:

the Yangtze长江, the Thames泰晤士河, the Red Sea红海, the Indian Ocean印度洋,

the Pacific(Ocean)太平洋;

the Tianshan Mountains天山山脉, the Alps阿尔卑斯山, the Philippines菲律宾群岛;

但Mount O Mei峨眉山, Christmas Island圣诞岛;

the English Channel英伦海峡, the Taiwan Straits台湾海峡, the Bay of Biscay比斯开湾, the Persian Gulf波斯湾.

另外,有些地名前习惯上加定冠词,如:the Hague (海牙), the Sudan(苏丹),

语音、词汇、语法知识点

语音、词汇、语法知识点及部分试题讲析 主讲教师:陈香 (一)语音 一、用汉语拼音给下面的汉字注音,如果有变调的, 请在下面划横线标出。 接阅可俄泪更盆瑞粉笔月牙儿水库选举 读了领导他们围嘴儿好产品浅水儿子 二、汉语的音节可以分析为。 音节是___的语音单位。汉语中,一个汉字读出来往往就是一个____。

三、普通话的声调,用“五度标记法”是怎样表示的? 调值和调类的关系如何? 1.声调就 是。 2.普通话的声调有___类,它们是。通常说成。 3.调值是。 4.普通话声调的调值可以用___ 来表示。普通话各类声调的调值是。 5.普通话中发音高而平的是___,先降后升的是___,由中升到高的是___,由高降到低的是___。 6.按"去、上、阳、阴"声调排列的成语是() A、山河锦绣 B、异口同声 C、去粗存精 D、破斧沉舟 E、英明果断 7.按"阴、阳、上、去"声调排列的成语是()

A、心明眼亮 B、光明磊落 C、胸怀广阔 D、钻研马列 E、坚持努力 8."鱼"和"雨"、"衣服"和"依附"、"大嫂"和"打扫"靠__来区别 9.普通话中又轻又短的调子叫___,这是一种___现象。 10.变调比较重要的有___、___的变调和___。 11.在上声音节之前,上声音节的调值由___变为___,称"上上相连变阳平"。 12.上声在非上声转化来的轻声前念,在上声转化来的轻声前念。 13.去声音节在去声音前调值由变为,这是由于后一音节起点高而同化的结果。 14.根据"一"字的变调规律,"一心一意"中的两个"一"应分别读作和。 15. 简述三声的变调规律

四、请指出下列各组的相同点: g、k、h的发音共同点是 j、q、x的发音共同点是 zh、ch、sh、r、的发音共同点是 d、t、n、l的发音共同点是 z、c、s的发音共同点是 b、p、m的发音共同点是 m、n的发音也有相同的地方,它们都是 五、请指出下列各组的不同点: g和k的发音不同处在于_______,相同处在于______。d和t的发音不同处在于______,相同处在于______。b和p的发音不同处在于______,相同处在于______。z和c发音的不同处在于______,相同处在于_____。zh和ch发音的不同处在于_____,相同处在于______。j和q发音的不同处在于_____,相同处在于______。 六、一般来说,韵头由充当。

许国璋英语第一册第二十四课课文、对话、练习、答案

许国璋电视英语教学第一册 《第二十四课》 (一)课文: 1)课文: INSPECTOR HORNBERG VISITS A SCHOOL The classroom was very quiet. Outside, the leafless trees were white with the first snowfall. But not one pair of eyes stayed from the history books which twenty-five little girls were studying so earnestly. This was the year 1877, and the school was in Warsaw, Poland. A large part of Poland had been conquered by Russia. The Russia Tsar would not allow Polish children to study the history of their own country or even their own language. But here the teacher and her pupils were doing just that, although the Russians had spies everywhere in Warsaw. Among the children was Manya Sklodovska. She was a very bright pupil. She was deep in the book she was reading. Suddenly there came the faint sound of a bell. Manya listened fearfully. Was it the signal? Yes! Two long rings, two short rings. Every head came up. Quick hands grabbed all the Polish history books off the desks, and hid them away. The girls swiftly took sewing materials from their desks. They began to embroider little squares of cloth. The outer door opened. There stood Inspector Hornberg. Hornberg had been put in charge by the Russians of the private schools of Warsaw. He was a heavy man in a tight-fitting yellow and blue uniform. With him was Mademoiselle Sikorska, the head of the school. “ We have tow sewing classes a week, Mr. Inspector.” explained Mademoiselle Tupalska, the teacher “ I read to the children while they work.” “And what have you been reading to your pupils, Mademoiselle?”inspector Hornberg demanded. She held up her book “ Russian fairy tales.” She said. The inspector gave a grunt of approval. “Now,”he said, “I should like to question one of your pupils.” “Manya Sklodovska, please stand up.” The teacher said quietly. Manya rose from her seat without a word, trying not to tremble. “Recite the Lord’s Prayer in Russian.” Inspector Hornberg ordered. Manya recited the prayer in a low voice, careful not to show her feelings. “Now name the members of the Imperial Russian Family.” Manya gave the names. “now tell me.” Hornberg demanded, “ who is our ruler?”

英语语音语调基本规则

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loudly. I got very angry. I could not hear the actors. I turned round. I looked at the man and the woman angrily. They did not pay any attention. In the end, I could not bear it. I turned round again. 'I can't hear a word!' I said angrily. ' It's none of your business,' the young man said rudely. 'This is a private conversation!'. Lesson 2 Breakfast or lunch? 早餐还是午餐? It was Sunday. I never get up early on Sundays. I sometimes stay in bed until lunch time. Last Sunday I got up very late. I looked out of the window. It was dark outside. 'What a day!' I thought. 'It's raining again.' Just then, the telephone rang. It was my aunt Lucy.' I've just arrived by train,' she said. 'I'm coming to see you.' 'But I'm still having breakfast,' I said. 2 新概念英语第二册 'What are you doing ?' she asked. ' I'm having breakfast,' I repeated.

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5) 熟悉并使用单词的强读式和弱读式. (Strong Form & Weak Form ) 6)正确的掌握句子重音;(stress) 7)掌握正确的话语节奏;(rhythm) 8)正确。得体地使用语调;(intonation) 9)最重要的是,通过正确的语音语调来达到交际的目的。 3学习语音的重要意义?Why do we learn this course? 1)有利于正确地从声音方面表达思想,对听说技能的获得是必须的。 2)有助于语法和词汇的学习。 (全面的牢固的掌握一门外语。必须有声地掌握该们语音即首先掌握语音。) 4学习语音应注意什么? 1)多听、多模仿、多练习。

2)以听促读、说。 3)掌握每个音是怎么发音的。(发音器官) 英语语调的意义 语调(intonation),即说话的腔调,就是一句话里声调(pitch)高低抑扬轻重的配制和变化。世界上没有一种语言是用单一的声调说出的,以英语为例,英语有五种基本语调:升调(↗)、的降调(↙)、的升降调(∧)、的降升调(∨)以及平调(→)。一句话除了词汇意义(lexical meaning)还有语调意义(intonation meaning)。所谓词汇意义就是话中所用词的意义,而语调意义就是说话人用语调所表示的态度或口气。一句话的词汇意义加上语调意义才算是完全的意义。同样的句子,语调不同,意思就会不同,有时甚至会相差千里。请看下例: 1)A:Jean,can you bring me the newspaper? B:Sorry?(↗) Jean用升调说“Sorry”,其意思是“I didn't hear you.Could you say that again,please?”

许国璋英语许式英语语音语法复习二

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英语语音之语调篇

英语语音之语调篇 The basic meaning and use of the falling tone 降调的基本意义是肯定、完整、独立,所表达的意思是完整的、语法结构是独立的。 1.陈述句(straightforward statements)用降调,因为说话人对作所说的内容肯定无疑。 (1)They are working very hard. (2)I am very pleased with it. (3) Everything is all right. (4) I need a lot of help. (5) The roads are going to be crowed. (6) Thanks for everything. 2.特殊疑问句(special questions)一般用降调。 (1)What are you reading? (2)When does she usually get up? (3)What does that mean? (4)What’s the matter with you? (5)Who are you waiting for? (6)How do you manage it? (7)Where shall I meet you? 3.强命令(strong commands)用降调,因为听者没有选择的余地,必须服从。 (1)Turn right! (2)Hands up, no harm. (3)Don't waste so much time. (4)Stop talking! (5)Hurry up! (6)Hold this for me! (7)Do what I tell you! (8)Don’t make a noise! 4.选择问句(alternative questions)用降调。 (1)Would you care for a cup of tea or coffee? (2)Is Dr. Price an American or an Englishman? (3)Do you like this one or that one? (4)Will the meeting start at three or at four? (5)Shall I read it to you or will you read it yourself? (6)Are you going home or do you prefer staying here? (7)Shall I write him a letter or will you go and see him yourself? 5.从句前面的主句(main clause preceding the subordinate clause)用降调。 (1)I picked up the receiver and was overjoyed when I recognized the voice of Grant. (2)Firemen had been fighting the forest fire for nearly three weeks before they could get it under control. 6.非限制性定语从句的先行词(antecedent of nonrestrictive clause)用降调。 The woman handed an expensive mink coat to the assistant, who wrapped it up for her as quickly as possible. 7.非限制性同位语前的先行词(antecedent of nonrestrictive apposition)用降调。 We have just seen Dr. Smith, our new president.

初中英语语音的知识点(2)

一、选择题 1.which of the following words has a different stress(重音)? A.country B.famous C.outside D.repeat. 2.Could you help clean up the classroom? It's /'d?: ti/. A.date B.dirty C.doubt D.duty 3.We should stress(重读) ______ syllable when we read the wo rd “potato”.A.the first B.the second C.the third D.the last 4.下列各组字母中全部是元音字母的是 ____。 A.a, e, o, r B.a, i, u, e C.o, u, e, n 5.Go down this street and turn ______ / left / .You will see a library in front of you. A.light B.left C.let D.lift 6.Which stress is different from other three words? A.expensive B.beautiful C.potato D.tomorrow 7.根据朗读基本知识要求,以下哪个句子应该在句末读升调? A.When do you get up every day? B.Which subject do you like better, English or Chinese? C.Can I try it again? D.Here you are. 8.下列单词中画线部分的读音不同的是______。 A.mother B. their C.thing D.these 9.选出下列字母中都含有相同音素 ......的一组字母:________。 A.Ff; Ll; Hh B.Gg;Tt; Zz . C.Bb; Dd; Jj D.Aa;Kk; Xx 10.Which underlined letter pronounces differently from the others? A.northern B.abroad C.block D.before 11.Choose one of the letters with different pronunciation. A.cake B.face C. apple D.late 12.She didn't have a good_____/ sli:p/ last night, so she looked tired. A.sleep B.sheep C.shape D.shop 13.从A、B、C、D四个选项中找出所含元音音素不同的一个。 A.name B.Grace C.map D.game 14.Which pronunciation is not the same as the others? A.win B.with C.king D.rice 15.Which of the underlined part pronounces differently? A.idle B.idea C.idiom D.identify 16.I will__________/?'tend/a concert tomorrow. A.aloud B.attend C.ahead D.afford 17.Which of the following underlined parts is different in pronunciation with others?

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