1、状语从句中的谓语动词是系动词be时:
1.1、当从句主语与主句主语相同时，只要去掉从句中的连接词与主语并把be改为being. 即可。
As he is a tailor, he knows what to do with this material.
→Being a tailor, he knows what to do with this material.
1.2、从句的主句主语与从句主语不同时，只要保留从句的主语，其它变化同以上1.1。
As he is still a child, you shouldn't be too hard on him.
→He being still a child, you shouldn't be too hard on him.
1.3、当从句是否定句时，只要在being 前加否定词not ，其它变化同以上1.2。
As he was no tall enough, he couldn't reach for the apple.
→No being tall enough, he couldn't reach for the apple.
2、当从句的谓语动词是进行时态（现在进行时态或过去进行时态）时:
2.1、当从句主语与主句主语相同时，只要去掉从句中的引导词与主语并去掉助动词be保留现在分词即可。有时为了强调进行状态,亦在分词前保留being.
While he was reading the book, he nodded from time to time.
→While reading the book, he nodded from time to time
2.2、当从句与主句的主语不同时，除保留从句主语外，其他变化同以上2.1
When he was giving a telephone call, his wife was reading a novel.
→He giving a telephone call, his wife was reading a novel
2.3、当从句是含not的否定句时，只要在being 前加否定词not ，其它变化同以上1.1与2.2 As Tom is not working in his office, No one receives the telephone.
→Tom not working i n his office, no one receives the telephone.
3、当从句中的谓语动词为一般时态(一般现在时与一般过去时)的实义动词时：
3.1、当从句主语与主句主语相同时，只要去掉从句主语并将实义动词改为现在分词即可Look round when you cross the street.
→Look round when crossing the street.
3.2、当从句与主句的主语不同时，只要保留主语，其他变化同以上3.1
When they left the airport, we waved again and again to them.
→They leaving the airport, we waved again and again to them.
3.3、当从句是含not的否定句时，只要在现在分词前加not，其他变化同以上3.1与3.2
As he didn't know anything about the accident, he went to work as usual.
→.Not knowing anything about the acc ident, he went to work as usual.
4、当从句的谓语动词是一般时态(一般现在时与一般过去时)的被动态时：
4.1、当从句主语与主句主语相同时，只要去掉从句中的连词与主语并去掉be保留过去分词即可。
As the teacher was surrounded tightly by a group of students, he couldn't get away.
→Surrounded tightly by a group of students the teacher cou ldn't get away.
4.2、当从句与主句的主语不同时，只要保留主语，其他变化同以上4.1
A. As the car was trapped in the sand, we had to go for help.
→The car trapped in the sand, we had to go for help.
4.3、当从句是含not的否定句时，只要在过去分词前加not外，其他变化同以上4.1与4.2 As he was not killed dead in the field, he escaped at the very night.
→Not killed dead in the field, he escaped at the very night.
5、当从句的谓语动词是完成时态(现在完成时与过去完成时)时：
5.1、当从句主语与主句主语相同时，只要去掉从句中的连词与主语并将had/has/have改为having即可。
After the writer had finished the book, he tried to find a publisher.
→Having fi nished the book, the writer tried to find a publisher.
5.2、当从句与主句的主语不同时，除保留从句主语外，其他变化同以上5.1
As the storm had destroyed their hut, they had to live in a cave.
→The storm having destroyed their hut, they had to live in a cave.
5.3、当从句是含not的否定句时，除在having前加not外，其他变化同以上5.1与5.2。
As he had not received a reply, he decided to write again.
→Not having received a reply, he decided to write again.
6、当从句中的谓语动词是被动语态完成式时：
6.1、当从句主语与主句主语相同时，只要去掉从句中的连词与had been/have been/has been 并保留过去分词即可，有时也可只去掉从句中的连词与主语并将从句中的have/had/has 改为Having，这种方式是为了强调完成。
If the trees had been given more attention, they could have grown better.
→(Having been) Given more attention, the trees would have grown better.
6.2、当从句与主句的主语不同时，只要保留主语，其他变化同以上6.1
Although the sentence had been explained again and again, the students didn't seem to understand it yet.
→The sentence(having been) explained again and again, the students didn't seem to understand it yet.
6.3、当从句是含not的否定句时，只要在过去分词前加not或在having been 前加not外，其他变化同以上6.1与6.2
As the old man hadn't been taken good care of, he wasn't living a happy life.
→Not (having been) taken good care of, the old man wasn't living a happy life.
7.当句子谓语是一个由and连接的并列动词时,为了强调两个动作同时发生,只要去掉and并将另一个动词改为现在分词即可.
They often sat in the shade and smoked a cigarette in the late afternoon.
→They often sat in the shade in the late afternoon, smoking a cigarette.
使用独立主格结构的几点注意
1. 独立主格与状语从句的转换
当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。如：
After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下课后，学生很快离开了教室。
2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形
在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being（或having been）不能省略：
(1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语是代词时。如：
It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。
(2)在There being＋名词的结构中。如：
There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。
3. 通常不用物主代词或冠词
在“名词（或代词）＋介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如：
Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯先生走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。
比较with的复合结构：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.
4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式
The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了，我们开始开会。
比较动名词复合结构：
The chief-editor’s arriving made us very surprised.
5. 独立主格的时态问题
独立主格结构作时间或原因状语时，可用完成时，表示该动作发生在谓语之前。如：The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began.听众坐好后，音乐会开始了。
Tom having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed.由于汤姆一再迟到，他的老板非常失望。
【模拟试题】
一、单项填空
1. －Oh, it’s you, Steve! I ______ you.
－No surprising. I’ve just had my hair cut.
A. don’t recognize
B. haven’t recognized
C. didn’t recognize
D. hadn’t recognized
2. The people, _________ had been damaged by the flood, were given help by the Red Cross.
A. all whose homes
B. all of whose homes
C. all their homes
D. all of their homes
3. I’m glad to see that you ________ a lot of progress since I ______ you last.
A. will make; have met
B. have been making; met
C. had made; met
D. have made; meeting
4. －Where can I get _______ information about a long journey?
－Nothing is of _________ than a map, I think.
A. an; greater help
B. a piece of; greater price
C. some; better useful
D. some; greater value
5. You’re not _______ to park here _______ you have a permit.
A. allowed; unless
B. permitted; in spite
C. let; since
D. agreed; even if
6. It’s ________ a long time since I started to teach at this school.
A. quite
B. much
C. pretty
D.
so
7. －Did you remember to return the book to our English teacher?
－Yes. I gave it to him _________ I saw him.
A. once
B. while
C. if
D. the moment
8. He was ________ for work, for he could not imagine life without it.
A. expected
B. worried
C. eager
D. proud
9. I ______ from the crowd an old friend of mine whom I hadn’t seen for ten years.
A. figured out
B. picked out
C. gave out
D. went out
10. I believe the child _________.
A. to tell true
B. to have told the truth
C. having the truth
D. having told the truth
11. Jack _________ the test again; in that case, his father will be very disappointed.
A. must have failed
B. might fail
C. should fail
D. could have failed
12. ________ enough time, but I couldn’t do it better.
A. I was given
B. Given
C. To be given
D. Though I
was given
13. Our doctor always talks to me _________ a teacher talking to a child.
A. as same as
B. how
C. like
D. similar as
14. －Johnson, there’re a lot of chairs over there. Go and fetch _________ for me.
－Why _______? Mike is sitting there doing nothing.
A. one; me
B. that; not he
C. it; not him
D. some; I
15. －Let me help you carry your travel case to the station, Granny.
－Oh, no, my boy. It is ____________ heavy. _______.
A. so; What a good boy
B. not so; Thanks a lot
C. rather; How kind of you
D. not too; Thank you anyway.
分词作状语的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致的种种情况
英语中常把分词或分词短语放在句首，作时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随状况、结果、目的及让步等状语，分词或分词短语的逻辑主语必须与句中的主语相同（即保持一致），否则句子就是错误的。例如：
1．Entering the room ，I found the walls newly-painted．（对）
我走进房间时，发现墙壁油漆一新。
Entering the room，the first thing that met eyes was the
newly-painted walls．（错）
2．Badly wounded the soldier was sent to hospital at once．（对）
士兵受了重伤，立即被送到医院。
Badly wounded，we sent the soldier to hospital at once．（错）
3．Being very busy，I could not afford the time to go to the cinema．（对）
我因为太忙，不能花时间去看电影了。
Being very busy，the film tickets were given to others．（错）
4．Led by the Party，we are making great progress in our work．（对）在党的领导下，我们的工作有很大的进展。
Led by the Party，great progress in our work is being made．（错）5．Written in haste，the letter had some mistakes．（对）
由于写得匆忙，这封信里有几个错误。
Written in haste，he made some mistakes in the letter．（错）
6．Running after each other in the street，the two boys were knocked down by a bike．（对）
两个男孩在马路上相互追逐的时候被自行车撞倒了。
Running after each other in the street，a bike knocked down the two boys．（错）
但在实际语言中，时常可以遇到分词或分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语与整个句子的主语不一致的现象，但整个句子的语法结构又是正确的情况，尤其是在科技作品和英美文学作品中很为普遍，这种分词在语法上称为游离分词（unattached participle）或称为无关分词（unrelated participle）或称为悬垂分词（dangling participle）。下面就来谈谈能够成立的情形：
一、在独立主格结构中，分词或分词短语的逻辑主语与整个句子的主语不
一致。如：
1．The professor entered the lab，his students following him．（伴随状况）
那位教授走进实验室，学生们在后面跟着。
2．A few seconds later，he was looking at the screen again with the machinery turned on．（伴随状况）
几秒钟后，他开了机器，盯着荧光屏。
3．The day being very wet，Mary wore her new mackintosh．（原因状语）
因为这天是阴雨天气，玛丽穿上她的新雨衣。
4．The authorities having arrived and taken the seats reserved for them，the ceremony began．（时间状语）
在负责人到达并在为他们保留的座位上就座以后，典礼就开始了。5．Weather permitting，the ship will leave the harbour at dawn．（条件状语）
如果天气不错的话，船将在黎明时离港。
6．He lay on his back，his knees drawn up．（方式状语）
他蜷着腿，仰面躺着。
二、只有一些分词或分词短语可用来表示说话人的态度或看问题的角度，这些分词或短语已转变为独立成份，含有"泛指"之意，在句中常作插入语，这时分词或分词短语的逻辑主语也可以不必和全句的主语保持一致。如：1．Judging from his appearance，he looks like an old doctor．
从外表看，他像一位老医生。
2．Strictly speaking，her pronunciation is not quite good．
严格地说，她的发音不十分地道。
3．Taken as a whole，there is nothing wrong with the article．
总地来说，这篇文章没有什么问题。
4．Looking at the question objectively，what he said is something believable．
客观地看，他说的话还有些可信之处。
经常这样用的分词短语有：
frankly speaking 老实地说，坦率地说
generally speaking 一般地说
strictly speaking 严格地说
properly speaking 确切地说来
talking or taken one with another 总地看来
taken as a whole 总地来说
这种分词短语可以说是一种句子状语，也可以看作是一个句子的独立成份。
三、有些现在分词和过去分词已具有介词或连词的性质，由它们组成的词组作状语时其逻辑主语和整个句子的主语不必保持一致。如：
1．He couldn't attend the meeting owing to illness．
他因病没能出席会议。
2．According to the text，please answer the following questions．请按照课文的内容，回答下面问题。
3．The boy did quite well considering the circumstances．
考虑到具体情况，可以说这孩子干得很不错了。
4．Regarding the case，he knew nothing．
关于这件事，他一无所知。
经常这样用的分词有：
admitting that（conj．confessing that，承认）
assuming that（conj．if，假定）
barring（prep．except，除……以外，除非）
considering（prep．in view of．．．，having regard of．．．鉴于，就……而论）
concerning（prep．about，关于）
excepting（prep．＆conj．leaving out，excluding，
-often after not，always，without，除……之外，包括）
failing（prep．in default of．．．，in the absence of．．．若缺少……时，如果没有）
owing to（prep．because of．．．，on account of．．．，因为……，由于……）providing ／provided that（conj．on condition that，假若，倘使）
regarding（prep．with reference to．．．，about，关于，有关）
seeing that（conj．in view of the fact that；considering，鉴于……的事实，由……的缘故）
上述诸词有些已完全变成了介词或连词。
四、在有些句子中，作状语的分词或分词短语的逻辑主语并不是整个句子的主语，而是包含在句子的另一个成份之中，大多数是宾语和定语。如：
1．Seeing her health sinking rapidly，alarm seized her father's heart．她父亲看到她的健康状况急剧恶化，非常惊慌。（seeing的逻辑主语是heart 的定语herfather）
2．His summer holidays were spent in the countryside，helping the farmers with their work．
他在乡下度过暑假，假期中帮助农民干活。（helping的逻辑主语是holiday 的定语his）
3．Running to school，a terrible thought struck her．
跑到学校时，她突然产生了一个可怕的念头。（running的逻辑主语是struck 的宾语her）
注：
1．若逻辑主语在句中根本没有出现，以上下文推测，常为泛指人称代词（we，you，one）等。如：
Facing north，there is a large mountain on the right．
面向北方，右边有座大山。
2．其逻辑主语为整个句子，该分词短语相当于关系代词which引导的特殊定语从句。如：
The bus was held up by the snowstorm，thus causing the delay．
公共汽车为大雪所阻，因而耽搁了。
First of all，this difficult problem has to be tackled，thus enabling us to proceed to the others．
首先这个难题必须解决，这样我们才能解决其它的问题。
五、如果句子的谓语是被动语态时，作状语的分词或分词短语的逻辑主语不是整个句子的主语，而是包含在由by引起的动作执行者或发出者中，尽管by引起的动作执行者大多不写出来。如：
1．Ideas can be expressed completely usingsimple sentence．
用简单的句子也可以表示出完整的意思来。（using的逻辑主语包含在by ［没有写出来］之中）
2．Knowing as much as you do，the situation is easily explained．像你这样了解情况，很容易解释这一局面。（knowing的逻辑主语包含在by［没有写出来］之中）
六、如果句子的主语是非人称代词it时，作状语用的分词或分词短语的逻辑主语也可不必与全句的主语保持一致。如：
1．It rained hard coming back．回来时雨下得很大。
（coming的逻辑主语显然不是句子的主语it）
2．It was quite hot getting up this morning．今天早晨起床时，天气非常热。
（getting up的逻辑主语显然不是句子的主语it）
此类句子过去被认为是不合语法的，不被多数人所承认，但语言总是随着时代的发展而发展，随着社会的进步而丰富。目前在美国和英国，此类句子已被普遍接受。
教学目标：讲解现在分词作状语及区分不定式、现在分词作状语的异同 重点难点： 1.现在分词和不定式作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。 2.分词作状语时，要看它同句子主语之间的关系，以确定是现在分词还是过去分词。 3.注意非谓语动词与句子谓语动词的时间关系，以确定分词的时态形式 4、弄清非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系，以确定非谓语动词的语态形式. 5. 连词+分词形式（分词作状语的省略问题） 6.不定式作结果状语和现在分词作结果状语的区别。 7. 现在分词的独立主格结构和评价性状语 Step 1 lead in 朗读下面一首唐诗，找出其中的现在分词形式 Thinking in the Silent Night 静夜思 Before my bed there is bright moonlight 床前明月光 So that it seems that frost on the ground. 疑是地上霜 Lifting my head, I watch the bright moonlight. 举头望明月 Lowering my head, I dream tha t I’m home. 低头思故乡 Step2 现在分词作状语的意义 动词的现在分词作状语，修饰动词，相当于状语从句，在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况及独立成分等，作时间、原因、条件、让步状语时多位于句首；作结果、伴随情况状语时常位于句末。 一. -ing分词短语作时间状语，代替一个时间状语从句(引导词有when ,while ) 温馨提示： 1．现在分词所表示的动作与主句的动作一般是同时发生，有时可由连词when, while引出。 2．现在分词所表示的动作一发生，主句的动作就立即发生时。如： When she saw those pictures，she remembered her childhood. =Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood. 看到那些画，她想起了自己的童年。 As soon as he heard the good news, he jumped with joy. =（0n）Hearing the good news, he jumped with joy. 他一听到这个好消息，就高兴地跳起来。 二．-ing分词短语作原因状语，相当于一个原因状语从句。(引导词有because ,as ,since) 如：As he was ill, he didn't go to school yesterday =Being ill, he didn't go to school yesterday. 由于生病，他昨天没有上学。 三．-ing分词也可作条件状语和让步状语，相当于一个条件状语从句。(引导词有if,unless,once) If you work hard, you will succeed. =Working hard, you will succeed. 如果你勤奋一点，你就会成功。 If you turn to the left, you will find the path leading to the school.
现在分词 Form: ?doing ?having done（先后关系） 现在分词表示主动含义或动作正在进行。 Exercise: 划出句中的现在分词，并指出它在句中做何成分。 1. The three contestants were sitting at their desks on the stage, waiting. 2. Hearing the news, he jumped with joy. 3. Having finished his homework, he went out. 4. People living in the cities used to regard farming as boring and backward. 5. The changes in Sunqiao is very amazing. 现在分词做定语： Exercise: Combine each pair of sentences 1. The men are required to come to the headmaster’s office. They had some overseas working experience. 2. The people take part in a variety of exercise They can keep healthy. 3. The research at Sunqiao produces seeds. The seeds help farmers grow better crops. 4. People used to regard farming as boring and backward. These people live in cities. 5.Do you know the boy? He is standing under the tree. 6. The spiders store the mice for later. The mice serve as a source of food. Exercise: compare The swimming pool is clean and big. The swimming boy is his brother. The big writing desk is very expensive. The writing student is Tom’s classmate. 现在分词作状语：时间，条件，伴随方式，原因，结果 Exercise: rewrite the sentences 1. Kitty heard the news. She jumped with joy. 2. Tom put on his swim-suit. He dived into the swimming pool. 3. While she was cooking, she burned her right hand. 4. After he had finished his homework, he went out to play football. 以上改写后的三个句子中的现在分词短语做______状语。 现在分词作状语：相当于状语从句，但从句和主句的____语必须一致. 时间状语： 1. Working in the factory, he learned a lot from the workers.(分词一般式） 2. Having read the letter, she got very excited（完成式） 3. ________hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. 4. = as soon as _________________________________________. 5. Be careful when crossing the street. 条件状语： 1.If you walk hard, you will succeed. 2. = _______________________________ 伴随方式状语 1. She came _______(run) towards me. 2. The children ran out of the room, __________(laugh) and _______(talk) merrily. 3. ____________(travel) by jeep, we visited a number of cities. 4. ____________(follow) the guide, they started to climb. 5. _____________(follow) by the students, the teacher entered the office. 原因状语 1. Because I was sick, I stayed at home.
过去分词作状语 一．过去分词作状语的基本用法： 过去分词作状语主要是说明谓语动作发生的背景或条件；表示原因、时间、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。过去分词可置于主句前，也可置于主句后，用逗号与主句隔开。 1. 原因状语 Choked by the heavy smoke, he could hardly breathe. 他被浓烟呛了，几乎不能呼吸了。 Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet. 因为淋了一场大雨，所以他全身湿透了。Frightened by the noise in the night, the girl didn’t dare to sleep in her room. 受到夜晚响声的惊吓，那姑娘不敢睡在她的房间。 2. 时间状语 Left to itself in the room, the baby began to cry.当被孤独地留在房间里时，婴儿哭了起来。 Asked why he did it, the monitor said it was his duty. 当被问及这件事时，班长说这是他的职责。 Approached in the dark, the lights looked lonely and purposeless. 在黑暗中走近时。那些电灯显得孤单而无意义。 3. 条件状语 Seen in this aspect, the matter isn’t as serious as people generally suppose. 如果从这个角度看，问题并不像人们一般预料的那样`严重。 Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast. 如果种在肥沃的土壤里，这些种子能长得很快。 Given better attention, the accident could have been avoided. 要是多加注意，那次事故就能避免了。 Watered more, these cabbages could have grown better. 如果多浇点水，这些大白菜还可以长的得更好。 Compared with you, we still have a long way to go. 和你相比，我们还有很大的差距。 4. 方式或伴随状语 Surrounded by his students, the professor sat there cheerfully. 那位教授在学生的簇拥下，兴高采烈地坐在那儿。 He stood there silently, moved to tears. 他静静地站在那里，被感动得热泪盈眶。The old man went into the room, supported by his wife. 那位老人在妻子的搀扶下,走进了房间。 5. 让步状语 Beaten by the police and sent to jail, Gandi created the principle of nonviolent resistance. 尽管受警察的殴打，被投入监狱，甘地却首创了非暴力抵抗的原则。Defeated again, he didn’t lose heart. 尽管再次被击败，但他没有灰心。
高考单项选择题中过去分词作状语考题探究与训练 过去分词作状语的用法是高考英语单项选择题的命题热点之一，也是许多考生的丢分点之一。请看近几年来的考题： 【考题探究】 例1 an important role in a new movie,Andy has a chance to become famous. （2011·四川） A.Offer B.Offering C.Offered D.T o offer 【解析】由句子结构分析，此处应为过去分词短语作原因状语，相当于状语从句As she is offered an important role in a new movie,Andy has a chance to become famous.又因为主语Andy 与分词之间是被动关系，故选C。 例2. ______ into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order. （2011·天津）A. Translating B. Translated C. To translate D. Having translated 【解析】由句子结构分析，此处应为过去分词短语作时间状语，相当于状语从句When it was translated into English , the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order. 又因为主语the sentence 与分词之间是被动关系,故答案应选B。 例3._____ from the top of the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees .（2010陕西） A. Seen B. Seeing C. Having seen D. T o see 【解析】由句子结构分析，此处应为现在分词短语作时间状语，相当于状语从句When it is seen from the top of the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees .
现在分词作状语的用法 现在分词作状语： ①现在分词doing所代表的动作或状态与谓语动词是同时 或几乎是同时发生的，可以作时间、原因、方式、条件、结 果、目的、让步、伴随等状语。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主 语。如： Rushing out of the house, he was knocked down by a car. 他一冲出屋子就被一辆车撞倒了。 My cousin went to Shenzhen, hoping to find a job there. 我表兄去深圳了，希望在那儿找份工作。 The child fell，striking his head against the door. 小孩摔了一跤，头在门上碰了一下。 In the last few years, the country has had a hard time, suffering several killer quakes. 过去几年里，这 个国家经历了艰难的时期，遭受了几次致命的地震。 Being spring, the flowers are in full bloom. 因为是春天，所以花都盛开着。
②有些分词作状语，没有逻辑上的主语，已成为习惯用法：considering, judging from, talking of, allowing for(考虑到), generally/frankly/honestly/roughly/strictly speaking, assuming that(假设)等。如： Talking of this film, its wonderful. 说到这部电影，好极了。 Assuming that it is true, what should we do now 假定那是真的, 我们现在该怎麽办 Judging by the direction of the wind, it wont rain today. 根据风向测度, 今天不会下雨。 Social psychology, strictly speaking, deals with the behavior of people in groups. 严格地说, 社会心理学研究人们的群体行为。
谓语动词: 有提示词, 句子缺谓语(与主语构成主谓结构) I. I _______ (tell) by my classmates about that. 2. My mother often __________ (stop) me from watching TV. 时态语态变化, 及主谓一致 非谓语动词(主动---doing , 被动---done, 目的/结果/将要to do ,) 1. We must also consider the reaction of the person __________ (receive) the gift. 2. My pupils, Tom__________ (include), liked her. 1. He entered, ________ (hold) a book in his hand. 2. He entered the room and _______ (hold) a book in his hand. 3. I politely refused her invitation and _____ (walk) away. 4. I politely refused her invitation, ______ (walk) away. 两个动词是同时发生的时候 主语+ 谓语1 + and / but + 谓语2 主语+ 谓语，+非谓语 1. When he _______ (come) in, I was reading a book. 2. Unless I ________ (invite), I won’t attend he party. 3. When _____ (hear) the news, I was excited. 4. Unless ____ (invite), I won’t attend he party. --- When / if / unless / /After/Before 等连词后没有主语+非谓语（--- ing /---ed ) , 主句---When / if / unless / /After /Before等连词+ 主语+ 谓语，主句 1. A boy ________( call ) Jack came here today 2. A boy who ________( call ) Jack came here today 3. We enjoy the movie _________ (direct) by a world famous artist. 4. We enjoy the movie which_________ (direct) by the world famous artist. 名词后没关系词时+ 非谓语, 非谓语动词修饰前面的名词做定语 名词后有关系词时+谓语，做定语从句中的谓语 1.“You can’t catch me!” Jan et shouted, _______ (run) away. 2.He said thanks and ____ (smile) a row of teeth. 3.When first ___________ (introduce) to the market, these products enjoyed great success. 4.When he_______( arrive ) at the corner , he met his friend. 5.________ ( sleep ) late, he turned off the alarm clock. 6.Don’t use words, expressions, or phrases _______(know) only to people with specific knowledge. [例1] I got on the bus and found a seat near the back, and then I noticed a man 18 (sit) at the front. （2011广东卷） [例2] He spit it out, __37___(say) it was awful. （2010广东卷） [例3]The fact that so many people still smoke in public places _______ that we may need a nationwide campaign to raise awareness of the risks of smoking. A. suggest B. suggests C. suggested D. suggesting turn
分词作状语用法是所有分词用法中最重要的，也是最难掌握的。 分词在句中作状语时，其逻辑主语必须是句子的主语。 一、现在分词作状语 一、现在分词作状语，表主动、进行，相当于一个状语从句，根据需要可以使用被动式或完成式。 Studying at the hometown, I enjoyed the happiest time during my life. Being ill, she can't go to work today. The children ran out of the room, laughing and jumping. 1. He sent me an e-mail, ________ to get further information. A. hoped B. hoping C. to hope D. hope 2. Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage ________ the girl and took her away, ________ into the woods. A. seizing; disappeared B. seized; disappeared C. seizing; disappearing D. seized; disappearing 二、现在分词的时态语态 1. 现在分词的一般式由“动词+ing”构成，其被动式为“being+动词过去分词”。 例如：The students standing there are from Class Three. The English novel being translated by the editor now will be completed in October. 2. 现在分词的完成式由“having +动词过去分词”构成，其被动式为“having +been+动词过去分词”。 例如：Having finished all the work, they had a good rest. Having been given the right answer, the teacher asked me to sit down. Given more time, we will finish the work in time. 3. 现在分词的否定式为“not +动词-ing”，被动式的否定式为“not+being+动词过去分词”，其完成式的否定式为“not + having +动词过去分词”。 例如：Not knowing what to do, he sat there crying. Not being noticed by the public, the young writer felt a little pity. 1. _______ from heart trouble for years, Professor White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes. A. Suffered B. Suffering C. Having suffered D. Being suffered 2. Finding her car stolen, _______. A. a policeman was asked to help B. the area was searched thoroughly C. it was looked for everywhere D. she hurried to a policeman for help 二、过去分词作状语 过去分词只有一种形式，即done，表被动。 The mother came in, followed by her son. When heated，water will be turned into steam. Deeply moved by the film, we all cried. Born into a poor family, he had no more than two years of schooling. 1．_____ from the top of the TV tower, and we can get a beautiful sight of most of the city. A. To see B. Seen C. Seeing D. See 2. _____ in 1613, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United Stated. A. being founded B. Founded C. It was founded D. Founding 三、过去分词与V-ing作状语的区别
现在分词作状语的用法 现在分词作状语的用法 现在分词作状语： ①现在分词doing所代表的动作或状态与谓语动词是同时或几乎是同时发生的，可以作时间、原因、方式、条件、结果、目的、让步、伴随等状语。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。如：Rushing out of the house, he was knocked down by a car. 他一冲出屋子就被一辆车撞倒了。 My cousin went to Shenzhen, hoping to find a job there. 我表兄去深圳了，希望在那儿找份工作。 The child fell，striking his head against the door. 小孩摔了一跤，头在门上碰了一下。 In the last few years, the country has had a hard time, suffering several killer quakes. 过去几年里，这个国家经历了艰难的时期，遭受了几次致命的地震。 Being spring, the flowers are in full bloom. 因为是春天，所以花都盛开着。 ②有些分词作状语，没有逻辑上的主语，已成为习惯用法：considering, judging from, talking of, allowing for(考虑到), generally/frankly/honestly/roughly/strictly speaking, assuming that(假设)等。如：
Talking of this film, its wonderful. 说到这部电影，好极了。 Assuming that it is true, what should we do now? 假定那是真的, 我们现在该怎麽办? Judging by the direction of the wind, it wont rain today. 根据风向测度, 今天不会下雨。 Social psychology, strictly speaking, deals with the behavior of people in groups. 严格地说, 社会心理学研究人们的群体行为。
分词作状语用法就是所有分词用法中最重要的,也就是最难掌握的。 分词在句中作状语时,其逻辑主语必须就是句子的主语。 一、现在分词作状语 一、现在分词作状语,表主动、进行,相当于一个状语从句,根据需要可以使用被动式或完成式。Studying at the hometown, I enjoyed the happiest time during my life、 Being ill, she can't go to work today、 The children ran out of the room, laughing and jumping、 1、He sent me an e-mail, ________ to get further information、 A、hoped B、hoping C、to hope D、hope 2、Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage ________ the girl and took her away, ________ into the woods、 A、seizing; disappeared B、seized; disappeared C、seizing; disappearing D、seized; disappearing 二、现在分词的时态语态 1、现在分词的一般式由“动词+ing”构成,其被动式为“being+动词过去分词”。 例如:The students standing there are from Class Three、 The English novel being translated by the editor now will be completed in October、 2、现在分词的完成式由“having +动词过去分词”构成,其被动式为“having +been+动词过去分词”。 例如:Having finished all the work, they had a good rest、 Having been given the right answer, the teacher asked me to sit down、 Given more time, we will finish the work in time、 3、现在分词的否定式为“not +动词-ing”,被动式的否定式为“not+being+动词过去分词”,其完成式的否定式为“not + having +动词过去分词”。 例如:Not knowing what to do, he sat there crying、 Not being noticed by the public, the young writer felt a little pity、 1、_______ from heart trouble for years, Professor White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes、 A、Suffered B、Suffering C、Having suffered D、Being suffered 2、Finding her car stolen, _______、 A、a policeman was asked to help B、the area was searched thoroughly C、it was looked for everywhere D、she hurried to a policeman for help 二、过去分词作状语 过去分词只有一种形式,即done,表被动。 The mother came in, followed by her son、 When heated,water will be turned into steam、 Deeply moved by the film, we all cried、 Born into a poor family, he had no more than two years of schooling、 1._____ from the top of the TV tower, and we can get a beautiful sight of most of the city、 A、To see B、Seen C、Seeing D、See 2、_____ in 1613, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United Stated、 A、being founded B、Founded C、It was founded D、Founding 三、过去分词与V-ing作状语的区别 1、分词在句中作状语时,其逻辑主语必须就是句子的主语。
非谓语动词:过去分词 过去分词(短语)作状语 过去分词表示完成或被动,作状语时,表示动作发生的背景或者情况,在意义上相当于一个状语从句,其省略的主语(逻辑主语)就是主句的主语,且与主语之间存在被动关系。过去分词作状语可以表示时间、条件、方式、原因、让步等。过去分词的否定式就是将not放在其前面。 一、过去分词作状语时的具体用法: 1)过去分词作时间状语时,相当于一个时间状语从句。有时过去分词前可加连词when或 while来强调时间概念、 例:1、Asked (When he was asked) what had happened, his face turned red、 当她被问及发生了什么的时候,她的脸红了。 2、When heated (When it is heated), water changes into steam、当加热时,水变成水蒸气。 3、Told that his mother was ill(When he was told that his mother was illl), Li Lei hurried home quickly、李蕾得知母亲生病了时,马上赶回了家。 4、Seen from the moon(When it is seen from the moon) , the earth looks green、从月亮上 瞧时,地球就是绿色。 2)过去分词作原因状语时,相当于一个由as, since, because等词引导的原因状语从句。例:1、Deeply (Because they were) moved by the movie, the children began to cry、由于被电影深深地感动,孩子们哭了起来。 2、Frightened (Because she was frightened) by the horror movie, the girl didn't dare to sleep alone、因为被惊悚电影吓坏了,这个女孩不敢单独睡觉。 3、Caught in a heavy rain (Because he was caught in a、、、), he was all wet、 4、Satisfied with what he did (Because the teacher was satisfied with、、、), the teacher praised him in class、由于老师对她所做的事情很满意,于就是在班上表扬了她。 3)过去分词作条件状语时,通常放在句子的前面,相当于if, unless等引导的条件状语从句。例:1、Compared with you (If we are compared) , we still have a long way to go、
分词作状语用法小结 在高中英语语法中，非谓语动词的学习是一个重点，同是也是一个难点。而其中的分词的用法更是重中之重了，掌握了分词的运用对于我们突破阅读理解中的长句子，以及写作水平的提高都会很有帮助，下面就分词作状语的用法作以下总结。 分词在语法功能上相当于形容词和副词，分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表时间，原因，结果，条件，让步，行为方式，伴随状况等。表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连词while 或when引出。（一般情况下过去分词不作结果状 的动作同时发生或两者之间时间间隔并不长。例如： I stayed up very late yesterday, preparing my speech on greenhouse. Hearing the good news, the students were wild with joy. He sends me an e-mail, hoping to get further information. Being written in haste, the composition is full of mistakes. 从所给的例句是我们可以看出，现在分词的一般主动式所表达的是：分词与句中主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，也就是我们常说的主动关系，而其一般被动式却表达的是：分词与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，也就是我们常说的被动关系。并且现在分词的一般被动式一般作原因状语位于句首，请看以下例句：Being a student, he was interested in books. Being very small, computers are widely used. Being tired, I can’t go on walking. 2. 现在分词的完成式：表示分词的动作在句中谓语动词所表示的动作或 状态之前就已发生。例如： Having done the work, he went home. Having worked in the country for three years, he knew how to grow vegetables Having been bitten by a snake, she was frightened at it. Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake. Having been deserted by his guide, he could not find his way through the jungle. 从以上例句中我们可以看出，现在分词的完成主动式表达的是：分词与句中主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，先于谓语动词发生。而其完成被动式却表示分词与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，也是先于谓语动词发生。 3．过去分词：分词与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，不强调一定要先于谓语动词之前就已发生。例如： Heated, this kind of wood gives off much smoke. The teacher entered the lab, followed by the students. Given a chance, I can surprise the world. Founded in 1936, Harward is one of the most famous universities in the United States.
小结过去分词作状语 [讲一讲] 1. 过去分词作状语表示被动或完成，但有些过去分词（短语）因来源于系表结构，作状语时不表动作而表状态。这样的过去分词（短语）常见的有: lost (迷路); seated (坐); absorbed in (全神贯注于); dressed in (穿着); tired of (厌烦)等。如：Absorbed in deep thought, he didn’t hear the sound. 因为沉浸在思考之中,所以他没听到那个声音。 2. 过去分词作状语来源于状语从句，在句中一般能作五种状语，即时间、原因、条件、让步和方式状语。如： Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet. 因为淋了一场大雨，所以他全身湿透了。(Caught in a heavy rain 相当于原因状语从句Because he was caught in a heavy rain) Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast. 如果种在肥沃的土壤里，这些种子能长得很快。 (Grown in rich soil相当于条件状语从句If these seeds are grown in rich soil) 注意： ①当从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，才可以把从句的主语省略，且省略掉的主语与其逻辑谓语是被动关系或如第一段中所讲的表示状态。 ②把状语从句改为过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词，构成“连词+过去分词”结构作状语，即“while (when, once, until, if, though等连词)+过去分词”结构。如：When given a medical examination, you should keep calm. 当你做体格检查时要保持镇定。 Though beaten by the opposite team, the players didn’t lose heart. 尽管这些球员被对方球队打败了，但他们并没有灰心。 [练一练] I. 用所给词的适当形式填空，并与A-D的汉语翻译相匹配。 1. Once ______, a word becomes a promise. 2. Once ______, water cannot be taken back again.
分词作状语(附练习) 中学英语教学资源网→教学文摘→分词作状语2011-11-21 →手机版 分词作状语是高考考查的热点和重要考点，其热点考查内容如下： 一．确定分词形式 分词作状语时，通常放在句首，并且用逗号与主句隔开。同时，分词作状语时其逻辑主语与主句主语应保持一致，也就是说在确定选择现在分词还是过去分词时，要判断主句主语与分词中心词的关系。如果句子的主语是动词-ing形式所表示的动作的发出者（即表主动或正在进行），分词形式选用现在分词；如果句子的主语是动词-ed形式所表示的动作的承受者时（即表被动或完成），分词形式选用过去分词。 例：1, _______, I stretched my hand out for it. A. I saw the book I wanted on the shell B. The book I wanted was on the shell C. Seeing the book lying across the desk D. Lying on the desk 分析：分词作状语时，其逻辑主语应与句子的主语一致。根据这一原则，可知句子的主语I 只能与see保持一致。如果选A, 该句中没有连词，没能构成并列句和主从复合句，此时要选用非谓语动词形式。所以选C 2, Seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful. 分析：“Seen from the hill”是过去分词作状语。分词作状语时，其逻辑主语应与句子的主语一致。根据这一原则，可知，“the park”是“Seen from the hill”的逻辑主语，它们之间表示被动关系，所以分词形式用seen. 二．确立句子主语可能是谁 确立句子主语可能是谁时，仍然遵循分词作状语时其逻辑主语与主句主语应保持一致的原则。反过来要根据分词形式确立句子主语。 例：Having been attacked by terrorists, _________. A. doctors came to their rescue B. the tall building collapsed C. an emergency measure was taken D. warning were given to tourists 分析: 本题仍考查非谓语动词的用法。句中“Having been attacked by terrorists”是现在分词作状语。分词作状语时，其逻辑主语应与句子的主语一致。根据这一原则，可知“受攻击”的应是“the tall building”, 即“Having been attacked”的逻辑主语是“the tall building”.句意为“大楼因为受到恐怖分子的袭击而倒塌”. 答案: B 三．独立主格结构 分词作状语时其逻辑主语与主句主语应保持一致，但当分词逻辑主语与主语不一致时，分词要有自己独立的逻辑主语，这种主语常常是名词或代词，置于动词-ing形式或动词-ed形式之前。这种名词/代词+动词-ing/动词-ed结构在语法上被称为独立主格结构。此时分词形式的选择取决于名词/代词与v-ing/v-ed形式所表示动作的逻辑关系，如果它们之间表示主动或分词动作正在进行，选择现在分词，如果它们之间表示被动或完成，选择过去分词。 1, 名词/代词+动词-ing 例：Spring coming on, the trees turned green. 2，名词/代词+动词-ed