Grammatical terms (lectures 1--20)
1. The grammar of the English language is organized into five ranks: the sentence, the clause, the phrase, the word and the morpheme. Among them, the morpheme is the minimum or smallest grammatical unit, also the smallest meaningful element of speech. Morphemes fall into two categories: free morpheme and bound morphemes.
2. In terms of word formation, words can be divided into simple words, derivatives and compounds. In terms of grammatical function, words can be divided into two main groups: closed-class words(e.g. preposition, pronoun, determiner, conjunction, auxiliary) and open-class words(e.g. noun, adjective, adverb, main verb).
3. Subject-verb concord refers to the agreement between subject and predicate verb in number. There are three guiding principles; they are grammatical concord, notional concord and principle of proximity.
4. Case is a grammatical category. It denotes the changes in the form of a noun or a pronoun showing its relationship with other words in a sentence.
5. In English, most personal pronouns and interrogative/relative pronoun who have three case forms: the subjective case (like I, you), the objective case (like me, him) and the genitive case (my/mine).
6. An independent genitive can sometimes be used as prepositional complementation (traditionally known as prepositional object). The prepositional phrase (usually an of-phrase) that takes an independent genitive as complementation is called a double genitive.
7. Words that precede any pre-modifying adjectives in a noun phrase and which denote such referential meanings as specific reference, generic reference, definite quantity or indefinite quantity are referred to as determiners.
8. According to the potential position, determiners fall into three subclasses: central determiners (e.g. your, this ), predeterminers (e.g. double, twice) and postdeterminers (e.g. one, second). The articles are the most typical of determiners.
9. According to the different rules played in the formation of verb phrases, verbs are divided into two major
classes: main verbs and auxiliaries. According to lexical meaning, main verbs may be dynamic and stative. Auxiliaries fall into three categories:primary auxiliaries, modal auxiliaries and semi-auxiliarie s.
10. English main verbs have two finite forms and three non-finite forms. The two finite forms are the present tense and the past tense; the three non-finite forms are the infinitive (including the bare infinitive and the to-infinitive), the –ing participle and the –ed participle.
11.English verbs have two tenses: the present tense and the past tense.
12.Aspect as a grammatical term indicates whether an action or state at a given time is viewed as complete
or incomplete. English verbs have two aspects: the progressive aspect and the perfective aspect.
13. Mood as a grammatical category, is a finite verb form that indicates whether an utterance expresses a fact (indicative mood), a command or request (imperative mood), or a non-fact and hypothesis (subjunctive mood). There are two forms of subjunctive mood: be-subjunctive and were-subjunctive. 14. Voice is a grammatical category. It is a form of the verb which shows whether the subject of a sentence
acts or is acted on.
I.Multiple Choice 1.To commerate the death of his young wife, __________wrote the poem Annabel Lee. a. D.H. Lawrence b. John Milton c. Philip Phreneau d. Edgar Allan Poe 2. In Leisure, ____________ thinks that it is a poor life if “we have no time to stand and stare” a. John Keats b. William Henry Davies c. Alexander Pope d. John Donne 3.. In Amy Lowell’s Falling Snow, the poet says that “When the temple bell rings again/ they will be covered and gone”. “They” here refers to ______ a. the wooden clogs b. footprints c. the pilgrims d. none of the above 4. The “busy archer”in Philip Sydney’s To the Moon refers to____ a. the poet himself b. Cupid c. a comrade-in-arms of the poet d. none of the above 5. “Act____act in the glorious present”is perphaps the most soul-stirring line in _________’s poem A Psalm of Life. a. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow b. Percy Bissy Shelly c. Walt Whitman d. Carl Sandburg 6. In Song of the Rain, _________ paints a rosy picture of happy family life where the poet is “Safe in the House with my boyhood love/ And our children are asleep in the attic above”. a. Kenneth Mackenzie b. Carl Sandburg c. Hugh MacCrae d. Jerard Manley Hopkins 7. “Day brought back my night”is a well-praised phrase from __________’s On His Deceased Wife. a. Edgar Allan Poe b. Robert Frost c. John Milton d. Philip Sydney 8. In James Shirley’s poem Death the Leveller, the word “leveller” means a. something that reduces everything to nothing b. something that brings equality to all c. something that levels the ground d. none of the abov e. 9. What does “Fire” in Robert Frost’s poem Fire and Ice symbolize? a. war b. anger c. love d. desire 10. In John Keat’s poem The Terror of Death, the phrase “unreflecting love” means a. love without calculation b. love without preparation c. love never thought of d. love involving many considerations II.Blank Filling 1.One word is too often ________, For me to ________ it One feeling is too ______distained, For ______ to distain it .
第4章15世纪(1400～1550) 4.1 复习笔记 Ⅰ. Historical background（历史背景） (1) The Hundred Years’ War（百年战争） The Hundred Years’War continued and in 1415 at the Battle of Agincourt King Henry Ⅴ (1413～1422) defeated the French army and claimed himself the heir to the French throne. 百年战争还在持续，在1415年的阿金库尔战役中，亨利5世（1413～1422）战胜了法国军队，并宣布自己是法国的继承者。 (2) The War of the Roses (1455～1485)（玫瑰战争） The War of the Roses, or the Thirty Years’ War, was a series of civil wars fought between the two great families, both of which claimed the right to the English throne. It lasted for thirty years until King Henry Ⅶ defeated Richard Ⅲ(1483～1485) at the Battle of Bosworth and ended the civil war. 玫瑰战争，又叫三十年战争，是发生在两个家族之间的一系列内战，他们都宣称自己有权统治英国。它持续了30年，直到亨利7世在博斯沃思战争（1483～1485）中打败理查德3世，内战宣告结束。 (3) The discovery of America and the new sea routes（美洲大陆和新航海线路的发现） In 1492, a Genoese mariner, Christopher Columbus (ca.1436～1506) who believed that he could reach India by sailing west, landed in America with the
Sonnet 18 William Shakespeare S hall I compare thee to a summer’s day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer’s lease hath all too short a date: Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, And of ten is his gold complexion dimm’d; And every fair from fair sometime declines, By chance, or n ature’s changing course untrimm’d; But thy eternal summer shall not fade, Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st; N or shall Death brag thou wander’st in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st: So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, So long lives this and this gives life to thee Selected Metaphysical poems by John Donne I. THE FLEA Mark but this flea, and mark in this, How little that which thou deniest me is ; It suck'd me first, and now sucks thee, And in this flea our two bloods mingled be. Thou know'st that this cannot be said A sin, nor shame, nor loss of maidenhead; Yet this enjoys before it woo, And pamper'd swells with one blood made of two ; And this, alas ! is more than we would do. O stay, three lives in one flea spare, Where we almost, yea, more than married are. This flea is you and I, and this Our marriage bed, and marriage temple is. Though parents grudge, and you, we're met, And cloister'd in these living walls of jet. Though use make you apt to kill me, Let not to that self-murder added be, And sacrilege, three sins in killing three.
Unit 1 Geoffrey Chaucer 1343-1400 夏雨给大地带来了喜悦送走了土壤干裂的三月沐浴着草木的丝丝经络顿时百花盛开生机勃勃西风轻吹留下清香缕缕田野复苏吐出芳草绿绿碧蓝的天空腾起一轮红日青春的太阳洒下万道金辉小鸟的歌喉多么清脆优美迷人的夏夜怎好安然入睡美丽的自然撩拨万物的心弦多情的鸟儿歌唱爱情的欣欢香客盼望膜拜圣徒的灵台僧侣立愿云游陌生的滨海信徒来自全国东西南北众人结伴奔向坎特伯雷去朝谢医病救世的恩主以缅怀大恩大德的圣徒那是个初夏方临的日子我到泰巴旅店投宿歇息怀着一颗虔诚的赤子心我准备翌日出发去朝圣黄昏前后华灯初上时分旅店院里涌入很多客人二十九人来自各行各业不期而遇都到旅店过夜这些香客人人虔心诚意次日要骑马去坎特伯雷客房与马厩宽敞又洁净店主的招待周到而殷勤夕阳刚从地平线上消失众人同我已经相互结识大家约好不等鸡鸣就起床迎着熹微晨光干燥把路上可是在我叙述故事之前让我占用诸位一点时间依我之见似乎还很必要把每人的情况作些介绍谈谈他们从事什么行业社会地位属于哪个阶层容貌衣着举止又是如何那么我就先把骑士说说骑士的人品出众而且高尚自从军以来就驰骋于疆场待人彬彬有礼大度而豪爽珍惜荣誉节操和骑士风尚为君主效命创辉煌战绩所到国家之远无人能比转战于基督和异教之邦因功勋卓著缕缕受表彰他攻打过亚历山大利亚在普鲁士庆功宴上有他这位佼佼者多次坐首席从立陶宛直打到俄罗斯同级的骑士都大为逊色攻克阿给西勒有他一个还出征到过柏尔玛利亚夺取烈亚斯和萨塔利亚他还
多次游弋于地中海跟随登陆大军将敌战败十五次比武他大显身手为捍卫信仰而浴血奋斗在战场上三次杀死敌将高贵的武士美名传四方他还侍奉过柏拉西亚国君讨伐另一支土耳其异教军没有一次不赢得最高荣誉他骁勇善战聪慧而不痴愚他温柔顺从像个大姑娘一生无论是在什么地方对谁也没有讲过半个脏字堪称一个完美的真骑士他有一批俊美的千里马但是他的衣着朴实无华开价的底下是结识的布衣上上下下到处是斑斑污迹他风尘仆仆刚从战场归来片刻未休息就急忙去朝拜 Unit 2 William Shakespeare 1564-1616 生存或毁灭这是个必答之问题是否应默默的忍受坎苛命运之无情打击还是应与深如大海之无涯苦难奋然为敌并将其克服此二抉择就竟是哪个较崇高死即睡眠它不过如此倘若一眠能了结心灵之苦楚与肉体之百患那么此结局是可盼的死去睡去但在睡眠中可能有梦啊这就是个阻碍当我们摆脱了此垂死之皮囊在死之长眠中会有何梦来临它令我们踌躇使我们心甘情愿的承受长年之灾否则谁肯容忍人间之百般折磨如暴君之政骄者之傲失恋之痛法章之慢贪官之侮或庸民之辱假如他能简单的一刃了之还有谁会肯去做牛做马终生疲於操劳默默的忍受其苦其难而不远走高飞飘於渺茫之境倘若他不是因恐惧身后之事而使他犹豫不前此境乃无人知晓之邦自古无返者所以「理智」能使我们成为懦夫而「顾虑」能使我们本来辉煌之心志变得黯然无光像个病夫再之这些更能坏大事乱大谋使它们失去魄力第二场同前凯普莱特家的花园罗密欧上罗密欧没有受过伤的才会讥笑别人身上的创痕朱丽叶自上方
Hamlet is the first work of literature to look squarely at the stupidity, falsity and sham of everyday life, without laughing and without easy answers. In a world where things are not as they seem, Hamlet…s genuineness, thoughtfulness, and sincerity make him special. Hamlet is no saint. But unlike most of the other characters (and most people today), Hamlet chooses not to compromise with evil. Dying, Hamlet reaffirms the tragic dignity of a basically decent person in a bad world Hamlet is the first work of literature to show an ordinary person looking at the futility and wrongs in life, asking the toughest questions and coming up with honest semi-answers like most people do today. Unlike so much of popular culture today, "Hamlet" leaves us with the message that life is indeed worth living, even by imperfect people in an imperfect world. 犹豫scholars have debated for centuries about Hamlet's hesitation in killing his uncle. Some see it as a plot device to prolong the action, and others see it as the result of pressure exerted by the complex philosophical and ethical issues that surround cold-blooded murder, calculated revenge and thwarted desire. More recently, psychoanalytic critics have examined Hamlet's unconscious desires (Freud concludes that Hamlet has an "Oedipal desire for his mother and the subsequent guilt [is] preventing him from murdering the man [Claudius] who has done what he unconsciously wanted to do". Robinson Crusoe is a grand hero in westerners? eyes. He survived in the deserted island and lived a meaningful life. He almost has everything needed for becoming a successful man, such as his excellent creativity, great working capacity, courage, and persistence in overcoming obstacles. But he has shortcomings, too. Sometimes he was irresolute; he was not confident; he was fetishistic, although his belief had done him much good. He serves somehow as a lighthouse for the ambitious people. It?s also instructive for average people. Robinson was the representative of the bourgeois of the 18th C. It was the time when bourgeois grew stronger and stronger. The author Defoe paid a tribute to bourgeois by creating such a rational, powerful, clever, and successful man. 【Themes of Robinson Crusoe】 1. The ambivalence of mastery In short, while Crusoe seems praiseworthy in mastering his fate by overcoming his obstacles, and controlling his environment, the praiseworthiness of his mastery over his fellow human Friday is more doubtful. Defoe explores the link between the two in his depiction of the colonial mind. 2. The necessity of Repentance Crusoe?s experiences constitute not simply an adventure story in which thrilling things happen, but also a moral tale illustrating the right and wrong ways to live one?s life. Crusoe?s story instruct s others in God?s wisdom, and one vital part of this wisdom is the importance of repenting one?s sins. 3. The Importance of Self-Awareness Crusoe?s arrival on the island does not make him revert to a brute existence and he remains conscious of himself at all times. His island existence actually deepens his self-awareness as he withdraws from the external society and turns inward. The idea that the individual must keep a careful reckoning of the state of his own soul is a key point in the Presbyterian doctrine that the aothor took seriously all his life. ·Jane Eyre Charlotte Bronte The protagonist and title character, orphaned as a baby. She is a plain-featured, small and reserved but talented, sympathetic, hard-working, honest and passionate girl. Skilled at studying, drawing, and teaching, she works as a governess at Thornfield Hall and falls in love with her wealthy employer, Edward Rochester. But her strong sense of conscience does not permit her to become his mistress, and she does not return to him until his insane wife is dead and she herself has come into an inheritance. 【Themes of Jane Eyre】 1. Gender relations A particularly important theme in the novel is patriarchalism and Jane…s efforts to assert her own identity within male-dominated society. Among the three of the main male characters,
《再别康桥》英汉语版本及诗歌赏析Saying Good-bye to Cambridge Again By Xu Zhimo 再别康桥 徐志摩 Very quietly I take my leave As quietly as I came here Quietly I wave good-bye To the rosy clouds in the western sky 轻轻的我走了 正如我轻轻的来 我轻轻的招手 作别西天的云彩 The golden willows by the riverside Are young brides in the setting sun Their reflections on the shimmering waves Always linger in the depth of my heart 那河畔的金柳 是夕阳中的新娘 波光里的艳影 在我的心头荡漾 The floating heart growing in the sludge Sways leisurely under the water In the gentle waves of Cambridge I would be a water plant 软泥上的青荇 油油的在水底招摇 在康桥的柔波里 我甘心做一条水草 That pool under the shade of elm trees Holds not water but the rainbow from the sky Shattered to pieces among the duckweeds Is the sediment of a rainbow-like dream 那榆荫下的一潭 不是清泉,是天上虹 揉碎在浮藻间 沉淀着彩虹似的梦 To seek a dream? Just to pole a boat upstream To where the green grass is more verdant Or to have the boat fully loaded with starlight And sing aloud in the splendour of starlight 寻梦？撑一支长蒿 向青草更青处漫溯 满载一船星辉 在星辉斑斓里放歌
CHAPTER SIX THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY (1603——1688) 1.Historical background: The Stuart: James first (1603— 1625) His son Charles I (1625—1649) Commonwealth led by Oliver Cromwell (1649——1660) Charles II, the son of Charles I (1660——1665) James II, the brother of Charles II (1665——1688) 1）Causes of revolution Lack of ruling skills Worsening relationship between the parliament and the monarch Puritans’s dissatisfaction and fear of persecution 2）Processes of revolution breaking out of the bourgeois revolution in 1642: rejection of the Grand Remonstrance The nature of the Lord Protector restoration of the monarch The Glorious Revolution in 1688 3）Influences of revolution (1). supremacy of Parliament (2). beginning of modern England
英国文学史（上册） 第一章安格鲁—撒克逊时期（450—1066） 1.历史背景 不列颠群岛最早的居民是凯尔特人，他们最初居住在莱茵河上游地区，大约在公元前600年，他们移居到了不列颠群岛。在大约公元前400到公元前300年时，凯尔特人的一个分支——布立吞人，来到了不列颠群岛，“不列颠”这个名字便是由他们所取。凯尔特人的文化属于铁器文化的早期阶段，他们知道如何铸造铁剑和种植庄稼。关于他们的信仰，我们所知甚少，但是我们能了解到他们五月节的宗教典礼和槲寄生（一种植物）的祭奠仪式，这些已经成为英国人民民族传统的一部分。 从公元前55年到公元407年，不列颠群岛在罗马帝国的统治之下。那时，罗马帝国是奴隶社会，它统治了整个欧洲，并且有很高的文明水平。罗马人打败了凯尔特人，成为了不列颠群岛的主人，伦敦就是在罗马人的统治时期内建成的。 第一个来到不列颠的罗马将领是著名的尤里乌斯.凯撒，公元55年，在他取得高卢战役的胜利后，带领一万名士兵跨过英吉利海峡来到那里。但是他只在哪儿待了几个星期，虽然他在第二年又来到了不列颠，他并没有在岛上驻扎军队，因为他当时正忙于平息欧洲大陆的叛乱，还有罗马帝国的内战。在罗马人对不列颠扩大征服之前，就这样过去了一个世纪。罗马人统治了不列颠三个半世纪，他们筑寺庙、修大路、砌城墙、建军营，但是，对凯尔特人的文化生活却影响不大。他们建成了四、五十个城邑，如今无论何时，如果你在英国听到一个城镇的名字是以“切斯特”或“卡斯特”结尾的，那么毫无疑问，它一定是坐落在一个罗马军队曾经的屯兵之地上。因为这样的词来源于拉丁语“卡斯楚”，它的意思是“要塞、堡垒”。大部分我们所知道的罗马统治时期的不列颠，都来源于凯撒的《高卢战记》，和普布里乌斯?克奈里乌斯?塔西佗的《日耳曼尼亚志》。 大约公元450年，大批的安格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人入侵不列颠群岛，他们定居在英格兰，把凯尔特人赶往威尔士、苏格兰和爱尔兰等周边地区。安格鲁人和撒克逊人是日耳曼部落，他们占据着易北河的两岸，也就是现在丹麦和德国的地方，这两个部族之间的语言也大致相同。从他们特有的的部族名字我们可以得知他们是非常勇敢的海上民族。古散克逊语“安古尔”意思是“钩子”，从中我们可以得知他们住在海边，以捕鱼为生。而“撒克逊”这个名字则源于“希克斯”，意思是短剑，从这个名字我们可以判断他们是坚强勇敢的战士。尽管遭到凯尔特人的奋勇抵抗，安格鲁—散克逊人最终还是将他们击败，成了不列颠群岛的新主人，也是现在英国人的祖先。 在大约公元500年，在对抗韦塞克斯王国的建立者——国王瑟迪克的过程中，一个传奇人物，凯尔特人的亚瑟王，名声大噪。在都城索美塞特夏，他的宫殿卡米洛特，亚瑟王召集了一批最勇敢的追随者，也就是著名的圆桌骑士。他为他的王国同安格鲁—撒克逊侵略者英勇作战了24年，后来他的故事也成了英国骑士文学的题材。 在从欧洲大陆移民之前，安格鲁—撒克逊人明显还处在部落社会的晚期，在他们移往不列颠之后，部落社会逐渐解体，封建社会开始形成。在将近公元6世纪时，在英格兰已经有7个较大的王国。 从8世纪后期开始，丹麦人，也就是维京人，开始入侵英格兰，起先只是沿着东海岸，
Part One：English Poetry 1.William Shakespeare Sonnet 18 ?Why does the poet compare `thee` to a summer?s day? And who could `thee` be? Because summer?s day and thee both represent beauty . thee could be beauty, love. ?What picture have you got of English summer, and could you explain why? Warm, beautiful, sunshine. Because summer is the best season of a year ,the most beautiful season. It is like our May. ?How does the poet answer the question he puts forth in the first line? Thee is more beautiful than summer. ?What makes the poet think that “thou” can be more fair than summer and immortal? Because humanism is more eternal than summer and immortal. ?What figures of speech are used in this poem? Simile, metaphor, personification, oxymoron and so on . ?What is the theme of the poem? Love conquers all, Beauty lives on. 2. Thomas Nashe Spring ?Read the poem carefully, pay attention to those image- bearing words, and see how many images the poet created in the poem and what sense impressions you can get from those images. There is “Blooms each thing, maids dance in a ring, the pretty birds do sing, the palm and may make country houses gay, Lambs frisk' and play, the shepherds pipe all day, And we hear aye birds tune this merry lay, The fields breathe sweet, the daisies kiss our feet, Young lovers meet, old wives a-sunning sit, In every street these tunes bur ears do greet!” The “Young lovers meet, old wives a-sunning sit，”impressions me most because of the harmony of the people?s relationship. ?Can you point out and explain the sound and their musical effect in the poem? In the Poem, each section has four lines, each line has ten syllables ( five tone step ) . In order to give the reader a spring breeze , streams , flowers , winding , Song Xin texture of sound and light flavor, Naixi greater uses English word S , z , f , V , R , L , and θconsonants means. In Naixi's poem, the use of phonological is also very harmonious, very smooth , very mellow. Section I of the poetry has Three pairs [ ing ] , section II of the poem has three pairs [ ei ] and the third quarter has three pairs [ i : ]. 3.John Donne A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning ?What is a “valediction” any way? Is the speaker in the poem about to die? Why does the speaker forbid mourning? No, it is about the lover s?separation. As the poem metaphors, the poet believed he and his wife?s love is sacred, he didn?t hope they cry when separation comes, let their love be stained by the ordinary and mundane.
英国文学选读》课程教学大纲 课程编号： 01120280 学分：2 学时： 34（其中实践学时： 0） 授课学期：第 5 学期 一、课程的性质、地位、作用及与其他课程的联系 该课程的目的在于培养学生阅读、欣赏、理解英语文学原著的能力，掌握文学批评的 基本知识和方法。通过阅读和分析英国文学作品，使学生了解英国的历史、地理、社会、政 治等方面的情况及文化传统， 促进学生对西方文学及文化的了解， 提高学生对文化差异的敏 感性、宽容性和处理文化差异的灵活性， 培养学生的跨文化交际能力。 授课的内容包括： （ 1） 文学导论；英语文学常识；（ 2）英国文学史；（ 3）英国文学经典作品导读；（ 4）英国文 学批评。选用《新编英国文学选读》（上、下册），罗经国 编著；北京大学出版社； 2005。 期望达到如下教学要求： 1． 对英国文学的发展概况有清晰的了解； 2． 对重要的文学术语有相当的了解并能在文学批评中加以运用； 3． 能读懂英语国家出版的有一定难度的历史传记和文学作品； 4． 熟悉英国主要作家代表作、其写作风格和所属流派； 5． 要求在理解的基础上分析文章的思想观点、篇章结构、语言特点、修辞手法、文体 风格； 6． 要求学生有较强的跨文化交际的能力。 二、课程的教学内容与要求 Chapter One The Anglo-Saxon Period (450-1066) 教学目标】帮助学生了解古英语诗歌的源泉及其韵律特点 教学内容】 1. Historical background 2. Northumbrian School and Wessex Literature 3. Anglo-Saxon Poetry : Beowulf 教学重点与难点】古英语文学的代表人物 King Alfred; Beowulf Chapter Two The Norman Period (1066-1350) 教学目标】帮助学生了解诺曼时期英国骑士文学和法国文学对英国文学的影响。 4． Romance and the influence of French literature 教学重点与难点】骑士文学和宗教文学的特点。 教学内容】 1． Historical background 2． Middle English 3． Religious literature 4．
How do I love thee? 我是怎样地爱你 – Elizabeth Barrett Browning How do I love thee? 我是怎样地爱你？ Let me count the ways. 让我逐一细述。 I love thee to the depth and breadth and height 我爱你之深邃，之宽广，之高远 My soul can reach, when feeling out of sight 尽我的灵魂所能及之处—犹如探求 For the ends of being and ideal grace. 玄冥中神的存在和美好之极。 I love thee to the level of every day’s 我爱你如每日之必需， Most quiet need, by sun and candle-light. 阳光下和烛焰前都少不了。 I love thee freely, as men strive for right. 我自由地爱着你，像人们争取他们的权利； I love thee purely, as they turn from praise. 我纯洁地爱着你，如人们在赞美前会垂首。 I love thee with the passion put to use 我爱你，带着我昔日悲伤时的 In my old griefs, and with my childhood’s faith. 那种激情，童年时的那种诚意； I love thee with a love I seemed to lose
我爱你，抵得上往日对圣者怀有的 With my lost saints. I love thee with the breath, 如今似已消逝的那种爱-我用呼吸， Smiles, tears, of all my life; and, if God choose, 用微笑，用眼泪，用我整个生命来爱你！ Sonnets from the Portuguese_ No. X 不过只要是爱，是爱，可就是美， Yet, love, mere love, is beautiful indeed 就值得你接受。你知道，爱就是火， And worthy of acceptation. Fire is bright, 火总是光明的，不问着火的是庙堂 Let temple burn, or flax. And equal light 或者柴堆－－那栋梁还是荆榛在烧， Leaps in the flame from cedar-plank or weed. 火焰里总跳得出同样的光辉。当我 And love is fire. And when I say at need 不由得倾吐出：“我爱你！”在你的眼里， _I love thee ... mark! ... _I love thee_ -- in thy sight 那荣耀的瞬息，我忽然成了一尊金身， I stand transfigured, glorified aright, 感觉到有一道新吐的皓光从我天庭 With conscience of the new rays that proceed 投向你脸上。是爱，就无所谓卑下， Out of my face toward thine. There's nothing low 即使是最微贱的在爱：那微贱的生命 In love, when love the lowest: meanest creatures
William Wordsworth ?What are the main features of Wordsworth’s poetry? ?back to nature ?deep love of nature ?appeal to individual sensations ?attention to humble folk of rural life ?simplicity and purity in language I travelled among unknown men 这首诗是采用民谣体创作的经典之作，浪漫主义产生了一定的促进作用。它的主题是诗人对露西和对祖国英格兰深深爱恋，意境凄美，感情真挚自然。 从韵律上看，这首诗的前三个诗节压的是行尾交叉韵（单数诗句四音部抑扬格，双数诗句三音部抑扬格交替转换），最后一诗节韵式为成对韵。 露西之死可以从诗的最后一句中——“露西，她最后一眼望见的”——可以看出，《露西》组诗的另外几首也可以作为旁证。露西死了，但是露西永远活在诗人心中，虽死犹生。露西是完美的，她死了，是因为现实中不存在这样完美的人。 lines composed a few miles above Tintern Abbey赏析 It is in blank verse. One of the major themes of the poem is - people\'s change over time.The title is very clear and literary gives us all the necessary informations like, time, place, date etc. which helps us to understand the poem. Imagination also plays very important role here. His longing to return to this special place a few miles above Tintern Abbey which he absolutely adores. We can see he has been away from this place for five years, and he always thinks about this magical place with its steep lofty cliffs and its beautiful scenery. the poem is about nature and how the speaker revoke his memory when he was in that location. She Dwelt among the Untrodden Ways 在韵律上，此诗采用谣曲形式（四音步抑扬格与三音步抑扬格相间押交韵），这些语言形式的特点也与诗中乡村姑娘的形象贴合得当，和谐统一。 描写的是一位普通的苏格兰少女。尽管她“美丽如星”，却生在“人迹罕至的乡野”，既得不到人的赞美，也得不到人的怜爱；更可惜的是，她小小年纪便默默无闻地死去了。诗中的感伤气氛和诗人哀怜的情绪，正是这种至性深情的自然流露，使诗句充满感染力。 从艺术手法上看，此诗似无技巧，其实是浑然天成，不露痕迹。如果我们细细阅读，就可看出此诗处处暗含对比。第二小节则连用两个比喻来进行对比。第三小节则是生与死的对比，生不为人知，死亦不为人闻，这说明她的命运是多么可怜。composed upon westminster bridge赏析 a sonnet describing London and the River Thames, viewed from Westminster Bridge in the early morning.