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Removed_第一讲:英语诗歌的韵步

Removed_第一讲:英语诗歌的韵步
Removed_第一讲:英语诗歌的韵步

学生专业

班级

英语专业学时数

32

教学目的通过系统学习英美诗歌的韵律与类型,进一步增强对英美文化的了解,提高英语水平和自身的文化修养。

教学内容1.英美诗歌的韵律,包括韵步、韵步数、押韵、基本押韵格式、十四行诗押韵格式、诗行与韵律的关系、素体诗与自由诗的韵律等;

2.英美诗歌的类型,包括叙事诗、抒情诗、融入中国文化的英美诗等,其中的抒情诗包括颂诗、悼亡诗、牧歌、爱情诗、宗教诗、墓志铭等。

教学重点押韵、押韵格式、史诗、颂诗、爱情诗等教学难点

押韵及押韵格式,颂诗

教学进程每周2学时,前7周学习英美诗歌的韵律,后8周学习英美诗歌的类型,最后一周随堂考试(具体教学进程见教学周历)

教学方法课堂讲解欣赏为主,启发学生对诗歌的理解

教具

多媒体,粉笔,黑板

课后总结

归纳

作业

总结所学章节内容,举例说明诗歌的韵律与类型备注:教学进程一栏可根据教学内容的多少自定页数。

学生专业

班级

学时数

教学目的

教学内容

英美诗歌的韵步

教学重点

韵步类型:抑扬格、扬抑格、扬扬格、抑抑扬格、扬抑抑格教学难点

抑扬格、扬抑格

教学进程第一学时讲授音素、音节、韵步的定义,以及韵步的几种类型第二学时讲授韵步的各种类型,

教学方法

教具

课后总结

作业

Give a definition of foot and the types of it 备注:教学进程一栏可根据教学内容的多少自定页数。

第一讲英美诗歌的韵步

第一节韵步的定义与种类

韵步(foot,也被称为音步),是由音节(syllable)组成的,因此,首先要了解什么是音节。

音节由音素(phone)构成,它是语音中最小的不可再分解的单位,是字母组合后的读音标记。音素靠听觉辨认,字母靠视觉辨认,音素属于读音系统,字母属于拼写系统。例如,scansion

[′sk?n∫зn]由8个字母拼写而成,只有7个音素。英语音素分为元音(vowel)和辅音(consonant),共有48个。

音节是英语的发音单位,由一个元音或者由一个元音同一个或若干个辅音构成。音节可分为单

音节、双音节、多音节三类。

单音节:you,day,me,big,make,bar等。

双音节:begin,open,foolish,summer,mountain等。

多音节:wonderful,revolution,satisfactory等。

辅音也可构成音节,如people,rhythm中的ple和thm都属于一个音节。

每个英语单词都有一个重读音节,其重读音节是固定的。如husband,共两个音节,第一个音

节重读;express有两个音节,第二个音节重读;beautiful有三个音节,第一个音节重读;religion

有三个音节,第二个音节重读;subterranean有四个音节,第三个音节重读。

在短语或句子中,冠词和介词一般不重读。如在in the morning,on a desk中,in、the、on、a

都不重读。

弄清楚什么是音节,就可以理解什么是韵步了。

韵步是一个或两个重读音节和一个或两个非重读音节的排列组合。其类型如下:

韵步类型表

例子(大写表示重读)

名称英语名称的

形容词形式

pyrrhic in a

抑抑格

pyrrhic

iambic enGAGE

抑扬格

iamb

trochaic ALways

扬抑格

trochee

spondaic HOT STUFF

扬扬格

spondee

tribrachic and in the

抑抑抑格

tribrach

anapaestic on the WAY

抑抑扬格

anapaest

amphibrachic eTERnal

抑扬抑格

amphibrac

h

bachiac the WHOLE DAY

抑扬扬格

baccius

dactylic WANdering

扬抑抑格

dactyl

cretic PIECE of CAKE

扬抑扬格

amphimac

er or cretic

antibachiac GOOD MORning

扬扬抑格

antibachius

molossic GREAT WHITE HOPE

扬扬扬格

molossus

第二节韵步类型举例

一、抑扬格

抑扬格是一个非重读音节和一个重读音节的排列组合。英语诗歌以抑扬格韵步为主,如莎士比亚十四行诗《我可以把你比作夏天吗?》最后两行的韵步划分如下(每个韵步由竖杠“|”隔开,“_”代表非重读音节,“/”代表重读音节):

_ /. _ / _ / _ / _ /

So long |as men |can breathe |or eyes |can see,

_ / _ / _ / _ / _ /

So long |lives this |and this |gives life |to thee. 1

(William Shakespeare: Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’ Day)

每个韵步都是两个音节,且每个韵步都是一个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。

又如华兹华斯的《我独自漫游,像一朵孤云》第一诗节:

_ / _ / _ _ _ /

I wan|dered lone|ly as |a cloud

_ / _ / _ / _ /

1只要人能呼吸眼不盲,/ 这诗和你将千秋流芳。(孙梁译)

That floats |on high |o’er vales |and hills,

_ / _ / _ / _ /

When all |at once |I saw| a crowd,

_ / _ / _ / _ _

A host, |of gol|den da|ffodils;

_ / _ / _ / _ /

Beside | the lake, | beneath | the trees,

/ _ _ _ / _ _ _ /

Fluttering |and dan|cing in |the breeze. 2

(William Wordsworth: I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud)

除了第一行第三韵步,第四行第四韵步,第六行的第一、三韵步,其他韵步都是抑扬格。英诗的韵步不是机械的一成不变,而总是有拗变(variation),几乎所有的英诗都有拗变,只要绝大部分韵步属于某种类型即可。

再如朗费罗的《金色夕照》第一诗节:

_ / _ / _ / _ /

The gol|den sea | its mi|rror spread

_ / _ / _ /

Beneath | the gol|den skies,

_ _ _ / _ / _ /

And but | a na|rrow strip | between

_ / _ / _ /

Of land | and sha|dow lies.. 3

(Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: The Golden Sunset)

除了第三行第一韵步属拗变,其他韵步都是轻重音节的排列组合,属抑扬格。

二、扬抑格

扬抑格是一个重读音节与一个非重读音节的排列组合。最为人们熟知的是简?泰勒的儿童诗《星》:

/ _ / _ / _ /

Twinkle, | twinkle,| little | star,

/ _ / _ / _ /

How I |wonder | what you | are.

2我独自漫游,像一朵孤云/ 高高地飞越峡谷和山颠;/ 忽然我望见密密的一群,/ 是一大片金黄色的水仙;/ 它们在那湖边的树荫里,/ 在阵阵微风中舞姿飘逸。(黄杲炘译)

3波平似镜,映照天宇,/ 水天金色一片。/ 彼岸隐现,云影缓移,/ 遥望依稀一线。(孙梁译)

/ _ / _ / _ /

Up a|bove the | world so | high,

/ _ / _ _ _ /

Like a | diamond | in the | sky. 4

(Jane Taylor: Star)

每行的最后一个韵步省略了非重读音节,仍然属于扬抑格。只有第四行的第三个韵步是拗变,被抑抑格代替。

也为人们熟悉的布莱克的《老虎》,其第三诗节如下:

/ _ / _ / _ /

What the |hammer?| What the | chain?

_ / / _ _ _ /

In what |furnace | was thy | brain?

/ _ / _ / _ /

What the |anvil? | what dread | grasp

/ _ / _ / _ /

Dare its |deadly | terrors | clasp? 5

(William Blake: The Tyger)

每行的最后一个韵步省略了非重读音节,仍然属于扬抑格。第二行的第一个韵步被抑扬格代替,第三个韵步被抑抑格代替。

下面这首诗的韵步以扬抑格为主:

/ _ / _ / _ /

T imely | blossom, | infant | fair,

/ _ _ _ / _ /

Fondling | of a | happy | pair,

/ _ / _ / _ /

Every | morn and | every | night

_ _ / _ _ _ /

Their so|lici|tous de|light,

/ _ / _ / _ /

Sleeping, |waking, |still at | ease,

/ _ _ / / _ /

Pleasing, | without | skill to | please;

/ _ / _ / _ /

4一闪、一闪,小小的星!/ 你是啥呀我说不清,/ 远离着地球挂得高,/ 像颗钻石在天上照。(屠岸译)

5造可怕的掌用什么东西?/ 用什么锤子,什么铁链?/ 在什么炉中将你的脑冶炼?/ 用什么砧子?何等铁手/ 敢抓那令凡人致命的物件?(张炽恒译)

Little | gossip, | blithe and | hale,

/ _ / _ _ / _ /

Tattling | many | a bro|ken tale,

/ _ / _ _ / _ /

Singing | many| a tune|less song,

/ _ _ _ / _ /

Lavish | of a | heedless | tongue; 6

(Ambrose Philips: To Charlotte Pulteney)

三、扬扬格

扬扬格是两个重读音节组成的韵步。由于在同一个韵步中两个音节同时重读几乎完全限定在组合词或者两个相邻的单音节词上,因此英语诗歌中扬扬格的诗行很少。这种韵步不是为了组成诗行,而是用来代替抑扬格或扬抑格,目的在于使诗歌的节奏发生变化,追求新的节奏美感。如丁尼生的《尤利西斯》中的第55行~第57行:

_ / / / _ / / / _ /

The long |day wanes:| the slow | moon climbs:| the deep

_ / _ / _ / _ / _ /

Moans round |with ma|ny voi|ces. Come|, my friends,

_ / _ / _ / _ / _ /

’Tis not | too late | to seek | a new|er world. 7

(Alfred Tennyson: Ulysses)

这里第一行的第二、四韵步为扬扬格,第一、三、五韵步是抑扬格。因此,这行诗是扬扬格和抑扬格相互组合的诗行。

又如弥尔顿《失乐园》第二卷第618行至第623行:

_ / _ _ / _ / _ /

Through ma|ny a dark| and drea|ry vale

_ / _ / _ _ / _ / _ _

They passed, | and ma|ny a re|gion do|lorous,

_ / _ _ / _ / _ _ / _ /

O’er ma|ny a fro|zen, ma|ny a fie|ry alp,

/ / / / / / _ / _ /

6及时开的花,漂亮的女孩,/ 幸福的爹妈心尖的爱,/ 在每个清晨,每个良夜,/ 你总是爹妈渴望的愉悦,/ 睡着,醒着,自由自在,/ 毫无机巧,却招人喜爱;/ 咿呀说话,健康、欢欣,/ 讲些个并不连贯的事情,/ 唱多少歌子,

全走了调,/ 又说又唱,没完没了。(屠岸译)

7长昼将尽月徐升;大海的呜咽里,/ 有种种的召唤。来把,我的朋友,/ 去找个新世界,现在还为时不晚。(黄杲

炘译)

Rocks, caves|, lakes, fens|, bogs, dens|, and shades | of death—

_ / _ _ _ / _ / _ /

A u|niverse | of death |, which God | by curse

_ / _ / _ _ / _ / _ /

Crea|ted e|vil, for e|vil on|ly good. 8

(John Milton: Paradise Lost)

这里的第四行前六个音节,分为三个韵步,都重读,属扬扬格,后面两个韵步是抑扬格,因此,这行诗是扬扬格和抑扬格相互组合的诗行。

四、抑抑扬格

抑抑扬格是由两个非重读音节和一个重读音节组成的韵步,属于三音节韵步。抑扬格韵步和抑抑扬格韵步是从非重读音节到重读音节的组合,因此它们被称为升调韵步行(rising meter)。前面所引的《失乐园》诗行中,第一行第三韵步、第二行第三韵步、第三行第三韵步是抑抑扬格。又如柯珀的《亚历山大?塞尔扣克的孤独》:

_ _ / _ _ / _ _ /

I am mo|narch of all | I survey;

_ / _ _ / _ _ /

My right | there is none | to dispute;

_ _ / _ _ / _ _ /

From the cen|ter all round | to the sea

_ _ / _ _ / _ _ /

I am lord | of the fowl | and the brute.

_ / _ _ / _ _ /

O so|litude! Where | are the charms

_ / _ _ / _ _ /

That sa|ges have seen | in thy face?

_ _ / _ _ / _ _ /

Better dwell | in the midst | of alarms,

_ / _ _ / _ _ /

Than reign | in the ho| rrible place. 9

(William Cowper: The Solitude of Alexander Selkirk)

8他们行经许多/ 暗黑、凄凉的山谷,经过/ 许多忧伤的境地,越过许多/ 冰冻的峰峦,火烧的高山,/ 岩、窟、湖、沼、洞、泽、/ 以及“死”的影子。“死”的宇宙,/ 是上帝用诅咒制造的“恶”,/ 那儿只有“恶”活得好。(朱维之译)

9我是所有我环视的地方的君王/ 我的权利无人提出质疑;/ 从中心四周直到大海,/ 飞禽走兽都归我统治。/ 孤独啊,圣贤从你脸上/ 看见的魔力何在?/ 我宁可居住在惊恐之地,/ 也不统治可怕之所。

每行诗由两个非重读音节加一个重读音节组成韵步,每行诗分三个韵步。其中第二、五、六、八行都有首音节省略的特点,于是第一个韵步就从抑抑扬格变成了抑扬格。这种省略被称为首行省略(truncation)。

五、扬抑抑格

扬抑抑格是由一个重读音节加两个非重读音节组成的韵步,与抑抑扬格韵步对应。单纯用扬抑抑格写作的诗歌很少,以此步格为基础的诗行大多同其他形式的步格组合在一起。如托马斯?胡德《叹息桥》第一诗节:

/ _ _ / _ _

Take her up |tenderly

/ _ _ /

Lift her with |care

/ _ _ / _ _

Fashion’d so |slenderly

/ _ _ /

Young, and so | fair 10

(Thomas Hood: The Bridge of Sighs)

这里的第一个诗节的第一行和第三行由两个扬抑抑格韵步组成,第二行和第四行由一个完整扬抑抑格韵步加一个重音节(其后省略了两个非重读音节)构成。

罗伯特?勃朗宁的《误解》,每行诗最后一个韵步都省略了一个非重读音节:

/ _ _ / _ / / _

This is a | spray the Bird | clung to,

/ _ _ / _ _ / _

Making it | blossom with | pleasure,

/ _ _ / _ _ / _

Ere the high | tree-top she | sprung to,

/ _ _ / _ _ / _

Fit for her | nest and her | treasure.

_ / _ / _ / / _

O, what a | hope beyond | measure

/ _ _ / _ _ / _ _ / _

Was the poor | spray’s, which the | flying feet | hung to,

/ _ _ / _ _ / _ _ / _

So to be | singled out, | built in, and | sung to! 11

10轻轻将她拿起来/ 小心将她举起来/ 她长得身材真苗条/ 年轻而又那么漂亮。

(Robert Browning: Misconceptions)

在这个诗节里,前五行每行八个音节,划分为三个扬抑抑格韵步,第六、七行有十一个音节,划分为四个扬抑抑格韵步,每行最后一个韵步在省略了一个非重读音节后,用扬抑格代替了扬抑抑格。

六、多种步格在一首诗歌中的同时运用

如:

Woman | wants mo|nogamy;

Man de|lights in | novelty.

Love is| woman’s | moon and sun.

Man has | other | forms of fun.

Woman | lives but | in her lord.

Count to | ten, and | man is bored.

With this | the gist | and sum | of it.

What earth|ly good |can come | of it? 12

(Dorothy Parker: General Review of the Sex Situation)

这首短诗使用了几种步格,前六行是三韵步行,其中第一行至第六行的前两个步格都是扬抑格,第一、二行的第三步格,即| nogamy |、| novelty | 属于扬抑抑格;第三、四、六行的第三步格,即|moon and sun |、| forms of fun |、| man is bored | 属于扬抑扬格;第五行第三步格| in her lord | 属于抑抑扬格;第七、八行则属于抑扬格韵步。

11这是鸟儿依附的树丫,/ 鸟儿使它快乐开花,/ 适合做巢和放财宝,/ 之后鸟儿跳往高高树梢。/ 啊,可怜树丫怀抱/ 巨大希望,飞脚挂其上,/ 被选来筑巢和歌唱。

12女人想要一夫一妻制;/ 男人快乐于新鲜感。/ 爱情是女人的月亮和太阳,/ 男人还有很多快乐的花样。/ 女人只为夫君而生活,/ 数到十个熟,男人就已烦透。/ 有这样的总结要点,/ 有什么好事能从中显?

适合初中朗诵表演的经典英语诗歌

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